134:, needing to keep its eggs cool during the heat of the day, stands over them drooping its wings to shade them. The humidity is also critical, because if the air is too dry the egg will lose too much water to the atmosphere, which can make hatching difficult or impossible. As incubation proceeds, an egg will normally become lighter, and the air space within the egg will normally become larger, owing to evaporation from the egg. During incubation, the inner layers of the shell are dissolved by their acidic environment and the calcium carbonate that had been part of the shell is incorporated into the skeleton of the foetus.
33:
2780:
2804:
2816:
2792:
203:
eggs take from 49 to 90 days depending on the mound and ambient temperature. Even in other birds, ambient temperatures can lead to variation in incubation period. Normally the egg is incubated outside the body. However, in one recorded case, the egg incubation occurred entirely within a chicken. The
207:
Embryo development remains suspended until the onset of incubation. The freshly laid eggs of domestic fowl, ostrich, and several other species can be stored for about two weeks when maintained under 5 °C. Extended periods of suspension have been observed in some marine birds. Some species begin
208:
incubation with the first egg, causing the young to hatch at different times; others begin after laying the second egg, so that the third chick will be smaller and more vulnerable to food shortages. Some start to incubate after the last egg of the clutch, causing the young to hatch simultaneously.
660:
Athanasiadou, Dimitra; Jiang, Wenge; Goldbaum, Dina; Saleem, Aroba; Basu, Kaustuv; Pacella, Michael S.; Böhm, Corinna F.; Chromik, Richard R.; Hincke, Maxwell T.; Rodríguez-Navarro, Alejandro B.; Vali, Hojatollah; Wolf, Stephan E.; Gray, Jeffrey J.; Bui, Khanh Huy; McKee, Marc D. (2 March 2018).
375:
for about 28 days, with only about 10 days of external incubation (in contrast to a chicken egg, which spends about one day in tract and 21 days externally). After laying her eggs, the female curls around them. The incubation period is divided into three phases. In the first phase, the
199:. In general smaller birds tend to hatch faster, but there are exceptions, and cavity nesting birds tend to have longer incubation periods. It can be an energetically demanding process, with adult albatrosses losing as much as 83 g of body weight a day.
726:
Diez-Méndez, David; Rodríguez, Samuel; Álvarez, Elena; Barba, Emilio (2020). "The role of partial incubation and egg repositioning within the clutch in hatching asynchrony and subsequent effects on breeding success".
454:
also have pouches in which the eggs develop, in some species directly into juvenile frogs and in others into tadpoles that are later deposited in small water bodies to continue their development. The male
1203:
650:
De Marchi, G., Chiozzi, G., Fasola, M. 2008 Solar incubation cuts down parental care in a burrow nesting tropical shorebird, the crab plover Dromas ardeola. Journal of Avian
Biology 39 (5):484–486
70:
Multiple and various factors are vital to the incubation of various species of animal. In many species of reptile for example, no fixed temperature is necessary, but the actual temperature
409:
may lay eggs in communal burrows, where a large number of adults combine to keep the eggs warm. Some species coil their torsos around the eggs to provide heat for incubation.
920:
144:
In the species that incubate, the work is divided differently between the sexes. Possibly the most common pattern is that the female does all the incubation, as in the
1692:
587:
471:
Brooding occurs in some invertebrates when the fertilised eggs are retained inside or on the surface of the parent, usually the mother. This happens in some
863:
1687:
71:
826:
82:, the act of sitting on eggs to incubate them is called brooding. The action or behavioral tendency to sit on a clutch of eggs is also called
1179:
1145:
1118:
1093:
1065:
1037:
570:
175:
The incubation period, the time from the start of uninterrupted incubation to the emergence of the young, varies from 11 days (some small
946:
444:) curls around the clutch of eggs and massages individual eggs with her pulsating throat. Some aquatic frogs such as the Surinam toad (
403:
bury their eggs on beaches under a layer of sand that provides both protection from predators and a constant temperature for the nest.
141:
show that females compensate for the potential effects of differential heating by moving the eggs homogeneously within the clutch.
384:
for sustenance. The yolk is absorbed by the developing young. During the second phase, the digits develop. In the last phase, the
2852:
1231:
924:
2820:
204:
chick hatched inside and emerged from its mother without the shell, leading to internal wounds that killed the mother hen.
626:
1677:
74:. In birds in contrast, the sex of offspring is genetically determined, but in many species a constant and particular
67:
release. Egg incubation is done under favorable environmental conditions, possibly by brooding and hatching the egg.
1459:
1374:
1364:
1700:
1682:
1705:
902:
195:). In these latter, the incubation is interrupted; the longest uninterrupted period is 64 to 67 days in the
2842:
1672:
1484:
1434:
1509:
419:
either lay their eggs in mounds of decomposing vegetation or lay them in holes they dig in the ground.
2137:
845:
674:
463:, and the female stomach-brooding frog of Australia swallows the eggs, which develop in her stomach.
450:) have pouches in their skin into which the eggs are inserted. Other neotropical frogs in the family
184:
1667:
1559:
1499:
1444:
1224:
188:
180:
32:
2803:
2450:
1514:
1474:
1439:
1081:
1053:
1025:
894:
752:
618:
127:
91:
827:"Supernormal delay in hatching, embryo cold tolerance, and egg-fostering in the Black Guillemot
2796:
2857:
2576:
2523:
2473:
1616:
1606:
1549:
1349:
1344:
1185:
1175:
1151:
1141:
1114:
1089:
1061:
1033:
1007:
954:
886:
744:
708:
690:
610:
566:
2442:
1584:
1256:
997:
989:
878:
736:
698:
682:
602:
456:
168:
incubates the female's first clutch, but if she lays a second, she incubates it herself. In
118:, instead use heat generated from rotting vegetable material, effectively creating a giant
2674:
2502:
1972:
1494:
1479:
1417:
1316:
1244:
804:
538:
251:
196:
165:
145:
678:
2784:
2714:
2666:
2600:
2539:
2494:
2481:
2355:
2318:
2169:
1943:
1780:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1504:
1489:
1384:
1359:
1354:
1336:
1284:
1217:
1113:(7th ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 62, 123, 297, 337, 364, 398, 811, 828, 887.
1002:
977:
703:
662:
451:
311:
301:
157:
111:
114:
of the brooding parent provides the constant temperature. Several groups, notably the
2847:
2836:
2722:
2706:
2629:
2621:
2455:
2253:
2103:
1990:
1948:
1748:
1740:
1662:
1626:
1544:
1468:
1133:
978:"The development of the external features of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)"
756:
460:
341:
331:
60:
48:
898:
622:
2808:
2552:
2397:
2213:
2051:
1999:
1871:
1832:
1601:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1266:
243:
149:
103:
37:
663:"Nanostructure, osteopontin, and mechanical properties of calcitic avian eggshell"
2613:
2460:
2266:
2245:
2234:
2199:
2066:
2056:
2014:
1905:
1772:
1574:
1399:
1394:
1326:
1311:
1279:
476:
160:, the male and the female take turns incubating the egg. In others, such as the
123:
75:
64:
17:
2730:
2592:
2531:
2510:
2342:
2326:
2261:
2206:
2178:
2110:
2075:
1953:
1801:
1636:
1611:
1369:
533:
508:
504:
492:
488:
428:
400:
396:
Methods of incubation vary widely among the many different kinds of reptiles.
192:
83:
1189:
748:
694:
2690:
2645:
2434:
2227:
2144:
2128:
2117:
2027:
1963:
1922:
1621:
1422:
1409:
1389:
1289:
1155:
500:
446:
416:
412:
385:
176:
161:
138:
52:
993:
882:
712:
686:
1011:
890:
864:"The onset of incubation in birds: can females control hatching patterns?"
614:
2658:
2388:
2363:
2309:
2220:
2192:
2082:
2046:
2038:
2020:
1915:
1900:
1884:
1631:
1594:
1427:
516:
496:
472:
436:
381:
366:
281:
200:
115:
87:
2568:
2421:
2300:
2185:
2151:
2089:
1910:
1764:
1756:
1449:
1321:
1306:
1296:
528:
512:
362:
291:
271:
227:
169:
119:
79:
1209:
798:
740:
172:, some birds (mostly males) help their parents incubate later broods.
2698:
2637:
2413:
2405:
2334:
2274:
2158:
2096:
1979:
1646:
1641:
1519:
484:
377:
371:
358:
153:
131:
56:
606:
2584:
2371:
1934:
976:
Paul R. Manger; Leslie S. Hall; John D. Pettigrew (29 July 1998).
480:
406:
261:
31:
588:"On the Thermal Capacity of a Bird's Egg Warmed by a Brood Patch"
427:
Fish generally do not incubate their eggs. However, some species
2560:
1927:
1890:
1860:
1274:
1240:
321:
237:
217:
107:
27:
The process by which certain egg-laying animals hatch their eggs
1724:
1213:
1109:
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004).
102:
A wide range of incubation habits is displayed among birds. In
2682:
1539:
1301:
787:(4 ed.). Burgess Publishing Company. pp. 357–360.
434:
Some amphibians brood their eggs. The female salamander
78:
is necessary for successful incubation. Especially in
2657:
2612:
2551:
2522:
2493:
2472:
2433:
2396:
2387:
2354:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2244:
2168:
2127:
2065:
2037:
2013:
1989:
1962:
1883:
1870:
1831:
1800:
1739:
1655:
1558:
1458:
1408:
1335:
1265:
90:-laying breeds of poultry have had this behavior
1088:. Princeton University Press. pp. 202–204.
771:The Petrels – Their Ecology and Breeding Systems
1172:A Guide to ... Macaws as Pet & Aviary Birds
982:Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences
1225:
921:"Monotreme Reproductive Biology and Behavior"
8:
563:Storey's Illustrated Guide to Poultry Breeds
1060:. Princeton University Press. p. 200.
1032:. Princeton University Press. p. 196.
459:carries the eggs around in his mouth until
380:has no functional organs and relies on the
126:make partial use of heat from the sun. The
2393:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2034:
1880:
1867:
1828:
1824:
1797:
1736:
1732:
1721:
1717:
1232:
1218:
1210:
1001:
702:
556:
554:
431:their eggs, not eating until they hatch.
72:determines the sex ratio of the offspring
862:Wiebe, KL; Wiehn J; E Korpimaki (1998).
800:'Eggless' chick laid by hen in Sri Lanka
213:
923:. Iowa State University. Archived from
550:
988:(1372). The Royal Society: 1115–1125.
565:. North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing.
110:species generally, body heat from the
1379:
7:
2791:
164:, only the male incubates. The male
94:out of them to increase production.
2815:
1174:. Burleigh, QLD: ABK Publications.
825:Divoky, G.J.; Harter, B.B. (2010).
785:Ornithology in Laboratory and field
369:. In the latter, the eggs develop
152:, or most of it, as is typical of
55:(egg-laying) animals, develops an
25:
1693:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
1170:Jordan, Rick; Mark Moore (2015).
2814:
2802:
2790:
2779:
2778:
2669:(New World vultures and condors)
1140:. Buffalo, N.Y.: Firefly Books.
1086:A Natural History of Amphibians
1058:A Natural History of Amphibians
1030:A Natural History of Amphibians
423:Incubation by other vertebrates
156:. In some species, such as the
919:Erica Cromer (14 April 2004).
211:Incubation periods for birds:
1:
1138:Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds
2733:(woodpeckers and relatives)
1204:Incubation periods in table
1084:; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995).
1056:; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995).
1028:; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995).
467:Incubation by invertebrates
130:of the deserts of southern
47:is the process by which an
2874:
2595:(cormorants and relatives)
1688:Extinct species since 1500
59:within the egg, after the
2774:
2725:(kingfishers and rollers)
2579:(albatrosses and petrels)
2463:(swifts and hummingbirds)
2445:(nightjars and relatives)
2295:
2269:(pheasants and relatives)
1827:
1796:
1735:
1731:
1720:
1716:
1252:
1136:, ed. (3 December 2023).
586:Turner, J. Scott (1997).
222:Incubation period (days)
2624:(seriemas and relatives)
2603:(pelicans and relatives)
1206:from PennState Extension
2853:Reproduction in animals
2717:(hornbills and hoopoes)
2632:(falcons and relatives)
561:Ekarius, Carol (2007).
2701:(trogons and quetzals)
2513:(cranes and relatives)
1783:(emus and cassowaries)
1673:Glossary of bird terms
1485:Confuciusornithiformes
994:10.1098/rstb.1998.0270
883:10.1006/anbe.1997.0660
844:: 7–10. Archived from
773:London:Academic Press.
687:10.1126/sciadv.aar3219
442:Ensatina eschscholtzii
41:
2542:(kagu and sunbittern)
2505:(gulls and relatives)
1510:Songlingornithiformes
1475:Omnivoropterygiformes
951:The Puzzling Platypus
595:Physiological Zoology
529:Artificial incubation
185:yellow-billed cuckoos
35:
2364:Phoenicopteriformes
1134:Perrins, Christopher
1111:Invertebrate Zoology
392:Reptilian incubation
353:Mammalian incubation
2335:Mesitornithiformes
2329:(doves and pigeons)
1663:Families and orders
1525:Ichthyornithiformes
1500:Patagopterygiformes
1082:Stebbins, Robert C.
1054:Stebbins, Robert C.
1026:Stebbins, Robert C.
783:Pettingill, OS Jr.
679:2018SciA....4.3219A
399:Various species of
189:wandering albatross
2677:(eagles and hawks)
2577:Procellariiformes
2482:Opisthocomiformes
2451:Steatornithiformes
1678:List by population
1515:Hongshanornithidae
1440:Evolution of birds
838:Marine Ornithology
769:Warham, J. (1990)
640:– via EBSCO.
632:on 20 October 2022
489:gastropod molluscs
361:that lay eggs are
187:) to 85 days (the
128:Namaqua sandgrouse
42:
40:incubates her eggs
2830:
2829:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2563:(loons or divers)
2532:Phaethontiformes
2524:Phaethontimorphae
2474:Opisthocomiformes
2443:Caprimulgiformes
2383:
2382:
2372:Podicipediformes
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2009:
2008:
1792:
1791:
1749:Struthioniformes
1617:Waterfowl hunting
1550:Gastornithiformes
1545:Aepyornithiformes
1535:Lithornithiformes
1181:978-0-9587102-0-6
1147:978-1-55297-777-4
1120:978-81-315-0104-7
1095:978-0-691-03281-8
1067:978-0-691-03281-8
1039:978-0-691-03281-8
851:on 21 March 2012.
741:10.1111/ibi.12730
572:978-1-58017-667-5
350:
349:
137:Experiments with
16:(Redirected from
2865:
2818:
2817:
2806:
2794:
2793:
2782:
2781:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2707:Leptosomiformes
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2675:Accipitriformes
2670:
2649:
2648:(perching birds)
2641:
2633:
2625:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2569:Sphenisciformes
2564:
2543:
2535:
2514:
2506:
2503:Charadriiformes
2485:
2464:
2446:
2425:
2417:
2414:Musophagiformes
2409:
2394:
2375:
2367:
2346:
2338:
2330:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2270:
2257:
2035:
2031:
2024:
1937:
1930:
1894:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1864:
1829:
1825:
1798:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1737:
1733:
1722:
1718:
1585:Bird collections
1540:Dinornithiformes
1445:Darwin's finches
1435:Origin of flight
1375:Seabird breeding
1365:Sexual selection
1234:
1227:
1220:
1211:
1193:
1159:
1125:
1124:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1005:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
953:. Archived from
943:
937:
936:
934:
932:
927:on 13 March 2009
916:
910:
909:
908:on 28 July 2011.
907:
901:. Archived from
877:(4): 1043–1052.
868:
859:
853:
852:
850:
835:
822:
816:
815:
814:
812:
795:
789:
788:
780:
774:
767:
761:
760:
723:
717:
716:
706:
667:Science Advances
657:
651:
648:
642:
641:
639:
637:
631:
625:. Archived from
592:
583:
577:
576:
558:
497:bivalve molluscs
357:The only living
214:
106:species such as
98:Avian incubation
92:selectively bred
21:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2738:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2715:Bucerotiformes
2709:(cuckoo-roller)
2708:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2667:Cathartiformes
2653:
2647:
2639:
2638:Psittaciformes
2631:
2623:
2608:
2602:
2601:Pelecaniformes
2594:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2547:
2541:
2540:Eurypygiformes
2533:
2518:
2512:
2504:
2489:
2483:
2468:
2462:
2444:
2429:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2379:
2373:
2365:
2350:
2344:
2343:Pterocliformes
2336:
2328:
2279:
2268:
2255:
2240:
2164:
2123:
2061:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2017:
2005:
1985:
1958:
1935:
1928:
1888:
1887:
1875:
1874:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1788:
1782:
1781:Casuariiformes
1774:
1773:Apterygiformes
1766:
1758:
1750:
1727:
1712:
1683:Lists by region
1651:
1561:
1554:
1495:Chaoyangiformes
1480:Jeholornithidae
1454:
1418:Origin of birds
1404:
1385:Brood parasites
1331:
1261:
1248:
1238:
1200:
1182:
1169:
1166:
1164:Further reading
1148:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1024:
1023:
1019:
975:
974:
970:
960:
958:
957:on 4 April 2005
947:"Ockhams Razor"
945:
944:
940:
930:
928:
918:
917:
913:
905:
866:
861:
860:
856:
848:
833:
824:
823:
819:
810:
808:
807:, 19 April 2012
805:BBC News Online
797:
796:
792:
782:
781:
777:
768:
764:
725:
724:
720:
673:(3): eaar3219.
659:
658:
654:
649:
645:
635:
633:
629:
590:
585:
584:
580:
573:
560:
559:
552:
547:
539:Incubator (egg)
525:
469:
425:
394:
355:
197:emperor penguin
166:mountain plover
146:Atlantic canary
100:
61:egg's formation
28:
23:
22:
18:Incubate (bird)
15:
12:
11:
5:
2871:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2723:Coraciiformes
2720:
2712:
2704:
2699:Trogoniformes
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:Passeriformes
2643:
2635:
2630:Falconiformes
2627:
2622:Cariamiformes
2618:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2585:Ciconiiformes
2582:
2574:
2566:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2537:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2508:
2499:
2497:
2495:Cursorimorphae
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2402:
2400:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2360:
2358:
2356:Mirandornithes
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2327:Columbiformes
2323:
2321:
2319:Columbimorphae
2312:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2264:
2259:
2254:Meleagridinae
2250:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2172:
2170:Odontophoridae
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2032:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1949:Stictonettinae
1946:
1944:Dendrocygninae
1941:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1897:
1895:
1878:
1865:
1822:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1745:
1743:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1697:Notable birds
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1647:Egg collecting
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1530:Hesperornithes
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1505:Ambiortiformes
1502:
1497:
1492:
1490:Enantiornithes
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1464:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1198:External links
1196:
1195:
1194:
1180:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1146:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1101:
1094:
1073:
1066:
1045:
1038:
1017:
968:
938:
911:
854:
829:Cepphus grylle
817:
790:
775:
762:
718:
652:
643:
607:10.1086/515854
578:
571:
549:
548:
546:
543:
542:
541:
536:
531:
524:
521:
468:
465:
452:Hemiphractidae
424:
421:
393:
390:
354:
351:
348:
347:
344:
338:
337:
334:
328:
327:
324:
318:
317:
314:
312:Bobwhite Quail
308:
307:
304:
302:Coturnix Quail
298:
297:
294:
288:
287:
284:
278:
277:
274:
268:
267:
264:
258:
257:
254:
248:
247:
240:
234:
233:
230:
224:
223:
220:
158:whooping crane
112:brooding patch
99:
96:
45:Egg incubation
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2870:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Bird breeding
2841:
2840:
2838:
2823:
2822:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2683:Strigiformes
2681:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2534:(tropicbirds)
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2456:Podargiformes
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2406:Cuculiformes
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2104:Macrocephalon
2101:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1991:Anseranatidae
1988:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1765:Tinamiformes
1763:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1741:Palaeognathae
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:Pigeon racing
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1469:Archaeopteryx
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
969:
956:
952:
948:
942:
939:
926:
922:
915:
912:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
865:
858:
855:
847:
843:
839:
832:
830:
821:
818:
806:
802:
801:
794:
791:
786:
779:
776:
772:
766:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
722:
719:
714:
710:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
656:
653:
647:
644:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
601:(4): 470–80.
600:
596:
589:
582:
579:
574:
568:
564:
557:
555:
551:
544:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
522:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
466:
464:
462:
461:metamorphosis
458:
457:Darwin's frog
453:
449:
448:
443:
439:
438:
432:
430:
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
408:
404:
402:
397:
391:
389:
387:
383:
379:
374:
373:
368:
364:
360:
352:
345:
343:
342:Scarlet macaw
340:
339:
335:
333:
330:
329:
325:
323:
320:
319:
315:
313:
310:
309:
305:
303:
300:
299:
295:
293:
290:
289:
285:
283:
280:
279:
275:
273:
270:
269:
265:
263:
260:
259:
255:
253:
250:
249:
245:
241:
239:
236:
235:
231:
229:
226:
225:
221:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
97:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
66:
65:ovipositional
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2819:
2807:
2795:
2783:
2693:(mousebirds)
2691:Coliiformes
2561:Gaviiformes
2553:Aequornithes
2461:Apodiformes
2422:Otidiformes
2398:Otidimorphae
2345:(sandgrouse)
2267:Phasianinae
2233:
2226:
2219:
2214:Odontophorus
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2052:Oreophasinae
1998:
1978:
1971:
1876:(waterfowls)
1872:Anseriformes
1622:Cockfighting
1607:Conservation
1602:Bird feeding
1590:Birdwatching
1580:Ornithomancy
1520:Gansuiformes
1467:
1460:Fossil birds
1350:Intelligence
1171:
1137:
1110:
1104:
1085:
1076:
1057:
1048:
1029:
1020:
985:
981:
971:
959:. Retrieved
955:the original
950:
941:
929:. Retrieved
925:the original
914:
903:the original
874:
870:
857:
846:the original
841:
837:
828:
820:
809:, retrieved
799:
793:
784:
778:
770:
765:
735:(1): 63–74.
732:
728:
721:
670:
666:
655:
646:
634:. Retrieved
627:the original
598:
594:
581:
562:
505:entoproctans
477:sea anemones
470:
445:
441:
435:
433:
426:
411:
405:
398:
395:
370:
356:
244:Muscovy duck
210:
206:
181:black-billed
174:
150:Indian robin
143:
136:
124:crab plovers
122:heap, while
104:warm-blooded
101:
69:
44:
43:
38:mallard duck
29:
2821:WikiProject
2731:Piciformes
2614:Australaves
2593:Suliformes
2511:Gruiformes
2366:(flamingos)
2275:Tetraoninae
2246:Phasianidae
2235:Rhynchortyx
2200:Dactylortyx
2067:Megapodidae
2057:Penelopinae
2015:Galliformes
1757:Rheiformes
1751:(ostriches)
1701:individuals
1575:Ornithology
1562:interaction
1317:Preen gland
871:Anim. Behav
515:, and some
509:brachiopods
493:cephalopods
401:sea turtles
162:cassowaries
86:, and most
76:temperature
2837:Categories
2571:(penguins)
2424:(bustards)
2262:Perdicinae
2207:Dendrortyx
2179:Callipepla
2111:Megapodius
2076:Aepypodius
1954:Tadorninae
1936:true geese
1767:(tinamous)
1726:Neornithes
1637:Pheasantry
1612:Aviculture
1380:Incubation
1370:Lek mating
961:2 December
545:References
534:Broodiness
501:arthropods
473:cnidarians
429:mouthbrood
417:crocodiles
413:Alligators
367:platypuses
193:brown kiwi
177:passerines
139:great tits
84:broodiness
2640:(parrots)
2484:(hoatzin)
2435:Strisores
2416:(turacos)
2408:(cuckoos)
2337:(mesites)
2256:(turkeys)
2228:Philortyx
2145:Agelastes
2138:Acryllium
2129:Numididae
2118:Talegalla
2028:gamebirds
2021:landfowls
2000:Anseranas
1964:Anhimidae
1923:Anserinae
1706:fictional
1428:dinosaurs
1423:Theropoda
1410:Evolution
1355:Migration
1337:Behaviour
1190:910654910
757:146021054
749:1474-919X
695:2375-2548
513:bryozoans
483:), a few
447:Pipa pipa
388:appears.
386:egg tooth
116:megapodes
53:oviparous
36:A female
2858:Ethology
2785:Category
2659:Afroaves
2587:(storks)
2389:Passerea
2374:(grebes)
2310:Columbea
2221:Oreortyx
2193:Cyrtonyx
2083:Alectura
2047:Cracinae
2039:Cracidae
1916:Oxyurini
1906:Aythyini
1901:Anatinae
1885:Anatidae
1632:Falconry
1595:big year
1450:Seabirds
1360:Foraging
1307:Feathers
1156:51922852
899:26835907
811:28 April
713:29725615
623:26584982
523:See also
517:starfish
437:Ensatina
382:yolk sac
372:in utero
363:echidnas
282:Pheasant
201:Megapode
191:and the
179:and the
170:hoatzins
148:and the
2797:Commons
2301:Neoaves
2186:Colinus
2152:Guttera
2090:Eulipoa
1911:Mergini
1775:(kiwis)
1759:(rheas)
1570:Ringing
1395:Hybrids
1390:Nesting
1345:Singing
1322:Plumage
1297:Dactyly
1267:Anatomy
1257:Outline
1247:: Aves)
1012:9720109
1003:1692310
931:18 June
891:9632488
704:5930395
675:Bibcode
636:29 July
615:9237308
511:, some
507:, some
503:, some
499:, many
495:, some
491:, some
487:, some
485:chitons
359:mammals
292:Pigeons
272:Ostrich
228:Chicken
154:falcons
120:compost
80:poultry
2809:Portal
2685:(owls)
2159:Numida
2097:Leipoa
1980:Chauna
1973:Anhima
1668:Genera
1642:Imping
1560:Human
1400:Colony
1327:Vision
1312:Flight
1188:
1178:
1154:
1144:
1117:
1092:
1064:
1036:
1010:
1000:
897:
889:
755:
747:
711:
701:
693:
621:
613:
569:
481:corals
407:Snakes
378:embryo
332:Turkey
316:23–24
306:16–18
296:16–19
286:24–26
266:28–33
252:Canary
132:Africa
57:embryo
1929:swans
1891:ducks
1861:fowls
1656:Lists
1280:Brain
1245:class
1241:Birds
906:(PDF)
895:S2CID
867:(PDF)
849:(PDF)
834:(PDF)
753:S2CID
630:(PDF)
619:S2CID
591:(PDF)
262:Goose
242:28,
51:, of
2848:Eggs
1302:Eggs
1290:milk
1285:Crop
1275:Beak
1186:OCLC
1176:ISBN
1152:OCLC
1142:ISBN
1115:ISBN
1090:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1034:ISBN
1008:PMID
963:2006
933:2009
887:PMID
813:2012
745:ISSN
729:Ibis
709:PMID
691:ISSN
638:2020
611:PMID
567:ISBN
479:and
415:and
365:and
322:Swan
238:Duck
218:Bird
183:and
108:bird
63:and
998:PMC
990:doi
986:353
879:doi
737:doi
733:162
699:PMC
683:doi
603:doi
346:26
336:28
326:35
276:42
256:13
246:35
232:21
88:egg
49:egg
2839::
1184:.
1150:.
1006:.
996:.
984:.
980:.
949:.
893:.
885:.
875:55
873:.
869:.
842:38
840:.
836:.
803:,
751:.
743:.
731:.
707:.
697:.
689:.
681:.
669:.
665:.
617:.
609:.
599:70
597:.
593:.
553:^
519:.
2030:)
2023:-
2019:(
1893:)
1889:(
1863:)
1859:(
1855:e
1853:a
1851:r
1849:e
1847:s
1845:n
1843:a
1841:o
1839:l
1837:l
1835:a
1833:G
1820:e
1818:a
1816:h
1814:t
1812:a
1810:n
1808:g
1806:o
1804:e
1802:N
1243:(
1233:e
1226:t
1219:v
1192:.
1158:.
1123:.
1098:.
1070:.
1042:.
1014:.
992::
965:.
935:.
881::
831:"
759:.
739::
715:.
685::
677::
671:4
605::
575:.
475:(
440:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
