696:
679:
1356:
482:
539:
78:
67:
624:
54:
1180:
639:
strategic architecture. In the north, fake hills were built to gain an advantage over the enemy. Klaproth visited the ruins of the city of
Shanjir, met the Circassian elders and gathered detailed information about the city. According to the information he learned, Shanjir was in an area close to Anapa.
674:
According to
Russian explorer and archaeologist Evgeniy Dimitrievich Felitsin, Inal's tomb is not in Abkhazia. In a map published in 1882, Felitsin attached great importance to Inal but placed his grave in the Ispravnaya region in Karachay-Cherkessia, not Abkhazia. He added that this area has ancient
503:
He was born in the Taman
Peninsula near modern-day Crimea and was raised among the princely caste. As a young boy, he was well-trained, proficient in martial arts, and educated about the vast land of the Circassian country and the numerous clans that controlled land and power throughout the homeland.
520:
clan and set out to complete his goal of creating a unified
Circassian kingdom under fealty. While Circassian lordships fell into Inal's hands one by one, he fought and defeated warlords and clan chieftains. Despite the many attempts to divide and weaken his army, he used political intrigue to ward
643:
Between Psif and Nefil there is a quadrilateral with four exits, lined with ramparts and moats, reminiscent of a Roman camp. Remains of the walls and ditches are still visible and stretches eastward about half a German mile (3 km) in diameter. According to what I heard, this place was formerly the
494:
Before the rise of Inal, the established lords in
Circassia had separate territorial administration and an organized structure was not developed. Although the Circassians resisted Timurid forces in the Timur-Circassian wars, the Circassian region suffered great destruction as a result of this war.
1340:
1437:
Shora Nogma has 1427 (per
Richmond, Northwest Caucasus, kindle@610). In a later book (Circassian Genocide kindle @47) Richmond reports the legend that Inal reunited the princedoms after they were driven into the mountains by the Mongols. In a footnote (@2271) he says that Inal was a royal title
524:
Inal's rise disturbed established
Circassian lords, and a confederation of 30 Circassian clans opposing Inal formed an alliance to fight him. In a battle near the Mzymta River, the coalition of thirty Circassian lords was defeated by Inal and his supporters. Ten of them were executed, while the
638:
were the first researchers to draw attention to the city of
Shanjir in history, they both described the city of Shanjir similarly. According to them, Shanjir was very "cleverly designed", had the shape of a rectangle surrounded by walls and moats, and had four gates, thus reminiscent of Roman
611:
After taking over the entire
Circassian land with effective expansions, Inal declared the Grand Principality of Circassia, taking the title of the Grand Prince/King and the Leader of the Circassian Highlanders. The capital of this new Circassian state became the city of
582:
When his conquests subsided, Inal began to take measures to develop the
Circassian nation by introducing reforms, organizing tribes and instituting courts of elders to govern the concerns of the Circassian provinces. He divided his possessions into four counties:
477:
Although the origin of Inal's nickname (Nef/Nekhu) is not known, sources claim that he had one eye blind, therefore it came from the word "Нэф" meaning "blind" in Circassian, and some claim that it came from the word "Нэху" meaning "enlightened" in Circassian.
554:
province, named after his military general, Kabard. Inal organized a new campaign to the north in 1438 and drove out the Turkic nomads near the Circassian settlements north of the Kuban River along the Ten River and expanded his borders to modern-day
662:
Inal divided his lands between his sons and grandchildren in 1453 and died in 1458. Following this, Circassian tribal principalities were formed. According to the Abkhaz claim, Inal died in Northern Abkhazia. This place is known today as
453:
from 1427 to 1453 who unified all Circassians (then divided into several princedoms) into one state. He led campaigns into several countries and expanded borders on all directions. He was the founder of several Circassian tribes, mainly
569:, and he notes that "the city and port of Tana is located in the same country in Upper Circassia, on the Don River, which separates Europe from Asia". His description matches with Inal's expansions.
1199:. Inal's name is also present in many geographical names in the Caucasus, as many places were named after him following his death. Place names associated with the name of Inal are found in
1219:. On the Black Sea coast of Circassia, there is the Inal Bay. In the Zolsk region of the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria, not far from Mount Kanzhal, there is mount Inal (2990 m) between
1600:
Voyage autour du Caucase, chez les Tcherkesses et les Abkhases, en Colchide, en Géorgie, en Arménie et en Crimée: Avec un atlas géographique, pittoresque, ... géologique, etc.
1544:
1464:
1223:
and Tyzyl valleys. Variations of Inal (Yinal, Inal, Yanal, etc.) are common names among Circassians and Abkhazians. There are many statues of Inal, especially in Abkhazia.
1493:
Klaproth, Julius Von, 1783—1835. (2005). Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia performed in the years 1807 and 1808 by command of the Russian government. Elibron Classics
1850:
1393:
1854:
1293:
1268:
654:
Although the city's exact location is unknown, the general opinion is that the Krasnaya Batareya region fits the descriptions by Klarapoth and Pallas.
671:
region. Although most sources used to accept this theory, recent researches and excavations in the region show that Inal's tomb is not here.
352:Абдун-хан икъуэ Къэс икъуэ Аду-хан икъуэ Хъурыфэлъей икъуэ Инал Нэху (Abdun-xan yiqwə Qəs yiqwə Adu-xan yiqwə Xhurıfətley yiqwə Yinal Nəxw)
1790:
603:. He introduced the institution of 40 judges. However, Circassia was split up again after his death into separate feudal principalities.
695:
1896:
1583:
1724:Фролова, Н. А., "Горлов Ю. В. Клад золотых боспорских статеров II в. н. э. с Краснобатарейного городища: ", ВДИ, № 4, 2000, С. 60-68.
1350:
1552:
1472:
1526:
1420:
1370:
1886:
1664:
1401:
678:
1634:
London: Richard and Arthur Taylor for Henry Colburn, 1814. reprinted: Adamant Media Corporation, Elibron Classics, 2002.
1195:
The Circassian and Abkhazian princes in following centuries claimed to be descendants of Inal and regarded him as their
565:
describes that at the turn of the XIV and XV centuries, Circassia expanded its borders to the north to the mouth of the
1290:"Родословная кабардинских князей и мурз XVII в. (из родословной книги, принадлежавшей А. И. Лобанову-Ростовскому)"
1184:
664:
675:
sculptures, mounds, tombs, churches, castles and ramparts, which would be an ideal tomb for someone like Inal.
1289:
1264:
550:
Inal, who then ruled Western Circassia, organized a campaign to Eastern Circassia in 1434 and established the
1828:
Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia performed in the years 1807 and 1808 by command of the Russian government
562:
1891:
1861:
1265:"Родословная кабардинских князей и мурз XVII в. (из родословной книги, принадлежавшей А. М. Пушкину)"
1394:"Prince Inal the Great (I): The Tomb of the Mighty Potentate Is Located in Circassia, Not Abkhazia"
1241:Черкесские княжества в XIV - XV веках: вопросы формирования и взаимосвязи с субэтническими группами
1212:
635:
440:
416:
297:
644:
residence of the king and was called Shanjir. Circassians express that their ancestors lived here.
1844:
1208:
683:
631:
422:
1794:
1832:
1602:, Paris: Gide, 1839-43; reprinted: Adamant Media Corporation, Elibron Classics, 2002 (6 vols).
1579:
1346:
382:
317:
1822:
617:
613:
513:
398:
261:
516:. A skilled strategist, in the early 1400s, he gathered a force mainly consisting of the
1711:
Travels Through the Southern Provinces of the Russian Empire, in the Years 1793 and 1794
1204:
1665:"Prince Inal the Great of Circassia, II: Shanjir, the Fabled Capital of Inal's Empire"
538:
525:
remaining twenty lords declared allegiance and joined the forces of Inal's new state.
1880:
1530:
1503:
1424:
1374:
1872:تاريخ الادغة القديم /The old history of the Adiga 1866 Chapter 5 or from page 79-86
1220:
1871:
1668:
17:
1314:
566:
1196:
584:
543:
481:
455:
309:
1836:
450:
386:
277:
77:
72:
66:
44:
1745:Археологическая карта Кубанской области, Фелицын, Евгений Дмитриевич, 1882.
1626:
Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia, Performed in the Years 1807 and 1808,
1516:
Latham, Robert Gordon. Descriptive Ethnology. Londres: Voorst, 1859. Pp. 51
623:
53:
1216:
600:
592:
588:
551:
471:
463:
459:
293:
221:
187:
153:
517:
361:
149:
1179:
1826:
1200:
596:
467:
265:
117:
113:
1613:
Voyages dans les gouvernements méridionaux de l'empire de la Russie
1765:
1188:
668:
537:
480:
289:
556:
1818:
Caucasian Review. Vol. 2. Munich (München), 1956. Pp.; 19; 35.
1504:"Prensleri̇n Prensi̇ İnal Nekhu (Pşileri̇n Pşisi İnal Nekhu)"
1250:
1248:
1545:"The Legendary Circassian Prince Inal, by Vitaliy Shtybin"
1527:"PRENSLERİN PRENSİ İNAL NEKHU (PŞILERİN PŞISI İNAL NEKHU)"
1465:"The Legendary Circassian Prince Inal, by Vitaliy Shtybin"
1421:"PRENSLERİN PRENSİ İNAL NEKHU (PŞILERİN PŞISI İNAL NEKHU)"
1371:"PRENSLERİN PRENSİ İNAL NEKHU (PŞILERİN PŞISI İNAL NEKHU)"
1315:"PRENSLERİN PRENSİ İNAL NEKHU (PŞILERİN PŞISI İNAL NEKHU)"
1646:Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе
433:
1713:, London: John Stockdale, Piccadilly, 1812 (2 vols).
521:
off any assassinations and divisions in his military.
449:
in Georgian sources) was the Supreme Prince (King) of
409:
378:
370:
360:
342:
316:
304:
283:
271:
257:
253:
245:
235:
227:
219:
211:
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193:
185:
177:
167:
159:
147:
139:
131:
123:
111:
103:
93:
85:
63:
32:
641:
312:princess & an unnamed Circassian noblewoman
1734:Asie occidentale aux XIVe-XVIe siècles, 2014.
8:
1849:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1551:. Abkhaz World. 17 May 2020. Archived from
1471:. Abkhaz World. 17 May 2020. Archived from
1853:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
708:
445:'Inal the Radiant'; also known as
52:
29:
1688:, Nalchik: Elbrus Book Publishing House,
1632:translated from the German by F. Shoberl,
1400:. Circassian Voices. 2013. Archived from
1529:. KAĞAZEJ Jıraslen. 2013. Archived from
1449:Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia
1423:. KAĞAZEJ Jıraslen. 2013. Archived from
1373:. KAĞAZEJ Jıraslen. 2013. Archived from
1178:
694:
677:
622:
107:Various princes self-proclaim themselves
1232:
620:region where Inal was born and raised.
534:Conquest of Kuban and Eastern Circassia
1842:
1659:
1657:
1459:
1457:
1124:
1031:
927:
923:
911:
818:
721:
717:
713:
616:also known as Jansher, founded in the
339:
1628:by Command of the Russian Government'
1415:
1413:
1411:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1342:Взгляд на османские и кавказские дела
1339:Абасова, Шамсият (26 December 2020).
1121:
1111:
1099:
1089:
1085:
1073:
1071:
1061:
1049:
1039:
1035:
1019:
1017:
1007:
995:
985:
981:
969:
967:
957:
945:
935:
931:
908:
898:
886:
876:
872:
860:
858:
848:
836:
826:
822:
806:
803:
793:
781:
771:
767:
755:
752:
742:
729:
725:
7:
1868:. London: Voorst, 1859. Pp. 51.
1686:Iz adigskoi (cherkesskoi) onomastiki
1191:is the burial site of Inal the Great
699:Princes Of East Circassia (Kabardia)
27:King of Circassia from 1427 to 1453
627:Circassia during the reign of Inal
58:Circassia during the reign of Inal
25:
1359:from the original on 7 July 2020.
546:, used by the successors of Inal.
512:Inal initially owned land in the
1793:. Kabardians.com. Archived from
1791:"Horse Farm at 2500 meters high"
1451:. ABC-CLIO, LLC. OCLC 939825134.
485:Kabarda (east Circassia) princes
76:
65:
1755:Ян Потоцкий, Этнография кавказа
1296:from the original on 2014-04-13
1271:from the original on 2016-02-07
682:Coalition banner of the Inalid
278:Grand Principality of Circassia
686:and Gilaksteney principalities
1:
1183:Abkhazian nationalists claim
383:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
308:Two wives, an unnamed Abkhaz
434:
421:'Inal the Radiant';
410:
1913:
1598:Dubois de Montpéreux, F.,
1254:Родословная карта № IV «Б»
1025:
925:
917:
812:
719:
715:
426:
402:
296:or the Ispravnaya region,
1897:Eastern Orthodox monarchs
1447:Cole, Jeffrey E. (2011).
1105:
1087:
1079:
1055:
1037:
1033:
1001:
983:
975:
951:
933:
929:
892:
874:
866:
842:
824:
820:
787:
769:
761:
736:
723:
347:
338:
51:
41:
542:The coat of Arms of the
1789:Pawel Krawczyk (2009).
1624:Klaproth, J.-H. (von),
1615:, Paris, 1805 (3 vols).
1667:. 2013. Archived from
1192:
700:
687:
667:and is located in the
652:
628:
578:Administrative reforms
547:
486:
1887:Monarchs of Circassia
1866:Descriptive Ethnology
1862:Latham, Robert Gordon
1825:, 1783-1835. (2005).
1706:Pallas, Peter Simon,
1574:Natho, Kadir (2009).
1182:
698:
681:
626:
541:
484:
374:ХъурыфэлӀ (Xhurıfəl')
71:Grand Prince of All
1831:. Elibron Classics.
1823:Klaproth, Julius Von
1533:on 29 February 2020.
1438:among the Oguz Turks
1427:on 29 February 2020.
1377:on 29 February 2020.
135:Parsabok (Berzebuch)
1684:(K'wek'we), J. N.,
1644:Броневский, Семён,
1213:Karachay-Cherkessia
649:Julius von Klaproth
636:Julius von Klaproth
607:The city of Shanjir
334:Къэрмыщэ (Qermisha)
328:Минболэт (Minbolat)
298:Karachay-Cherkessia
288:Unknown, allegedly
1578:. Nadir I. Natho.
1576:Circassian History
1209:Kabardino-Balkaria
1193:
701:
688:
632:Peter Simon Pallas
629:
548:
544:Cherkassky dynasty
487:
332:Унэрмэс (Wunarmas)
326:Жанхъуэт (Jankhot)
324:Темырикъу (Temruk)
240:Office established
206:Office established
172:Office established
98:Office established
1168:
1167:
444:
432:
420:
408:
392:
391:
385:syncretised with
356:
355:
322:Тэбылду (Tabulda)
18:Inal of Circassia
16:(Redirected from
1904:
1858:
1848:
1840:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1722:Абрамзон, М. Г.,
1719:
1707:
1702:
1693:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1661:
1652:
1642:
1636:
1622:
1616:
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1603:
1596:
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1461:
1452:
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1406:
1405:
1390:
1379:
1378:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1336:
1330:
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1327:
1326:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1243:
1237:
709:
658:Death and burial
650:
439:
437:
431:romanized:
430:
428:
415:
413:
407:romanized:
406:
404:
340:
330:Беслъэн (Beslan)
220:Grand Prince of
186:Grand Prince of
148:Grand Prince of
112:Grand Prince of
81:
80:
70:
69:
56:
35:Inal the Radiant
30:
21:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1877:
1876:
1841:
1821:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1705:
1696:
1680:
1676:
1671:on 4 June 2020.
1663:
1662:
1655:
1643:
1639:
1623:
1619:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1549:Vitaliy Shtybin
1543:
1542:
1538:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1469:Vitaliy Shtybin
1463:
1462:
1455:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1404:on 4 June 2020.
1398:Amjad Jaimoukha
1392:
1391:
1382:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1353:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1239:Khatko, Samir.
1238:
1234:
1229:
1177:
1170:
1169:
704:
693:
660:
651:
648:
609:
580:
575:
536:
531:
514:Taman peninsula
510:
501:
492:
351:
333:
331:
329:
327:
325:
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300:
276:
75:
64:
59:
36:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1899:
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1889:
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1869:
1859:
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1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1781:
1757:
1748:
1737:
1726:
1714:
1694:
1674:
1653:
1637:
1617:
1604:
1591:
1585:978-1441523884
1584:
1566:
1555:on 24 May 2020
1536:
1518:
1509:
1495:
1486:
1475:on 24 May 2020
1453:
1440:
1430:
1407:
1380:
1362:
1351:
1331:
1319:cherkessia.net
1306:
1281:
1256:
1244:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1205:Krasnodar Krai
1176:
1173:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
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1141:
1139:
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1123:
1120:
1117:
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1100:
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1080:
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1066:
1063:
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1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
991:
990:
987:
986:
984:
982:
980:
977:
976:
974:
971:
970:
968:
966:
963:
962:
959:
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956:
953:
952:
950:
947:
946:
944:
941:
940:
937:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
919:
918:
916:
913:
912:
910:
907:
904:
903:
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891:
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871:
868:
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859:
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850:
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838:
837:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
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813:
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807:
805:
802:
799:
798:
795:
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776:
773:
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770:
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766:
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1892:1450s deaths
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1827:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:the original
1784:
1773:. Retrieved
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1669:the original
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1557:. Retrieved
1553:the original
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1477:. Retrieved
1473:the original
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1425:the original
1402:the original
1397:
1375:the original
1365:
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1323:. Retrieved
1321:(in Turkish)
1318:
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1298:. Retrieved
1284:
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1259:
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1221:Baksan River
1194:
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236:Predecessor
231:1434 – 1453
202:Predecessor
197:1434 – 1453
168:Predecessor
163:1427 – 1453
132:Predecessor
127:1427 – 1453
94:Predecessor
89:1427 – 1453
1881:Categories
1801:2015-01-24
1775:2022-12-23
1770:kmvline.ru
1648:, Москва,
1345:. Litres.
1325:2021-03-29
1300:2019-03-23
1275:2019-03-23
1227:References
1197:progenitor
730:Abdun-Khan
593:Kemirghoqo
499:Early life
435:Yinal Nəxw
395:Inal Nekhu
349:Full name:
310:Anchabadze
143:Temruk (?)
1845:cite book
1837:742325358
1185:Inal-Quba
909:Khurfatal
691:Ancestors
684:Talhosten
665:Inal-Quba
529:Conquests
490:Biography
451:Circassia
427:Инал Нэху
423:Kabardian
411:Yinal Nəf
387:Khabzeism
290:Inal-Quba
246:Successor
212:Successor
178:Successor
140:Successor
104:Successor
73:Circassia
45:Circassia
1357:Archived
1294:Archived
1269:Archived
1217:Abkhazia
804:Adu-Khan
647:—
601:Hatuqwai
563:John III
552:Kabardia
472:Hatuqwai
464:Temirgoy
460:Besleney
456:Kabardia
403:Инал Нэф
379:Religion
294:Abkhazia
222:Besleney
188:Kabardia
154:Hatuqway
43:King of
1813:Sources
1559:24 July
1479:24 July
614:Shanjir
597:Zhanaqo
573:Reforms
518:Khegayk
443:
419:
362:Dynasty
215:Tabulda
150:Chemguy
1835:
1582:
1349:
1201:Adygea
1175:Legacy
595:, and
589:Beslan
585:Qabard
470:, and
468:Zhaney
399:Adyghe
371:Father
366:Inalid
305:Spouse
284:Burial
266:Zichia
249:Beslan
181:Temruk
118:Zichia
114:Zhaney
1682:Kokov
1650:1823.
1189:Pskhu
669:Pskhu
618:Taman
343:Names
318:Issue
262:Taman
228:Reign
194:Reign
160:Reign
124:Reign
86:Reign
1855:link
1851:link
1833:OCLC
1690:1983
1580:ISBN
1561:2020
1481:2020
1347:ISBN
1215:and
1122:Inal
753:Kess
634:and
557:Azov
441:lit.
417:lit.
275:1458
272:Died
258:Born
1187:in
567:Don
1883::
1864:.
1847:}}
1843:{{
1768:.
1656:^
1630:,
1611:—
1547:.
1467:.
1456:^
1410:^
1396:.
1383:^
1355:.
1317:.
1292:.
1267:.
1247:^
1211:,
1207:,
1203:,
591:,
587:,
559:.
474:.
466:,
462:,
458:,
438:,
429:,
425::
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401::
292:,
264:,
1857:)
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1697:'
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1563:.
1506:.
1483:.
1328:.
1303:.
1278:.
599:-
397:(
152:-
116:-
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
