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The precise boundary between education and indoctrination is contested. The concept originally referred to education, but after World War I, the term took on a pejorative meaning akin to brainwashing or propaganda. Some distinguish indoctrination from education on the basis that the indoctrinated
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Similarly, in the former Soviet Union, "science education Soviet schools used as a vehicle for atheistic indoctrination", with teachers being instructed to prepare their course "so as to conduct anti-religious educations at all times," in order to comport with state-sanctioned
Marxist–Leninist
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However, another conspicuous result of our comparison is that some
Eastern European countries, in spite of decades of atheist indoctrination, have a considerable percentage of believers in God - Albania for instance, whose Communist rulers once claimed it was the world's first totally atheist
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Common vectors of indoctrination include the state, educational institutions, the arts, culture, and the media. Understood as a process of socialization into “ideal-type” citizens, indoctrination takes place in both democratic and authoritarian systems of government.
369:, an ethnic Albanian, visited Tirana in 1989, where she was received by the foreign minister and by Hoxha's widow. In December 1990, the ban on religious observance was officially lifted, in time to allow thousands of Christians to attend Christmas services (see
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From kindergarten onward children are indoctrinated with an aggressive form of atheism and trained to hate and distrust foreigners and to denounce parents who follow religious practices at home.
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or for disagreeable forms of socialization. However, it can refer to both positive and negative forms of cultural transmission, and is evidently an integral element of educatory practice.
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use personality tests and peer pressures to indoctrinate new members. Some religions have commitment ceremonies for children 13 years and younger, such as
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regimes. Opinions differ on whether other forms of government are less doctrinaire, or merely achieve the same ends through less obvious methods.
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country, or Russia, where the percentage of believers surged in the late eighties and rose dramatically once again in the course of the nineties.
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defines indoctrination as "the initial security instructions/briefing given a person prior to granting access to classified information."
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values. However, in 1997, several years after the fall of the Soviet Union, the
Russian government passed a law recognizing
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557:"Socialisation and character education in the Muslim world: exploring the role, impact, and necessity of indoctrination"
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The initial psychological preparation of soldiers during training is referred to (non-pejoratively) as indoctrination.
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Indoctrination can occur in non-religious or anti-religious contexts. For example, during the 20th
Century, the former
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Funk and
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Neundorf, Anja; Nazrullaeva, Eugenia; Northmore-Ball, Ksenia; Tertytchnaya, Katerina; Kim, Wooseok (2024).
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by the religions themselves, in part because of the negative connotations the word has acquired.
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instruct new members in the principles of the religion; this is now not usually referred to as
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implies forcibly or coercively causing people to act and think on the basis of a certain
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of public pacification. In the extreme, an entire state can be implicated.
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Wilson, J., 1964. "Education and indoctrination", in T.H.B. Hollins, ed.
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In the political context, indoctrination is often analyzed as a tool of
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IJoReSH: Indonesian
Journal of Religion, Spirituality, and Humanity
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Hitler Youth members performing the Nazi salute at a rally at the
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require a period of indoctrination before granting access to
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the doctrine they have learned. As such the term may be used
597:", Online Etymology Dictionary, accessed April 20, 2019.
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National
Industrial Security Program Operating Manual
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668:. New York: Bantam Books, 2006. pp. 25, 28, 206, 367.
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774:Habermas and the Problem of Indoctrination
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187:Learn how and when to remove this message
50:Girl holding Chairman Mao's quotes (1968)
680:Religiosität in der säkularisierten Welt
776:Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Education
555:Allison, Safwaan Zamakda (2024-06-28).
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345:indoctrination in order to promote
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265:. Most religious groups among the
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261:in an authoritative way, as in
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533:10.1017/S1537592723002967
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285:) As a pejorative term,
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1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:Socialization
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:Peer pressure
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:Normalization
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1050:Culture shock
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
988:
985:
983:
980:
979:
977:
973:
967:
964:
962:
959:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
945:
942:
940:
939:
935:
931:
930:
926:
924:
921:
920:
919:
916:
914:
911:
907:
906:Deplatforming
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
887:
884:
882:
881:
877:
875:
872:
870:
866:
863:
861:
860:
856:
855:
853:
851:
847:
844:
840:
836:
829:
824:
822:
817:
815:
810:
809:
806:
797:
794:
793:
788:
783:
775:
772:
771:
767:
760:
754:
751:
746:
739:
736:
731:
724:
721:
717:
713:
707:
703:
699:
693:
690:
686:
681:
674:
671:
667:
661:
658:
654:
648:
645:
640:
633:
630:
626:
622:
616:
613:
609:
603:
600:
596:
590:
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:(1): 76–100.
566:
562:
558:
551:
548:
543:
539:
534:
529:
525:
521:
514:
512:
510:
508:
504:
500:
494:
491:
485:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
465:Pensée unique
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
445:Acculturation
443:
442:
438:
427:
422:
420:
418:
414:
406:
404:
400:
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
374:
372:
368:
367:Mother Teresa
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:state atheism
344:
340:
336:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:Shichi-Go-San
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
235:
230:
229:George Orwell
226:
222:
218:
217:class warfare
210:
206:
205:Young Pioneer
201:
191:
188:
180:
177:February 2023
170:
166:
162:
156:
155:
151:
146:This section
144:
140:
135:
134:
128:
126:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
90:
88:
84:
83:socialization
80:
76:
72:
68:
61:
56:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
1858:Whataboutism
1828:Scapegoating
1788:Obscurantism
1768:Minimisation
1742:
1673:Exaggeration
1575:
1498:Pueblo clown
1483:Idiosyncrasy
1468:Eccentricity
1352:Social proof
1094:
1060:Echo chamber
1040:Collectivism
1030:Brainwashing
961:Scapegoating
944:Public enemy
936:
927:
891:Blacklisting
878:
857:
850:Proscription
786:
753:
747:. p. 9.
744:
738:
729:
723:
715:
701:
692:
683:
679:
673:
665:
660:
647:
638:
632:
624:
615:
607:
602:
589:
564:
560:
550:
523:
498:
493:
455:Brainwashing
410:
402:
375:
339:Soviet Union
332:
307:Confirmation
286:
270:
254:
252:
243:totalitarian
232:
224:
214:
183:
174:
159:Please help
147:
123:
113:, religious
99:pejoratively
91:
87:brainwashing
66:
65:
1853:Weasel word
1803:Plain folks
1718:Gish gallop
1708:Flag-waving
1663:Doublespeak
1658:Dog whistle
1618:Blood libel
1518:Shock value
1473:Eclecticism
1366:Experiments
987:Nationalism
923:Civil death
842:Enforcement
475:Recruitment
359:Enver Hoxha
315:temple boys
303:Bar Mitzvah
299:Scientology
71:inculcating
18:Inculcation
1878:Categories
1728:Half-truth
1633:Censorship
1577:Ad hominem
1307:Compliance
1300:Conformity
1200:Hysterical
1190:Behavioral
1155:Propaganda
1140:Patriotism
1075:Groupthink
901:Censorship
880:Homo sacer
835:Conformity
486:References
480:Groupthink
363:Ramiz Alia
239:propaganda
221:status quo
36:Lustgarten
1738:Ideograph
1693:Fake news
1503:Rebellion
1461:Political
1342:Obedience
1212:Emotional
1185:Addiction
929:Vogelfrei
886:Ostracism
869:Dissenter
865:Dissident
581:2962-665X
542:1537-5927
343:atheistic
263:catechism
148:does not
103:buzz word
1758:Newspeak
1623:Buzzword
1508:Red team
1446:Deviance
966:Shunning
700:(1990).
526:: 1–28.
460:Ideology
423:See also
393:Military
291:ideology
279:esoteric
259:doctrine
231:'s book
111:theology
101:or as a
79:doctrine
77:(i.e. a
75:ideology
1748:Lawfare
1713:Framing
1608:Big lie
1456:Dissent
1239:Teasing
1205:Suicide
1120:Mobbing
913:Outcast
387:Russian
169:removed
154:sources
1843:Slogan
1513:Satire
1478:Hermit
1080:Hazing
918:Outlaw
784:about
708:
579:
540:
309:, and
211:, 1984
209:Moscow
62:(1973)
42:, 1933
40:Berlin
1833:Senbu
1195:Crime
1055:Dogma
874:Exile
381:with
115:dogma
1848:Spin
757:The
706:ISBN
651:See
619:See
577:ISSN
538:ISSN
152:any
150:cite
621:OED
569:doi
528:doi
373:).
163:by
117:or
38:in
1880::
867:/
714:.
623:,
575:.
563:.
559:.
536:.
522:.
506:^
419:.
305:,
109:,
1552:e
1545:t
1538:v
827:e
820:t
813:v
655:.
627:.
583:.
571::
565:3
544:.
530::
385:(
203:"
190:)
184:(
179:)
175:(
171:.
157:.
20:)
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