Meander - Knowledge (XXG)

916:

floods when the point bar is submerged. Typically, the sediment consists of either sand, gravel, or a combination of both. The sediment comprising some point bars might grade downstream into silty sediments. Because of the decreasing velocity and strength of current from the thalweg of the channel to the upper surface of point bar when the sediment is deposited the vertical sequence of sediments comprising a point bar becomes finer upward within an individual point bar. For example, it is typical for point bars to fine upward from gravel at the base to fine sands at the top. The source of the sediment is typically upstream cut banks from which sand, rocks and debris has been eroded, swept, and rolled across the bed of the river and downstream to the inside bank of a river bend. On the inside bend, this sediment and debris is eventually deposited on the slip-off slope of a point bar.

925:

outside of the curve and deposit sediment in the slower flowing water on the inside of the loop, in a process called lateral accretion. Scroll-bar sediments are characterized by cross-bedding and a pattern of fining upward. These characteristics are a result of the dynamic river system, where larger grains are transported during high energy flood events and then gradually die down, depositing smaller material with time (Batty 2006). Deposits for meandering rivers are generally homogeneous and laterally extensive unlike the more heterogeneous braided river deposits. There are two distinct patterns of scroll-bar depositions; the eddy accretion scroll bar pattern and the point-bar scroll pattern. When looking down the river valley they can be distinguished because the point-bar scroll patterns are convex and the eddy accretion scroll bar patterns are concave.

643: 309: 65: 839:. An antecedent stream or river is one that maintains its original course and pattern during incision despite the changes in underlying rock topography and rock types. However, later geologists argue that the shape of an incised meander is not always, if ever, "inherited", e.g., strictly from an antecedent meandering stream where its meander pattern could freely develop on a level floodplain. Instead, they argue that as fluvial incision of bedrock proceeds, the stream course is significantly modified by variations in rock type and 816: 879:. Such lakes form regularly in undisturbed floodplains as a result of the normal process of fluvial meandering. Either a river or stream forms a sinuous channel as the outer side of its bends are eroded away and sediments accumulate on the inner side, which forms a meandering horseshoe-shaped bend. Eventually as the result of its meandering, the fluvial channel cuts through the narrow neck of the meander and forms a cutoff meander. The final break-through of the neck, which is called a 570:, which, given the same velocity at the end of the drop as at the beginning, is removed by interaction with the material of the stream bed. The shortest distance; that is, a straight channel, results in the highest energy per unit of length, disrupting the banks more, creating more sediment and aggrading the stream. The presence of meanders allows the stream to adjust the length to an equilibrium energy per unit length in which the stream carries away all the sediment that it produces. 261:

unaffected by the boundary layer. Therefore, within the boundary layer, pressure force dominates and fluid moves along the bottom of the river from the outside bend to the inside bend. This initiates helicoidal flow: Along the river bed, fluid roughly follows the curve of the channel but is also forced toward the inside bend; away from the river bed, fluid also roughly follows the curve of the channel but is forced, to some extent, from the inside to the outside bend.

2524: 965: 453: 414: 379: 3119: 506: 709: 47: 225:, in which water moves from the outer to the inner bank along the river bed, then flows back to the outer bank near the surface of the river. This in turn increases carrying capacity for sediments on the outer bank and reduces it on the inner bank, so that sediments are eroded from the outer bank and redeposited on the inner bank of the next downstream meander. 38: 298: 628:

next downstream meander, and not on the point bar opposite it. This can be seen in areas where trees grow on the banks of rivers; on the inside of meanders, trees, such as willows, are often far from the bank, whilst on the outside of the bend, the tree roots are often exposed and undercut, eventually leading the trees to fall into the river.

212: 624:. Erosion that forms a cut bank occurs at the outside bank of a meander because helicoidal flow of water keeps the bank washed clean of loose sand, silt, and sediment and subjects it to constant erosion. As a result, the meander erodes and migrates in the direction of the outside bend, forming the cut bank. 951:

In case of an entrenched river, a slip-off slope is a gently sloping bedrock surface that rises from the inside, concave bank of an asymmetrically entrenched river. This type of slip-off slope is often covered by a thin, discontinuous layer of alluvium. It is produced by the gradual outward migration

405:

Various mathematical formulae relate the variables of the meander geometry. As it turns out some numerical parameters can be established, which appear in the formulae. The waveform depends ultimately on the characteristics of the flow but the parameters are independent of it and apparently are caused

260:

exists within the thin layer of fluid that interacts with the river bed. Inside that layer and following standard boundary-layer theory, the velocity of the fluid is effectively zero. Centrifugal force, which depends on velocity, is also therefore effectively zero. Pressure force, however, remains

928:

Scroll bars often look lighter at the tops of the ridges and darker in the swales. This is because the tops can be shaped by wind, either adding fine grains or by keeping the area unvegetated, while the darkness in the swales can be attributed to silts and clays washing in during high water periods.

924:

Scroll-bars are a result of continuous lateral migration of a meander loop that creates an asymmetrical ridge and swale topography on the inside of the bends. The topography is generally parallel to the meander, and is related to migrating bar forms and back bar chutes, which carve sediment from the

627:

As the cut bank is undermined by erosion, it commonly collapses as slumps into the river channel. The slumped sediment, having been broken up by slumping, is readily eroded and carried toward the middle of the channel. The sediment eroded from a cut bank tends to be deposited on the point bar of the

536:

theory can take many forms but one of the most general statements is that of Scheidegger: "The meander train is assumed to be the result of the stochastic fluctuations of the direction of flow due to the random presence of direction-changing obstacles in the river path." Given a flat, smooth, tilted

288:

of the earth can cause a small imbalance in velocity distribution, such that velocity on one bank is higher than on the other, it could trigger the erosion on one bank and deposition of sediment on the other that produces meanders However, Coriolis forces are likely insignificant compared with other

582:

means having to do with the deeper, or tectonic (plate) structure of the rock. The features included under these categories are not random and guide streams into non-random paths. They are predictable obstacles that instigate meander formation by deflecting the stream. For example, the stream might

1013:

The sinuosity index plays a part in mathematical descriptions of streams. The index may require elaboration, because the valley may meander as well—i.e., the downvalley length is not identical to the reach. In that case the valley index is the meander ratio of the valley while the channel index is

886:

After a cutoff meander is formed, river water flows into its end from the river builds small delta-like feature into either end of it during floods. These delta-like features block either end of the cutoff meander to form a stagnant oxbow lake that is separated from the flow of the fluvial channel

915:

that is formed by the slow, often episodic, addition of individual accretions of noncohesive sediment on the inside bank of a meander by the accompanying migration of the channel toward its outer bank. This process is called lateral accretion. Lateral accretion occurs mostly during high water or

759:

as a subtype of incised meanders (inclosed meanders) characterized by a symmetrical valley sides. He argues that the symmetrical valley sides are the direct result of rapid down-cutting of a watercourse into bedrock. In addition, as proposed by Rich, Thornbury argues that incised valleys with a

489:

Since the flow velocity is diminished, so is the centrifugal pressure. The pressure of the super-elevated column prevails, developing an unbalanced gradient that moves water back across the bottom from the outside to the inside. The flow is supplied by a counter-flow across the surface from the

947:

can refer to two different fluvial landforms that comprise the inner, convex, bank of a meander loop. In case of a freely meandering river on a floodplain, a slip-off slope is the inside, gently sloping bank of a meander on which sediments episodically accumulate to form a point bar as a river

350:

At any cross-section the flow is following the sinuous axis, the centerline of the bed. Two consecutive crossing points of sinuous and down-valley axes define a meander loop. The meander is two consecutive loops pointing in opposite transverse directions. The distance of one meander along the

1017:

Sinuosity Index has a non-mathematical utility as well. Streams can be placed in categories arranged by it; for example, when the index is between 1 and 1.5 the river is sinuous, but if between 1.5 and 4, then meandering. The index is a measure also of stream velocity and sediment load, those

1010:, which should be at least 20 times the average fullbank channel width. The length of the stream is measured by channel, or thalweg, length over the reach, while the bottom value of the ratio is the downvalley length or air distance of the stream between two points on it defining the reach. 545:

of drops produce rivulets at random. Natural surfaces are rough and erodible to different degrees. The result of all the physical factors acting at random is channels that are not straight, which then progressively become sinuous. Even channels that appear straight have a sinuous

1570:, p. 432. "In the absence of secondary flow, bend flow seeks to conserve angular momentum so that it tends to conform to that of a free vortex with high velocity at the smaller radius of the inner bank and lower velocity at the outer bank where radial acceleration is lower." 2718: 374:

to the down-valley axis intersecting the sinuous axis at the apex. As the loop is not ideal, additional information is needed to characterize it. The orientation angle is the angle between sinuous axis and down-valley axis at any point on the sinuous axis.

228:

When a fluid is introduced to an initially straight channel which then bends, the sidewalls induce a pressure gradient that causes the fluid to alter course and follow the bend. From here, two opposing processes occur: (1) irrotational flow and (2)

433:, or shallow beds, while at the apices are pools. In a pool direction of flow is downward, scouring the bed material. The major volume, however, flows more slowly on the inside of the bend where, due to decreased velocity, it deposits sediment. 1582:, p. 432. "Near the bed, where velocity and thus the centrifugal effects are lowest, the balance of forces is dominated by the inward hydraulic gradient of the super-elevated water surface and secondary flow moves toward the inner bank." 1014:

the meander ratio of the channel. The channel sinuosity index is the channel length divided by the valley length and the standard sinuosity index is the channel index divided by the valley index. Distinctions may become even more subtle.

1352:

Martínez, Alberto A. (March 2014). "The questionable inventions of the clever Dr. Einstein: József Illy: The practical Einstein: Experiments, patents, inventions. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012, xiv+202pp, $ 60.00 HB".

268:

and therefore result in erosion. Similarly, lower velocities at the inside bend cause lower shear stresses and deposition occurs. Thus meander bends erode at the outside bend, causing the river to becoming increasingly sinuous (until

41:

A stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight coast channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the

468:. In the words of Elizabeth A. Wood: "...this process of making meanders seems to be a self-intensifying process...in which greater curvature results in more erosion of the bank, which results in greater curvature..." 2092:

G. Wasser (2005). "A Comparison Of Meandering River Deposits From The Middle Belly River And Horsefly With Recent Milk River Valley Deposits; Central And Southern Alberta". Calgary, Alberta: Canadian Natural Resource

887:

and independent of the river. During floods, the flood waters deposit fine-grained sediment into the oxbow lake. As a result, oxbow lakes tend to become filled in with fine-grained, organic-rich sediments over time.

1546:, p. 432. “One of the important consequences of helical flow in meanders is that sediment eroded from the outside of a meander bend tends to move to the inner bank or point bar of the next downstream bend.” 140:. The sinuosity of a watercourse is the ratio of the length of the channel to the straight line down-valley distance. Streams or rivers with a single channel and sinuosities of 1.5 or more are defined as 256:: A force balance exists between pressure forces pointing to the inside bend of the river and centrifugal forces pointing to the outside bend of the river. In the context of meandering rivers, a 608:

is an often vertical bank or cliff that forms where the outside, concave bank of a meander cuts into the floodplain or valley wall of a river or stream. A cutbank is also known either as a

440:

or thalweg line. It is typically designated the borderline when rivers are used as political borders. The thalweg hugs the outer banks and returns to center over the riffles. The meander

180:(and in later Greek thought) the name of the river had become a common noun meaning anything convoluted and winding, such as decorative patterns or speech and ideas, as well as the 3155: 883:, often occurs during a major flood because that is when the watercourse is out of its banks and can flow directly across the neck and erode it with the full force of the flood. 464:

which sweeps dense eroded material towards the inside of the bend, and leaves the outside of the bend unprotected and vulnerable to accelerated erosion. This establishes a

406:

by geologic factors. In general the meander length is 10–14 times, with an average 11 times, the fullbank channel width and 3 to 5 times, with an average of 4.7 times, the

402:, it extends beyond the meander belt. The meander is then said to be free—it can be found anywhere in the flood plain. If there is no flood plain, the meanders are fixed. 475:

and sweeps dense eroded material towards the inside of the bend. The cross-current then rises to the surface near the inside and flows towards the outside, forming the

366:

varies from a maximum at the apex to zero at a crossing point (straight line), also called an inflection, because the curvature changes direction in that vicinity. The

273:

events occur). Deposition at the inside bend occurs such that for most natural meandering rivers, the river width remains nearly constant, even as the river evolves.

694:

in English is a nontechnical word in the southwest United States for either a small secluded valley, an alcove or angular recess in a cliff, or a bend in a river.

929:

This added sediment in addition to water that catches in the swales is in turn is a favorable environment for vegetation that will also accumulate in the swales.

875:, which is the most common type of fluvial lake, is a crescent-shaped lake that derives its name from its distinctive curved shape. Oxbow lakes are also known as 1722:

D'Alessandro, Leandro; Miccadei, Enrico; Piacentini, Tommaso (November 2008). "Morphotectonic study of the lower Sangro River valley (Abruzzi, Central Italy)".

948:

meanders. This type of slip-off slope is located opposite the cutbank. This term can also be applied to the inside, sloping bank of a meandering tidal channel.

336:, are one line thick, but in the case of a stream the width must be taken into consideration. The bankfull width is the distance across the bed at an average 2413: 398:

bank. The meander belt is defined by an average meander width measured from outer bank to outer bank instead of from centerline to centerline. If there is a

3104: 2780: 682:. As in the case of the Anderson Bottom Rincon, incised meanders that have either steep-sided, often vertical walls, are often, but not always, known as 127:. It typically ranges from 15 to 18 times the width of the channel. Over time, meanders migrate downstream, sometimes in such a short time as to create 3148: 1322: 3386: 3754: 672:, is a meander that has been abandoned by its stream after the formation of a neck cutoff. A lake that occupies a cutoff meander is known as an 460:

Once a channel begins to follow a sinusoidal path, the amplitude and concavity of the loops increase dramatically. This is due to the effect of

2213: 2145: 1997: 1263: 1192: 3141: 243:

we would expect low fluid velocity at the outside bend and high fluid velocity at the inside bend. This classic fluid mechanics result is

1334: 347:

to the curve such that the sum of all the amplitudes measured from it is zero. This axis represents the overall direction of the stream.

2699: 642: 407: 497:

As to why streams of any size become sinuous in the first place, there are a number of theories, not necessarily mutually exclusive.

2326: 2298: 2265: 2117: 2076: 1772: 1706: 1681: 1528: 1424: 1406: 1131: 1108: 943:

Depending upon whether a meander is part of an entrenched river or part of a freely meandering river within a floodplain, the term

308: 199:

in the Menderes Massif, but has a flood plain much wider than the meander zone in its lower reach. Its modern Turkish name is the

4380: 2737: 2406: 2281:

Singh, R.Y. (2005). "Interface drainage analysis of a water divide". In Jansky, Libor; Haigh, Martin J.; Prasad, Hushila (eds.).

1182: 999:. A perfectly straight river would have a meander ratio of 1 (it would be the same length as its valley), while the higher this 219:

Meanders are a result of the interaction of water flowing through a curved channel with the underlying river bed. This produces

3911: 2813: 820: 4375: 2773: 4077: 4027: 3921: 2679: 1864:

Canyonlands Country, A Guidebook of the Four Corners Geological Society Eighth Field Conference — September 22–25, 1975.

277: 4355: 2399: 479:. The greater the curvature of the bend, and the faster the flow, the stronger is the cross-current and the sweeping. 494:. This secondary flow carries sediment from the outside of the bend to the inside making the river more meandering. 64: 4406: 3581: 2503: 2321:. Kluwer Academic Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 430–434. 832: 200: 153: 1323:

https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/92706/WEISS-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

952:

of the meander as a river cuts downward into bedrock. A terrace on the slip-off slope of a meander spur, known as

4365: 4317: 4200: 3122: 2766: 1321:

Weiss, Samantha Freeman. (April 2016). Meandering River Dynamics (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Ideals.

444:

length is the distance along the thalweg over one meander. The river length is the length along the centerline.

4350: 4067: 4032: 3874: 1006:

Sinuosity indices are calculated from the map or from an aerial photograph measured over a distance called the

801: 337: 31: 2513: 521: 4360: 4052: 3817: 2936: 1995:

Toonen, W.H., Kleinhans, M.G. and Cohen, K.M., 2012. "Sedimentary architecture of abandoned channel fills."

765: 687: 566:

of the terrain and the transport capacity of the stream is reached. A mass of water descending must give up

831:

As noted above, it was initially either argued or presumed that an incised meander is characteristic of an

4421: 4411: 4302: 4160: 3711: 3596: 2866: 1789:"Secondary circulation in a region of flow curvature: Relationship with tidal forcing and river discharge" 1208: 912: 465: 1849:

War Department, Corps of Engineers, Mississippi River Commission, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 2 Vols., 82 pp.

743:. Some Earth scientists recognize and use a finer subdivision of incised meanders. Thornbury argues that 4140: 3987: 3949: 3398: 3337: 3048: 3043: 1246:

Gürbüz, Alper; Kazancı, Nizamettin (2019). "The Büyük Menderes River: Origin of Meandering Phenomenon".

776:. Regardless, the formation of both entrenched meanders and ingrown meanders is thought to require that 355:. The maximum distance from the down-valley axis to the sinuous axis of a loop is the meander width or 1922:

Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, Vol. 3. McGraw-Hill Company, Inc., New York, New York, 1295 pp.

4370: 4092: 3916: 3676: 3483: 3277: 3069: 2345: 2024: 1800: 1731: 1646: 1605: 1449: 1296: 1063: 785: 542: 815: 751:

are synonyms that are appropriate to describe any meander incised downward into bedrock and defines

134:

The degree of meandering of the channel of a river, stream, or other watercourse is measured by its

4266: 4261: 4062: 3906: 3528: 3381: 3302: 3209: 2747: 2707: 2491: 2257: 2229:. Bulletin No. 16. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Resources. p. 8. 245: 85: 1593: 4401: 4292: 4205: 4170: 4022: 3538: 3443: 3347: 3239: 3172: 3099: 3053: 2685: 2585: 2422: 2290: 2013:"Deposits of a rapidly eroding meandering river: terrace cut and fill in the Taupo Volcanic Zone" 1465: 1398: 1370: 1269: 991:

meanders (how much its course deviates from the shortest possible path). It is calculated as the

840: 796:

dam, or regional tilting. Classic examples of incised meanders are associated with rivers in the

4012: 1836:

War Department, Corps of Engineers, Mississippi River Commission, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 78 pp.

1338: 956:, can be formed by a brief halt during the irregular incision by an actively meandering river. 4271: 4110: 4102: 4042: 4002: 3891: 3706: 3468: 3458: 3244: 3094: 2931: 2712: 2612: 2607: 2548: 2538: 2476: 2322: 2294: 2261: 2230: 2209: 2141: 2113: 2072: 1768: 1702: 1677: 1524: 1420: 1402: 1259: 1188: 1127: 1104: 1007: 964: 188:

said: ‘...its course is so exceedingly winding that everything winding is called meandering.’

128: 57: 1520: 1513: 678:. Cutoff meanders that have cut downward into the underlying bedrock are known in general as 4426: 4185: 4087: 3992: 3591: 3586: 3503: 3332: 3204: 2861: 2789: 2563: 2353: 2282: 2249: 2032: 1808: 1739: 1654: 1613: 1493: 1457: 1390: 1362: 1304: 1251: 1053: 797: 703: 567: 491: 483: 383: 325: 177: 2523: 2206:

Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik: English-German/Englisch-Deutsch.

1788: 1335:"Albert Einstein, river meandering, Hans Einstein, sediment transport, Victor Miguel Ponce" 452: 413: 378: 250:

In the context of meandering rivers, its effects are dominated by those of secondary flow.

4416: 4190: 4150: 4145: 3936: 3749: 3636: 3631: 3415: 3352: 3322: 3287: 3282: 3249: 3214: 3185: 3089: 2876: 2838: 2823: 2486: 1043: 844: 579: 362:

In contrast to sine waves, the loops of a meandering stream are more nearly circular. The

281: 221: 2250: 2349: 2028: 1804: 1735: 1658: 1650: 1609: 1453: 1308: 1300: 123:

The zone within which a meandering stream periodically shifts its channel is known as a

4251: 4135: 4115: 3997: 3982: 3869: 3854: 3849: 3809: 3789: 3701: 3543: 3533: 3523: 3488: 3420: 3405: 3312: 3234: 3194: 3079: 2946: 2896: 2848: 2808: 2803: 2674: 2669: 2602: 2283: 2106: 1617: 1391: 1038: 938: 769: 660: 637: 472: 441: 285: 270: 257: 230: 176:), characterised by a very convoluted path along the lower reach. As a result, even in 161: 2719:

How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension

2357: 1461: 4395: 4332: 4327: 4312: 4297: 4246: 4241: 4007: 3972: 3926: 3886: 3881: 3641: 3513: 3473: 3219: 3199: 3084: 2966: 2926: 2871: 2664: 2659: 1374: 1273: 1028: 973: 809: 559: 371: 344: 181: 131:

challenges for local municipalities attempting to maintain stable roads and bridges.

1159: 4322: 4072: 4057: 4047: 3896: 3827: 3696: 3661: 3576: 3518: 3393: 3292: 3254: 3229: 3017: 2828: 2575: 2498: 2481: 2248:

Gordon, Nancy D.; Thomas A. McMahon; Christopher J. Gippel; Rory J. Nathan (2005).

2158:

Tidal stream development and its effect on the distribution of the American oyster.

1743: 1058: 509: 476: 461: 265: 69: 2037: 2012: 708: 505: 343:

As a waveform the meandering stream follows the down-valley axis, a straight line

239:: From Bernoulli's equations, high pressure results in low velocity. Therefore, 1255: 4231: 4155: 3859: 3822: 3769: 3493: 3478: 3453: 3327: 3033: 2984: 2951: 2941: 2833: 2693: 2651: 2570: 2466: 2461: 2317:

Hickin, Edward J. (2003). "Meandering Channels". In Middleton, Gerard V. (ed.).

773: 712: 647: 563: 517: 422: 399: 340:

at the full-stream level, typically estimated by the line of lowest vegetation.

313: 93: 52: 17: 1847:

Fine-grained Alluvial Deposits and Their Effects on Mississippi River Activity.

1834:

Geological investigation of the alluvial valley of the lower Mississippi River.

4337: 4017: 3901: 3841: 3799: 3671: 3508: 3376: 3317: 3307: 3224: 3133: 3038: 2979: 2906: 2886: 2640: 2635: 2553: 2456: 1765:

Depositional sedimentary environments: with reference to terrigenous clastics.

1487: 1366: 1048: 969: 871: 864: 777: 674: 533: 513: 395: 352: 157: 117: 2285:

Sustainable Management of Headwater Resources: Research from Africa and India

112:. The result of this coupled erosion and sedimentation is the formation of a 4307: 4256: 4226: 4195: 4125: 4037: 3794: 3681: 3666: 3606: 3553: 3548: 3448: 3371: 3361: 3259: 2911: 2901: 2856: 2742: 2645: 2234: 1699:

Restoring Streams in Cities: A Guide for Planners, Policymakers and Citizens

1033: 980: 903: 896: 793: 789: 781: 363: 356: 333: 136: 109: 46: 537:

artificial surface, rainfall runs off it in sheets, but even in that case

297: 3977: 3944: 3621: 3463: 3430: 3007: 2881: 2471: 2436: 1812: 1492:. Professional Paper 282-B. United States Geological Survey. p. 50. 805: 604: 597: 538: 418: 329: 321: 105: 101: 73: 1965:

Intrenched meanders of the North Fork of the Shenandoah River, Virginia.

1469: 1103:(5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp. 391: 320:

The technical description of a meandering watercourse is termed meander

4287: 4236: 3759: 3741: 3721: 3626: 3563: 3498: 3435: 3074: 2994: 2956: 2818: 2597: 2592: 2580: 2558: 2543: 2366:

The Maeander Valley: A historical geography from Antiquity to Byzantium

1954:

Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, New York, New York, 172 pp.

1952:

The origin and significance of sinuosity along incising bedrock rivers.

1878:

Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: America's most-trusted online dictionary

720: 547: 437: 192: 191:

The Meander River is south of Izmir, east of the ancient Greek town of

113: 108:) and deposits sediments on an inner, convex bank which is typically a 97: 37: 2052:

K. Whipple (September 2004). "Alluvial channels and their landforms".

1099:

Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl Jr., and J.A. Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005)

4082: 3954: 3779: 3774: 3726: 3716: 3686: 3611: 3366: 3297: 3269: 3168: 2974: 2921: 2916: 2391: 1229: 996: 992: 988: 836: 719:

The meanders of a stream or river that has cut its bed down into the

430: 429:

A meander has a depth pattern as well. The cross-overs are marked by

367: 196: 185: 490:

inside to the outside. This entire situation is very similar to the

2758: 2380: 1767:

Springer Science & Business Media, New York, New York. 551 pp.

1497: 486:

the speed on the inside of the bend is faster than on the outside.

116:

course as the channel migrates back and forth across the axis of a

4180: 4165: 4120: 3864: 3837: 3784: 3651: 3646: 3616: 3601: 3410: 3180: 3164: 2630: 1876: 1142:

Leopold, L.B., Wolman, M.G., Wolman, M.G. and Wolman, M.G., 1957.

1000: 984: 963: 814: 707: 641: 504: 451: 412: 377: 307: 296: 210: 169: 89: 63: 45: 36: 4210: 4175: 3731: 3691: 3656: 3012: 2508: 2446: 2441: 2336:

Leopold, Luna B.; Langbein, W.B. (June 1966). "River Meanders".

2252:

Stream Hydrology: an Introduction for Ecologists: Second Edition

1981:

A treatise on limnology, v. 1. Geography, Physics and Chemistry.

1149:

no. 282B, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC., 47 pp.

824: 651: 471:

The cross-current along the floor of the channel is part of the

301: 211: 3137: 2762: 2395: 4130: 3571: 3002: 2381:"River Meandering and a Mathematical Model of this Phenomenon" 525: 2289:. Tokyo, New York: United Nations University Press. pp. 2368:(Cambridge, 2011) (Greek Culture in the Roman World Series). 1866:

Four Corners Geological Society, Durango, Colorado. pp. 278.

578:

Geomorphic refers to the surface structure of the terrain.

1387:

The technical definitions of this section rely heavily on

1144:

River Channel Patterns: Braided, Meandering, and Straight.

27:

One of a series of curves in a channel of a matured stream

2140:(pp. 183–244). Springer, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 391 pp. 1489:

River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight

410:

at the apex. This radius is 2–3 times the channel width.

264:

The higher velocities at the outside bend lead to higher

233:. For a river to meander, secondary flow must dominate. 1440:

Leopold, L.B.; Langbein, W.B. (1966). "River meanders".

1018:

quantities being maximized at an index of 1 (straight).

558:

In the equilibrium theory, meanders decrease the stream

1250:. World Geomorphological Landscapes. pp. 509–519. 1184:

Certificate Physics And Human Geography; Indian Edition

760:

pronounced asymmetry of cross section, which he called

1515:

Science from Your Airplane Window: 2nd Revised Edition

1095: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1079: 195:, now Milet, Turkey. It flows through series of three 2379:

Movshovitz-Hadar, Nitsa; Alla Shmuklar (2006-01-01).

2132:

Scheffers, A.M., May, S.M. and Kelletat, D.H., 2015.

1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1991: 1989: 1481: 1479: 780:

falls as a result of either relative change in mean

84:

is one of a series of regular sinuous curves in the

4280: 4219: 4101: 3963: 3935: 3836: 3808: 3740: 3562: 3429: 3346: 3268: 3179: 3062: 3026: 2993: 2965: 2847: 2796: 2730: 2623: 2531: 2429: 2190:

Lateral activity in a river of northwestern Canada.

1287:Callander, R A (January 1978). "River Meandering". 2105: 1968:United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1933:Certain types of stream valleys and their meaning. 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1898:John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 618 pp. 1512: 1419:. Water Resources Publications. pp. 261–265. 1147:United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 2177:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 1890: 1888: 1519:. New York: Courier Dover Publications. p. 2319:Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks 1946: 1944: 1118: 1116: 772:of a meander during a period of slower channel 847:, and other geological structures into either 654:. It is an incised cutoff (abandoned) meander. 583:be guided into a fault line (morphotectonic). 436:The line of maximum depth, or channel, is the 328:geometry. It is characterized as an irregular 3149: 2774: 2407: 2017:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 1782: 1780: 835:that had incised its channel into underlying 827:. There is a cut-off meander at right center. 215:Straight channel culminating in a single bend 8: 2156:Keck, R., Maurer, D. and Watling, L., 1973. 2069:Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1701:. Washington DC: Island Press. p. 137. 1637:Callander, R.A. (1978). "River Meandering". 550:that leads eventually to a sinuous channel. 3105:List of rivers that have reversed direction 2011:Woolfe and Purdon; Purdon, Richard (1996). 1676:. Berlin, New York: Springer. p. 113. 1187:. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–42. 995:of the stream divided by the length of the 351:down-valley axis is the meander length or 3156: 3142: 3134: 2781: 2767: 2759: 2414: 2400: 2392: 2134:Forms by Flowing Water (Fluvial Features). 1858:Shoemaker, E.M. and Stephens, H.G., 1975. 2227:Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams Part II 2138:Landforms of the World with Google Earth. 2071:(4 ed.). NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2054:Surface Processes and Landscape Evolution 2036: 1486:Leopold, Luna; Wolman, M. Gordon (1957). 1003:is above 1, the more the river meanders. 289:forces acting to produce river meanders. 2104:Norman D. Smith and John Rogers (1999). 359:. The course at that point is the apex. 152:The term derives from the winding river 3755:International scale of river difficulty 2174:Meandering valleys and underfit rivers. 1594:"Albert Einstein and Meandering Rivers" 1413:In addition concepts are utilized from 1397:. Cambridge University press. pp. 1126:Routledge, New York, New York. 234 pp. 1075: 1918:In Fairbridge, R.W., ed., pp 548–550, 1860:First photographs of the Canyon Lands. 1579: 1567: 1555: 1543: 1124:Fundamentals of fluvial geomorphology. 1998:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 1875:Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 2017. 1763:Reineck, H.E. and Singh, I.B., 2012. 983:is a means of quantifying how much a 7: 2208:Springer, Berlin, Germany. 1549 pp. 2204:Herrmann, H. and Bucksch, H., 2014. 2112:(6 ed.). blackwell publishing. 1862:in Fassett, J.E., ed., pp. 111–122, 574:Geomorphic and morphotectonic theory 516:and abandoned meanders in the broad 2700:The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis 2387:(7). Israel Physical Society (IPS). 1963:Hack, J.T., and Young, R.S., 1959. 1659:10.1146/annurev.fl.10.010178.001021 1309:10.1146/annurev.fl.10.010178.001021 1054:Meander cutoffs in Avulsion (river) 849:lithologically conditioned meanders 390:A loop at the apex has an outer or 1920:The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. 1618:10.17704/eshi.7.1.yk72n55q84qxu5n6 1248:Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey 96:. It is produced as a watercourse 25: 2358:10.1038/scientificamerican0666-60 1462:10.1038/scientificamerican0666-60 562:until an equilibrium between the 370:of the loop is the straight line 3118: 3117: 2522: 2256:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 1639:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1417:Hydraulics of Sediment Transport 1289:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 853:structurally controlled meanders 792:uplift, the breach of an ice or 241:in the absence of secondary flow 3912:Flooded grasslands and savannas 2814:Drainage system (geomorphology) 1882:last accessed November 22, 2017 1793:Journal of Geophysical Research 1672:Scheidegger, Adrien E. (2004). 1236:, Book 12 Chapter 8 Section 15. 1181:Leong, Goh Cheng (1995-10-27). 2824:Strahler number (stream order) 1744:10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.06.019 382:Concave bank and convex bank, 1: 2038:10.1080/00288306.1996.9514708 1211:. Online Etymology Dictionary 524:, Argentina. 2010 photo from 332:. Ideal waveforms, such as a 4078:Universal Soil Loss Equation 4028:Hydrological transport model 3922:Storm Water Management Model 1896:Principles of Geomorphology, 1256:10.1007/978-3-030-03515-0_29 541:of water to the surface and 278:Prussian Academy of Sciences 1511:Wood, Elizabeth A. (1975). 907:, which is also known as a 482:Due to the conservation of 284:suggested that because the 104:of an outer, concave bank ( 4443: 3582:Antecedent drainage stream 1389:Julien, Pierre Y. (2002). 968:Meanders, scroll-bars and 936: 894: 862: 833:antecedent stream or river 701: 635: 595: 29: 4346: 4318:River valley civilization 4201:Riparian-zone restoration 3113: 2680:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson 2520: 1787:Chant, Robert J. (2002). 1367:10.1007/s11016-013-9819-x 664:, also known as either a 456:Life history of a meander 384:Great Ouse Relief Channel 4381:Countries without rivers 4356:Rivers by discharge rate 4068:Runoff model (reservoir) 4033:Infiltration (hydrology) 1894:Thornbury, W. D., 1954, 1592:Bowker, Kent A. (1988). 802:Kentucky River Palisades 764:, are the result of the 32:Meander (disambiguation) 4053:River Continuum Concept 3818:Agricultural wastewater 2937:River channel migration 2225:Shaw, Lewis C. (1984). 1979:Hutchinson, G.E. 1957. 1914:Fairbridge, R.W. 1968, 688:southwest United States 680:incised cutoff meanders 276:In a speech before the 106:cut bank or river cliff 4376:River name etymologies 4303:Hydraulic civilization 4161:Floodplain restoration 3937:Point source pollution 3712:Sedimentary structures 2867:Bar (river morphology) 2193:The Journal of Geology 2188:Crickmay, C.H., 1960. 2067:Sam Boggs Jr. (2003). 1936:The Journal of Geology 1697:Riley, Ann L. (1998). 976: 954:slip-off slope terrace 828: 716: 655: 529: 466:positive feedback loop 457: 426: 387: 317: 305: 304:canyon meander, Serbia 216: 77: 61: 43: 3988:Discharge (hydrology) 3950:Industrial wastewater 3431:Sedimentary processes 3049:Erosion and tectonics 3044:Degradation (geology) 2514:Widmanstätten pattern 2195:, 68(4), pp. 377–391. 2163:, 42(4), pp. 369–379. 2108:Fluvial Sedimentology 2001:, 37(4), pp. 459–472. 1950:Barbour, J.R., 2008. 1938:, 22(5), pp. 469–497. 1598:Earth Science History 1415:Graf, Walter (1984). 979:The meander ratio or 967: 818: 808:, and streams in the 711: 645: 508: 455: 417:Meander of the River 416: 394:bank and an inner or 381: 311: 300: 214: 67: 49: 40: 4093:Volumetric flow rate 3677:Riffle-pool sequence 3070:Deposition (geology) 2797:Large-scale features 1813:10.1029/2001jc001082 1122:Charlton, R., 2007. 1071:References and notes 1064:Riffle-pool sequence 723:are known as either 587:Associated landforms 201:Büyük Menderes River 30:For other uses, see 4267:Whitewater kayaking 4262:Whitewater canoeing 4063:Runoff curve number 3907:Flood pulse concept 2748:Mathematics and art 2738:Pattern recognition 2708:Aristid Lindenmayer 2350:1966SciAm.214f..60L 2338:Scientific American 2172:Davis, W.M., 1913. 2029:1996NZJGG..39..243W 1805:2002JGRC..107.3131C 1736:2008Geomo.102..145D 1651:1978AnRFM..10..129C 1610:1988ESHis...7...45B 1454:1966SciAm.214f..60L 1442:Scientific American 1301:1978AnRFM..10..129C 1101:Glossary of Geology 757:entrenched meanders 408:radius of curvature 246:irrotational vortex 144:streams or rivers. 4293:Aquatic toxicology 4206:Stream restoration 4171:Infiltration basin 4023:Hydrological model 3539:Sediment transport 3362:Estavelle/Inversac 3240:Subterranean river 3100:Sediment transport 3054:River rejuvenation 3027:Regional processes 2686:On Growth and Form 2586:Logarithmic spiral 2423:Patterns in nature 1931:Rich, J.L., 1914. 1845:Fisk, H.N., 1948. 1832:Fisk, H.N., 1944. 977: 960:Derived quantities 829: 819:Goosenecks of the 717: 656: 554:Equilibrium theory 530: 458: 427: 425:, Southern England 388: 318: 306: 217: 78: 62: 44: 4407:Fluvial landforms 4389: 4388: 4366:Whitewater rivers 4272:Whitewater slalom 4103:River engineering 4003:Groundwater model 3964:River measurement 3892:Flood forecasting 3707:Sedimentary basin 3564:Fluvial landforms 3469:Bed material load 3245:River bifurcation 3131: 3130: 2932:River bifurcation 2756: 2755: 2713:Benoît Mandelbrot 2613:Self-organization 2549:Natural selection 2539:Pattern formation 2214:978-3-642-41713-9 2179:, 3(1), pp. 3–28. 2146:978-94-017-9712-2 1265:978-3-030-03513-6 1194:978-0-19-562816-6 1162:. Merriam-Webster 766:lateral migration 749:inclosed meanders 670:abandoned meander 501:Stochastic theory 237:Irrotational flow 207:Governing physics 160:and known to the 129:civil engineering 58:Guamo Embarcadero 16:(Redirected from 4434: 4351:Rivers by length 4186:River morphology 4088:Wetted perimeter 3993:Drainage density 3504:Headward erosion 3333:Perennial stream 3205:Blackwater river 3158: 3151: 3144: 3135: 3121: 3120: 2862:Avulsion (river) 2790:River morphology 2783: 2776: 2769: 2760: 2564:Sexual selection 2526: 2416: 2409: 2402: 2393: 2388: 2361: 2332: 2305: 2304: 2288: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2255: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2222: 2216: 2202: 2196: 2186: 2180: 2170: 2164: 2154: 2148: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2111: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2008: 2002: 1993: 1984: 1977: 1971: 1961: 1955: 1948: 1939: 1929: 1923: 1916:Incised meander. 1912: 1899: 1892: 1883: 1873: 1867: 1856: 1850: 1843: 1837: 1830: 1817: 1816: 1784: 1775: 1761: 1748: 1747: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1518: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1483: 1474: 1473: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1412: 1396: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1337:. Archived from 1331: 1325: 1319: 1313: 1312: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1243: 1237: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1205: 1199: 1198: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1156: 1150: 1140: 1134: 1120: 1111: 1097: 798:Colorado Plateau 762:ingrown meanders 741:ingrown meanders 704:Entrenched river 698:Incised meanders 568:potential energy 492:Tea leaf paradox 484:angular momentum 312:Meanders on the 293:Meander geometry 182:geomorphological 178:Classical Greece 50:Meanders of the 21: 18:Incised meanders 4442: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4361:Drainage basins 4342: 4276: 4215: 4191:Retention basin 4151:Erosion control 4146:Detention basin 4097: 4013:Hjulström curve 3965: 3959: 3931: 3875:Non-water flood 3832: 3804: 3750:Helicoidal flow 3736: 3637:Fluvial terrace 3632:Floating island 3558: 3433: 3425: 3416:Rhythmic spring 3350: 3342: 3323:Stream gradient 3264: 3250:River ecosystem 3215:Channel pattern 3183: 3175: 3162: 3132: 3127: 3109: 3090:Helicoidal flow 3058: 3022: 2989: 2961: 2877:Channel pattern 2849:Alluvial rivers 2843: 2839:River sinuosity 2792: 2787: 2757: 2752: 2726: 2619: 2527: 2518: 2425: 2420: 2378: 2375: 2364:Thonemann, P., 2335: 2329: 2316: 2313: 2308: 2301: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2203: 2199: 2187: 2183: 2171: 2167: 2155: 2151: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2010: 2009: 2005: 1994: 1987: 1978: 1974: 1962: 1958: 1949: 1942: 1930: 1926: 1913: 1902: 1893: 1886: 1874: 1870: 1857: 1853: 1844: 1840: 1831: 1820: 1786: 1785: 1778: 1762: 1751: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1709: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1684: 1674:Morphotectonics 1671: 1670: 1666: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1622: 1620: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1578: 1574: 1566: 1562: 1554: 1550: 1542: 1538: 1531: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1485: 1484: 1477: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1427: 1414: 1409: 1393:River Mechanics 1388: 1386: 1382: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1320: 1316: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1266: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1228: 1224: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1195: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1141: 1137: 1121: 1114: 1098: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1044:Helicoidal flow 1024: 981:sinuosity index 962: 941: 935: 922: 899: 893: 867: 861: 706: 700: 640: 634: 620:and spelled as 610:river-cut cliff 600: 594: 589: 576: 556: 503: 450: 295: 282:Albert Einstein 222:helicoidal flow 209: 150: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4440: 4438: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4394: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4252:Stone skipping 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4136:Drop structure 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4116:Balancing lake 4113: 4107: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4043:Playfair's law 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3998:Exner equation 3995: 3990: 3985: 3983:Bradshaw model 3980: 3975: 3969: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3878: 3877: 3872: 3870:Urban flooding 3862: 3857: 3855:Crevasse splay 3852: 3850:100-year flood 3846: 3844: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3812: 3810:Surface runoff 3806: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3790:Stream capture 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3746: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3702:Rock-cut basin 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3568: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3544:Suspended load 3541: 3536: 3534:Secondary flow 3531: 3526: 3524:Retrogradation 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3489:Dissolved load 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3440: 3438: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3423: 3421:Spring horizon 3418: 3413: 3408: 3406:Mineral spring 3403: 3402: 3401: 3391: 3390: 3389: 3387:list in the US 3384: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3358: 3356: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3313:Stream channel 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3235:Drainage basin 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3195:Alluvial river 3191: 3189: 3177: 3176: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3153: 3146: 3138: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3095:Playfair's law 3092: 3087: 3082: 3080:Exner equation 3077: 3072: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3018:Current ripple 3015: 3010: 3005: 2999: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2971: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2947:Slip-off slope 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2897:Meander cutoff 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2809:Drainage basin 2806: 2804:Alluvial plain 2800: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2778: 2771: 2763: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2710: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2677: 2675:Wilson Bentley 2672: 2670:Joseph Plateau 2667: 2662: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2608:Plateau's laws 2605: 2603:Fluid dynamics 2600: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2541: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2418: 2411: 2404: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2374: 2373:External links 2371: 2370: 2369: 2362: 2333: 2327: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2306: 2299: 2273: 2266: 2240: 2217: 2197: 2181: 2165: 2149: 2125: 2118: 2096: 2084: 2077: 2059: 2044: 2023:(2): 243–249. 2003: 1985: 1972: 1956: 1940: 1924: 1900: 1884: 1868: 1851: 1838: 1818: 1776: 1749: 1730:(1): 145–158. 1714: 1707: 1689: 1682: 1664: 1629: 1584: 1572: 1560: 1558:, p. 434. 1548: 1536: 1529: 1503: 1498:10.3133/pp282B 1475: 1432: 1425: 1407: 1380: 1344: 1341:on 2017-11-19. 1326: 1314: 1295:(1): 129–158. 1279: 1264: 1238: 1222: 1200: 1193: 1173: 1151: 1135: 1112: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1039:Crevasse splay 1036: 1031: 1025: 1023: 1020: 961: 958: 945:slip-off slope 939:Slip-off slope 937:Main article: 934: 933:Slip-off slope 931: 921: 918: 895:Main article: 892: 889: 863:Main article: 860: 857: 821:San Juan River 702:Main article: 699: 696: 666:cutoff meander 661:meander cutoff 646:The Rincon on 638:Meander cutoff 636:Main article: 633: 632:Meander cutoff 630: 596:Main article: 593: 590: 588: 585: 580:Morphotectonic 575: 572: 555: 552: 502: 499: 473:secondary flow 449: 446: 294: 291: 286:Coriolis force 266:shear stresses 258:boundary layer 254:Secondary flow 231:secondary flow 208: 205: 162:Ancient Greeks 149: 148:Origin of term 146: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4439: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4422:Water streams 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4412:Geomorphology 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4333:Surface water 4331: 4329: 4328:Sacred waters 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4313:Riparian zone 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4298:Body of water 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4247:Riverboarding 4245: 4243: 4242:River surfing 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966:and modelling 3962: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3927:Return period 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3887:Flood control 3885: 3883: 3882:Flood barrier 3880: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3514:Palaeochannel 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3474:Granular flow 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3220:Channel types 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3200:Braided river 3198: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3124: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3075:Water erosion 3073: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2967:Bedrock river 2964: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2927:Riparian zone 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2872:Braided river 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2682: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2665:Ernst Haeckel 2663: 2661: 2660:Adolf Zeising 2658: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2504:Vortex street 2502: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2482:Quasicrystals 2480: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2328:1-4020-0872-4 2324: 2320: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2300:92-808-1108-8 2296: 2292: 2287: 2286: 2277: 2274: 2269: 2267:0-470-84357-8 2263: 2259: 2254: 2253: 2244: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2161:Hydrobiologia 2159: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2121: 2119:0-632-05354-2 2115: 2110: 2109: 2100: 2097: 2088: 2085: 2080: 2078:0-13-099696-3 2074: 2070: 2063: 2060: 2055: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1983:Wiley. 1015p. 1982: 1976: 1973: 1970:354-A, 10 pp. 1969: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1773:9783642962912 1770: 1766: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1724:Geomorphology 1718: 1715: 1710: 1708:1-55963-042-6 1704: 1700: 1693: 1690: 1685: 1683:3-540-20017-7 1679: 1675: 1668: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1633: 1630: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1532: 1530:0-486-23205-0 1526: 1522: 1517: 1516: 1507: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1436: 1433: 1428: 1426:0-918334-56-X 1422: 1418: 1410: 1408:0-521-52970-0 1404: 1400: 1395: 1394: 1384: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1348: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1318: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1283: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1223: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1196: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1177: 1174: 1161: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1132:0-415-33453-5 1129: 1125: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1109:0-922152-76-4 1106: 1102: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1070: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 975: 974:Songhua River 971: 966: 959: 957: 955: 949: 946: 940: 932: 930: 926: 919: 917: 914: 910: 906: 905: 898: 890: 888: 884: 882: 878: 874: 873: 866: 858: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 826: 822: 817: 813: 811: 810:Ozark Plateau 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 714: 710: 705: 697: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 676: 671: 667: 663: 662: 653: 649: 644: 639: 631: 629: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 606: 599: 591: 586: 584: 581: 573: 571: 569: 565: 561: 553: 551: 549: 544: 540: 535: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 510:Meander scars 507: 500: 498: 495: 493: 487: 485: 480: 478: 474: 469: 467: 463: 454: 447: 445: 443: 439: 434: 432: 424: 420: 415: 411: 409: 403: 401: 397: 393: 385: 380: 376: 373: 372:perpendicular 369: 365: 360: 358: 354: 348: 346: 341: 339: 338:cross-section 335: 331: 327: 323: 315: 310: 303: 299: 292: 290: 287: 283: 279: 274: 272: 267: 262: 259: 255: 251: 249: 247: 242: 238: 234: 232: 226: 224: 223: 213: 206: 204: 202: 198: 194: 189: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 164:as Μαίανδρος 163: 159: 155: 147: 145: 143: 139: 138: 132: 130: 126: 121: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 75: 71: 66: 59: 55: 54: 48: 39: 33: 19: 4371:Flash floods 4323:River cruise 4220:River sports 4073:Stream gauge 4058:Rouse number 4048:Relief ratio 3897:Flood-meadow 3828:Urban runoff 3764: 3742:Fluvial flow 3727:River valley 3697:River island 3662:Meander scar 3577:Alluvial fan 3519:Progradation 3394:Karst spring 3338:Winterbourne 3293:Chalk stream 3255:River source 3230:Distributary 2891: 2829:River valley 2717: 2698: 2684: 2650: 2576:Chaos theory 2499:Tessellation 2451: 2385:Physicalplus 2384: 2365: 2341: 2337: 2318: 2311:Bibliography 2284: 2276: 2251: 2243: 2226: 2220: 2205: 2200: 2192: 2189: 2184: 2176: 2173: 2168: 2160: 2157: 2152: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2107: 2099: 2087: 2068: 2062: 2053: 2047: 2020: 2016: 2006: 1996: 1980: 1975: 1967: 1964: 1959: 1951: 1935: 1932: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1895: 1877: 1871: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1846: 1841: 1833: 1799:(C9): 3131. 1796: 1792: 1764: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1698: 1692: 1673: 1667: 1642: 1638: 1632: 1621:. Retrieved 1601: 1597: 1587: 1575: 1563: 1551: 1539: 1514: 1506: 1488: 1448:(6): 60–73. 1445: 1441: 1435: 1416: 1392: 1383: 1361:(1): 49–55. 1358: 1354: 1347: 1339:the original 1329: 1317: 1292: 1288: 1282: 1247: 1241: 1233: 1225: 1213:. Retrieved 1203: 1183: 1176: 1164:. Retrieved 1154: 1146: 1143: 1138: 1123: 1100: 1059:Meander scar 1016: 1012: 1005: 978: 953: 950: 944: 942: 927: 923: 908: 902: 900: 885: 880: 877:cutoff lakes 876: 870: 868: 852: 848: 830: 761: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 718: 691: 683: 679: 673: 669: 665: 659: 657: 650:in southern 626: 621: 617: 613: 609: 603: 601: 577: 557: 531: 496: 488: 481: 477:helical flow 470: 462:helical flow 459: 435: 428: 404: 389: 361: 349: 342: 319: 275: 263: 253: 252: 244: 240: 236: 235: 227: 220: 218: 190: 173: 165: 151: 141: 135: 133: 125:meander belt 124: 122: 81: 79: 70:Jordan River 51: 4232:Fly fishing 4156:Fish ladder 4141:Daylighting 3860:Flash flood 3823:First flush 3770:Plunge pool 3494:Downcutting 3479:Debris flow 3454:Aggradation 3328:Stream pool 3034:Aggradation 2985:Plunge pool 2952:Stream pool 2942:River mouth 2834:River delta 2694:Alan Turing 2652:Liber Abaci 2571:Mathematics 2477:in crystals 2467:Soap bubble 2462:Phyllotaxis 1580:Hickin 2003 1568:Hickin 2003 1556:Hickin 2003 1544:Hickin 2003 1355:Metascience 970:oxbow lakes 920:Scroll-bars 913:fluvial bar 909:meander bar 881:neck cutoff 859:Oxbow lakes 804:in central 774:downcutting 713:Glen Canyon 648:Lake Powell 614:river cliff 564:erodibility 518:flood plain 514:oxbow lakes 423:East Sussex 400:flood plain 324:or meander 314:River Clyde 156:located in 94:watercourse 72:, near the 4396:Categories 4338:Wild river 4018:Hydrograph 4008:Hack's law 3973:Baer's law 3917:Inundation 3902:Floodplain 3842:stormwater 3800:Whitewater 3672:Oxbow lake 3509:Knickpoint 3484:Deposition 3377:Hot spring 3318:Streamflow 3308:Stream bed 3225:Confluence 3085:Hack's law 3039:Base level 2980:Knickpoint 2907:Oxbow lake 2887:Floodplain 2641:Empedocles 2636:Pythagoras 2554:Camouflage 2492:in biology 2487:in flowers 2457:Parastichy 1645:: 129–58. 1623:2016-07-01 1049:Jet stream 1029:Baer's law 872:oxbow lake 865:Oxbow lake 778:base level 733:entrenched 729:intrenched 675:oxbow lake 534:stochastic 353:wavelength 316:, Scotland 158:Asia-Minor 142:meandering 118:floodplain 4402:Limnology 4308:Limnology 4257:Triathlon 4227:Canyoning 4196:Revetment 4126:Check dam 4038:Main stem 3795:Waterfall 3682:Point bar 3667:Mouth bar 3607:Billabong 3554:Water gap 3549:Wash load 3529:Saltation 3449:Anabranch 3372:Holy well 3260:Tributary 3063:Mechanics 2912:Point bar 2902:Mouth bar 2857:Anabranch 2743:Emergence 2646:Fibonacci 2344:(6): 60. 1604:(1): 45. 1375:169290222 1274:134826361 1234:Geography 1209:"Meander" 1160:"Meander" 1034:Billabong 904:point bar 897:Point bar 891:Point bar 841:fractures 794:landslide 786:isostatic 782:sea level 522:Rio Negro 448:Formation 386:, England 364:curvature 357:amplitude 334:sine wave 280:in 1926, 184:feature. 166:Maiandros 137:sinuosity 110:point bar 102:sediments 92:or other 53:Rio Cauto 42:gradient. 4111:Aqueduct 3978:Baseflow 3945:Effluent 3622:Cut bank 3587:Avulsion 3464:Bed load 3444:Abrasion 3123:Category 3008:Antidune 2995:Bedforms 2882:Cut bank 2472:Symmetry 2430:Patterns 2235:17150333 2093:Limited. 1470:24930965 1215:July 12, 1166:July 12, 1022:See also 806:Kentucky 790:tectonic 770:incision 753:enclosed 737:inclosed 605:cut bank 598:Cut bank 592:Cut bank 560:gradient 543:cohesion 539:adhesion 419:Cuckmere 330:waveform 326:planform 322:geometry 174:Maeander 154:Menderes 74:Dead Sea 4427:Erosion 4288:Aquifer 4281:Related 4237:Rafting 3765:Meander 3760:Log jam 3722:Thalweg 3627:Estuary 3499:Erosion 3436:erosion 3348:Springs 3303:Current 3270:Streams 3210:Channel 3173:springs 3169:streams 2957:Thalweg 2892:Meander 2819:Estuary 2731:Related 2598:Crystal 2593:Physics 2581:Fractal 2559:Mimicry 2544:Biology 2452:Meander 2346:Bibcode 2025:Bibcode 1801:Bibcode 1732:Bibcode 1647:Bibcode 1606:Bibcode 1450:Bibcode 1297:Bibcode 972:in the 911:, is a 745:incised 725:incised 721:bedrock 686:in the 684:rincons 622:cutbank 616:, or a 548:thalweg 520:of the 438:thalweg 431:riffles 392:concave 193:Miletus 114:sinuous 86:channel 82:meander 4417:Rivers 4083:WAFLEX 3955:Sewage 3838:Floods 3780:Riffle 3775:Rapids 3717:Strath 3687:Ravine 3612:Canyon 3367:Geyser 3298:Coulee 3283:Bourne 3278:Arroyo 3181:Rivers 3165:Rivers 2975:Canyon 2922:Rapids 2917:Riffle 2624:People 2532:Causes 2325: 2297: 2293:–106. 2264: 2260:–184. 2233: 2212: 2144: 2116: 2075: 1771: 1705: 1680: 1527: 1468: 1423: 1405: 1401:–184. 1373: 1272: 1262: 1230:Strabo 1191: 1130: 1107: 997:valley 993:length 989:stream 845:faults 837:strata 800:, the 692:Rincon 396:convex 368:radius 345:fitted 271:cutoff 197:graben 186:Strabo 98:erodes 76:, 1937 60:, Cuba 4181:Levee 4166:Flume 4121:Canal 3865:Flood 3785:Shoal 3652:Gully 3647:Gulch 3617:Chine 3602:Bayou 3459:Armor 3411:Ponor 3186:lists 2631:Plato 2437:Crack 1466:JSTOR 1371:S2CID 1270:S2CID 1008:reach 1001:ratio 985:river 823:, SE 618:bluff 248:flow. 170:Latin 90:river 88:of a 4211:Weir 4176:Leat 3840:and 3732:Wadi 3692:Rill 3657:Glen 3642:Gill 3592:Bank 3434:and 3399:list 3382:list 3353:list 3288:Burn 3171:and 3013:Dune 2509:Wave 2447:Foam 2442:Dune 2323:ISBN 2295:ISBN 2262:ISBN 2231:OCLC 2210:ISBN 2142:ISBN 2114:ISBN 2073:ISBN 1769:ISBN 1703:ISBN 1678:ISBN 1525:ISBN 1421:ISBN 1403:ISBN 1260:ISBN 1217:2012 1189:ISBN 1168:2012 1128:ISBN 1105:ISBN 869:The 825:Utah 768:and 715:, US 652:Utah 532:The 302:Uvac 100:the 68:The 4131:Dam 3597:Bar 3572:Ait 3003:Ait 2354:doi 2342:214 2258:183 2136:In 2033:doi 1809:doi 1797:107 1740:doi 1728:102 1655:doi 1614:doi 1494:doi 1458:doi 1446:214 1399:179 1363:doi 1305:doi 1252:doi 987:or 851:or 788:or 755:or 747:or 739:or 668:or 526:ISS 442:arc 421:in 56:at 4398:: 3167:, 2383:. 2352:. 2340:. 2291:87 2031:. 2021:39 2019:. 2015:. 1988:^ 1943:^ 1903:^ 1887:^ 1821:^ 1807:. 1795:. 1791:. 1779:^ 1752:^ 1738:. 1726:. 1653:. 1643:10 1641:. 1612:. 1600:. 1596:. 1523:. 1521:45 1478:^ 1464:. 1456:. 1444:. 1369:. 1359:23 1357:. 1303:. 1293:10 1291:. 1268:. 1258:. 1232:, 1115:^ 1078:^ 901:A 855:. 843:, 812:. 784:, 735:, 731:, 727:, 690:. 658:A 612:, 602:A 512:, 203:. 172:: 120:. 80:A 3355:) 3351:( 3188:) 3184:( 3157:e 3150:t 3143:v 2782:e 2775:t 2768:v 2415:e 2408:t 2401:v 2360:. 2356:: 2348:: 2331:. 2303:. 2270:. 2237:. 2122:. 2081:. 2056:. 2041:. 2035:: 2027:: 1880:. 1815:. 1811:: 1803:: 1746:. 1742:: 1734:: 1711:. 1686:. 1661:. 1657:: 1649:: 1626:. 1616:: 1608:: 1602:1 1533:. 1500:. 1496:: 1472:. 1460:: 1452:: 1429:. 1411:. 1377:. 1365:: 1311:. 1307:: 1299:: 1276:. 1254:: 1219:. 1197:. 1170:. 528:. 168:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.