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535:. During imperial coronations, incense sticks would be used to tell how long the ceremony was. Other variations of incense is the spiral incense coil. The spiral incense coil was used to measure time for longer durations. One spiral equated to one night. This type of incense was mainly used by the five ‘night watches’ of the community. The length of their shifts and breaks were determined by the time increments marked off on the spirals.
1292:
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610:. The extensive use of lynx shape incense burners was due to the animals popularity as a hunting animal and as pet in Muslim courts. The complexity of the piece would also make it fit into a palatial setting. This style of incense burners could measure about 22 cm; others like an example in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York measures 85 cm. The surface of the object would be decorated with bands of
777:
feast, which would be followed by the fire priest igniting a sacred brazier in the temples. It was given to the divine beings and deities as offerings on a daily basis. The practice would end at the sound of a trumpet made from a conch shell. Another function of incense was to heal the sick. Once recuperated, the diseased would present some incense to the appropriate gods to repay them for being cured. Made up of
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source since it does not generally kindle a fire capable of burning itself and may not ignite at all under normal conditions. This incense can vary in the duration of its burning with the texture of the material. Finer ingredients tend to burn more rapidly, while coarsely ground or whole chunks may be consumed very gradually as they have less total surface area. The heat is traditionally provided by
1268:
1162:
618:. This bands of text could include the name of the artist and the patron as well as prayers and good wishes for the owner. To insert coals and incense the head would be removed; the openwork geometric design would then allow the scented smoke to escape. Depending on the size, the incense burner could be either carried on a tray or carried by using the tail as a handle.
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765:, or small ceramic ornaments. These decorations usually depicted shells, beads, butterflies, flowers, and other symbols with religious significance that could to increase rainfall, agricultural abundance, fertility, wealth, good fortune or ease the transition of souls into the underworld. To identify precious materials such as
1174:
129:
was a small compressed mixture of aromatic plant material and charcoal that was lit to release the odour, and pastille-burners were designed for this, for use in the home. Pastilles were made at home until their heyday in the early 19th century, and the burners are often made in pottery or porcelain.
1036:
One of the explanations for the great size of the
Botafumeiro is that in the early days it was used to freshen the air in the cathedral after being visited by droves of travel-weary pilgrims. It was also once believed that the incense smoke guarded against contracting the many diseases that plagued
487:
Thus all in all there is much reason for thinking that the ancient
Taoists experimented systematically with hallucinogenic smokes, using techniques which arose directly out of liturgical observance. … At all events the incense-burner remained the centre of changes and transformations associated with
715:
is used by several
Buddhist sects. The egōro is usually made of brass with a long handle and no chain. Instead of charcoal, makkō powder is poured into a depression made in a bed of ash. The makkō is lit and the incense mixture is burned on top. This method is known as Sonae-kō (Religious Burning).
172:
Indirect-burning incense, also called "non-combustible incense", is a combination of aromatic ingredients that are not prepared in any particular way or encouraged into any particular form, leaving it mostly unsuitable for direct combustion. The use of this class of incense requires a separate heat
784:
The shape of incense burners in the Maya southern lowlands reflected religious and cultural changes over time. Some censers were used in funerals and funerary rituals, such as those depicting the
Underworld Jaguar or the Night Sun God. When a king would die, ‘termination rituals’ were practiced.
776:
Used to communicate with the gods, these censers functioned for acts of religious purification. Incense would be presented to the divine being. In fact, some people were appointed the position of fire priest. Fire priests dealt with most tasks related to incense burning. Some rituals involved a
593:
A wide variety of designs were used at different times and in different areas. Pottery and stone incense burners were the most common while those made of metals were reserved for the wealthy. Artisans created these incense burners with moulds or the lost-wax method. Openwork zoomorphic incense
124:
Often, especially in
Western contexts, the term "censer" is used for pieces made for religious use, especially those on chains that are swung through the air to spread the incense smoke widely, while the term "perfume burner" is used for objects made for secular use. The original meaning of
1130:
192:
In Taoist and
Buddhist temples, the inner spaces are scented with thick coiled incense, which are either hung from the ceiling or on special stands. Worshipers at the temples light and burn sticks of incense. Individual sticks of incense are then vertically placed into individual censers.
180:
For home use of granulated incense, small, concave charcoal briquettes are sold. One lights the corner of the briquette on fire, then places it in the censer and extinguishes the flame. After the glowing sparks traverse the entire briquette, it is ready to have incense placed on it.
184:
For direct-burning incense, the tip or end of the incense is ignited with a flame or other heat source until the incense begins to turn into ash at the burning end. Flames on the incense are then fanned or blown out, with the incense continuing to burn without a flame on its own.
1075:
1020:). A common design for a thurible is a metal container, about the size and shape of a coffee-pot, suspended on chains. The bowl contains hot coals, and the incense is placed on top of these. The thurible is then swung back and forth on its chains, spreading the fragrant smoke.
530:
In the Far East, incense was used as a way to tell time because it was a simple mechanism and generally not a fire hazard. Time increments were marked off on each incense stick to show how much time had passed, then placed in a ritual tripod vessel known as a
1091:
1747:
Morehart, Christopher T., Abigail Meza Peñaloza, Carlos
Serrano Sánchez, Emily Mcclung De Tapia, and Emilio Ibarra Morales. "Human Sacrifice During the Epiclassic Period in the Northern Basin of Mexico." Latin American Antiquity 23, no. 04 (2012): 426-48.
371:"Censing baskets" were globes of hollow metal, pierced with intricate floral or animal designs; within the globe, an iron cup, suspended on gimbals, contained the burning incense. They were used to perfume garments and bedclothes, and even to kill insects.
1307:
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in yet its foot is a bronze plate. It contains rare perfumes, red flames and green smoke; densely ornamented are its sides, and its summit joins azure heaven. A myriad animals are depicted on it. Ah, from it sides I can see ever further than Li
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791:
would be smashed and older temples were replaced with new ones. Mayan censers, which had a reservoir for incense on top of a vertical shaft were highly elaborate during the
Classic period (600–900 AD), particularly in the kingdom of
523:, incense was used by upper-class people for personal hygiene, romantic rendezvous, and deodorizing the interior of edifices. These included places of worship, dwellings, and work-spaces. Dating back to the seventh century AD, the
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Censers made for stick incense are also available; these are simply a long, thin plate of wood, metal, or ceramic, bent up and perforated at one end to hold the incense. They serve to catch the ash of the burning incense stick.
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483:(麻勃 "cannabis flowers"), "are very little used in medicine, but the magician-technicians ( 術家) say that if one consumes them with ginseng it will give one preternatural knowledge of events in the future." Needham concluded,
625:, incense burners do not have a liturgical use or a specific design denoted for religious context. However, they are still an important part of rituals and weddings. Other religious groups in Middle East such as the
1207:
1844:
375:
Other
Chinese censers are shaped like birds or animals, sometimes designed so that the incense smoke would issue from the mouth. During the medieval period when censers were more commonly used in
1738:
Feinman, Gary M., and Dorie Reents-Budet. "Painting the Maya
Universe: Royal Ceramics of the Classic Period." The Hispanic American Historical Review 75, no. 3 (1995): 457. doi:10.2307/2517243.
1186:
862:. In some traditions the censer with bells is normally used only by a bishop. Before a deacon begins a censing, he will take the censer to the priest (or the bishop, if he is present) for a
800:, censers were found in great numbers, often shaped as an aged priest or deity. Craftsmen produced Mayan censers in many sizes, some just a few inches in height, others, several feet tall.
854:. This fourth chain passes through a hole the hasp and slides in order to easily raise the lid. There will often be 12 small bells attached to the chains, symbolising the preaching of the
1652:
941:) is used on certain occasions. This device has no chains and consists of a bowl attached to a handle, often with bells attached. The lid is normally attached to the bowl with a hinge.
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during the censing is "Let my prayer arise in Thy sight as incense, and let the lifting up of my hands be an evening sacrifice." When a deacon or priest performs a full censing of the
89:
or perfume in some solid form. They vary greatly in size, form, and material of construction, and have been in use since ancient times throughout the world. They may consist of simple
1219:
488:
worship, sacrifice, ascending perfume of sweet savour, fire, combustion, disintegration, transformation, vision, communication with spiritual beings, and assurances of immortality.
575:
designs were excavated in Ghanza, while the earliest examples of zoomorphic incense burners are from 11th-century Tajikistan. It is most likely that this practice was inspired by
571:
in Arabic) were used in both religious and secular contexts, but were more widely utilized in palaces and houses. The earliest known examples of dish-shaped incense burners with
527:(changing of fire) ceremony took place, where people would cleanse their homes with incense. However, in some parts of East Asia, incense burners were used as a way to tell time
757:. These materials can be dried by the sun and were locally sourced, making them the perfect material for a Mayan craftsman. Censers vary in decoration. Some are painted using a
549:
1052:
for burning incense with coal, though coconut husk is also used. The vessel has a flared shape with a curved handle and an open top. There are also brass and silver versions.
292:爐, "a brazier for fumigating and perfuming"). Early Chinese censer designs, often crafted as a round, single-footed stemmed basin, are believed to have derived from earlier
327:. These elaborate vessels were designed with apertures that made rising incense smoke appear like clouds or mist swirling around a mountain peak. The Han dynasty scholar
1252:
1507:
Bedini, Silvio A. The Trail of Time = Shih-Chien Ti Tsu-Chi : Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia . Cambridge ;: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Print.
1443:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Part 2, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Magisteries of Gold and Immortality
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will perform the censing. Unordained servers or acolytes are permitted to prepare and carry the censer, but may not swing it during prayers. Liturgical
730:
165:
For direct-burning incense, pieces of the incense are burned by placing them directly on top of a heat source or on a hot metal plate in a censer or
1040:
Some thuribles were based on an architectural motif, for example the Gozbert Censer from the Cathedral of Trier inspired by the Temple of Solomon.
445:
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or person, so that smoke from the burning incense travels in that direction. Burning incense represents the prayers of the church rising towards
433:
sinense, Chinese lovage"). Scholars speculate burning these grasses "may have facilitated communication with spirits" during funeral ceremonies.
1033:. Suspended from the ceiling of the cathedral, the swinging of this 5-foot (1.5 m) high, 55 kilogram silver vessel is an impressive sight.
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1910:
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781:(tree resin), rubber, pine, herbs, myrrh, and chewing gum, the incense produced what was described as "the odor of the center of heaven."
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1685:
1578:
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1199:
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examples are found from the 11th century until the Mongol conquests of the 13th century. These were especially popular during the
237:
1726:
Bruhns, Karen Olsen. “Plumbate Origins Revisited.” American Antiquity, vol. 45, no. 04, 1980, pp. 845–848., doi:10.2307/280154.
1141:
145:
1895:
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style incense burners as well as the frankincense trade present in the Arabian peninsula since the 8th century BCE.
959:, even by a priest or bishop, substituting for it the hand censer as a sign of humility, repentance and mourning over the
1702:
1905:
1017:
796:, and usually show the head of a Mayan deity. In Post-Classic Yucatán, particularly in the capital of the kingdom of
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Medieval Art from Private Collections A Special Exhibition at The Cloisters October 30, 1968, through March 30, 1969
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Incense Burner in the Form of an Elephant. Eastern Iran or northern India. Late 12th or early 13th century AD.
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vessels, small table top objects a few centimetres tall to as many as several metres high. Many designs use
31:
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era tombs that contained aromatics or ashen remains. Some of these aromatic plants have been identified as
61:
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154:
252:
The earliest vessels identified as censers date to the mid-fifth to late fourth centuries BCE during the
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253:
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Culler, Judith L. Incense Burners. Gettysburg Pa: Gettysburg College/Gettysburg Pa., 1961. Print.
952:(sacristan) and his assistant will perform a full censing of the temple and people using hand censers.
905:
is the practice of swinging a censer suspended from chains towards something or someone, typically the
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222:
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Used domestically and ceremonially in Mesoamerica, particularly in the large Central-Mexican city of
150:
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1314:
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452:(無上秘要 "Supreme Secret Essentials", ca. 570 CE), recorded adding cannabis into ritual censers. The
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611:
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1425:"Boshanlu: Mountain Censers of the Western Han Period: A Typological and Iconological Analysis"
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met around the incense-burner. Might one not indeed think of it as their point of origin?
153:
church, late 15th-early 16th century, silver, total height: 27.5 cm, width: 10.5 cm, the
1622:
Maguer, Sterenn Le (Summer 2010). "Typology of incense-burners of the Islamic period".
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so the censer could easily be used to fumigate or scent garments. This is described by
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1889:
586:
Incense Burner of Amir Saif al-Dunya wa’l-Din ibn Muhammad al-Mawardi, 12th century,
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The censer is used much more frequently in the Eastern churches: typically at every
1410:
995:
691:
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472:
231:
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1168:
Insect-Cage Incense Burner, late 19th to early 20th century, by Tetsunao, Japan.
1106:
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1081:
Lidded incense burner (xianglu) with geometric decoration and narrative scenes.
1025:
1013:
975:
949:
945:
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749:, were ceramic incense burners. The most common materials for construction were
742:
734:
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In addition to the chain censer described above, a "hand censer" (Greek: Κατσί
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867:
787:
430:
17:
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I value this perfect utensil, lofty and steep as a mountain! Its top is like
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906:
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feathers, important visual markers of status, artists used colorful paints.
456:
of Daoism provides a good example. The Shangqing scriptures were written by
356:
337:
118:
1069:
Incense burner from Assur, Iraq. Circa 2400 BC. The Pergamon Museum, Berlin
121:
connotations, and this influences the design and decoration of the censer.
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475:(456-536 CE), who edited the official Shangqing canon, also compiled the
414:
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94:
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metallic mounting and modifications (1618) for use as an incense burner
137:, where the perfume diffuses slowly by evaporation rather than burning.
49:
1653:"Incense Burner of Amir Saif al-Dunya wa'l-Din ibn Muhammad al-Mawardi"
1333:
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35:
471:, and Needham believed Yang was "aided almost certainly by cannabis".
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Rabbit-shaped censer, Japan, 19th century, sentoku with cloisonne top
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Some churches have the practice of not using the chain censer during
948:, during the portion of Vespers known as "Lord, I cry unto Thee" the
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Rice, P.M. 1999, ‘Rethinking Classic lowland Maya pottery censers’,
479:(名醫別錄 "Supplementary Records of Famous Physicians"). It noted that
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858:, where one of the bells has been silenced to symbolize the rebel
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355:, but used for burning incense. The famed inventor and craftsmen,
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Censer for an Altar Cross, 1150-1175 AD, German, Lower Saxony.
674:
Examples are usually of globular form with three feet, made in
1573:. New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 43.
303:
Among the most celebrated early incense burner designs is the
1156:
Incense burner of the Wenchang Temple in Yilan County, Taiwan
331:(77–6 BCE) composed an inscription describing a hill censer:
315:(r. 141–87 BCE). Some scholars believe hill censers depict a
667:), also a Chinese term, is a Japanese censer often used in
1048:
Hindus have traditionally used an earthen censer called a
633:
do have ceremonial uses for incense burners.
1457:
The Golden Peaches of Samarkand, a Study of T'ang Exotics
1258:
Copper alloy censer from Kashmir, 9th–10th Centuries AD,
1097:
Bronze incense burner inlaid with gold; from the tomb of
1734:
1732:
974:
Some Orthodox Christians use a standing censer on their
963:. They return to using the chain censer just before the
889:(memorial services), and other occasional offices. If a
1834:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 89.
745:(100–600 AD) and in the many kingdoms belonging to the
347:
Another popular design was the small "scenting globe" (
870:(sacristy) Entrance with the censer at Great Vespers.
1798:
Holy Smoke: The Use of Incense in the Catholic Church
1571:
Nishapur : metalwork of the early Islamic period
311:博山爐), a form that became popular during the reign of
284:, "brazier; stove; furnace"). Another common term is
1006:
and some other groups, the censer is often called a
866:. The censers, charcoal and incense are kept in the
598:or lion designs were popular in the Islamic world;
512:(內丹 "inner alchemy") are the primary divisions of
397:Archeologists have excavated several censers from
359:(1st c. BCE), is believed to have made these with
109:to allow a flow of air. In many cultures, burning
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1543:Art in Afghanistan: Objects from the Kabul Museum
1285:Brass incense burner at Jaffna museum, Sri Lanka.
1766:Coe, Michael D. The Maya, Seventh Edition. 2005.
944:In Greek practice, particularly as observed on
394:爐) fashioned with long handles were developed.
1624:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
1193:
708:
1485:
1483:
1213:British pottery pastille burner, c. 1821-1850
8:
1809:San Luis Obispo: Tixlini Scriptorium, 2011.
65:Censer from Tibet, late 19th century, silver
1395:P. Morrisroe. Transcribed by Kevin Cawley.
893:is present, he typically does much of the
436:According to the Sinologist and historian
1676:. London: British Museum Press. pp.
1518:"Guandu Temple-Deities: Guide to Worship"
1459:. University of California Press. p. 155.
1440:Needham, Joseph and Lu Gwei-Djen (1974).
1136:Chinese porcelain stool (1575-1600) with
645:Bronze censer (kōro) with dragon made by
1598:Piotrovsky M.B. and Rogers, J.M. (eds),
1374:Piotrovsky M.B. and Rogers, J.M. (eds),
541:are used for religious reasons in China
221:
1600:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands
1376:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands
1355:
1059:
850:) are similar in design to the Western
467:) during alleged visitations by Daoist
446:religious and spiritual use of cannabis
1819:Psalm 141:2, New International Version
1617:
1615:
57:or chain censer, designed for swinging
1647:
1645:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1564:
1562:
1446:. Cambridge University Press. p. 133.
1012:, and used during important offices (
925:(church building), he will often say
702:. In Japan a similar censer called a
553:Feline perfume-burner, 11th century,
27:Vessel for burning incense or perfume
7:
1124:, National Treasure of Korea No. 287
1122:Gilt-bronze Incense Burner of Baekje
737:censer lid. Museo de América, Madrid
149:Censer in form of a one-domed cubic
1200:Khalili Collection of Japanese Art
761:style technique or decorated with
25:
133:Some types could also be used as
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1037:the populace in past centuries.
1748:doi:10.7183/1045-6635.23.4.426.
1498:Needham and Lu (1974), p. 154.
1297:A large censer in front of the
1142:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum
1489:Needham and Lu (1974), p. 151.
1477:Needham and Lu (1974), p. 150.
1099:Liu Sheng, Prince of Zhongshan
1:
1864:The dictionary definition of
1830:Gomez-Moreno, Carmen (1968).
1703:"Buddhist Incense – Sonae ko"
1545:. London: The Penguin Press.
1016:, processions, and important
461:
85:is a vessel made for burning
1911:Christian religious objects
1602:, pp 86-87, 2004, Prestel,
1455:Schafer, Edward H. (1963).
1423:Erickson, Susan N. (1992).
1194:
351:香球), a device similar to a
276:("incense, aromatics") and
268:爐, "incense burner"), is a
1942:
1779:, vol. 10, no.1, pp.25-50.
1541:Rowland, Benjamin (1971).
1413:. www.scents-of-earth.com.
718:
560:
448:. The Daoist encyclopedia
200:
29:
1845:British Museum Collection
1023:A famous thurible is the
967:at the Divine Liturgy on
840:Eastern Catholic Churches
709:
506:(外丹 "outer alchemy") and
1569:Allan, James W. (1981).
1378:, p. 87, 2004, Prestel,
1231:pastille burner, 1830–50
836:Oriental Orthodox Church
444:adapted censers for the
241:Late 17th century Koro,
30:Not to be confused with
1468:Erickson (1992), p. 15.
1397:"Catholic Encyclopedia"
1245:Cleveland Museum of Art
990:Censer used during Mass
832:Eastern Orthodox Church
669:Japanese tea ceremonies
425:, Mulan magnolia), and
300:豆 sacrificial chalice.
1109:period, 2nd century BC
1031:Santiago de Compostela
1029:, in the cathedral of
1000:Latin liturgical rites
991:
817:
785:During these rituals,
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653:
614:which would imitate a
590:
558:
498:
373:
345:
249:
234:
219:
218:-shaped incense burner
162:
155:Moscow Kremlin Museums
97:to intricately carved
66:
58:
1896:Cannabis and religion
1670:Ward, Rachel (1993).
1429:Archives of Asian Art
1363:The Regency Redingote
989:
917:. One commonly sung
811:
733:
644:
585:
552:
485:
369:
333:
254:Warring States period
240:
225:
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148:
64:
52:
1882:at Wikimedia Commons
1795:Herrera, Matthew D.
929:quietly to himself.
1777:Ancient Mesoamerica
1273:Thurible with bells
423:Magnolia liliiflora
407:Imperata cylindrica
387:hand-held censers (
260:term for "censer,"
177:or glowing embers.
1906:Chinese inventions
1803:2012-09-12 at the
1701:Japanese-Incense.
1315:Khalili Collection
992:
818:
739:
654:
612:Arabic calligraphy
591:
559:
409:, thatch grass"),
250:
247:Walters Art Museum
235:
220:
163:
67:
59:
1921:Religious objects
1916:Incense equipment
1878:Media related to
1673:Islamic Metalwork
1522:www.kuantu.org.tw
1411:"Scents of earth"
1198:, 1890, from the
1085:, 2nd century BCE
961:Passion of Christ
838:, as well as the
816:with chain censer
747:Maya civilization
567:Incense burners (
365:Edward H. Schafer
313:Emperor Wu of Han
16:(Redirected from
1933:
1901:Ceremonial magic
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753:, plumbate, and
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539:Tiangong censers
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680:Imari porcelain
651:Musée Cernuschi
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557:or Central Asia
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514:Chinese alchemy
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361:gimbal supports
317:sacred mountain
230:to worship the
228:Tiangong censer
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83:pastille burner
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438:Joseph Needham
296:, such as the
294:ritual bronzes
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79:perfume burner
75:incense burner
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1707:the original
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1630:: 173–185.
1107:Western Han
1083:Han dynasty
1026:Botafumeiro
976:icon corner
950:ecclesiarch
946:Mount Athos
933:Hand censer
887:pannikhidas
848:thymiateria
842:, censers (
788:incensarios
755:earthenware
743:Teotihuacan
735:Teotihuacan
726:Mesoamerica
684:Kutani ware
647:Kimura Toun
577:Hellenistic
545:Middle East
519:During the
469:"immortals"
305:hill censer
197:Chinese use
91:earthenware
1890:Categories
1713:2014-07-13
1608:3791330551
1527:2023-03-09
1384:3791330551
1350:References
1105:, Chinese
868:diaconicon
719:See also:
573:zoomorphic
431:Ligusticum
319:, such as
1229:stoneware
1192:Japanese
1044:Hindu use
957:Holy Week
357:Ding Huan
329:Liu Xiang
161:, Russia)
135:pomanders
119:religious
115:spiritual
95:fire pots
93:bowls or
53:Catholic
1801:Archived
1636:41622131
1431:45:6-28.
1344:Thurible
1339:Mabkhara
1329:Crotalus
1323:See also
1226:Wedgwood
1050:Dhunachi
1009:thurible
998:and its
927:Psalm 51
895:censing;
864:blessing
852:thurible
794:Palenque
688:Kakiemon
661:Japanese
569:miqtarah
563:mabkhara
555:Khorasan
415:Galangal
403:maoxiang
377:Buddhist
353:pomander
349:xiangqiu
338:Hua Shan
309:boshanlu
270:compound
175:charcoal
167:thurible
127:pastille
107:openwork
55:thurible
1880:Censers
1657:The MET
1334:Dabqaad
1138:Ottoman
1056:Gallery
1002:of the
994:In the
903:Censing
875:vespers
830:In the
798:Mayapan
771:quetzal
767:jadeite
763:adornos
692:Satsuma
676:pottery
631:Syriacs
623:mosques
525:kuanhuo
494:nei tan
490:Wai tan
458:Yang Xi
442:Daoists
383:rituals
262:xianglu
258:Chinese
151:Russian
111:incense
87:incense
36:Censure
1867:censer
1684:
1634:
1606:
1577:
1549:
1382:
1301:temple
1018:Masses
923:temple
915:Heaven
899:priest
891:deacon
881:, and
879:matins
834:, the
814:priest
759:fresco
700:bronze
696:enamel
663:: 香炉,
600:bronze
588:Taybad
509:neidan
503:Waidan
500:These
460:(330–
427:gaoben
413:(高良薑 "
389:shoulu
381:Daoist
159:Moscow
99:silver
71:censer
44:Sensor
40:Senser
32:Censor
1632:JSTOR
1101:, at
919:psalm
909:, an
860:Judas
844:Greek
779:copal
751:Adobe
704:egōro
637:Japan
627:Copts
616:tiraz
604:brass
421:(辛夷 "
419:xinyi
405:(茅香 "
286:xunlu
274:xiang
216:qilin
42:, or
1682:ISBN
1604:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1195:koro
911:icon
769:and
721:Kōdō
665:kōro
657:Koro
629:and
596:lynx
533:ting
492:and
481:mabo
429:(藁本"
417:"),
379:and
117:and
113:has
103:gold
710:柄香炉
698:or
621:In
602:or
399:Han
341:Lou
323:or
298:dou
272:of
141:Use
101:or
81:or
1892::
1784:^
1731:^
1680:.
1678:12
1655:.
1644:^
1628:41
1626:.
1614:^
1589:^
1561:^
1520:.
1482:^
1427:,
971:.
877:,
846::
694:,
690:,
686:,
682:,
678:,
671:.
516:.
462:c.
367::
278:lu
245:,
226:A
211:A
169:.
77:,
73:,
69:A
38:,
34:,
1807:.
1716:.
1690:.
1638:.
1583:.
1555:.
1530:.
1399:.
1317:.
1144:.
713:)
707:(
659:(
392:手
385:,
343:.
307:(
290:熏
288:(
282:爐
280:(
266:香
264:(
157:(
46:.
20:)
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