768:, if harnessing much of the power of the river, could generate up to 39,000 MW – and would significantly boost the energy available to the African continent at a cost of more than $ 80 billion. Connecting Inga to a continent-wide electricity grid for main population centers would cost $ 10 billion more (est. 2000), and would be the world's largest hydroelectric project. Critics contend the huge amounts of money required for the project would be better spent with smaller scale, localized energy projects that would better meet the needs of Africa's poor majority. A study from Oxford University supports this cautious approach by showing that the average cost overrun for 245 large dams in 65 countries across six continents is 96% in real terms.
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and eventually the 25,000 MW originally approved. Industrial development would advance in step, helped by a start price of $ 0.002 per kwh, producing 500,000 tons of aluminum with the construction of the first plant and eventually aiming for a final production goal six times that. An international syndicate named
Aluminga, comprising a number of European and North American firms, was already organizing to realize this. Funding was an issue, especially once the Belgians realized that they could not accomplish such a project alone. Possible investors cited by the press included the
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439:, rebellions, and UN interventions in the first half of the 1960s, it did not dampen leaders' hopes to harness the rapids of the Congo River. From the wreckage of the Belgian departure and the subsequent turmoil emerged Mobutu Sésé Seko, who seized full power for himself in November 1965 and would remain the Congo's authoritarian president until May 1997. It was during his reign that the first and so far only projects were built to generate power from the Inga Falls.
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region with chronic power shortages is Sub
Saharan Africa (South Africa excluded), where production was only 250 kWh per capita for 700 million people. An African average of at least 1000 kWh per capita requires a total continental production of more than 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. This is equivalent to three times the maximum capacity of Grand Inga Dam. The world average per capita was 3044 kWh in 2012 (The World Bank: 2014 The Little Data Book).
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government debt and risk-averse investors. The World Bank said, under the current plan, South Africa would buy 2,500 MW from Inga III, and another 1,300 MW would be sold to Congo's power-starved mining industry. The remaining 1000 megawatts would go to the national utility SNEL, helping provide power to an estimated 7 million people around
Kinshasa, Congo's capital, and covering all the projected unmet electricity needs there by 2025.
724:) it projected initial costs at $ 1.5 billion and the eventual construction of a 44,000 MW run-of-the-river project. A memorandum of understanding for Westcor was finally signed on 22 October 2004, for the construction of a 3,400 MW Inga III. The following February Eskom unveiled a new $ 50 billion run-of-the-river scheme. That September 2005 a shareholder agreement for Westcor was signed, giving each party 20%.
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243:. The Congo falls ~96 metres (315 ft) within this set of cataracts. The mean annual flow rate of the Congo River at Inga Falls is ~42,000 cubic metres per second (1,500,000 cu ft/s). Given this flow rate and the 96-metre fall, the Inga Falls alone has a potential to generate ~39.6 gigawatts (53,100,000 hp) of mechanical energy and nearly as much electrical energy.
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775:, with significant involvement of South African electric power company ESKOM, suggested in 2003 to start the Grand Inga project in 2010. At an installed capacity of 39,000 MW, the Grand Inga Dam alone could produce 250 TWh annually, or a total of 370 TWh annually for the whole site. In 2005, Africa's annual electricity production was 550 TWh (600 kWh per capita).
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524:, the state-owned mining company in Shaba that was founded in 1906 by the Belgians, ended up still mainly using hydroelectricity supplied locally, and thus the Inga-Shaba line found itself being used at a mere third of capacity. Furthermore, the structure itself has been degraded as local peoples have used its metal bars for a variety of domestic needs.
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There is speculation that the Grand Inga Dam can produce enough electricity for the whole continent. That was true before the 1990s. The continent has annual economic and population growth respectively of 5% and 2.5%. In 2005, electricity usage was 600 kWh per capita for the 910 million
Africans. The
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The DRC has faced the problem of rehabilitating the two existing dams, which have fallen into disrepair and operate far below original capacity at roughly 40%, or just over 700 MW combined. In May 2001 Siemens was reportedly negotiating with the government over a billion-dollar partnership that would
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A report from late April 1958 stated that excavation work would hopefully begin by midyear, with 1964/1965 as the year set to bring the initial stage to completion. Plans called for three stages of construction, beginning with a 1,500 MW plant with a $ 320 million price tag, then twice that capacity,
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An Inga scheme, loosely reported as consisting of a "series of power stations and dams", was finally passed by the
Belgian Cabinet on 13 November 1957, and a group was slated to be created in order to study the possible uses of the project's electricity and the ways in which to fund it. The Cabinet's
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turbine and other emergency repair work, was reported 90% complete in April 2009, and the second phase (four other turbines) was estimated to take five additional years. However, there is doubt over whether the government accepts the validity of the contract, and in the meantime the
Canadian company
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at its final destination. The various groups involved had economic as well as political agendas; while
Western investors and the Congolese government wished to support the Shaba mines during a period of elevated copper prices, the government also wanted to consolidate its power over the secessionist
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Before
Congolese independence, the Belgians still harbored the hope of constructing a massive Inga development project to generate electricity for heavy industry. Among those industries discussed were "aluminum, ferro-alloys, the treatment of ores, paper, and a plant for the separation of isotopes."
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Three international consortia are bidding for the contract to build the dam, known as Inga III, and to sell the power it generates, estimated at 4,800 MW. This is nearly three times the power produced from Inga's two existing dams, which are decades old and have been crippled by neglect because of
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with potentially serious consequences. The
Siberia failure, for example, had a disastrous effect on local aluminium smelters. By this argument, full utilization requires interconnection with Europe, so that power to Europe can then be back fed to Africa. This increases the stability of both systems
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signed an agreement with SNEL to rehabilitate some of Inga II's turbines, with a completion goal of 2009. Actual work to rehabilitate Inga II finally began 27 April 2006, just under a year after the initial agreement with MagEnergy was signed. This first phase, which involved fixing a single 168 MW
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Africa produces a very low amount of electric energy per capita compared to other regions of the world. Projects such as the Grand Inga Dam, which can generate 43.5 GW, can help solve Africa's electricity shortage. In 2005, South Africa and North Africa produced 70% of the 550 TWh (63 GW) electric
739:
In 2017 proposals were for a 10–12 GW dam, up from 4.8 GW in earlier plans, with potential completion sometime after 2024. In
October 2018, the government of the DRC announced the signing of contracts with a Sino-Spanish consortium to launch design studies for the construction of the Inga III dam
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signed a fifty-year contract with the Wall Street-based Congo International Management Corporation to develop the Congo on 22 July 1960, with an Inga project and associated aluminum production at the top of the list. PM Lumumba later backtracked and claimed that the deal was "only an agreement in
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Inga I was the first project brought to completion. A feasibility study was conducted by the Italian firm SICAI in 1963, which recommended the dam support domestic industrialization as opposed to export focused industry. Funded mainly by the government, construction took place from 1968 to 1972,
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In 1980, the costs of the Inga-Shaba power line totaled 24% of Congo's debt, which along with corruption, other wasteful spending, and bad decision-making, led to a debt crisis and the intervention of foreign experts. As of 1999, Congo still owed the U.S. Export-Import Bank over $ 900 million,
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in the world. The current project scope calls for the use of a flow rate ~26,400 cubic metres per second at a net head of ~150 metres; this is equivalent to a generating capacity of ~38.9 GW. This hydro-electric generator would be more than double the current world record holder, which is the
485:
southern province, and the West had an interest in seeing the Congo stay firmly in the anti-communist camp. The cost for the project was constantly revised upward, eventually reaching $ 500 million over budget. A mix of private and public groups provided the financing, notably
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project to improve the Congolese diet, noting that, "the grandiose project has so far turned out to be a white elephant, while the low-key fish-farming endeavor has already made visible improvements in the lives of several thousand people in a similar period of time."
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to improve water and electrical distribution in the DRC, including rehabilitation of the two Inga projects (reported at the time to be at 30% capacity) and a second electrical line from Inga to the capital. It is unclear what transpired concerning these contracts.
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The DRC appeared to move away from the regional development approach offered by Westcor and instead manage the construction of Inga III on its own. In June 2009 it opened bidding for a $ 7 billion, 4320 MW Inga III project. Snubbing Westcor, the DRC chose
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proposing a joint Congolese-Belgian company that would fund an Inga dam. This was not a minor idea, but the main project in a five-year Congolese development plan he proposed. That advice was apparently not heeded, as newly elected Prime Minister
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in its entirety possessed "more than one-fourth of the world’s potential water power". Regarding the Inga Falls location specifically, this was highlighted just four years later by the Belgian soldier, mathematician, and entrepreneur Colonel
2127:"Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group"
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was hired to rehabilitate two separate Inga II turbines. To carry out the repairs, the SNEL has received funding from the Regional and Domestic Power Markets Development Project, which is itself supported by the World Bank,
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Congolese independence from Belgium did not suddenly erase the importance of Inga development. Belgian authorities were still pushing the project while negotiating independence with Congolese delegates, with Minister
2100:"Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site"
2019:
Hammons, T.J.; Blyden, B.K.; Calitz, A.C.; Gulstone, A.B.; Isekemanga, E.; Johnstone, R.; Paluku, K.; Simang, N.-N.; Taher, F. (2000). "African electricity infrastructure interconnections and electricity exchanges".
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involve restoration and modernization of the DRC's electrical grid, including the rehabilitation of the two existing Inga power plants, though work was delayed. In mid-2003 there was also a report that the
320:. He would continue survey work around Inga Falls, and during the 1920s and 1930s there was some movement towards further study of the area's potential by the group Syneba (1929–1939), yet the outbreak of
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project in which only a relatively small reservoir would be created to back up the power of the river's flow. This would be so that the net head for the hydroelectric turbines could approach 150 metres.
1894:
697:, Inga fit into a broader plan to turn an interconnected African grid into an electricity-exporting powerhouse, eventually supplying Europe and the Middle East. In 2002 Inga was highlighted by the AU's
342:
Despite the lack of progress during and in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the tantalizing possibilities offered by the Inga Falls remained prominent in engineers' minds. The 1954 book
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According to some, Grand Inga would be too large a proportion of the African demand (43.5 GW combined output compared to a load of 63 GW) to be a practical power source without interconnection by a
786:
withdrew its funding following disagreements over the project despite power purchase agreements from South Africa and mining companies. The first phase grant would have totaled US$ 73.1 million.
60:
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leaving a six-turbine plant generating 351 MW. This electricity was mainly fed to the populated areas around it and downstream; its successor was explicitly for mining activity in the south.
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in the 1920s, included a proposal to dam the Congo River. In this plan, the water would have been used to irrigate the deserts of North Africa, and to generate 22.5 to 45 gigawatts of power.
446:
Inga II was the second hydro project built at the site just south of Inga I. Even with just eight turbines, it was built to produce 1,424 MW, and was completed a full decade after Inga I.
1955:
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The Belgian colonial government was considering starting what it called "The Inga Scheme" on the eve of decolonization in 1959. Inga I was completed in 1972, and Inga II in 1982.
2492:
849:
387:
370:, one of five foreigners on a 10-person study of the Inga site in 1957 and the chief engineer of the United States' foray into federal electrical and industrial development, the
823:
2160:
693:, highlighting development of the Inga Falls for hydropower as an example of necessary development of Africa's economic infrastructure. For South Africa's public utility
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1925:
885:
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Hammons, T. J.; Taher, F.; Gulstone, A. B.; Blyden, B. K.; Johnston, R.; Isekemanga, E.; Paluku, K.; Calitz, A. C.; Simanga, N. N. (January 1997). "SciTech Connect".
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678:, bilateral donors, and the southern African power companies, have all expressed interest in pursuing the project which is estimated to cost US$ 80 billion.
1997:
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leaving American taxpayers unpaid. As the Inga-Shaba line neared completion in the early 1980s, many news articles poured scorn on the project. One from the
251:
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772:
698:
606:, agreed for the latter to rehabilitate turbine number 5 on the eight-turbine Inga II power station. This will provide 162 megawatts to be consumed by the
789:
Some observers are skeptical of the project, citing its high cost in a country known for its endemic corruption—risking little benefit to the population.
752:. While construction plans for phase III were reported in be on track in late 2019, a major potential member of a construction consortium, Spanish firm
1788:"IRIN Africa | SOUTHERN AFRICA: New plant to bring regional power on stream | SOUTHERN AFRICA | Economy | Environment | Other"
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Inga Falls is currently the site of two large hydropower plants and is being considered for a much larger hydro power generating station known as
2295:
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100 billion in total development costs. In May 2016 construction looked as if it would begin within several months. However, in July 2016 the
1131:
701:(NEPAD) and Eskom was reported to be investigating a $ 6 billion run-of-the-river type Inga project which would be developed by an Eskom and
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There are expansion plans to create a third Inga dam, Inga III. Projections indicate that once completed, Inga III would generate 4,500
1947:
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visited the Inga Falls, though construction was continually being pushed back from original estimates, then slated for 1961 or later.
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Their vision, at least publicly, was bold, with one authority comparing the potential industrial development in the Congo to the
218:
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712:(Westcor) was finally organized in February 2003. Involving five of the region's major utility companies (Eskom, SNEL, Angola's
540:
The two hydroelectric dams, Inga I and Inga II, currently operate at a low output. Inga I has a total installed capacity of 351
907:
Showers, Kate B. (2009). "Congo River's Grand Inga hydroelectricity scheme: linking environmental history, policy and impact".
308:
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1917:
881:
99:
741:
1319:
1271:
Mufson, Steven (16 December 1999). "Abroad at Home: The Foreign Affairs Community – Ex-Im Bank Aims to Do More in Africa".
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for example, as well as other power grids. Any large-scale failure of the dam, or its connections to the grid, such as the
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1989:
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Sub Saharan Africa (South Africa excluded): 170 TWh p.a. / 19.4 GW (250 kWh p.a. per capita / 29 W per capita)
675:
671:
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391:
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and rivers were first being harnessed to generate electricity. One early report on this potential came via the
2185:
944:"Infinite Power to Change the World: Hydroelectricity and Engineered Climate Change in the Atlantropa Project"
2471:
2415:
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494:
374:. This study would play a central role in convincing the Belgian authorities to set an Inga dam in motion.
2231:
1976:
709:
643:
599:
2218:
1223:
Randa, Jonathan C. (28 April 1977). "Mobuto Riding High, But Possibility Raised of Guerilla Warfare".
367:
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2029:
779:
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Thomson, Alistair (22 October 2004). "Africa plans new Congo generator, seeks investment". Reuters.
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listed a host of massive projects that could theoretically be accomplished (among them the future
2080:
924:
176:
1859:
1393:"MagEnergy Announces Start of Inga II Hydroelectric Plant Work Program". Marketwire. 1 May 2006.
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317:
1349:"Siemens Plans to Invest $ 1 billion in RDC Electronics Network". European Report. 24 May 2001.
756:, dropped out in January 2020, leaving uncertainty with remaining Chinese and German partners.
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1852:"DR Congo moves to build $ 100 billion Grand Inga dam, to pick phase-1 contractor by August"
955:
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615:
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502:
416:
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331:
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1371:
Misser, Francois (1 June 2003). "Siemens flags off massive DRC project". African Business.
511:
411:
299:
The hydropower potential of the Congo River was recognized quite early on, at a time when
194:
1766:"Should We Build More Large Dams? The Actual Costs of Hydropower Megaproject Development"
702:
549:
2033:
1163:
1056:
Waggoner, Walter H. (26 April 1958). "Belgium Rushes Huge Power Project on the Congo".
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with 11,000 MW and a total cost of $ 14 billion. Main companies of the consortium were
473:
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247:
202:
2481:
2420:
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2259:
1787:
1288:
1116:
Tanner, Henry (23 July 1960). "Congo Signs Pact With U.S. Concern To Tap Resources".
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594:(Snel), the national electricity company of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and
352:
260:
210:
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2084:
869:
Ameye, Louis (4 June 1959). "Economic Problems of the Congo". Royal African Society.
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1567:"Could a $ 50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?"
801:
South Africa: 230 TWh p.a. / 26.2 GW (4500 kWh p.a. per capita / 513 W per capita)
682:
663:
498:
436:
321:
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North Africa: 150 TWh p.a. / 17.1 GW (1000 kWh p.a. per capita /114 W per capita)
521:
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1838:
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2194:
World declaration : Dams and Hydropower for African Sustainable Development
1764:
Ansar, Atif; Flyvbjerg, Bent; Budzier, Alexander; Lunn, Daniel (10 March 2014).
1543:"Pan African Consortium for Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 19 February 2003.
1382:"MagEnergy Concludes Inga II Rehabilitation Agreement". Marketwire. 31 May 2005.
686:
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351:), the largest being an Inga Dam that would create a lake stretching into the
327:
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214:
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partnership which envisions the interconnection of the electric grids of the
114:
101:
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1241:
Ross, Jay (25 April 1982). "A Tale of Two Projects: One Winner, One Loser".
753:
749:
745:
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1887:"Construction of world's largest dam in DR Congo could begin within months"
960:
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366:. There was an important American connection to the project in the form of
324:
and the dissolution of Syneba put a temporary end to progress on the site.
1673:"Inga 3: An Exclusive Development Deal for Chinese and European companies"
1071:
Bracker, Milton (11 February 1959). "U.S. Bankers View Project in Congo".
1426:"Everyone Plugs into Inga". Africa Energy Intelligence. 11 February 2009.
717:
659:
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power line in existence, bypassing local communities and converting into
222:
1405:"MagEnergy nears completion of unit rehab at DR Congo's 1,424-MW Inga 2"
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17:
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618:, in the south of DRC. The work will include the rehabilitation of the
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2199:
Democratic Republic of Congo/Energy Sector – Bank Information Center
1439:"DRC: Inga II hydroelectric plant to power Kamoa-Kakula copper mine"
1101:
Gilroy, Harry (17 February 1960). "Congo Cautioned on Its Economy".
460:
In order to connect the power generating capacity at Inga with the
427:
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In February 1959 a group of prominent American investors including
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1532:"Eskom's Secret Project". Africa Energy Intelligence. 19 May 2002.
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290:
264:
44:
1948:"World Bank suspends funding for DR Congo's Inga 3 power project"
1256:
Dash, Leon (1 January 1980). "Mobutu Mortgages Nation's Future".
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principle", but regardless he was deposed by Army Chief of Staff
49:
Inga I dam, with the feeding canal for Inga II in the foreground.
1739:"DRC's giant Inga III dam: Spanish firm ACS throws in the towel"
639:
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and Inga II has 1424 MW. They were built under former president
541:
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in Siberia (6.4 GW), would plunge large parts of Africa into a
379:
1643:"GCR - News - DR Congo's Inga 3 dam to double in size to 12GW"
729:
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dams connected to one of the largest waterfalls in the world,
1290:
East Along the Equator: A Journey Up the Congo and into Zaire
634:
Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.
27:
Two hydroelectric dams on the Congo River in western DR Congo
983:
Leonard, Jonathan N. (30 May 1954). "New Sources of Power".
732:, which intended to use 2,000 MW for itself, notably for an
1700:"Construction of US$ 14bn Grand Inga dam in Congo on track"
330:, a scheme for integrating Europe and Africa conceived by
75:
Location of Inga Dams in Democratic Republic of the Congo
2488:
Hydroelectricity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
476:(now Katanga), a new project aimed to build the longest
1360:"Grand Schemes on the Congo". IT Week. 3 February 2004.
1169:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp.
1594:"Landmark Agreement to Satisfy Regional Power Needs".
685:. In July 1999, newly elected South African President
235:
is a group of rapids (or cataracts) downstream of the
2431:
2153:"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam"
850:
List of run-of-the-river hydroelectric power stations
681:
One enthusiastic backer of Inga development has been
388:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
382:
3.16 billion and was expected to generate 25,000 MW.
250:. The Grand Inga project, if completed, would be the
1610:"Congo opens bidding for Inga 3 hydro dam investors"
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642:of electricity. Inga III is the centerpiece of the
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2186:Inga 3 hydroelectric scheme is a looming disaster
252:largest hydro-electric power generating facility
824:2009 Sayano–Shushenskaya power station accident
705:-led consortium of national utility companies.
1517:"Hard Talk, Charm Carries the Day for NEPAD".
2239:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
590:In August 2021, media reports indicated that
8:
2493:Dams in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1918:"A grand plan to electrify Congo and Africa"
1294:. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. p.
1236:
1234:
942:Lehmann, Philipp Nicolas (1 February 2016).
573:Separately in May 2005 the Canadian company
1990:"Congo's Grand Inga plan faces a watershed"
1723:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
845:List of largest power stations in the world
620:Inga–Kolwezi High Voltage Transmission Line
311:in 1921; their findings concluded that the
2246:
2232:
2224:
43:
34:
1850:Hill, Matthew; Wilson, Tom (7 May 2016).
1165:The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State
959:
882:"Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam?"
792:
565:had signed a $ 450 million contract with
515:juxtaposed its failure with a successful
1161:Young, Crawford; Turner, Thomas (1985).
773:New Partnership for Africa's Development
699:New Partnership for Africa's Development
2438:
861:
378:plan was estimated at the time to cost
2106:from the original on 28 September 2013
2022:IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion
1816:. businessinafrica.net. Archived from
1716:
1493:"Africa's grand power exporting plans"
1437:Jean Marie Takouleu (25 August 2021).
598:, a subsidiary of the Canadian mining
505:, that was contracted to do the work.
1637:
1635:
1466:"Podium: The globalization of Africa"
1013:
1011:
1009:
7:
1794:from the original on 11 January 2008
1565:Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005).
1020:"More Power Lights "Darkest Africa""
998:"Economy Gaining in Belgian Congo".
2133:from the original on 14 August 2009
1928:from the original on 26 August 2016
1897:from the original on 26 August 2016
2163:from the original on 31 March 2015
1790:. Irinnews.org. 14 November 2003.
793:Africa's electric energy disparity
217:. They are located in the western
25:
1958:from the original on 27 July 2016
1653:from the original on 16 July 2017
1330:from the original on 7 March 2012
888:from the original on 4 April 2014
820:2009 Brazil and Paraguay blackout
714:Empresa Nacional de Electricidade
67:
2465:
2453:
2448:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2441:
2254:
2000:from the original on 14 May 2016
1491:Hale, Briony (17 October 2002).
1002:. 28 September 1957. p. 27.
648:Democratic Republic of the Congo
587:, and European Investment Bank.
272:"run-of-the-river" hydroelectric
221:and 140 miles southwest of
219:Democratic Republic of the Congo
88:Democratic Republic of the Congo
66:
59:
2204:International Rivers' Inga Page
2125:Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009).
2098:Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009).
1866:from the original on 8 May 2016
1698:Emmalogo555 (5 November 2019).
1407:. Hydroworld.com. 20 April 2009
1138:. 8 August 1960. Archived from
1086:"Belgian Congo Plant Delayed".
1045:. 14 November 1957. p. 18.
884:. International Policy Digest.
778:The project is expected to top
592:Société Nationale d'Électricité
309:United States Geological Survey
1616:. 19 June 2009. Archived from
985:The New York Times Book Review
948:The American Historical Review
742:China Three Gorges Corporation
708:Such a consortium, dubbed the
536:Inga dam projects, as of 2006.
1:
2057:IEEE Power Engineering Review
1916:Tim, Cashion (23 June 2016).
1464:Mbeki, Thabo (20 July 1999).
691:Organisation of African Unity
1954:. Africanews. 26 July 2016.
1647:globalconstructionreview.com
419:less than two months later.
1885:John, Vidal (28 May 2016).
831:and reduces overall costs.
491:Manufacturers Hanover Trust
478:high-voltage direct current
295:1890s map of the Inga Falls
2509:
1988:Tom, Nevin (13 May 2016).
1704:Construction Review Online
1286:Winternitz, Helen (1987).
1018:Holz, Peter (March 1958).
816:wide area synchronous grid
722:Botswana Power Corporation
453:
372:Tennessee Valley Authority
2209:World Rainforest Movement
1132:"CONGO: Where's the War?"
921:10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8
798:output of the continent.
497:, and it was the storied
54:
42:
2219:Grand Inga Dam, DR Congo
2129:. Claverton-energy.com.
2102:. Claverton-energy.com.
2069:10.1109/MPER.1997.594920
1320:"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams"
1202:"Inga 1 and Inga 2 dams"
676:European Investment Bank
672:African Development Bank
608:Kamoa-Kakula Copper Mine
596:Ivanhoe Mines Energy DRC
585:African Development Bank
392:European Investment Bank
2416:Mangroves National Park
1041:"Congo Plan Approved".
495:U.S. Export-Import Bank
468:mines located near the
177:Installed capacity
139:Construction began
2260:Kongo Central Province
1977:Grand Inga development
1814:"businessinafrica.net"
1204:. International Rivers
710:Western Power Corridor
635:
537:
432:
296:
1743:The Africa Report.com
689:gave a speech to the
633:
535:
450:Inga-Shaba power line
437:period of instability
430:
305:expanding over Africa
294:
1922:The Washington Times
1677:International Rivers
1324:International Rivers
961:10.1093/ahr/121.1.70
435:Despite the ensuing
115:5.51917°S 13.62194°E
2188:As of 2 March 2022.
2034:2000ITEnC..15..470H
1860:Mail & Guardian
1768:. Papers.ssrn.com.
1598:. 8 September 2005.
1273:The Washington Post
1258:The Washington Post
1243:The Washington Post
1225:The Washington Post
610:, near the city of
482:alternating current
171:Inga II: 8 x 178 MW
169:Inga I: 6 x 58.5 MW
111: /
2214:Barrage Grand Inga
1839:The Grand Inga Dam
1142:on 22 October 2007
1118:The New York Times
1103:The New York Times
1088:The New York Times
1073:The New York Times
1058:The New York Times
1043:The New York Times
1000:The New York Times
636:
538:
433:
423:Inga I and Inga II
297:
120:-5.51917; 13.62194
2429:
2428:
2159:. 20 March 2014.
2042:10.1109/60.900510
1745:. 24 January 2020
1679:. 17 October 2018
1024:Popular Mechanics
399:David Rockefeller
345:Engineers' Dreams
237:Livingstone Falls
187:
186:
183:Inga II: 1,424 MW
149:Opening date
16:(Redirected from
2500:
2472:Renewable energy
2470:
2469:
2458:
2457:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2383:Populated places
2258:
2248:
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2122:
2116:
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2095:
2089:
2088:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1985:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1913:
1907:
1906:
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1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1847:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1820:on 7 August 2011
1810:
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1801:
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1649:. 13 July 2017.
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974:
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932:
904:
898:
897:
895:
893:
880:Sanyanga, Rudo.
877:
871:
870:
866:
822:(17 GW), or the
734:aluminum smelter
616:Lualaba Province
546:Mobutu Sese Seko
503:Morrison-Knudsen
501:-based company,
417:Mobutu Sese Seko
407:Raymond Scheyven
368:Clarence E. Blee
301:colonial control
270:Grand Inga is a
257:Three Gorges Dam
126:
125:
123:
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63:
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2109:
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2097:
2096:
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2054:
2053:
2049:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1996:. Times Media.
1987:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1915:
1914:
1910:
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1898:
1891:theguardian.com
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1521:. 13 June 2002.
1516:
1515:
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1499:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1470:The Independent
1463:
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1445:. Paris, France
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1125:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1090:. 7 April 1959.
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1080:
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1055:
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868:
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841:
795:
762:
628:
626:Expansion plans
558:
548:as part of the
530:
512:Washington Post
458:
452:
431:Inga I facility
425:
412:Patrice Lumumba
340:
289:
281:
199:Barrages d'Inga
182:
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119:
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2189:
2181:
2180:External links
2178:
2175:
2174:
2144:
2117:
2090:
2047:
2028:(4): 470–480.
2011:
1980:
1969:
1952:africanews.com
1939:
1908:
1877:
1842:
1831:
1805:
1779:
1756:
1730:
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1664:
1631:
1620:on 9 July 2012
1601:
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1443:Afrik21.africa
1429:
1418:
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1363:
1352:
1341:
1311:
1304:
1278:
1275:. p. A37.
1263:
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1227:. p. A26.
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766:Grand Inga Dam
761:
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557:
556:Rehabilitation
554:
529:
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474:Shaba Province
454:Main article:
451:
448:
424:
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349:Channel Tunnel
339:
336:
332:Herman Soergel
288:
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185:
184:
181:Inga I: 351 MW
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1305:9780871131621
1301:
1297:
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1282:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1260:. p. A1.
1259:
1252:
1249:
1245:. p. C5.
1244:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1203:
1197:
1195:
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1180:9780299101138
1176:
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1074:
1067:
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1060:. p. 24.
1059:
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1044:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1001:
994:
991:
987:. p. 14.
986:
979:
976:
971:
967:
962:
957:
954:(1): 70–100.
953:
949:
945:
938:
935:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:Water History
903:
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876:
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865:
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829:
828:power failure
825:
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604:Ivanhoe Mines
601:
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580:First Quantum
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353:Sahara Desert
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261:Yangtze River
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211:hydroelectric
208:
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159:Power Station
157:
154:Inga II: 1982
151:
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96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
62:
53:
46:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2410:
2165:. Retrieved
2156:
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2120:
2110:13 September
2108:. Retrieved
2093:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
1994:bdlive.co.za
1993:
1983:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1951:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1921:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1890:
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1856:mgafrica.com
1855:
1845:
1834:
1824:15 September
1822:. Retrieved
1818:the original
1808:
1798:15 September
1796:. Retrieved
1782:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1742:
1733:
1707:. Retrieved
1703:
1693:
1681:. Retrieved
1676:
1667:
1657:17 September
1655:. Retrieved
1646:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:the original
1613:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1572:The Guardian
1570:
1560:
1549:
1538:
1527:
1518:
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1496:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1469:
1459:
1449:11 September
1447:. Retrieved
1442:
1432:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1399:
1388:
1377:
1366:
1355:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1323:
1314:
1289:
1281:
1272:
1266:
1257:
1251:
1242:
1224:
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1164:
1156:
1144:. Retrieved
1140:the original
1135:
1126:
1117:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1087:
1081:
1072:
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683:South Africa
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152:Inga I: 1972
142:Inga I: 1968
29:
2322:Territories
2167:20 February
2137:20 February
1624:17 November
1579:17 November
1502:17 November
1476:17 November
1411:22 November
1208:19 November
1146:19 November
687:Thabo Mbeki
517:Peace Corps
313:Congo basin
287:Early study
241:Pool Malebo
233:Congo River
134:Operational
118: /
94:Coordinates
2482:Categories
2364:Seke-Banza
1749:31 January
1709:31 January
1596:All Africa
1519:All Africa
856:References
784:World Bank
760:Grand Inga
720:, and the
668:World Bank
563:World Bank
550:Inga–Shaba
493:, and the
472:border in
456:Inga-Shaba
328:Atlantropa
318:Van Deuren
248:Grand Inga
229:Inga Falls
215:Inga Falls
209:) are two
106:13°37′19″E
2411:Inga dams
2369:Songololo
2329:Kasangulu
2004:27 August
1962:27 August
1932:27 August
1901:27 August
1870:27 August
1334:2 January
1030:(3): 232.
970:0002-8762
929:161089543
754:ACS Group
750:ACS Group
746:Sinohydro
575:MagEnergy
552:project.
522:GĂ©camines
191:Inga Dams
103:5°31′09″S
38:Inga Dams
2161:Archived
2131:Archived
2104:Archived
2085:46233141
1998:Archived
1956:Archived
1926:Archived
1895:Archived
1864:Archived
1792:Archived
1719:cite web
1651:Archived
1575:. London
1497:BBC News
1472:. London
1328:Archived
886:Archived
839:See also
718:NamPower
660:Botswana
487:Citibank
390:and the
239:and the
223:Kinshasa
165:Turbines
144:Inga II:
18:Inga Dam
2434:Portals
2349:Madimba
2334:Kimvula
2301:Kabondo
2157:Reuters
2030:Bibcode
1774:2406852
1683:19 June
1614:Reuters
1171:298–301
892:29 June
652:Namibia
650:(DRC),
644:Westcor
612:Kolwezi
567:Siemens
470:Zambian
279:History
259:on the
231:on the
207:Ingadam
84:Country
2395:Nkamba
2390:Banana
2374:Tshela
2359:Moanda
2339:Lukula
2306:Kalamu
2284:Nzanza
2279:Matadi
2274:Matadi
2267:Cities
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670:, the
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662:, and
656:Angola
466:cobalt
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131:Status
2460:Water
2404:Other
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2289:Mvuzi
2081:S2CID
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925:S2CID
695:Eskom
614:, in
265:China
203:Dutch
2296:Boma
2169:2015
2139:2015
2112:2013
2073:OSTI
2006:2016
1964:2016
1934:2016
1903:2016
1872:2016
1826:2013
1800:2013
1770:SSRN
1751:2020
1725:link
1711:2020
1685:2020
1659:2017
1626:2009
1581:2009
1504:2009
1478:2009
1451:2021
1413:2009
1336:2015
1300:ISBN
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1148:2009
1136:Time
966:ISSN
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