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240:, the loss of the last captive Carolina parakeet was simply too demoralizing to pay close attention to. Incas's status as the last member of his species is often repeated without scrutiny of the highly probable persistence of wild populations into the 1930s. His death date is also periodically miscited as that of the last passenger pigeon.
232:. For unclear reasons, his skin never arrived there. Though it is likely that he was preserved (as his skin would have had considerable value to a museum), it appears associated records were never kept and the current location of his body is unknown. Some have speculated that his remains are unlabeled at the
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offered $ 400 (over $ 10,000 in 2022) for the pair. Given established knowledge about
Carolina parakeet breeding habits, it is most likely that the birds produced two or three eggs per clutch once each year. Lady Jane, the penultimate captive bird reportedly died aged at least 32 in late summer 1917.
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due to their reputation as crop predators led the
Carolina parakeet to become increasingly rare by the mid 19th century. As numbers declined, conservationists and bird interest groups became increasingly concerned about the species' trajectory. By 1900, multiple breeding programs had been established
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alleged that afterwards Incas became "listless and mournful". At some point after
September 1914, possibly after Lady Jane's death, Incas was allegedly moved into the same pagoda enclosure that Martha died in. In the 48 hours before Incas's death on the evening of February 21, 1918, Cincinnati
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Incas was eventually paired with a female bird named Lady Jane who arrived in the same cohort. They were successful in laying eggs regularly over 32 years together, but they consistently rolled the eggs from their nest. While the couple was still together, the
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population there. He was purchased along with 15 other birds for a sum of $ 40 (equivalent to $ 1,200 in 2022). Around that time, captive birds were often sold to Europe and the majority of
Carolina parakeets in the pet trade were sourced in
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for the
Carolina parakeet with limited success, but there was allegedly no coordination between zoos with captive birds. As the number of individual wild birds dwindled, the only certain locations of the Carolina parakeet were in captivity.
466:
Snyder, N. F. and
Russell, K. (2020). Carolina Parakeet (Conuropsis carolinensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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The
Carolina parakeet was the only parrot species historically native to eastern North America and was documented to be plentiful in early accounts. Over the centuries following
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accepted a sighting in 1920, no specimens were collected after 1904 and he is often cited as the last individual in existence. Incas died in the
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experienced unseasonably cold weather with snowfall and night-time temperatures down to 7 °F (−14 °C).
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known with certainty. Though probable sightings of wild
Carolina parakeets continued into the 1930s, and the
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with dozens at a time captured into the 1890s. At the zoo, Incas was housed in an aviary in the style of a
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After dying, like Martha, Incas was supposed to be sent in a block of ice to the
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Incas was brought to the
Cincinnati Zoo in 1885 in an attempt to establish a
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Hope is the Thing with
Feathers: A Personal Chronicle of Vanished Birds
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499:"How humans killed off the only parrot native to the continental U.S."
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in 1842. There are no known photographs of Incas or his captive group.
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160:, who died in 1914. He died within one year of his mate, Lady Jane.
303:"The last Carolina parakeet ever, lost in memory and now just lost"
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Forever Gone: The Tale of the Carolina Parakeet By J. Drew Lanham
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Carolina Parakeets: Gone but not Forgotten in The Sun Journal
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331:The Carolina Parakeet: Glimpses of a Vanished Bird
136:(before 1885 – February 21, 1918) was a male
524:Cincinnati Zoo Blog: Conservation Responsibility
279:. John James Audubon Center. December 22, 2015.
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446:. New York: Warner Books. p. 4-58.
364:"Early Records of the Carolina Paroquet"
301:Sullivan, Mallorie (February 22, 2018).
559:Individual animals in the United States
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404:Rosen, Jonathan (February 24, 2008).
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230:Smithsonian Museum of Natural History
172:, a combination of factors including
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234:Cincinnati Museum of Natural History
103:February 21, 1918 (aged at least 33)
152:in 1918, in the same enclosure as
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440:Cokinos, Christopher (2001).
333:. Princeton University Press.
146:American Ornithologists Union
406:"What a little bird told us"
362:Wright, Albert (July 1912).
345:"The Last Carolina Parakeet"
277:"The last Carolina Parakeet"
44:The species as portrayed by
27:Last known Carolina parakeet
174:collection for hat feathers
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481:"Project Passenger Pigeon"
329:Snyder, Noel (June 2004).
206:that was built in 1875.
142:last member of his species
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18:Incas (Carolina parakeet)
250:List of individual birds
308:The Cincinnati Enquirer
64:Conuropsis carolinensis
502:nationalgeographic.com
349:digital.library.sc.edu
182:eradication by farmers
549:Animal deaths in Ohio
504:. December 12, 2019.
88:if not captive bred
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564:Individual parrots
544:1918 animal deaths
46:John James Audubon
485:cincinnatizoo.org
411:Los Angeles Times
138:Carolina parakeet
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125:Last known living
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238:World War I
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314:October 6,
256:References
217:Cincinnati
212:London Zoo
164:Background
106:Cincinnati
99:1918-02-21
84:Likely in
178:pet trade
554:Endlings
244:See also
140:and the
388:4071042
368:The Auk
200:Florida
116:Unknown
86:Florida
79:Hatched
55:Species
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224:Legacy
180:, and
176:, the
154:Martha
108:, Ohio
384:JSTOR
134:Incas
33:Incas
448:ISBN
316:2022
189:Life
93:Died
74:Male
376:doi
71:Sex
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