43:
425:
450:
414:
200:
323:
The inscription means that the Azes era started 128 years after the beginning of the Yavana era. At the time of the discovery, the Azes era being generally dated to 57 BCE, this implied that the Yavana era started in 185 BCE. It is now thought that the Yavana era actually started in 174 BCE, based on
700:
Publication by François
Widemann in 2004 in "Une confirmation numismatique de l'ère Yavana de 186/185": "The author looks at the dated coinages of the Indo-Greek rulers Heliocles and Platon and argues that the dates are calculated according to a Yavana Era beginning in 186/5 BC." in Numismatic
182:
The Yavana era progressively fell into disuse after the creation of the
Kanishka era, the Kanishka era being used exclusively in inscriptions on relic caskets from the 18th year of his reign, from 145 CE. On statues of the Buddha, an inscription using the Yavana era is known from
343:
221:, riding a four-horse chariot. Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΠΛΑΤΩΝΟΣ (BASILEOS EPIPHANOYS PLATONOS) "Of King Plato, Manifestation of God on earth". Coin marked MZ (bottom left of reverse), which possibly is a dating which equals year 47 Yavana era = 138 BCE.
730:"Some Newly Discovered Inscriptions from Mathura : The Meghera Well Stone Inscription of Yavanarajya Year 160 Recently a stone inscription was acquired in the Government Museum, Mathura." India's ancient past, Shankar Goyal Book Enclave, 2004, p.189
174:
created his own era precisely 300 years after the Yavana era, and probably in reference to it, so that year 1 of
Kanishka (127 CE) would correspond exactly to year 301 of the Yavana era. Arguably, Kanishka wished to link his own rule to the rule of the
394:
in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE in
Mathura, a fact that is also confirmed by numismatic and literary evidence. The new dates for the Yavana era (174 BCE) would give a date of 58 BCE for the Yavanarajya inscription, as 174 minus 116 equals 58.
519:
81:
from the 2nd century BCE for several centuries thereafter, probably starting in 174 BCE. It was initially thought that the era started around 180-170 BCE, and corresponded to accession to the
112:
which is now thought to have started in 47/46 BCE. The exact historical event corresponding to the creation of this Yavana era is uncertain, but it may mark the alliance of
773:
761:
689:
246:
system using the Yavana era which started around 186 BCE. In that case Plato ruled around 140 BCE. This matches the dating given by numismatician
673:
382:
in
Mathura. The inscription is important in that the Mathura sculptors mention the date of their dedication as "The last day of year 116 of
476:
has an inscription mentioning "the year 318". The era in question is not specified, but it is now thought, following the discovery of the
89:, who solidified Hellenic presence in the Northern regions of India. The Greeks in India flourished under the reign of the illustrious,
624:
Des Indo-Grecs aux
Sassanides: données pour l'histoire et la géographie historique, Rika Gyselen, Peeters Publishers, 2007, p.103-109
242:
uncharacteristically do so. Some of the coins of Plato have inscriptions such as MZ, MT, MN which can be interpreted as dates in the
472:
Buddha statues with dated inscriptions, are now thought to have been dated in the Yavana Era. One of the statues of the Buddha from
807:
541:, the statue itself, with folds of clothing having more relief than those of the Loriyan Tangai Buddha, having disappeared.
272:
gives a triple dating which allows to clarify the relationship between several eras: it is dated to the 27th regnal year of
477:
263:
108:
Harry Falk and others have suggested that the Yavana era actually started in 174 BCE, based on a reevaluation of the
42:
480:, that it is about the Yavana era beginning in 174 BCE, and gives a date for the Buddha statue of about 143 CE.
739:
History of Early Stone
Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE, Sonya Rhie Quintanilla, BRILL, 2007, p.8-10
719:
History of Early Stone
Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE, Sonya Rhie Quintanilla, BRILL, 2007, p.254
675:
A framework for
Gandharan chronology based on relic inscriptions, in "Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art"
363:
337:
802:
56:
319:, the king of Apraca, by Indravarma (Indravasu?), the commander (stratega), with their wives and sons."
424:
121:
537:, is inscribed from the year 384, which is thought to be 209 CE. Only the pedestal is preserved in the
307:", in the two hundred and first - 201 - year of the Yonas (Greeks), on the eighth day of the month of
131:
The creation of specific eras is a well-known phenomenon marking great dynastical events, such as the
51:
The Yavana era was thought to have started in 186–185 BCE, at the time of the expansion into India of
812:
449:
78:
654:
578:
136:
720:
625:
493:"In year 318, the day 27 of Prausthapada, gift of Buddhaghosa, the companion of Samghavarma"
740:
235:
204:
488:
sa 1 1 1 100 10 4 4 Prothavadasa di 20 4 1 1 1 Budhagosa danamu(khe) Saghorumasa sadaviyasa
250:, who places Plato between 145–140 BCE, since his coins are not found in the ruins of
518:
suit (loose trousers, tunic, and hood). Their characteristic trousers appear clearly on
342:
784:
538:
504:
473:
379:
355:
243:
227:
82:
52:
503:
This would make it one of the earliest known representations of the Buddha, after the
179:, who for the first time had united the areas of Bactria and parts of ancient India.
796:
523:
515:
277:
167:
117:
102:
413:
199:
247:
132:
113:
86:
596:
391:
316:
296:
273:
176:
98:
534:
251:
231:
188:
171:
125:
94:
90:
17:
375:
308:
239:
390:)". It is considered that this inscription is attesting the control of the
527:
508:
469:
325:
311:; on this day was established stupa by Rukhana, the wife of the King of
284:
184:
160:
156:
152:
109:
658:
582:
367:
148:
144:
140:
507:(1st century CE), and at about the same time as the Buddhist coins of
254:, a Bactrian city which was destroyed during the reign of Eucratides.
460:
sam 1 1 1 100 20 20 20 20 4 Prothavadasa masasa divasammi pamcami 4 1
383:
351:
312:
300:
280:
269:
218:
762:
Problems of
Chronology in Gandharan Art, Juhyung Rhi, pp.35-51, 2017
710:"Afghanistan, carrefour en l'Est et l'Ouest" p.373. Also Senior 2003
462:("In the year 384, on the fifth, 5, day of the month Prausthapada").
268:
A recently discovered reliquary (published by Salomon in 2005) from
378:, is dated to the 1st century BCE, and is currently located at the
371:
304:
105:. It is now equated with the formerly theorized "Old Ĺšaka era".
433:
Statue with inscription mentioning "year 318", probably 143 CE.
234:
kings generally did not put dates on their coins, some of them
514:
The two devotees on the right side of the pedestal are in
187:
as late as 209 CE (year 384 of the Yavana era), with the "
124:, thereby creating a unified realm north and south of the
701:
Literature, Numéro 149, American Numismatic Society, 2007
645:
Falk, Harry (2007). "Ancient Indian Eras: An Overview".
569:
Falk, Harry (2007). "Ancient Indian Eras: An Overview".
295:"In the twenty-seventh - 27 - year in the reign of Lord
601:
Journal of the Institute of Silk Road Studies, Kamakura
303:; in the seventy-third - 73 - year which is called "of
458:
Statue and its piedestal (now separated) inscribed:
374:in 1988. The inscription, carved on a block of red
328:which is now thought to have started in 47/46 BCE.
59:, but now is more probably attributed to 174 BCE.
485:
163:era, when he established his empire in 127 CE.
483:The inscription at the base of the statue is:
399:Date referential of Buddha statues in Gandhara
8:
498:Inscription of the Buddha of Loriyan Tangai.
620:
618:
616:
614:
135:(starting in 312 BCE, with the return of
772:Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art
688:Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art
533:Another statue of Buddha, the Buddha of
341:
198:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
550:
77:) was a computational era used in the
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
7:
785:Greco-Buddhist Art of Gandhara p.491
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
287:, and the 201st year of the Greeks (
354:hegemony", probably 70 or 69 BCE.
25:
159:(starting in 47/46 BCE), and the
97:rulers, who campaigned as far as
448:
423:
412:
151:(starting in 248/247 BCE), the
41:
597:"Silk Road Art and Archaeology"
647:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
571:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
1:
478:Bajaur reliquary inscription
264:Bajaur reliquary inscription
166:It is now thought that the
829:
607:. The Institute: 49. 2003.
335:
261:
283:, the 73rd years of the
350:, dated to "year 116 of
213:Diademed bust of Plato.
522:. The statue is now in
364:Yavanarajya inscription
348:Yavanarajya inscription
338:Yavanarajya inscription
332:Yavanarajya inscription
808:180s BC establishments
672:Baums, Stefan (2017).
501:
359:
324:a reevaluation of the
223:
345:
202:
406:Loriya Tangai Buddha
238:(circa 140 BCE) and
27:Era of ancient India
366:was discovered in
79:Indian subcontinent
360:
299:, the King of the
224:
93:- greatest of the
520:close-up pictures
442:Hashtnagar Buddha
222:
16:(Redirected from
820:
787:
782:
776:
770:
764:
759:
742:
737:
731:
728:
722:
717:
711:
708:
702:
698:
692:
686:
680:
679:
669:
663:
662:
642:
627:
622:
609:
608:
593:
587:
586:
566:
499:
452:
427:
416:
276:, a king of the
258:Bajaur reliquary
209:
45:
21:
828:
827:
823:
822:
821:
819:
818:
817:
793:
792:
791:
790:
783:
779:
771:
767:
760:
745:
738:
734:
729:
725:
718:
714:
709:
705:
699:
695:
687:
683:
678:. Archaeopress.
671:
670:
666:
644:
643:
630:
623:
612:
595:
594:
590:
568:
567:
552:
547:
500:
497:
490:
466:
465:
464:
463:
455:
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437:
436:
435:
434:
430:
429:
428:
419:
418:
417:
408:
407:
401:
340:
334:
266:
260:
208:
203:Tetradrachm of
197:
63:
62:
61:
60:
48:
47:
46:
37:
36:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
826:
824:
816:
815:
810:
805:
795:
794:
789:
788:
777:
765:
743:
732:
723:
712:
703:
693:
681:
664:
628:
610:
588:
549:
548:
546:
543:
539:British Museum
505:Bimaran casket
495:
474:Loriyan Tangai
457:
456:
447:
446:
445:
441:
440:
439:
438:
432:
431:
422:
421:
420:
411:
410:
409:
405:
404:
403:
402:
400:
397:
380:Mathura Museum
356:Mathura Museum
336:Main article:
333:
330:
321:
320:
262:Main article:
259:
256:
244:Greek numerals
228:Greco-Bactrian
196:
195:Coins of Plato
193:
83:Greco-Bactrian
53:Greco-Bactrian
50:
49:
40:
39:
38:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
24:
18:Indo-Greek era
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
825:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
803:Calendar eras
801:
800:
798:
786:
781:
778:
775:
769:
766:
763:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
744:
741:
736:
733:
727:
724:
721:
716:
713:
707:
704:
697:
694:
691:
685:
682:
677:
676:
668:
665:
660:
656:
652:
648:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
629:
626:
621:
619:
617:
615:
611:
606:
602:
598:
592:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
551:
544:
542:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
524:Indian Museum
521:
517:
516:Indo-Scythian
512:
510:
506:
494:
491:
489:
484:
481:
479:
475:
471:
461:
451:
426:
415:
398:
396:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
357:
353:
349:
344:
339:
331:
329:
327:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:
292:
291:or Ionians).
290:
286:
282:
279:
278:Indo-Scythian
275:
271:
265:
257:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
220:
217:Sun divinity
216:
212:
206:
201:
194:
192:
190:
186:
180:
178:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
118:Apollodotus I
115:
111:
106:
104:
103:Eastern India
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:Yoṇaṇa vaṣaye
72:
68:
58:
54:
44:
19:
780:
768:
735:
726:
715:
706:
696:
684:
674:
667:
650:
646:
604:
600:
591:
574:
570:
532:
513:
502:
492:
487:
486:
482:
467:
459:
387:
361:
347:
322:
288:
267:
248:Bopearachchi
225:
214:
210:
181:
165:
133:Seleucid era
130:
120:in toppling
114:Antimachos I
107:
74:
70:
66:
64:
813:Indo-Greeks
577:: 135–136.
392:Indo-Greeks
388:Yavanarajya
317:Vijayamitra
297:Vijayamitra
274:Vijayamitra
177:Indo-Greeks
99:Pataliputra
797:Categories
545:References
535:Hashtnagar
386:hegemony (
252:Ai Khanoum
232:Indo-Greek
189:Hashtnagar
172:Kanishka I
126:Hindu-Kush
122:Agathokles
87:Eucratides
85:throne of
73:(Prakrit:
67:Yavana Era
33:Yavana era
376:sandstone
240:Heliocles
226:Although
191:Buddha".
57:Demetrius
35:(174 BCE)
659:24049367
583:24049367
528:Calcutta
509:Kanishka
496:—
470:Gandhara
468:Several
326:Azes era
285:Azes era
185:Gandhara
161:Kanishka
157:Gandhara
153:Azes era
137:Seleucus
110:Azes era
91:Menander
653:: 136.
368:Mathura
309:Sravana
289:Yonanas
149:Parthia
147:Era in
145:Arsacid
143:), the
141:Babylon
657:
581:
384:Yavana
352:Yavana
315:, by
313:Apraca
301:Apraca
281:Apraca
270:Bajaur
219:Helios
168:Kushan
95:Yavana
55:king
655:JSTOR
579:JSTOR
372:India
236:Plato
205:Plato
170:king
69:, or
774:p.37
690:p.37
362:The
346:The
305:Azes
215:Rev:
211:Obv:
116:and
71:Yona
65:The
526:of
230:or
155:in
139:to
128:.
101:in
799::
746:^
651:21
649:.
631:^
613:^
603:.
599:.
575:21
573:.
553:^
530:.
511:.
370:,
661:.
605:9
585:.
358:.
207:.
20:)
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