Email - Knowledge

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from home, whether they are across town or across the world. Alerts can also be sent to the smartphone or other devices to notify them immediately of new messages. This has given email the ability to be used for more frequent communication between users and allowed them to check their email and write messages throughout the day. As of 2011, there were approximately 1.4 billion email users worldwide and 50 billion non-spam emails that were sent daily.

543:. These systems often have their own internal email format and their clients typically communicate with the email server using a vendor-specific, proprietary protocol. The server sends or receives email via the Internet through the product's Internet mail gateway which also does any necessary reformatting. If Alice and Bob work for the same company, the entire transaction may happen completely within a single corporate email system. 1101: 1798:, and Internet service providers implement various limitations on the size of files, or complete email – typically to 25MB or less. Furthermore, due to technical reasons, attachment sizes as seen by these transport systems can differ from what the user sees, which can be confusing to senders when trying to assess whether they can safely send a file by email. Where larger files need to be shared, various 1723: 1470: 50: 1814:" in dealing with increasing volumes of email. With the growth in mobile devices, by default employees may also receive work-related emails outside of their working day. This can lead to increased stress and decreased satisfaction with work. Some observers even argue it could have a significant negative economic effect, as efforts to read the many emails could reduce 410: 1189:. Several prominent email clients use their own proprietary format and require conversion software to transfer email between them. Server-side storage is often in a proprietary format but since access is through a standard protocol such as IMAP, moving email from one server to another can be done with any 2856:

The SMTP content is sent in the SMTP DATA protocol unit, and has two parts: the header section and the body. If the content conforms to other contemporary standards, the header section is a collection of header fields, each consisting of a header name, a colon, and data, structured as in the message

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invisibly embedded in HTML content can alert the sender of any email whenever an email is rendered as HTML (some e-mail clients do this when the user reads, or re-reads the e-mail) and from which IP address. It can also reveal whether an email was read on a smartphone or a PC, or Apple Mac device via

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are increasingly used to check email while traveling and to make brief replies, larger devices with better keyboard access being used to reply at greater length. IMAP shows the headers of messages, the sender and the subject and the device needs to request to download specific messages. Usually, the

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Unlike a telephone or in-person conversation, email by its nature creates a detailed written record of the communication, the identity of the sender(s) and recipient(s) and the date and time the message was sent. In the event of a contract or legal dispute, saved emails can be used to prove that an

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Also known as "email fatigue", email bankruptcy is when a user ignores a large number of email messages after falling behind in reading and answering them. The reason for falling behind is often due to information overload and a general sense there is so much information that it is not possible to

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now largely mitigate the impact of spam by filtering or rejecting it for most users, but the volume sent is still very high—and increasingly consists not of advertisements for products, but malicious content or links. In September 2017, for example, the proportion of spam to legitimate email

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accounts, making email the most popular activity for users to do on their smartphones. 78% of the respondents in the study revealed that they check their email on their phone. It was also found that 30% of consumers use only their smartphone to check their email, and 91% were likely to check their

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and on all types of computers. Mobile "apps" for email increase accessibility to the medium for users who are out of their homes. While in the earliest years of email, users could only access email on desktop computers, in the 2010s, it is possible for users to check their email when they are away

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Upon reception of email messages, email client applications save messages in operating system files in the file system. Some clients save individual messages as separate files, while others use various database formats, often proprietary, for collective storage. A historical standard of storage is

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such as From, To, CC, Subject, Date, and other information about the email. In the process of transporting email messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters and information using message header fields. The body contains the message, as unstructured text, sometimes containing a

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The original SMTP mail service provides limited mechanisms for tracking a transmitted message, and none for verifying that it has been delivered or read. It requires that each mail server must either deliver it onward or return a failure notice (bounce message), but both software bugs and system

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Today it can be important to distinguish between the Internet and internal email systems. Internet email may travel and be stored on networks and computers without the sender's or the recipient's control. During the transit time it is possible that third parties read or even modify the content.

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methods typically use spoofing to mislead the recipient about the true message origin. Email spoofing may be done as a prank, or as part of a criminal effort to defraud an individual or organization. An example of a potentially fraudulent email spoofing is if an individual creates an email that

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by sending raw non-ASCII text and several encoding schemes co-exist; as a result, by default, the message in a non-Latin alphabet language appears in non-readable form (the only exception is a coincidence if the sender and receiver use the same encoding scheme). Therefore, for international

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email at least once per day on their smartphone. However, the percentage of consumers using email on a smartphone ranges and differs dramatically across different countries. For example, in comparison to 75% of those consumers in the US who used it, only 17% in India did.

842:, which may be extracted from the header content. The "To:" field is similar to the addressing at the top of a conventional letter delivered according to the address on the outer envelope. In the same way, the "From:" field may not be the sender. Some mail servers apply 1527:

Email has been widely accepted by businesses, governments and non-governmental organizations in the developed world, and it is one of the key parts of an 'e-revolution' in workplace communication (with the other key plank being widespread adoption of highspeed

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Originally Internet email was completely ASCII text-based. MIME now allows body content text and some header content text in international character sets, but other headers and email addresses using UTF-8, while standardized have yet to be widely adopted.

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It is possible for an exchange of emails to form a binding contract, so users must be careful about what they send through email correspondence. A signature block on an email may be interpreted as satisfying a signature requirement for a contract.

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scheme for SMTP email addresses. Though its use is not strictly defined, URLs of this form are intended to be used to open the new message window of the user's mail client when the URL is activated, with the address as defined by the URL in the

769:: commonly with values "bulk", "junk", or "list"; used to indicate automated "vacation" or "out of office" responses should not be returned for this mail, e.g. to prevent vacation notices from sent to all other subscribers of a mailing list. 646:. It ends with the separator character ":". The separator is followed by the field value (the "field body"). The value can continue onto subsequent lines if those lines have space or tab as their first character. Field names and, without 2369: 1169:

When opening an email, it is marked as "read", which typically visibly distinguishes it from "unread" messages on clients' user interfaces. Email clients may allow hiding read emails from the inbox so the user can focus on the unread.

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appears to be an invoice from a major company, and then sends it to one or more recipients. In some cases, these fraudulent emails incorporate the logo of the purported organization and even the email address may appear legitimate.

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apply only to email. RFC 5322 replaced the earlier RFC 822 in 2008, then RFC 2822 in 2001 replaced RFC 822 – the standard for Internet email for decades. Published in 1982, RFC 822 was based on the earlier RFC 733 for the ARPANET.

4228: 1618:" is often successfully used to send special sales offerings and new product information. Depending on the recipient's culture, email sent without permission—such as an "opt-in"—is likely to be viewed as unwelcome " 666:

characters; for encoding characters in other sets, a syntax specified in RFC 2047 may be used. In some examples, the IETF EAI working group defines some standards track extensions, replacing previous experimental extensions so

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can be inconvenient, time-consuming, and costly. Email provides a method of exchanging information between two or more people with no set-up costs and that is generally far less expensive than a physical meeting or phone

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have been developed. However, these are often seen as underhand or raising privacy concerns, and only work with email clients that support rendering of HTML. Many mail clients now default to not showing "web content".

2116:), then the innocent email address that was used can be flooded with NDRs from the many invalid email addresses the spammer may have attempted to mail. These NDRs then constitute spam from the ISP to the innocent user. 1937:

many Internet Service Providers (ISP) store copies of email messages on their mail servers before they are delivered. The backups of these can remain for up to several months on their server, despite deletion from the

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characters may be used within the header. In particular, this allows email addresses to use non-ASCII characters. Such addresses are supported by Google and Microsoft products, and promoted by some government agents.

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Email "spam" is unsolicited bulk email. The low cost of sending such email meant that, by 2003, up to 30% of total email traffic was spam, and was threatening the usefulness of email as a practical tool. The US

1388:. POP supports simple download-and-delete requirements for access to remote mailboxes (termed maildrop in the POP RFC's). POP3 allows downloading messages on a local computer and reading them even when offline. 773:

uses this field to affect prioritization of queued email, with "Precedence: special-delivery" messages delivered sooner. With modern high-bandwidth networks, delivery priority is less of an issue than it was.

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In practice, some accepted messages may nowadays not be delivered to the recipient's InBox, but instead to a Spam or Junk folder which, especially in a corporate environment, may be inaccessible to the

2725: 2428: 374:(GOSIP), would predominate. However, once the final restrictions on carrying commercial traffic over the Internet ended in 1995, a combination of factors made the current Internet suite of SMTP, 2365: 3493:

SMTP transports a mail object. A mail object contains an envelope and content. ... The SMTP content is sent in the SMTP DATA protocol unit, and has two parts: the header section and the body.

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As of 2010, the number of Americans visiting email web sites had fallen 6 percent after peaking in November 2009. For persons 12 to 17, the number was down 18 percent. Young people preferred

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is the intentional sending of large volumes of messages to a target address. The overloading of the target email address can render it unusable and can even cause the mail server to crash.

1322:) leave attachments encoded in messages for searching while also saving separate copies of the attachments. Others separate attachments from messages and save them in a specific directory. 5750: 4766: 3534:

A message comprises a transit-handling envelope and the message content. The envelope contains information used by the MHS. The content is divided into a structured header and the body.

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read it all. As a solution, people occasionally send a "boilerplate" message explaining that their email inbox is full, and that they are in the process of clearing out all the messages.

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Email header fields can be multi-line, with each line recommended to be no more than 78 characters, although the limit is 998 characters. Header fields defined by RFC 5322 contain only

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Individuals often check emails on smartphones for both personal and work-related messages. It was found that US adults check their email more than they browse the web or check their

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Much of the business world relies on communications between people who are not physically in the same building, area, or even country; setting up and attending an in-person meeting,

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communication by meetings or phone calls, participants must work on the same schedule, and each participant must spend the same amount of time in the meeting or call. Email allows

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is often treated as a basic and necessary part of many processes in business, commerce, government, education, entertainment, and other spheres of daily life in most countries.

4897: 719:: The email address(es), and optionally name(s) of the message's recipient(s). Indicates primary recipients (multiple allowed), for secondary recipients see Cc: and Bcc: below. 4687: 4512: 1794:

documents, and scanned images of paper documents. In principle, there is no technical restriction on the size or number of attachments. However, in practice, email clients,

636:("header fields"). Each field has a name ("field name" or "header field name"), followed by the separator character ":", and a value ("field body" or "header field body"). 355:

HPMAIL (later HP DeskManager) were released in 1982; development work on the former began in the late 1970s and the latter became the world's largest selling email system.

4311: 1854:. This is often achieved by attaching malicious programs to the message and persuading potential victims to open the file. Types of malware distributed via email include 1127:(MDAs, also sometimes called local delivery agents, LDAs). Accepting a message obliges an MTA to deliver it, and when a message cannot be delivered, that MTA must send a 569:. This was very important in the early days of the Internet when network connections were unreliable. However, this mechanism proved to be exploitable by originators of 4998: 5450: 4672: 6696: 1934:

email messages have to go through intermediate computers before reaching their destination, meaning it is relatively easy for others to intercept and read messages.

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accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need to connect, typically to a

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Leiner, Barry M.; Cerf, Vinton G.; Clark, David D.; Kahn, Robert E.; Kleinrock, Leonard; Lynch, Daniel C.; Postel, Jon; Roberts, Larry G.; Wolf, Stephen (1999).

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S. Kiesler; D. Zubrow; A.M. Moses; V. Geller (1985). "Affect in computer-mediated communication: an experiment in synchronous terminal-to-terminal discussion".

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is Dave Crocker's attempt at capturing the sequence of 'significant' occurrences in the evolution of email; a collaborative effort that also cites this page.

4836: 3100: 4641: 4530: 2717: 2420: 1532:). A sponsored 2010 study on workplace communication found 83% of U.S. knowledge workers felt email was critical to their success and productivity at work. 4979: 4941: 3337: 696:

field, many email clients fill this in automatically before sending. The recipient's client may display the time in the format and time zone local to them.

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email systems emerged in the mid 1980s. For a time in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it seemed likely that either a proprietary commercial system or the

5068: 4490: 3913: 4711: 2565: 1565:: each participant may control their schedule independently. Batch processing of incoming emails can improve workflow compared to interrupting calls. 5736: 1996: 1384:

3 (POP3) is a mail access protocol used by a client application to read messages from the mail server. Received messages are often deleted from the

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smtp.a.org sends the message to mx.b.org using SMTP. This server may need to forward the message to other MTAs before the message reaches the final

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to send and receive their email. Mail is typically not downloaded to the web client, so it cannot be read without a current Internet connection.

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was orignally the form favored in edited published American English and British English writing, and was formerly preferred by some style guides.

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field may be unrelated to the addresses to which the message is delivered. The delivery list is supplied separately to the transport protocol,

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field names, including also fields defined for MIME, netnews, and HTTP, and referencing relevant RFCs. Common header fields for email include:

5302: 5176:, Proceedings of the Australian Telecommunications Networks and Applications Conference (ATNAC'08), pp. 39–44, Adelaide, Australia, Dec. 2008. 4785: 5521: 4032: 3382: 591: 301: 146: 4198: 2960: 347:

used in-house mail systems in the 1970s; CompuServe sold a commercial intraoffice mail product in 1978 to IBM and to Xerox from 1981. DEC's

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Delivery Reports can be used to verify whether an address exists and if so, this indicates to a spammer that it is available to be spammed.

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occurs when a person sends a message (or many messages) with angry or antagonistic content. The term is derived from the use of the word

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field. Many clients also support query string parameters for the other email fields, such as its subject line or carbon copy recipients.

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Email messages may have one or more attachments, which are additional files that are appended to the email. Typical attachments include

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Internet email messages consist of two sections, "header" and "body". These are known as "content". The header is structured into

796:: Message-ID of the message this is a reply to. Used to link related messages together. This field only applies to reply messages. 6691: 6586: 6486: 2259: 1397: 559:

Domains usually have several mail exchange servers so that they can continue to accept mail even if the primary is not available.

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Bob may pick up his email in many ways, for example logging into mx.b.org and reading it directly, or by using a webmail service.

518: 4165:[How to Prevent the Winmail.dat File from Being Sent to Internet Users]. Microsoft Support. July 2, 2010. Archived from 5759: 4303: 3909: 3869: 3778: 3578: 2834: 2790: 2293: 2091: 1988:/Secure Sockets Layer can be used to encrypt communications for a single mail hop between the SMTP client and the SMTP server. 589:, with encoding of non-ASCII data and multimedia content attachments defined in RFC 2045 through RFC 2049, collectively called 2874: 6591: 4995: 3743: 2983: 1744: 1491: 438: 305: 5573: 1995:

do not protect logins and passwords, making them easy to intercept by an attacker. Encrypted authentication schemes such as

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the "Received:"-fields and other information in the email can often identify the sender, preventing anonymous communication.

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Many email providers have a web-based email client. This allows users to log into the email account by using any compatible

686:: The email address, and, optionally, the name of the author(s). Some email clients are changeable through account settings. 563:

Many MTAs used to accept messages for any recipient on the Internet and do their best to deliver them. Such MTAs are called

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standard introduced character set specifiers and two content transfer encodings to enable transmission of non-ASCII data:

839: 647: 419: 359: 5447: 808:: Message-ID of the message this is a reply to, and the message-id of the message the previous reply was a reply to, etc. 6596: 6230: 5795: 2105:

Many ISPs now deliberately disable non-delivery reports (NDRs) and delivery receipts due to the activities of spammers:

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As well pre-processing of customer's orders or addressing the person in charge can be realized by automated procedures.

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personnel and others whose function may involve monitoring or managing may be accessing the email of other employees.

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Internal mail systems, in which the information never leaves the organizational network, may be more secure, although

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The ubiquity of email for knowledge workers and "white collar" employees has led to concerns that recipients face an "

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Many current email users do not run MTA, MDA or MUA programs themselves, but use a web-based email platform, such as

885:: after a server verifies authentication, it can save the results in this field for consumption by downstream agents. 433:

The MSA determines the destination address provided in the SMTP protocol (not from the message header)—in this case,

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to describe particularly heated email discussions. The ease and impersonality of email communications mean that the

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occurs when the email message header is designed to make the message appear to come from a known or trusted source.

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systems to messages relayed. Data pertaining to the server's activity is also part of the header, as defined below.

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and as a consequence open mail relays have become rare, and many MTAs do not accept messages from open mail relays.

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Catarina, Jessica; Feitel, Jesse (2019). "Inadvertent Contract Formation via Email under New York Law: An Update".

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A complete Message Tracking mechanism was also defined, but it never gained traction; see RFCs 3885 through 3888.

1421: 1243: 1159: 824:: Address of the sender acting on behalf of the author listed in the From: field (secretary, list manager, etc.). 790:: Also an automatic-generated field to prevent multiple deliveries and for reference in In-Reply-To: (see below). 775: 540: 4976: 4938: 3399: 3349: 860:: after an SMTP server accepts a message, it inserts this trace record at the top of the header (last to first). 743:; Many email clients mark email in one's inbox differently depending on whether they are in the To: or Cc: list. 57:; users can see new emails and take actions, such as reading, deleting, saving, or responding to these messages. 6164: 5865: 3407: 2455: 2169: 2004: 1985: 633: 608: 5093: 2694: 4459: 650:, field bodies are restricted to 7-bit ASCII characters. Some non-ASCII values may be represented using MIME 6215: 6119: 6089: 5818: 2573: 2463: 2179: 1961: 1733: 1480: 892: 4922: 4708: 4137: 3901: 1011:

Advantages of HTML include the ability to include in-line links and images, set apart previous messages in

6650: 6541: 6451: 6373: 6368: 5965: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5713: 1921: 1740: 1487: 753:; addresses are usually only specified during SMTP delivery, and not usually listed in the message header. 496: 489: 458: 329: 261:. The conventions for fields within emails—the "To", "From", "CC", "BCC" etc.—began with RFC-680 in 1975. 217: 131: 639:

Each field name begins in the first character of a new line in the header section, and begins with a non-

6476: 6471: 6302: 6185: 6109: 6049: 6009: 5850: 5509: 5422: 2204: 1092:(RTF), but this should be avoided unless the recipient is guaranteed to have a compatible email client. 959:

extensions were introduced to allow transmission of mail without the need for these encodings, but many

423: 5695: 3575:"MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part Three: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text" 3446: 1266:

format, containing the email header and body, including attachments in one or more of several formats.

61: 6601: 6506: 6014: 5690: 5355:"Made In India 'Datamail' Empowers Russia With Email Address In Russian Language - Digital Conqueror" 4421: 4384: 3883: 3835: 3526: 3485: 3186: 2848: 2804: 2545: 2229: 2189: 2144: 1981: 1834: 1811: 1799: 1381: 1147: 1135: 960: 843: 709: 705: 643: 640: 514: 325: 196: 3018: 6546: 6526: 6481: 6358: 6318: 6292: 6287: 6190: 6124: 6114: 5883: 5294: 4782: 2075: 1973: 1558: 1456:

where vendors have added MAPI support to allow their products to be accessed directly via Outlook.

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that encourage civility in person or via telephone do not exist and civility may be forgotten.

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The MUA formats the message in email format and uses the submission protocol, a profile of the

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Computer-based messaging between users of the same system became possible after the advent of

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individual was advised of certain issues, as each email has the date and time recorded on it.

6104: 5920: 5588: 5275: 5069:"Security Bite: iCloud Mail, Gmail, others shockingly bad at detecting malware, study finds" 4859: 4734: 4544: 4527:"Email Is Top Activity On Smartphones, Ahead Of Web Browsing & Facebook [Study]" 4474: 4411: 4374: 3969: 3873: 3859: 3805: 3770: 3735: 3670: 3629: 3582: 3551: 3516: 3475: 3256: 3002: 2932: 2838: 2794: 2298: 2199: 2048: 1781: 1239: 1151: 1089: 964: 956: 944: 582: 336: 291: 166: 111: 5041: 3964:

Crocker, D.; Hansen, T.; Kucherawy, M. (2011). Crocker, D; Hansen, T; Kucherawy, M (eds.).

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prevent this. Finally, the attached files share many of the same hazards as those found in

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RFC 2368 section 3 : by Paul Hoffman in 1998 discusses operation of the "mailto" URL.

4104: 3842: 3324: 3154: 2552: 2516: 2059: 1992: 1611: 1547: 1445: 1190: 1163: 613: 565: 352: 115: 2997: 2566:"What is the correct way to spell 'e' words such as 'email', 'ecommerce', 'egovernment'?" 3190: 1100: 6676: 6491: 6446: 6394: 6348: 6044: 5833: 4746: 2659: 2284: 2219: 2154: 2113: 2099: 2008: 1876: 1871: 1787: 1543: 1128: 1054:

for all the above reasons, and because they have a significant number of readers using

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In addition to this example, alternatives and complications exist in the email system:

103:). Email is a ubiquitous and very widely used communication medium; in current use, an 4117:

When posting to a RootsWeb mailing list, your message should be sent as "plain text."

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styles. Disadvantages include the increased size of the email, privacy concerns about

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From Diversity to Convergence: British Computer Networks and the Internet, 1970-1995

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developed similar, but generally incompatible, mail applications. In 1971 the first

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makes changes to image files, the uploader receives an email about the changes made.

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Rich Kawanagh. The top ten email spam list of 2005. ITVibe news, 2006, January 02,

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applications that can serve as a remedy to one or more of the above. For example,

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has been in use with its modern meaning since 1975, and variations of the shorter

5612: 3276: 1162:. Programs used by users for retrieving, reading, and managing email are called 6338: 6277: 6205: 6134: 5770: 4424: 4405: 4387: 4368: 3886: 3863: 3529: 3510: 3488: 3469: 3317: 3147: 2851: 2828: 2807: 2784: 2602: 2214: 2149: 1722: 1635:

Many users access their personal emails from friends and family members using a

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Users can retrieve their messages from servers using standard protocols such as

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to carry text in expanded character sets and multimedia content such as images.

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SMTP transports a mail object. A mail object contains an envelope and content.

939:, but must assume it will communicate with 7-bit servers and mail readers. The 6516: 6343: 6333: 6159: 6024: 6019: 5843: 5098: 4478: 2274: 2264: 2249: 2224: 2120:

In the absence of standard methods, a range of system based around the use of

2102:(return receipts); however, these are not universally deployed in production. 1968:

can be used to encrypt traffic from the user machine to a safer network while

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Email privacy, without some security precautions, can be compromised because:

1902: 1897: 1880: 1859: 1827: 1706: 1648: 1619: 1401: 1337: 1319: 1311: 1303: 1275: 1259: 1062:. Various informal conventions evolved for marking up plain text in email and 1005: 1001: 993: 874:

Other fields added on top of the header by the receiving server may be called

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rose to 59.56%. The percentage of spam email in 2021 is estimated to be 85%.

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Alice or Bob may use a client connected to a corporate email system, such as

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network mail was sent, introducing the now-familiar address syntax with the '

6606: 6551: 6466: 6461: 6363: 6297: 6267: 6262: 6200: 6195: 6144: 6139: 6039: 5855: 5838: 4730:"Mysterious Attachment Size Increases, Replicating Public Folders, and More" 4458:

Martin, Brett A. S.; Van Durme, Joel; Raulas, Mika; Merisavo, Marko (2003).

4163:"Verhindern, dass die Datei "Winmail.dat" an Internetbenutzer gesendet wird" 4048: 2209: 2184: 1580: 1085: 1016: 700:

RFC 3864 describes registration procedures for message header fields at the

537: 481: 309: 98: 66: 5122:"How a badly-coded computer virus caused billions in damage | CNN Business" 2489: 2323:

IBM's system was available on request to customers prior to formal release.

1709:

3.5 times as much as those over 45, and were far less likely to use email.

394:

The following is a typical sequence of events that takes place when sender

215:

is sometimes used. The original usage in June 1979 occurred in the journal

199:(RFC) and working groups. This spelling also appears in most dictionaries. 4166: 3244: 1039:. Some e-mail clients interpret the body as HTML even in the absence of a 905:(DKIM) decryption to verify the message was not changed after it was sent. 6531: 6511: 6456: 6404: 6399: 6282: 6235: 6154: 6094: 6079: 6069: 5915: 5592: 2244: 2062:

is credited with coining this term, but he may only have popularized it.

1884: 1656: 1535:

It has some key benefits to business and other organizations, including:

1529: 1078: 1032: 952: 770: 663: 553:

Alice's computer may run its own MTA, so avoiding the transfer at step 1.

446: 348: 5624:

Electronic Mail: An Introduction to the X.400 Message Handling Standards

5237:"UK court ruling says email signature blocks can sign binding contracts" 2936: 2923:

Gardner, P. C. (1981). "A system for the automated office environment".

2386: 229:, which was developed in the late 1970s and operated in the early 1980s. 6536: 6441: 6323: 6272: 6225: 6084: 6059: 6054: 5823: 3260: 3062: 2289: 2126: 2121: 1944: 1851: 1747: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1673: 1494: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1363: 1205: 1182: 1036: 1028: 1020: 977: 672: 547: 546:

Alice may not have an MUA on her computer but instead may connect to a

321: 317: 135: 5173: 3965: 3801: 3662: 3621: 3574: 3547: 1837:

and similar laws elsewhere had some impact, and a number of effective

947:

for mostly 7-bit content with a few characters outside that range and

778:

respects a fine-grained automatic response suppression mechanism, the

6389: 6169: 5893: 5828: 5174:

SMEmail – A New Protocol for the Secure E-mail in Mobile Environments

5150:"LockBit ransomware spread in millions of emails via Phorpiex botnet" 4416: 4379: 3974: 3878: 3809: 3774: 3739: 3674: 3634: 3586: 3555: 3521: 3480: 3433: 3411: 3148:"Retiring the NSFNET Backbone Service: Chronicling the End of an Era" 2843: 2799: 2174: 1977: 1571:

Sending an email is much less expensive than sending postal mail, or

1453: 1437: 1433: 1425: 1331: 1067: 1063: 948: 625: 17: 4129: 935:

Internet email was designed for 7-bit ASCII. Most email software is

830:: A direct link to the archived form of an individual email message. 3937:

This extensible field is defined by RFC 7001, this also defines an

3181: 2718:"Laying Out All The Evidence: Shiva Ayyadurai Did Not Invent Email" 2686: 1066:

posts, which later led to the development of formal languages like

616:

at the end. The header is separated from the body by a blank line.

6099: 2303: 1576: 1307: 1212:, from any computer, rather than relying on a local email client. 1197: 1099: 963:

may not support them. In some countries, e-mail software violates

759:: Information about how the message is to be displayed, usually a 668: 408: 367: 226: 154: 142: 60: 48: 853:

of a message saved in the header using the following two fields:

324:' symbol designating the user's system address. Over a series of 6616: 6064: 5957: 5946: 5936: 5704:

is a personal memoir by the implementer of an early email system

4919: 3663:"RFC 6531, SMTP Extension for Internationalized Email Addresses" 2381: 2379: 1413: 1263: 1186: 1181:

side, or in both places. Standard formats for mailboxes include

1139: 1088:

email clients may allow rich formatting using their proprietary

1024: 997: 940: 760: 651: 484:

listing the mail exchange servers for that domain, in this case

409: 379: 375: 193: 93: 5961: 5732: 1225:

format. The specific format used is often indicated by special

679:

The message header must include at least the following fields:

581:

The basic Internet message format used for email is defined by

5717: 5639:

Programmer's Guide to Internet Mail: SMTP, POP, IMAP, and LDAP

5126: 2955: 2269: 1791: 1716: 1687: 1463: 1208:

interfaces allow users to access their mail with any standard

530: 328:, conventions were refined for sending mail messages over the 249:

is a traditional form used in RFCs for the "Author's Address".

5506: 4890:"Seeing Spam? How To Take Care of Your Google Analytics Data" 870:

of a message, it inserts this field at the top of the header.

5558:

Essential Email Standards: RFCs and Protocols Made Practical

4665:"Set Message Size Limits in Exchange 2010 and Exchange 2007" 2421:"Why the first use of the word 'e-mail' may be lost forever" 2090:

failures can cause messages to be lost. To remedy this, the

692:: The local time and date the message was written. Like the 5725:, a 2021 article attempting to summarize more than 100 RFCs 3701:"Now, get your email address in Hindi - The Economic Times" 2998:"Sept. 24, 1979: First Online Service for Consumers Debuts" 2129:

providers can also disrupt web bugs by pre-caching images.

84:) is a method of transmitting and receiving messages using 335:

Proprietary electronic mail systems soon began to emerge.

88:

devices. It was conceived in the late–20th century as the

5398:"Software That Tracks E-Mail Is Raising Privacy Concerns" 1123:(MTAs); and delivered to a mail store by programs called 1050:

recommend all posts be made in plain text, with 72 or 80

3243:

Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D (2013).

1599:

Possibility of auto-processing and improved distribution

5710:

is a short, yet vivid recap of the key historical facts

5528:

Internet e-mail Protocols, Standards and Implementation

4977:"Google Says Its AI Catches 99.9 Percent of Gmail Spam" 4688:"Google updates file size limits for Gmail and YouTube" 1424:—and to a range of other email server products such as 1258:, and Postbox. The files contain the email contents as 5714:

Business E-Mail Compromise - An Emerging Global Threat

4257: 4255: 3217:(Computer Science thesis). The University of Warwick. 3041:"Tech before its time: Xerox's shooting Star computer" 1015:, wrap naturally on any display, use emphasis such as 145:

communications medium, Internet email was extended by

138:

interface to send or receive messages or download it.

5325:"Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) | Registry.In" 4460:"E-mail Marketing: Exploratory Insights from Finland" 3245:"The History of the Internet: The Missing Narratives" 449:

of the recipient, and the part after the @ sign is a

300:

in the early 1960s, with a notable implementation by

257:, and a single piece of electronic mail is called a 6625: 6574: 6434: 6418: 6382: 6311: 6255: 6248: 6178: 6002: 5995: 5929: 5864: 5804: 2112:

If the spammer uses a forged sender email address (

1984:message encryption, and SMTP STARTTLS or SMTP over 241:

starting in April 1981, which popularized the term.

4598: 4563: 3546:P. Resnick, Ed. (October 2008). Resnick, P (ed.). 2748: 1850:Emails are a major vector for the distribution of 1705:users showed that persons 13 to 24 used messaging 895:checks in more detail than Authentication-Results. 453:. The MSA resolves a domain name to determine the 4792:, Chris Hoffman, December 21, 2012, makeuseof.com 4448:" September 22, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010. 4101:"Problem Solving: Sending Messages in Plain Text" 818:: Address should be used to reply to the message. 422:(SMTP), to send the message content to the local 37:"Reply all" redirects here. For the podcast, see 3765:Resnick, Pete (October 2008). Resnick, P (ed.). 3730:Resnick, Pete (October 2008). Resnick, P (ed.). 3400:"Allowing Relaying in SMTP: A Series of Surveys" 2414: 2412: 1000:for the message body at the option of the user. 513:Bob's MUA picks up the message using either the 5187:"When Email Exchanges Become Binding Contracts" 4545:"The ultimate mobile email statistics overview" 3926:there are many more trace fields than those two 2512:"AP Removes Hyphen From 'Email' In Style Guide" 1698:—no longer cool and something older people do. 1115:Messages are exchanged between hosts using the 1043:header field; this may cause various problems. 911:: is used to mark automatic-generated messages. 802:: HTTP link to unsubscribe from a mailing list. 725:: A brief summary of the topic of the message. 372:Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile 362:(SMTP) was implemented on the ARPANET in 1983. 153:, with internationalized email addresses using 5654:X.400 and SMTP: Battle of the E-mail Protocols 4634:"Email is dying among mobile's youngest users" 4229:"Free Email Providers in the Yahoo! Directory" 2633:, Table of decisions on consistent use in RFC" 1004:messages often include an automatic-generated 628:of the email header. Each email message has a 5973: 5744: 5574:"The Technical Development of Internet Email" 5543:Internet Email Protocols: A Developer's Guide 5507:Inbox Detox and The Habit of Email Excellence 5448:"Outlook: Web Bugs & Blocked HTML Images" 4000:Defined in RFC 3834, and updated by RFC 5436. 3432:The Internet message format is also used for 3377:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 164. 3019:"They could have owned the computer industry" 2984:"CompuServe pins hopes on MicroNET, InfoPlex" 167:History of email § Terminology and usage 53:This screenshot shows the "Inbox" page of an 8: 3667:IETF Request for Comments (RFC) Pages - Test 3626:IETF Request for Comments (RFC) Pages - Test 3157:, Susan R. Harris, Ph.D., and Elise Gerich, 1405:mail is left in folders in the mail server. 1131:back to the sender, indicating the problem. 729:are commonly used in the subject, including 5373:SMTP Service Extension for Message Tracking 4370:DISTRIBUTED ELECTRONIC MAIL MODELS IN IMAP4 4274:. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage. p. 245. 3622:"RFC 6532, Internationalized Email Headers" 2590:We recommend email, this is the common form 2456:"From E-mail to Email: Is the Sky Falling?" 1931:email messages are generally not encrypted. 1414:Messaging Application Programming Interface 1340:, as registered with the IANA, defines the 866:: after the delivery SMTP server makes the 253:The service is often simply referred to as 188:is now the common form, and recommended by 6252: 5999: 5980: 5966: 5958: 5751: 5737: 5729: 5094:"When are email attachments safe to open?" 1589:Much faster than most of the alternatives. 308:project in 1965. Most developers of early 157:, is standardized but not widely adopted. 4415: 4378: 3973: 3877: 3834:Microsoft, Auto Response Suppress, 2010, 3633: 3520: 3479: 3180: 2842: 2798: 2332:Not using Internationalized Email or MIME 2080:Email address § Internationalization 1763:Learn how and when to remove this message 1680:. Technology writer Matt Richtel said in 1510:Learn how and when to remove this message 5016:"Kaspersky Lab Spam and Phishing report" 4937:How Microsoft is losing the war on spam 4860:"Struggling to Evade the E-Mail Tsunami" 4600:"Why Are Young People Abandoning Email?" 3767:"RFC 5322, 3.6.4. Identification Fields" 2687:"Did V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai Invent Email?" 492:(MTA) server run by the recipient's ISP. 5581:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 5476:, Ron Amadeo, Dec 13 2013, Ars Technica 5385:Message Tracking Model and Requirements 4816:from the original on September 1, 2011. 4675:from the original on February 12, 2013. 4515:from the original on November 10, 2016. 4353:from the original on December 26, 2016. 3689:from the original on February 18, 2015. 3650:from the original on February 18, 2015. 3562:from the original on February 22, 2015. 2992:. Vol. 13, no. 42. p. 69 2951:"IBM100 - The Networked Business Place" 2542:from the original on December 28, 2013. 2360: 2358: 2354: 2316: 122:. Today's email systems are based on a 6697:Computer-related introductions in 1971 5708:A Look at the Origins of Network Email 5425:. Email.about.com. December 19, 2013. 4709:"Maximum attachment size", Gmail Help. 4496:from the original on October 21, 2012. 4209:from the original on November 13, 2021 3781:from the original on December 30, 2013 3746:from the original on December 30, 2013 3129:from the original on September 9, 2016 3029:from the original on February 27, 2021 2639:from the original on December 28, 2013 2609:from the original on December 16, 2013 2488:. Styleguide.yahoo.com. Archived from 2450: 2448: 2446: 2372:from the original on October 22, 2016. 1031:, abuse of HTML email as a vector for 5691:IANA's list of standard header fields 5247:from the original on October 17, 2019 4900:from the original on November 7, 2017 4839:from the original on October 23, 2015 4663:Suneja, Bharat (September 10, 2007). 4140:from the original on February 8, 2014 4079:"Email policies that prevent viruses" 4059:from the original on January 31, 2022 3601:from the original on January 14, 2012 3453:from the original on October 6, 2008. 3374:Information Technology for Management 3224:from the original on October 10, 2022 3197:from the original on August 11, 2015. 2877:from the original on December 2, 2017 2728:from the original on January 27, 2022 1238:Used by many email clients including 1204:, that performs the same tasks. Such 592:Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions 439:fully qualified domain address (FQDA) 7: 5572:Partridge, Craig (April–June 2008). 5467:"Gmail blows up e-mail marketing..." 5429:from the original on August 27, 2016 5293:Barrett, Grant (December 23, 2007). 5048:from the original on October 5, 2021 4986:, Cade Metz, July 09 2015, wired.com 4686:Humphries, Matthew (June 29, 2009). 4533:from the original on April 29, 2014. 4314:from the original on August 18, 2019 4304:"Creating hyperlinks § E-mail links" 3982:from the original on October 1, 2018 3916:from the original on August 11, 2012 3711:from the original on August 28, 2016 3103:from the original on January 3, 2017 2747:Pexton, Patrick B. (March 1, 2012). 1745:adding citations to reliable sources 1492:adding citations to reliable sources 441:. The part before the @ sign is the 5361:from the original on March 5, 2017. 5305:from the original on April 17, 2009 4870:from the original on April 17, 2009 4783:"8 ways to email large attachments" 4562:Richtel, Matt (December 20, 2010). 4551:from the original on July 11, 2014. 4103:. RootsWeb HelpDesk. Archived from 3548:"RFC 5322, Internet Message Format" 3307:from the original on June 11, 2017. 3051:from the original on April 18, 2022 2996:Dylan Tweney (September 24, 1979). 2982:Connie Winkler (October 22, 1979). 2963:from the original on August 2, 2020 2697:from the original on April 17, 2022 2240:List of email subject abbreviations 1142:, or, as is more likely in a large 5197:from the original on June 19, 2019 5022:from the original on July 17, 2018 4858:Stross, Randall (April 20, 2008). 4764:"Send large files to other people" 4644:from the original on April 5, 2018 4613:from the original on April 5, 2018 4597:Gustini, Ray (December 21, 2010). 4578:from the original on April 5, 2018 4150:Plain text, 72 characters per line 3816:from the original on July 25, 2014 3800:Dürst, Martin J. (December 2007). 3732:"RFC 5322, 3.6. Field Definitions" 3447:"An update to the email standards" 3073:from the original on July 18, 2011 2666:from the original on April 3, 2012 2524:from the original on May 12, 2015. 2431:from the original on April 7, 2023 2397:from the original on April 6, 2023 382:email protocols the standard (see 25: 5335:from the original on May 13, 2016 5067:Waichulis, Arin (April 5, 2024). 4829:"Happy Information Overload Day!" 4565:"E-Mail Gets an Instant Makeover" 3398:Hoffman, Paul (August 20, 2002). 3249:Journal of Information Technology 3173:"A Brief History of the Internet" 2900:. Openmap.bbn.com. Archived from 2761:from the original on May 19, 2022 2750:"Origins of e-mail: My mea culpa" 2520:. New York City. March 18, 2011. 2419:Ohlheiser, Abby (July 28, 2015). 2100:Message Disposition Notifications 1802:are available and commonly used. 1077:, the most popular of them being 264:An Internet email consists of an 6487:Microsoft Internet Mail and News 5396:Amy Harmon (November 22, 2000). 5120:Griffiths, James (May 2, 2020). 4827:Gross, Doug (October 20, 2010). 4728:Walther, Henrik (January 2009). 3900:John Levine (January 14, 2012). 3661:J. Yao; W. Mao (February 2012). 3445:Simpson, Ken (October 3, 2008). 3017:Ollig, Mark (October 31, 2011). 2871:"The History of Electronic Mail" 2260:Privacy-enhanced Electronic Mail 1721: 1664:Declining use among young people 1468: 1398:Internet Message Access Protocol 519:Internet Message Access Protocol 27:Mail sent using electronic means 5760:Computer-mediated communication 5723:Explained from first principles 5545:, Addison-Wesley Professional, 5005:, May 12, 2016, securelist.com 4804:"Email Statistics Report, 2010" 4632:Perez, Sarah (March 24, 2016). 4467:Journal of Advertising Research 4272:Encyclopedia of social networks 4262:Hansen, Derek; Smith, Marc A.; 3943:Email Authentication Parameters 3348:. July 19, 2004. Archived from 2564:AskOxford Language Query team. 2294:Comparison of webmail providers 1732:needs additional citations for 1523:Business and organizational use 1479:needs additional citations for 1096:Servers and client applications 951:for arbitrary binary data. The 92:version of, or counterpart to, 5702:The History of Electronic Mail 5148:French, Laura (May 14, 2024). 4996:"Spam and phishing in Q1 2016" 4365:"Implementation and Operation" 4339:. Prentice Hall. p. 192. 4270:. In Barnett, George A (ed.). 2716:Masnick, Mike (May 22, 2019). 2387:"email noun earlier than 1979" 1119:with software programs called 1: 6231:Mozilla Mail & Newsgroups 5042:"2021 Email Usage Statistics" 4509:"Spam culture, part 1: China" 4507:Lev, Amir (October 2, 2009). 4021:TCP/IP Network Administration 3865:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 3620:A Yang, Ed. (February 2012). 3471:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 2830:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 2786:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 2096:Delivery Status Notifications 2003:. Attached files may contain 1639:in their house or apartment. 1573:long distance telephone calls 1117:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 420:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 360:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 192:. It is the form required by 179:have been in use since 1979: 5796:Virtual learning environment 3161:, Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1996 2660:"How do you spell "e-mail"?" 2605:. Dictionary.reference.com. 1554:Helping with synchronization 398:transmits a message using a 272:; the content consists of a 223:United States Postal Service 30:For the former company, see 5909:Voice chat in online gaming 5530:, Artech House Publishers, 4439:Is Email a Curse or a Boon? 4199:"View only unread messages" 3464:J. Klensin (October 2008), 3449:. MailChannels Blog Entry. 3303:. howstuffworks.com. 2008. 2160:Comparison of email clients 1592:Creating a "written" record 502:The MDA delivers it to the 455:fully qualified domain name 6713: 5280:10.1207/s15327051hci0101_3 5268:Human-Computer Interaction 4407:Internet Mail Architecture 3573:Moore, K (November 1996). 3512:Internet Mail Architecture 3097:DIGITAL Computing Timeline 2073: 2046: 1912: 1895: 1869: 1825: 1779: 1776:Attachment size limitation 1361: 1329: 1173:Mail can be stored on the 1160:Microsoft Exchange Servers 1035:attacks and the spread of 980:is growing in popularity. 903:DomainKeys Identified Mail 445:of the address, often the 370:email system, part of the 289: 164: 36: 29: 6646: 5806:Asynchronous conferencing 5766: 5669:Programming Internet Mail 5560:, John Wiley & Sons, 4714:October 15, 2011, at the 4479:10.1017/s0021849903030265 2898:"The First Network Email" 2662:. Alt-usage-english.org. 2544:This is suggested by the 2391:Oxford English Dictionary 1647:Email has become used on 1422:Microsoft Exchange Server 1314:based on the mbox format. 1244:Microsoft Outlook Express 1193:supporting the protocol. 6324:Bloomba/WordPerfect Mail 6105:Mailx (Heirloom Project) 5866:Synchronous conferencing 3505:D. Crocker (July 2009), 3408:Internet Mail Consortium 2546:RFC Document Style Guide 2170:Disposable email address 2098:(delivery receipts) and 2001:peer-to-peer filesharing 1986:Transport Layer Security 1962:Virtual Private Networks 1686:that email was like the 1318:Some applications (like 1288:Microsoft Office Outlook 1056:text-based email clients 1008:copy for compatibility. 992:allow the use of either 780:X-Auto-Response-Suppress 80:; alternatively spelled 6692:History of the Internet 5819:Electronic mailing list 5516:", Acanthus Publishing 3318:"MX Record Explanation" 3208:Rutter, Dorian (2005). 2574:Oxford University Press 2536:"RFC Editor Terms List" 2464:Chicago Manual of Style 2180:Electronic mailing list 624:RFC 5322 specifies the 402:(MUA) addressed to the 141:Originally a text-only 5791:Social network service 5786:Collaborative software 5781:Communication software 4752:Exchange Queue & A 4437:By Om Malik, GigaOm. " 3371:Ch Seetha Ram (2010). 1922:information technology 1539:Facilitating logistics 1112: 883:Authentication-Results 571:unsolicited bulk email 497:message delivery agent 490:message transfer agent 414: 330:File Transfer Protocol 110:Email operates across 70: 58: 5851:Bulletin board system 5512:May 20, 2016, at the 5492:Introduction to X.400 4698:on December 19, 2011. 4333:Allen, David (2004). 4203:support.microsoft.com 3338:"What is open relay?" 3047:. February 15, 2012. 2205:Email hosting service 2085:Tracking of sent mail 2074:Further information: 1800:file hosting services 1292:OfficeLogic Groupware 1150:protocol specific to 1103: 961:mail transport agents 727:Certain abbreviations 424:mail submission agent 412: 197:Requests for Comments 165:Further information: 64: 52: 6687:Electronic documents 6682:Internet terminology 6575:Related technologies 6507:Netscape Messenger 9 5696:The History of Email 5593:10.1109/mahc.2008.32 5357:. December 7, 2016. 4402:"Message Store (MS)" 4107:on February 19, 2014 3474:, sec. 2.3.1., 3123:"HP Computer Museum" 3099:. January 30, 1998. 2857:format specification 2393:. October 25, 2012. 2230:Information overload 2190:Email authentication 2145:Anti-spam techniques 2066:Internationalization 1839:anti-spam techniques 1835:CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 1812:information overload 1806:Information overload 1741:improve this article 1488:improve this article 1382:Post Office Protocol 1146:environment, with a 1125:mail delivery agents 1121:mail transfer agents 1104:The interface of an 988:Most modern graphic 901:: stores results of 891:: stores results of 844:email authentication 599:. The extensions in 515:Post Office Protocol 480:) responds with any 426:(MSA), in this case 221:in reference to the 6482:Microsoft Entourage 6359:Outlook for Windows 6191:Beonex Communicator 6115:Mozilla Thunderbird 5884:Internet Relay Chat 5295:"All We Are Saying" 5218:Syracuse Law Review 5044:. October 5, 2021. 4410:. sec. 4.2.2. 4019:Craig Hunt (2002). 3860:"Trace Information" 3836:Microsoft reference 3414:on January 18, 2007 3191:1999cs........1011L 2937:10.1147/sj.203.0321 2925:IBM Systems Journal 2837:. sec. 2.3.1. 2793:. sec. 2.3.1. 2486:"Yahoo style guide" 2076:International email 1991:Additionally, many 1256:Mozilla Thunderbird 1227:filename extensions 1216:Filename extensions 1052:characters per line 984:Plain text and HTML 644:printable character 601:International email 151:International email 120:local area networks 5472:2017-06-07 at the 5453:2015-02-18 at the 5402:The New York Times 5299:The New York Times 5235:Corfield, Gareth. 5001:2016-08-09 at the 4982:2016-09-16 at the 4963:2006-09-11 at the 4944:2008-06-29 at the 4925:2008-07-20 at the 4864:The New York Times 4788:2016-07-02 at the 4769:2016-08-07 at the 4571:The New York Times 4529:. March 28, 2013. 4444:2010-12-04 at the 4169:on January 9, 2014 4134:BSD Mailing Lists" 4083:Advosys Consulting 4049:"What is unicode?" 3841:2011-04-07 at the 3804:. Tools.ietf.org. 3769:. Tools.ietf.org. 3734:. Tools.ietf.org. 3705:The Economic Times 3515:, sec. 4.1., 3352:on August 24, 2007 3346:Indiana University 3323:2015-01-17 at the 3261:10.1057/jit.2013.4 3153:2016-01-01 at the 2959:. August 2, 2020. 2551:2015-04-24 at the 2466:. October 11, 2017 2165:Dark Mail Alliance 2140:Anonymous remailer 2056:Harvard University 1683:The New York Times 1426:Axigen Mail Server 1420:to communicate to 1416:(MAPI) is used by 1409:MAPI email servers 1392:IMAP email servers 1376:POP3 email servers 1113: 1041:Content-Type: html 1037:malicious software 776:Microsoft Exchange 704:; it provides for 463:Domain Name System 415: 406:of the recipient. 225:initiative called 71: 65:When a "robot" on 59: 6664: 6663: 6638:Unicode and email 6570: 6569: 6562:Windows Messaging 6557:Windows Live Mail 6354:Microsoft Outlook 6256:Freeware/Freemium 6244: 6243: 5955: 5954: 5899:Videoconferencing 5879:Instant messaging 5874:Data conferencing 5776:Online discussion 5526:Lawrence Hughes, 5522:978-0-9815589-8-1 4373:. sec. 4.5. 4034:978-0-596-00297-8 3872:. sec. 4.4. 3384:978-81-8450-267-1 2631:"RFC Style Guide" 2280:Unicode and email 1950:user agent string 1773: 1772: 1765: 1701:A 2015 survey of 1670:instant messaging 1637:personal computer 1631:Personal computer 1520: 1519: 1512: 1418:Microsoft Outlook 1326:URI scheme mailto 851:trace information 849:SMTP defines the 751:Blind carbon copy 353:Hewlett-Packard's 124:store-and-forward 112:computer networks 16:(Redirected from 6704: 6364:Novell GroupWise 6253: 6000: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5959: 5921:Web conferencing 5856:Online guestbook 5753: 5746: 5739: 5730: 5619: 5618:on June 2, 2016. 5617: 5611:. Archived from 5578: 5494:, Artech House, 5477: 5464: 5458: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5018:. May 26, 2021. 5012: 5006: 4993: 4987: 4974: 4968: 4956:Spam Bill 2003 ( 4954: 4948: 4935: 4929: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4808: 4802:Radicati, Sara. 4799: 4793: 4780: 4774: 4761: 4755: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4735:TechNet Magazine 4725: 4719: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4694:. Archived from 4683: 4677: 4676: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4602: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4567: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4464: 4455: 4449: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4419: 4417:10.17487/RFC5598 4398: 4392: 4391: 4382: 4380:10.17487/RFC1733 4361: 4355: 4354: 4336:Windows to Linux 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4259: 4250: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4239:on July 4, 2014. 4235:. Archived from 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4195: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4145: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4112: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4089:on May 12, 2007. 4085:. Archived from 4075: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3977: 3975:10.17487/RFC6376 3961: 3955: 3952: 3946: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3921: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3881: 3879:10.17487/RFC5321 3858:(October 2008). 3852: 3846: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3810:10.17487/RFC5064 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3775:10.17487/RFC5322 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3740:10.17487/RFC5322 3727: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3675:10.17487/RFC6531 3658: 3652: 3651: 3637: 3635:10.17487/RFC6532 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3587:10.17487/RFC2047 3570: 3564: 3563: 3556:10.17487/RFC5322 3543: 3537: 3536: 3524: 3522:10.17487/RFC5598 3502: 3496: 3495: 3483: 3481:10.17487/RFC5321 3461: 3455: 3454: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3410:. Archived from 3395: 3389: 3388: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3334: 3328: 3327:, it.cornell.edu 3315: 3309: 3308: 3300:How E-mail Works 3295: 3289: 3288: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3223: 3216: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3184: 3168: 3162: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3063:"The Xerox Star" 3059: 3058: 3056: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3014: 3008: 3007: 2993: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2947: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2846: 2844:10.17487/RFC5321 2821: 2815: 2814: 2802: 2800:10.17487/RFC5321 2777: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2752: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2576:. Archived from 2561: 2555: 2543: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2452: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2416: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2383: 2374: 2373: 2362: 2342: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2299:X-Originating-IP 2200:Email encryption 2049:Email bankruptcy 2043:Email bankruptcy 1993:mail user agents 1980:can be used for 1909:Privacy concerns 1782:Email attachment 1768: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1725: 1717: 1586:Increasing speed 1515: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1472: 1464: 1343: 1299: 1283: 1271: 1240:Novell GroupWise 1235: 1164:mail user agents 1152:Novell Groupwise 1090:Rich Text Format 1042: 945:quoted printable 931:Content encoding 816: 815: 800:List-Unsubscribe 566:open mail relays 292:History of email 114:, primarily the 21: 6712: 6711: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6642: 6621: 6566: 6522:Outlook Express 6430: 6414: 6378: 6307: 6240: 6174: 6030:Cleancode eMail 5991: 5986: 5956: 5951: 5925: 5860: 5800: 5762: 5757: 5687: 5682: 5626:, Mcgraw-Hill, 5622:Sara Radicati, 5615: 5576: 5571: 5541:Kevin Johnson, 5514:Wayback Machine 5490:Cemil Betanov, 5486: 5484:Further reading 5481: 5480: 5474:Wayback Machine 5465: 5461: 5457:, slipstick.com 5455:Wayback Machine 5446: 5442: 5432: 5430: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5370: 5366: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5308: 5306: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5198: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5158: 5156: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5025: 5023: 5014: 5013: 5009: 5003:Wayback Machine 4994: 4990: 4984:Wayback Machine 4975: 4971: 4965:Wayback Machine 4955: 4951: 4946:Wayback Machine 4936: 4932: 4927:Wayback Machine 4917: 4913: 4903: 4901: 4896:. May 4, 2015. 4894:sitepronews.com 4888: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4806: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4790:Wayback Machine 4781: 4777: 4773:, Microsoft.com 4771:Wayback Machine 4762: 4758: 4740: 4738: 4727: 4726: 4722: 4716:Wayback Machine 4707: 4703: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4647: 4645: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4543: 4542: 4538: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4493: 4462: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4446:Wayback Machine 4436: 4432: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4347: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4282: 4261: 4260: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4143: 4141: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4110: 4108: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3936: 3932: 3919: 3917: 3902:"Trace headers" 3899: 3898: 3894: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3843:Wayback Machine 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3712: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3325:Wayback Machine 3316: 3312: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155:Wayback Machine 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3076: 3074: 3061: 3054: 3052: 3039: 3032: 3030: 3016: 3015: 3011: 2995: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2949: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2907: 2905: 2896:Ray Tomlinson. 2895: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2869:Tom Van Vleck. 2868: 2867: 2863: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2755:Washington Post 2746: 2745: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2685:thaigh (2015). 2684: 2683: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2603:"Reference.com" 2601: 2600: 2596: 2583: 2581: 2580:on July 1, 2008 2563: 2562: 2558: 2553:Wayback Machine 2534: 2533: 2529: 2517:Huffington Post 2510: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2469: 2467: 2454: 2453: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2425:Washington Post 2418: 2417: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2385: 2384: 2377: 2364: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2135: 2087: 2082: 2068: 2060:Lawrence Lessig 2051: 2045: 2026: 2017: 2015:Legal contracts 1917: 1911: 1900: 1894: 1874: 1868: 1848: 1830: 1824: 1808: 1784: 1778: 1769: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1738: 1726: 1715: 1666: 1645: 1633: 1628: 1612:Email marketing 1609: 1607:Email marketing 1548:conference call 1525: 1516: 1505: 1499: 1496: 1485: 1473: 1462: 1446:IBM Lotus Notes 1411: 1394: 1378: 1366: 1360: 1358:Web-based email 1355: 1341: 1334: 1328: 1297: 1281: 1269: 1233: 1218: 1098: 1046:Some web-based 1040: 986: 933: 928: 813: 812: 731:"RE:" and "FW:" 660: 622: 614:signature block 579: 577:Message format 472:for the domain 413:Email operation 400:mail user agent 392: 294: 286: 173:electronic mail 169: 163: 78:electronic mail 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6710: 6708: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6669: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6629: 6627: 6626:Related topics 6623: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6492:Microsoft Mail 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6447:Claris Emailer 6444: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6349:Mail (Windows) 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6315: 6313: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 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5414: 5388: 5376: 5364: 5346: 5316: 5285: 5258: 5227: 5208: 5178: 5166: 5140: 5112: 5085: 5059: 5033: 5007: 4988: 4969: 4949: 4930: 4911: 4881: 4850: 4819: 4794: 4775: 4756: 4747:Microsoft Docs 4720: 4701: 4678: 4655: 4624: 4589: 4554: 4536: 4518: 4499: 4473:(3): 293–300. 4450: 4430: 4393: 4356: 4346:978-1423902454 4345: 4325: 4295: 4280: 4251: 4242: 4220: 4190: 4180: 4154: 4121: 4092: 4070: 4040: 4033: 4027:. p. 70. 4025:O'Reilly Media 4011: 4002: 3993: 3956: 3947: 3930: 3892: 3847: 3827: 3792: 3757: 3722: 3692: 3653: 3612: 3565: 3538: 3507:"Message Data" 3497: 3466:"Mail Objects" 3456: 3437: 3425: 3390: 3383: 3363: 3329: 3310: 3290: 3235: 3200: 3163: 3140: 3114: 3084: 3067:toastytech.com 3023:Herald Journal 3009: 2974: 2931:(3): 321–345. 2915: 2904:on May 6, 2006 2888: 2861: 2825:"Mail Objects" 2816: 2781:"Mail Objects" 2772: 2739: 2708: 2677: 2658:Israel, Mark. 2650: 2620: 2594: 2556: 2527: 2503: 2492:on May 9, 2013 2477: 2460:CMOS Shop Talk 2442: 2408: 2375: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2334: 2325: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2287: 2285:Usenet quoting 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2220:Email tracking 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2155:Bounce message 2152: 2147: 2142: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2118: 2117: 2114:email spoofing 2110: 2086: 2083: 2067: 2064: 2058:law professor 2047:Main article: 2044: 2041: 2025: 2022: 2016: 2013: 1976:, SMEmail, or 1954: 1953: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1913:Main article: 1910: 1907: 1896:Main article: 1893: 1890: 1877:Email spoofing 1872:Email spoofing 1870:Main article: 1867: 1866:Email spoofing 1864: 1856:computer worms 1847: 1844: 1826:Main article: 1823: 1820: 1807: 1804: 1788:Microsoft Word 1780:Main article: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1729: 1727: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1665: 1662: 1644: 1641: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1569: 1566: 1555: 1552: 1544:telephone call 1540: 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5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5677:1-56592-479-7 5674: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5662:1-55558-165-X 5659: 5655: 5652:John Rhoton, 5651: 5648: 5647:1-55558-212-5 5644: 5640: 5637:John Rhoton, 5636: 5633: 5632:0-07-051104-7 5629: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5575: 5570: 5567: 5566:0-471-34597-0 5563: 5559: 5556:Pete Loshin, 5555: 5552: 5551:0-201-43288-9 5548: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5536:0-89006-939-5 5533: 5529: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5500:0-89006-597-7 5497: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5444: 5441: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5317: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5259: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5228: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5209: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5175: 5170: 5167: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5141: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5116: 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4318:September 30, 4313: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4281:9781412994170 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4264:Heer, Jeffrey 4258: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4233:dir.yahoo.com 4230: 4224: 4221: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4191: 4184: 4181: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4139: 4135: 4133: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4071: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4036: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4012: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3906:email message 3903: 3896: 3893: 3888: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3845:, 2010 Sep 22 3844: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3793: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3758: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3723: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3613: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3460: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3391: 3386: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3367: 3364: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3294: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3236: 3220: 3213: 3212: 3204: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3144: 3141: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3050: 3046: 3045:New Scientist 3042: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3010: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2991: 2990: 2989:Computerworld 2985: 2978: 2975: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2916: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2889: 2876: 2872: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2792: 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2123: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2023: 2021: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1916: 1915:Email privacy 1908: 1906: 1904: 1903:Email bombing 1899: 1892:Email bombing 1891: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1829: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1783: 1775: 1767: 1764: 1756: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1730:This section 1728: 1724: 1719: 1718: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1692:vinyl records 1689: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1653: 1650: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1606: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1568:Reducing cost 1567: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1522: 1514: 1511: 1503: 1500:November 2007 1493: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1477:This section 1475: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1430:Kerio Connect 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1365: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1339: 1333: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1048:mailing lists 1044: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1023:, and change 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 990:email clients 983: 981: 979: 975: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 930: 925: 920: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 900: 897: 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Email 125: 121: 117: 113: 108: 106: 105:email address 102: 100: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 68: 63: 56: 51: 47: 43: 41: 33: 32:Email Limited 19: 6632: 6435:Discontinued 6426:Pegasus Mail 6419:Donationware 6303:Vivaldi Mail 6179:Discontinued 6150:SquirrelMail 5813: 5671:, O'Reilly, 5668: 5667:David Wood, 5656:, Elsevier, 5653: 5641:, Elsevier, 5638: 5623: 5613:the original 5584: 5580: 5557: 5542: 5527: 5491: 5462: 5443: 5431:. Retrieved 5417: 5405:. Retrieved 5401: 5391: 5384: 5379: 5372: 5367: 5349: 5337:. Retrieved 5328: 5319: 5309:December 24, 5307:. Retrieved 5298: 5288: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5249:. Retrieved 5241:The Register 5240: 5230: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5199:. Retrieved 5190: 5181: 5169: 5157:. Retrieved 5153: 5143: 5131:. Retrieved 5125: 5115: 5103:. Retrieved 5097: 5088: 5076:. Retrieved 5072: 5062: 5050:. Retrieved 5036: 5024:. Retrieved 5010: 4991: 4972: 4952: 4933: 4914: 4904:September 5, 4902:. Retrieved 4893: 4884: 4872:. Retrieved 4863: 4853: 4841:. Retrieved 4832: 4822: 4797: 4778: 4759: 4745:– via 4739:. Retrieved 4733: 4723: 4704: 4696:the original 4691: 4681: 4668: 4658: 4646:. Retrieved 4637: 4627: 4615:. Retrieved 4606:The Atlantic 4604: 4592: 4580:. Retrieved 4569: 4557: 4539: 4521: 4502: 4470: 4466: 4453: 4433: 4406: 4396: 4369: 4359: 4335: 4328: 4316:. Retrieved 4308:MDN Web Docs 4307: 4298: 4271: 4245: 4237:the original 4232: 4223: 4213:November 13, 4211:. Retrieved 4202: 4193: 4183: 4171:. Retrieved 4167:the original 4157: 4149: 4142:. Retrieved 4131: 4124: 4116: 4109:. Retrieved 4105:the original 4095: 4087:the original 4082: 4073: 4061:. Retrieved 4052: 4043: 4020: 4014: 4005: 3996: 3984:. Retrieved 3959: 3950: 3941:registry of 3933: 3925: 3918:. Retrieved 3905: 3895: 3864: 3856:John Klensin 3850: 3830: 3818:. Retrieved 3795: 3783:. Retrieved 3760: 3748:. Retrieved 3725: 3713:. Retrieved 3704: 3695: 3666: 3656: 3625: 3615: 3603:. Retrieved 3568: 3541: 3533: 3511: 3500: 3492: 3470: 3459: 3440: 3434:network news 3428: 3416:. Retrieved 3412:the original 3403: 3393: 3373: 3366: 3354:. Retrieved 3350:the original 3341: 3332: 3313: 3299: 3293: 3255:(1): 18–33. 3252: 3248: 3238: 3228:December 23, 3226:. Retrieved 3210: 3203: 3166: 3158: 3143: 3133:November 10, 3131:. Retrieved 3117: 3105:. Retrieved 3096: 3087: 3075:. Retrieved 3066: 3053:. Retrieved 3044: 3033:February 26, 3031:. Retrieved 3022: 3012: 3001: 2987: 2977: 2967:September 7, 2965:. Retrieved 2954: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2906:. Retrieved 2902:the original 2891: 2879:. Retrieved 2864: 2855: 2829: 2819: 2811: 2785: 2775: 2763:. Retrieved 2754: 2742: 2732:September 5, 2730:. Retrieved 2721: 2711: 2701:September 5, 2699:. Retrieved 2690: 2680: 2668:. Retrieved 2653: 2641:. Retrieved 2630: 2623: 2611:. Retrieved 2597: 2589: 2584:September 4, 2582:. Retrieved 2578:the original 2569: 2559: 2530: 2515: 2506: 2494:. Retrieved 2490:the original 2480: 2468:. Retrieved 2459: 2433:. Retrieved 2424: 2399:. Retrieved 2390: 2337: 2328: 2319: 2235:Internet fax 2195:Email digest 2119: 2104: 2088: 2069: 2052: 2037:social norms 2032: 2027: 2018: 1990: 1958:cryptography 1955: 1926: 1918: 1901: 1875: 1849: 1831: 1816:productivity 1809: 1785: 1759: 1753:October 2016 1750: 1739:Please help 1734:verification 1731: 1700: 1696:film cameras 1681: 1678:social media 1667: 1654: 1646: 1634: 1626:Personal use 1610: 1534: 1526: 1506: 1497: 1486:Please help 1481:verification 1478: 1412: 1395: 1379: 1367: 1346: 1335: 1317: 1252:Windows Mail 1222: 1219: 1195: 1172: 1168: 1133: 1114: 1106:email client 1083: 1070: 1045: 1013:block quotes 1010: 987: 934: 926:Message body 921:whitelisting 914: 908: 898: 889:Received-SPF 888: 882: 876:trace fields 875: 873: 867: 863: 857: 850: 848: 835: 833: 827: 821: 811: 805: 799: 793: 785: 779: 766: 757:Content-Type 746: 736: 722: 716: 699: 693: 689: 683: 678: 661: 638: 623: 606: 596: 590: 580: 564: 562: 524: 507: 485: 477: 473: 442: 437:—which is a 434: 427: 393: 357: 334: 298:time-sharing 295: 287: 277: 273: 269: 265: 263: 258: 254: 252: 245: 244: 237:was used by 233: 232: 216: 211: 210: 203: 202: 190:style guides 184: 183: 176: 172: 170: 140: 109: 97: 81: 77: 73: 72: 55:email client 46: 39: 6395:Forté Agent 6249:Proprietary 6206:Columbia MM 6135:OfflineIMAP 5771:Online chat 5587:(2): 3–29. 5423:"About.com" 5407:January 13, 5339:October 17, 5329:registry.in 5251:December 6, 5201:December 6, 4741:November 7, 4136:. OpenBSD. 4063:January 31, 3986:January 28, 3920:January 16, 3715:October 17, 3605:January 21, 3404:IMC Reports 2215:Email storm 2094:introduced 1966:Tor network 1790:documents, 1649:smartphones 1442:HP OpenMail 1402:smartphones 1370:web browser 1248:Lotus notes 1210:web browser 1202:Yahoo! Mail 1156:Lotus Notes 1148:proprietary 1110:Thunderbird 1075:many others 937:8-bit clean 864:Return-Path 828:Archived-At 794:In-Reply-To 741:Carbon copy 710:provisional 534:Lotus Notes 459:mail server 451:domain name 218:Electronics 161:Terminology 132:mail server 118:, and also 76:(short for 6671:Categories 6656:Comparison 6517:Opera Mail 6344:Apple Mail 6334:HCL Domino 6025:Claws Mail 6020:Citadel/UX 5930:Publishing 5844:Imageboard 5433:January 9, 5383:RFC 3888, 5371:RFC 3885, 5274:: 77–104. 5099:Cloudflare 5052:October 5, 4920:ITvibe.com 4638:TechCrunch 4173:January 9, 4144:January 9, 4111:January 9, 3820:January 9, 3802:"RFC 5064" 3785:January 9, 3750:January 9, 3342:WhatIs.com 3182:cs/9901011 3159:ConneXions 3093:"ALL-IN-1" 2908:October 5, 2670:January 9, 2643:January 9, 2613:January 9, 2496:January 9, 2349:References 2275:Telegraphy 2265:Push email 2250:Netiquette 2225:HTML email 2033:incendiary 1982:end-to-end 1956:There are 1898:Email bomb 1881:Email spam 1860:ransomware 1828:Email spam 1620:email spam 1563:asynchrony 1338:URI scheme 1320:Apple Mail 1312:Apple Mail 1304:Opera Mail 1276:Apple Mail 1260:plain text 1017:underlines 1006:plain text 1002:HTML email 994:plain text 806:References 787:Message-ID 767:Precedence 641:whitespace 482:MX records 470:DNS server 443:local part 428:smtp.a.org 341:CompuServe 310:mainframes 239:CompuServe 86:electronic 6607:Push-IMAP 6552:WebSpyder 6467:Embrowser 6462:Cyberjack 6383:Shareware 6298:TouchMail 6268:EmailTray 6263:eM Client 6216:FossaMail 6201:Classilla 6196:BlitzMail 6145:SeaMonkey 6140:Roundcube 6040:fetchmail 6035:Evolution 5839:Textboard 5609:206442868 5601:1934-1547 4939:Salon.com 4843:March 24, 4487:0021-8499 4290:959670912 4188:recipient 4053:Konfinity 4009:RFC 5518. 3966:"RFC6376" 3954:RFC 7208. 3683:2070-1721 3644:2070-1721 3595:264604077 3418:April 13, 3269:0268-3962 3107:April 20, 3077:April 18, 3055:April 18, 2945:0018-8670 2881:March 23, 2765:April 18, 2210:Email hub 2185:Email art 1581:telegrams 1559:real time 1177:, on the 1144:corporate 1086:Microsoft 1071:(c. 1992) 917:: claims 706:permanent 538:Microsoft 435:bob@b.org 390:Operation 171:The term 67:Knowledge 42:(podcast) 40:Reply All 6651:Category 6547:Turnpike 6532:Pocomail 6512:NeXTMail 6457:Cyberdog 6405:The Bat! 6400:GyazMail 6339:InScribe 6283:Mailbird 6278:i.Scribe 6236:Nylas N1 6155:Sylpheed 6130:nmh / MH 6120:Mulberry 6095:Mailpile 6090:Mahogany 6080:K-9 Mail 6070:Gnuzilla 5916:Web chat 5510:Archived 5470:Archived 5451:Archived 5427:Archived 5359:Archived 5333:Archived 5303:Archived 5245:Archived 5195:Archived 5154:SC Media 5046:Archived 5026:July 17, 5020:Archived 4999:Archived 4980:Archived 4961:Archived 4942:Archived 4923:Archived 4898:Archived 4868:Archived 4837:Archived 4811:Archived 4786:Archived 4767:Archived 4712:Archived 4692:Geek.com 4673:Archived 4648:April 4, 4642:Archived 4617:April 4, 4611:Archived 4582:April 4, 4576:Archived 4549:Archived 4531:Archived 4513:Archived 4491:Archived 4442:Archived 4351:Archived 4312:Archived 4268:"E-Mail" 4266:(2011). 4207:Archived 4138:Archived 4057:Archived 3980:Archived 3914:Archived 3839:Archived 3814:Archived 3779:Archived 3744:Archived 3709:Archived 3687:Archived 3669:. 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