685:
668:
1345:
471:
528:
67:
56:
613:
43:
1169:
628:
strategic architecture. In the north, fake hills were built to gain an advantage over the enemy. Klaproth visited the ruins of the city of
Shanjir, met the Circassian elders and gathered detailed information about the city. According to the information he learned, Shanjir was in an area close to Anapa.
663:
According to
Russian explorer and archaeologist Evgeniy Dimitrievich Felitsin, Inal's tomb is not in Abkhazia. In a map published in 1882, Felitsin attached great importance to Inal but placed his grave in the Ispravnaya region in Karachay-Cherkessia, not Abkhazia. He added that this area has ancient
492:
He was born in the Taman
Peninsula near modern-day Crimea and was raised among the princely caste. As a young boy, he was well-trained, proficient in martial arts, and educated about the vast land of the Circassian country and the numerous clans that controlled land and power throughout the homeland.
509:
clan and set out to complete his goal of creating a unified
Circassian kingdom under fealty. While Circassian lordships fell into Inal's hands one by one, he fought and defeated warlords and clan chieftains. Despite the many attempts to divide and weaken his army, he used political intrigue to ward
632:
Between Psif and Nefil there is a quadrilateral with four exits, lined with ramparts and moats, reminiscent of a Roman camp. Remains of the walls and ditches are still visible and stretches eastward about half a German mile (3 km) in diameter. According to what I heard, this place was formerly the
483:
Before the rise of Inal, the established lords in
Circassia had separate territorial administration and an organized structure was not developed. Although the Circassians resisted Timurid forces in the Timur-Circassian wars, the Circassian region suffered great destruction as a result of this war.
1329:
1426:
Shora Nogma has 1427 (per
Richmond, Northwest Caucasus, kindle@610). In a later book (Circassian Genocide kindle @47) Richmond reports the legend that Inal reunited the princedoms after they were driven into the mountains by the Mongols. In a footnote (@2271) he says that Inal was a royal title
513:
Inal's rise disturbed established
Circassian lords, and a confederation of 30 Circassian clans opposing Inal formed an alliance to fight him. In a battle near the Mzymta River, the coalition of thirty Circassian lords was defeated by Inal and his supporters. Ten of them were executed, while the
627:
were the first researchers to draw attention to the city of
Shanjir in history, they both described the city of Shanjir similarly. According to them, Shanjir was very "cleverly designed", had the shape of a rectangle surrounded by walls and moats, and had four gates, thus reminiscent of Roman
600:
After taking over the entire
Circassian land with effective expansions, Inal declared the Grand Principality of Circassia, taking the title of the Grand Prince/King and the Leader of the Circassian Highlanders. The capital of this new Circassian state became the city of
571:
When his conquests subsided, Inal began to take measures to develop the
Circassian nation by introducing reforms, organizing tribes and instituting courts of elders to govern the concerns of the Circassian provinces. He divided his possessions into four counties:
466:
Although the origin of Inal's nickname (Nef/Nekhu) is not known, sources claim that he had one eye blind, therefore it came from the word "Нэф" meaning "blind" in Circassian, and some claim that it came from the word "Нэху" meaning "enlightened" in Circassian.
543:
province, named after his military general, Kabard. Inal organized a new campaign to the north in 1438 and drove out the Turkic nomads near the Circassian settlements north of the Kuban River along the Ten River and expanded his borders to modern-day
651:
Inal divided his lands between his sons and grandchildren in 1453 and died in 1458. Following this, Circassian tribal principalities were formed. According to the Abkhaz claim, Inal died in Northern Abkhazia. This place is known today as
442:
from 1427 to 1453 who unified all Circassians (then divided into several princedoms) into one state. He led campaigns into several countries and expanded borders on all directions. He was the founder of several Circassian tribes, mainly
558:, and he notes that "the city and port of Tana is located in the same country in Upper Circassia, on the Don River, which separates Europe from Asia". His description matches with Inal's expansions.
1188:. Inal's name is also present in many geographical names in the Caucasus, as many places were named after him following his death. Place names associated with the name of Inal are found in
1208:. On the Black Sea coast of Circassia, there is the Inal Bay. In the Zolsk region of the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria, not far from Mount Kanzhal, there is mount Inal (2990 m) between
1589:
Voyage autour du Caucase, chez les Tcherkesses et les Abkhases, en Colchide, en Géorgie, en Arménie et en Crimée: Avec un atlas géographique, pittoresque, ... géologique, etc.
1533:
1453:
1212:
and Tyzyl valleys. Variations of Inal (Yinal, Inal, Yanal, etc.) are common names among Circassians and Abkhazians. There are many statues of Inal, especially in Abkhazia.
1482:
Klaproth, Julius Von, 1783—1835. (2005). Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia performed in the years 1807 and 1808 by command of the Russian government. Elibron Classics
1839:
1382:
1843:
1282:
1257:
643:
Although the city's exact location is unknown, the general opinion is that the Krasnaya Batareya region fits the descriptions by Klarapoth and Pallas.
660:
region. Although most sources used to accept this theory, recent researches and excavations in the region show that Inal's tomb is not here.
341:Абдун-хан икъуэ Къэс икъуэ Аду-хан икъуэ Хъурыфэлъей икъуэ Инал Нэху (Abdun-xan yiqwə Qəs yiqwə Adu-xan yiqwə Xhurıfətley yiqwə Yinal Nəxw)
1779:
592:. He introduced the institution of 40 judges. However, Circassia was split up again after his death into separate feudal principalities.
684:
1885:
1572:
1713:Фролова, Н. А., "Горлов Ю. В. Клад золотых боспорских статеров II в. н. э. с Краснобатарейного городища: ", ВДИ, № 4, 2000, С. 60-68.
1339:
1541:
1461:
1515:
1409:
1359:
1875:
1653:
1390:
667:
1623:
London: Richard and Arthur Taylor for Henry Colburn, 1814. reprinted: Adamant Media Corporation, Elibron Classics, 2002.
1184:
The Circassian and Abkhazian princes in following centuries claimed to be descendants of Inal and regarded him as their
554:
describes that at the turn of the XIV and XV centuries, Circassia expanded its borders to the north to the mouth of the
1279:"Родословная кабардинских князей и мурз XVII в. (из родословной книги, принадлежавшей А. И. Лобанову-Ростовскому)"
1173:
653:
664:
sculptures, mounds, tombs, churches, castles and ramparts, which would be an ideal tomb for someone like Inal.
1278:
1253:
539:
Inal, who then ruled Western Circassia, organized a campaign to Eastern Circassia in 1434 and established the
1817:
Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia performed in the years 1807 and 1808 by command of the Russian government
551:
1880:
1850:
1254:"Родословная кабардинских князей и мурз XVII в. (из родословной книги, принадлежавшей А. М. Пушкину)"
1383:"Prince Inal the Great (I): The Tomb of the Mighty Potentate Is Located in Circassia, Not Abkhazia"
1230:Черкесские княжества в XIV - XV веках: вопросы формирования и взаимосвязи с субэтническими группами
1201:
624:
429:
405:
286:
633:
residence of the king and was called Shanjir. Circassians express that their ancestors lived here.
1833:
1197:
672:
620:
411:
1783:
1821:
1591:, Paris: Gide, 1839-43; reprinted: Adamant Media Corporation, Elibron Classics, 2002 (6 vols).
1568:
1335:
371:
306:
1811:
606:
602:
502:
387:
250:
505:. A skilled strategist, in the early 1400s, he gathered a force mainly consisting of the
1700:
Travels Through the Southern Provinces of the Russian Empire, in the Years 1793 and 1794
1193:
1654:"Prince Inal the Great of Circassia, II: Shanjir, the Fabled Capital of Inal's Empire"
527:
514:
remaining twenty lords declared allegiance and joined the forces of Inal's new state.
1869:
1519:
1492:
1413:
1363:
1861:تاريخ الادغة القديم /The old history of the Adiga 1866 Chapter 5 or from page 79-86
1209:
1860:
1657:
1303:
555:
1185:
573:
532:
470:
444:
298:
1825:
439:
375:
266:
66:
61:
55:
33:
1734:Археологическая карта Кубанской области, Фелицын, Евгений Дмитриевич, 1882.
1615:
Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia, Performed in the Years 1807 and 1808,
1505:
Latham, Robert Gordon. Descriptive Ethnology. Londres: Voorst, 1859. Pp. 51
612:
42:
1205:
589:
581:
577:
540:
460:
452:
448:
282:
210:
176:
142:
506:
350:
138:
1168:
1815:
1189:
585:
456:
254:
106:
102:
1602:
Voyages dans les gouvernements méridionaux de l'empire de la Russie
1754:
1177:
657:
526:
469:
278:
545:
1807:
Caucasian Review. Vol. 2. Munich (München), 1956. Pp.; 19; 35.
1493:"Prensleri̇n Prensi̇ İnal Nekhu (Pşileri̇n Pşisi İnal Nekhu)"
1239:
1237:
1534:"The Legendary Circassian Prince Inal, by Vitaliy Shtybin"
1516:"PRENSLERİN PRENSİ İNAL NEKHU (PŞILERİN PŞISI İNAL NEKHU)"
1454:"The Legendary Circassian Prince Inal, by Vitaliy Shtybin"
1410:"PRENSLERİN PRENSİ İNAL NEKHU (PŞILERİN PŞISI İNAL NEKHU)"
1360:"PRENSLERİN PRENSİ İNAL NEKHU (PŞILERİN PŞISI İNAL NEKHU)"
1304:"PRENSLERİN PRENSİ İNAL NEKHU (PŞILERİN PŞISI İNAL NEKHU)"
1635:Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе
422:
1702:, London: John Stockdale, Piccadilly, 1812 (2 vols).
510:
off any assassinations and divisions in his military.
438:
in Georgian sources) was the Supreme Prince (King) of
398:
367:
359:
349:
331:
305:
293:
272:
260:
246:
242:
234:
224:
216:
208:
200:
190:
182:
174:
166:
156:
148:
136:
128:
120:
112:
100:
92:
82:
74:
52:
21:
630:
301:princess & an unnamed Circassian noblewoman
1723:Asie occidentale aux XIVe-XVIe siècles, 2014.
8:
1838:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1540:. Abkhaz World. 17 May 2020. Archived from
1460:. Abkhaz World. 17 May 2020. Archived from
1842:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
697:
434:'Inal the Radiant'; also known as
41:
18:
1677:, Nalchik: Elbrus Book Publishing House,
1621:translated from the German by F. Shoberl,
1389:. Circassian Voices. 2013. Archived from
1518:. KAĞAZEJ Jıraslen. 2013. Archived from
1438:Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia
1412:. KAĞAZEJ Jıraslen. 2013. Archived from
1362:. KAĞAZEJ Jıraslen. 2013. Archived from
1167:
683:
666:
611:
96:Various princes self-proclaim themselves
1221:
609:region where Inal was born and raised.
523:Conquest of Kuban and Eastern Circassia
1831:
1648:
1646:
1448:
1446:
1113:
1020:
916:
912:
900:
807:
710:
706:
702:
605:also known as Jansher, founded in the
328:
1617:by Command of the Russian Government'
1404:
1402:
1400:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1331:Взгляд на османские и кавказские дела
1328:Абасова, Шамсият (26 December 2020).
1110:
1100:
1088:
1078:
1074:
1062:
1060:
1050:
1038:
1028:
1024:
1008:
1006:
996:
984:
974:
970:
958:
956:
946:
934:
924:
920:
897:
887:
875:
865:
861:
849:
847:
837:
825:
815:
811:
795:
792:
782:
770:
760:
756:
744:
741:
731:
718:
714:
7:
1857:. London: Voorst, 1859. Pp. 51.
1675:Iz adigskoi (cherkesskoi) onomastiki
1180:is the burial site of Inal the Great
688:Princes Of East Circassia (Kabardia)
16:King of Circassia from 1427 to 1453
616:Circassia during the reign of Inal
47:Circassia during the reign of Inal
14:
1348:from the original on 7 July 2020.
535:, used by the successors of Inal.
501:Inal initially owned land in the
1782:. Kabardians.com. Archived from
1780:"Horse Farm at 2500 meters high"
1440:. ABC-CLIO, LLC. OCLC 939825134.
474:Kabarda (east Circassia) princes
65:
54:
1744:Ян Потоцкий, Этнография кавказа
1285:from the original on 2014-04-13
1260:from the original on 2016-02-07
671:Coalition banner of the Inalid
267:Grand Principality of Circassia
675:and Gilaksteney principalities
1:
1172:Abkhazian nationalists claim
372:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
297:Two wives, an unnamed Abkhaz
423:
410:'Inal the Radiant';
399:
1902:
1587:Dubois de Montpéreux, F.,
1243:Родословная карта № IV «Б»
1014:
914:
906:
801:
708:
704:
415:
391:
285:or the Ispravnaya region,
1886:Eastern Orthodox monarchs
1436:Cole, Jeffrey E. (2011).
1094:
1076:
1068:
1044:
1026:
1022:
990:
972:
964:
940:
922:
918:
881:
863:
855:
831:
813:
809:
776:
758:
750:
725:
712:
336:
327:
40:
30:
531:The coat of Arms of the
1778:Pawel Krawczyk (2009).
1613:Klaproth, J.-H. (von),
1604:, Paris, 1805 (3 vols).
1656:. 2013. Archived from
1181:
689:
676:
656:and is located in the
641:
617:
567:Administrative reforms
536:
475:
1876:Monarchs of Circassia
1855:Descriptive Ethnology
1851:Latham, Robert Gordon
1814:, 1783-1835. (2005).
1695:Pallas, Peter Simon,
1563:Natho, Kadir (2009).
1171:
687:
670:
615:
530:
473:
363:ХъурыфэлӀ (Xhurıfəl')
60:Grand Prince of All
1820:. Elibron Classics.
1812:Klaproth, Julius Von
1522:on 29 February 2020.
1427:among the Oguz Turks
1416:on 29 February 2020.
1366:on 29 February 2020.
124:Parsabok (Berzebuch)
1673:(K'wek'we), J. N.,
1633:Броневский, Семён,
1202:Karachay-Cherkessia
638:Julius von Klaproth
625:Julius von Klaproth
596:The city of Shanjir
323:Къэрмыщэ (Qermisha)
317:Минболэт (Minbolat)
287:Karachay-Cherkessia
277:Unknown, allegedly
1567:. Nadir I. Natho.
1565:Circassian History
1198:Kabardino-Balkaria
1182:
690:
677:
621:Peter Simon Pallas
618:
537:
533:Cherkassky dynasty
476:
321:Унэрмэс (Wunarmas)
315:Жанхъуэт (Jankhot)
313:Темырикъу (Temruk)
229:Office established
195:Office established
161:Office established
87:Office established
1157:
1156:
433:
421:
409:
397:
381:
380:
374:syncretised with
345:
344:
311:Тэбылду (Tabulda)
1893:
1847:
1837:
1829:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1711:Абрамзон, М. Г.,
1708:
1696:
1691:
1682:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1650:
1641:
1631:
1625:
1611:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1450:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1406:
1395:
1394:
1379:
1368:
1367:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1232:
1226:
698:
647:Death and burial
639:
428:
426:
420:romanized:
419:
417:
404:
402:
396:romanized:
395:
393:
329:
319:Беслъэн (Beslan)
209:Grand Prince of
175:Grand Prince of
137:Grand Prince of
101:Grand Prince of
70:
69:
59:
58:
45:
24:Inal the Radiant
19:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1866:
1865:
1830:
1810:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1789:
1787:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1694:
1685:
1669:
1665:
1660:on 4 June 2020.
1652:
1651:
1644:
1632:
1628:
1612:
1608:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1538:Vitaliy Shtybin
1532:
1531:
1527:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1458:Vitaliy Shtybin
1452:
1451:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1408:
1407:
1398:
1393:on 4 June 2020.
1387:Amjad Jaimoukha
1381:
1380:
1371:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1342:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1228:Khatko, Samir.
1227:
1223:
1218:
1166:
1159:
1158:
693:
682:
649:
640:
637:
598:
569:
564:
525:
520:
503:Taman peninsula
499:
490:
481:
340:
322:
320:
318:
316:
314:
312:
289:
265:
64:
53:
48:
25:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1848:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1770:
1746:
1737:
1726:
1715:
1703:
1683:
1663:
1642:
1626:
1606:
1593:
1580:
1574:978-1441523884
1573:
1555:
1544:on 24 May 2020
1525:
1507:
1498:
1484:
1475:
1464:on 24 May 2020
1442:
1429:
1419:
1396:
1369:
1351:
1340:
1320:
1308:cherkessia.net
1295:
1270:
1245:
1233:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1194:Krasnodar Krai
1165:
1162:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
992:
991:
989:
986:
985:
983:
980:
979:
976:
975:
973:
971:
969:
966:
965:
963:
960:
959:
957:
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
945:
942:
941:
939:
936:
935:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
908:
907:
905:
902:
901:
899:
896:
893:
892:
889:
888:
886:
883:
882:
880:
877:
876:
874:
871:
870:
867:
866:
864:
862:
860:
857:
856:
854:
851:
850:
848:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
836:
833:
832:
830:
827:
826:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
803:
802:
800:
797:
796:
794:
791:
788:
787:
784:
783:
781:
778:
777:
775:
772:
771:
769:
766:
765:
762:
761:
759:
757:
755:
752:
751:
749:
746:
745:
743:
740:
737:
736:
733:
732:
730:
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1881:1450s deaths
1854:
1816:
1788:. Retrieved
1784:the original
1773:
1762:. Retrieved
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1658:the original
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1546:. Retrieved
1542:the original
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1466:. Retrieved
1462:the original
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1437:
1432:
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1414:the original
1391:the original
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1364:the original
1354:
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1312:. Retrieved
1310:(in Turkish)
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1210:Baksan River
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225:Predecessor
220:1434 – 1453
191:Predecessor
186:1434 – 1453
157:Predecessor
152:1427 – 1453
121:Predecessor
116:1427 – 1453
83:Predecessor
78:1427 – 1453
1870:Categories
1790:2015-01-24
1764:2022-12-23
1759:kmvline.ru
1637:, Москва,
1334:. Litres.
1314:2021-03-29
1289:2019-03-23
1264:2019-03-23
1216:References
1186:progenitor
719:Abdun-Khan
582:Kemirghoqo
488:Early life
424:Yinal Nəxw
384:Inal Nekhu
338:Full name:
299:Anchabadze
132:Temruk (?)
1834:cite book
1826:742325358
1174:Inal-Quba
898:Khurfatal
680:Ancestors
673:Talhosten
654:Inal-Quba
518:Conquests
479:Biography
440:Circassia
416:Инал Нэху
412:Kabardian
400:Yinal Nəf
376:Khabzeism
279:Inal-Quba
235:Successor
201:Successor
167:Successor
129:Successor
93:Successor
62:Circassia
34:Circassia
1346:Archived
1283:Archived
1258:Archived
1206:Abkhazia
793:Adu-Khan
636:—
590:Hatuqwai
552:John III
541:Kabardia
461:Hatuqwai
453:Temirgoy
449:Besleney
445:Kabardia
392:Инал Нэф
368:Religion
283:Abkhazia
211:Besleney
177:Kabardia
143:Hatuqway
32:King of
1802:Sources
1548:24 July
1468:24 July
603:Shanjir
586:Zhanaqo
562:Reforms
507:Khegayk
432:
408:
351:Dynasty
204:Tabulda
139:Chemguy
1824:
1571:
1338:
1190:Adygea
1164:Legacy
584:, and
578:Beslan
574:Qabard
459:, and
457:Zhaney
388:Adyghe
360:Father
355:Inalid
294:Spouse
273:Burial
255:Zichia
238:Beslan
170:Temruk
107:Zichia
103:Zhaney
1671:Kokov
1639:1823.
1178:Pskhu
658:Pskhu
607:Taman
332:Names
307:Issue
251:Taman
217:Reign
183:Reign
149:Reign
113:Reign
75:Reign
1844:link
1840:link
1822:OCLC
1679:1983
1569:ISBN
1550:2020
1470:2020
1336:ISBN
1204:and
1111:Inal
742:Kess
623:and
546:Azov
430:lit.
406:lit.
264:1458
261:Died
247:Born
1176:in
556:Don
1872::
1853:.
1836:}}
1832:{{
1757:.
1645:^
1619:,
1600:—
1536:.
1456:.
1445:^
1399:^
1385:.
1372:^
1344:.
1306:.
1281:.
1256:.
1236:^
1200:,
1196:,
1192:,
580:,
576:,
548:.
463:.
455:,
451:,
447:,
427:,
418:,
414::
403:,
394:,
390::
281:,
253:,
1846:)
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1686:'
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1552:.
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1472:.
1317:.
1292:.
1267:.
588:-
386:(
141:-
105:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
