281:; MEOW) based on data-driven expert opinion. Other schemes for subdivision of the Indo-Pacific have included: 5 provinces, based on endemism in fishes; 3 regions split into 10 provinces based on dissimilarity of fish assemblages, 11 provinces based on range boundaries in corals, 12 divisions split into 124 ecoregions based on biogeographic clustering from coral distributions and finally 8 realms from distributions of 65,000 marine species. All but the last of these schemes were tested against one another by an international consortium of marine scientists using genetic data from 56 Indo-Pacific species, with the reasoning that genetic data should reflect the evolutionary processes that structure the Indo-Pacific. While there was no clear winning scheme, and all schemes were supported by data from at least one species, the genetic data in general favored schemes with few subdivisions, supporting the Indo-Pacific as relatively unstructured biogeographic realm - possibly the world's largest. Below are briefly described the 3 MEOW realms of the Indo-Pacific:
834:
States, the leaders resolved to expand and deepen the strategic partnership between the countries and advance common objectives. Above all, these objectives include combatting terrorist threats, promoting stability across the Indo-Pacific region, increasing free and fair trade, and strengthening energy linkages". However, President Trump's
November 2017 articulation on Indo-Pacific was widely seen as something that would usher in a new (US–China) Cold War. This led to the Indian Prime Minister spelling out the Indian vision of Indo-Pacific as an enabler for "a common pursuit of progress and prosperity... not directed against any country... (albeit based on) our principled commitment to rule of law". According to Dr. Cenk Tamer, the U.S. seeks to create an "anti-China axis" in the Asia-Pacific region through the conceptualization of the Indo-Pacific because it sees India as a key part in containing China. This was reiterated by
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262:
56:
760:(JIIA) held in New Delhi in October 2006. From 2010 onwards, the term Indo-Pacific acquired salience within the Indian government and has since been used often by India's apex political leadership. From about 2011 onwards, the term has been used frequently by strategic analysts and high-level government/military leadership in Australia, Japan and the United States to denote said region. However, a formal/official documented articulation of the term first appeared in Australia's Defence White Paper, 2013. It is also "symbiotically linked" with the
48:
818:, the concept of a "Free and Open Indo-Pacific" is aimed at containing China and the "Indo-Pacific" is "primarily understood as a U.S.-led containment strategy directed against China" in Beijing. Australian scholar Rory Medcalf has argued that "The Indo-Pacific...does not exclude or contain China, though it does dilute China’s influence." It has been argued that the concept of the Indo-Pacific may lead to a change in popular "mental maps" of how the world is understood in strategic terms.
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bloc at balance-of-power hedging between competing visions for the region between the US and China. However, it is also clear that ASEAN does not share the exact same understanding of the term as the US, and its AOIP statement specifically states that it envisions continuing to play a "central and strategic role" in the region.
618:(IPEF). This agreement includes a dozen of initial partners including: Australia, Brunei, India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Together, all the countries included within the framework represent 40% of the world GDP. The IPEF contains four pillars:
841:
The term was also used in 2019 by the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in its statement ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP), though the bloc also still uses the longstanding term "Asia-Pacific" which is preferred by China and Russia. Its use by ASEAN is arguably an attempt by the
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on 26 June 2017. "As responsible stewards in the Indo-Pacific region, President Trump and Prime
Minister Modi agreed that a close partnership between the United States and India is central to peace and stability in the region. In marking 70 years of diplomatic relations between India and the United
873:
The United States says, well, that's all very interesting. But look, if you behave yourself, you
Chinese. You can be a stakeholder in our system. And look, you wouldn't have to be Xi Jinping or anybody, to take the view of your Chinese Nationalist say, "Well, hang on, let me get this right. We are
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in August 2007 as "the dynamic coupling as seas of freedom and of prosperity" in the "broader Asia". The focus of
Japanese Prime Minister's August 2007 speech in the Indian Parliament was on security of sea lanes linking the two oceans. In the academic discourse relating to such maritime security
1383:
Kulbicki, Michel; Parravicini, Valeriano; Bellwood, David R.; Arias-GonzĂ lez, Ernesto; Chabanet, Pascale; Floeter, Sergio R.; Friedlander, Alan; McPherson, Jana; Myers, Robert E.; Vigliola, Laurent; Mouillot, David (30 December 2013). Stergiou, Konstantinos I. (ed.).
802:", to be sustained among members of "the Quad", a partnership of four Indo-Pacific democracies led by the United States, in concert with Australia, India, and Japan. "Indo-Pacific" has also featured prominently in top-level U.S. strategic documents such as the 2017
172:, and spread to interwar Japan. German political oceanographers envisioned an "Indo-Pacific" comprising anticolonial India and republican China, as German allies, against "Euro-America". Since the late 2010s, the term "Indo-Pacific" has been increasingly used in
610:
K. Yhome in his scholarly study has mapped out the potential for various emerging trans-regional corridors in Asia along with the challenges of linking IPEC into the larger web of regional economic integration initiatives taking shape in the region in 2017.
681:
Historical precedent for the Indo-Pacific as a politically contested space comes from ancient times; in the
European colonial era, commercial interests led to conquest by powers such as the Dutch and British East India Companies throughout the region.
196:
terms. According to the political scientist Amitav
Acharya, the "Indo-Pacific" was a concept built by strategists. The Indo-Pacific started to gain ground in international relations literature as a geopolitical challenge by the U.S. toward China.
790:
proposed an "Indo-Pacific Treaty of
Friendship and Cooperation" to restore trust, manage unresolved territory disputes, and help countries deal with change in the region. In 2013, U.S. officials have begun using the term "Indo-Asia Pacific".
606:
referred to the potential of the Indo-Pacific
Economic Corridor in transforming the prospects for development and investments as well as for trade and transit between the economies of South and Southeast Asia Indo-Pacific economic corridor.
601:
In the 21st century, with the rising involvement of the United States in the new growth areas of Asia, the idea of the Indo-Pacific
Economic Corridor (IPEC) emerged during the U.S.–India Strategic Dialogue of 2013. The Secretary of State
1925:
967:
Roberts, Callum M.; McClean, Colin J.; Veron, John E. N.; Hawkins, Julie P.; Allen, Gerald R.; McAllister, Don E.; Mittermeier, Cristina G.; Schueler, Frederick W.; Spalding, Mark; Wells, Fred; Vynne, Carly (15 February 2002).
1614:
Crandall, Eric D.; Riginos, Cynthia; Bird, Chris E.; Liggins, Libby; Treml, Eric; Beger, Maria; Barber, Paul H.; Connolly, Sean R.; Cowman, Peter F.; DiBattista, Joseph D.; Eble, Jeff A. (2019). Borregaard, Michael (ed.).
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already one and a quarter times bigger than you, will soon be twice as big as you, and we may be two and a half times as big as you. But we can be a stakeholder in your system, is that it?" I mean, it’d make a cat laugh.
200:
In its widest sense, the term geopolitically covers all nations and islands surrounding either the Indian Ocean or the Pacific Ocean, encompassing mainland African and Asian nations who border these oceans, such as
1783:
149:, and a remarkable gradient of decreasing species richness radiating outward in all directions. The region includes over 3,000 species of fish, compared with around 1,200 in the next richest marine region, the
838:, who declared a "secure and prosperous Indo-Pacific." Tamer calls the Indo-Pacific a concept that started to gain ground in international relations as a geopolitical challenge by the U.S. toward China.
753:
265:
Biogeographic regionalizations that were tested using model selection with analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA) by Crandall et al. 2019. Colours represent different regions within a scheme.
354:. The Central Indo-Pacific, due in part to its central location at the meeting of two oceans, has the greatest richness and diversity of marine organisms, specifically located within the
1191:
729:. He envisioned an "Indo-Pacific" comprising anticolonial forces in India and China, as Germany's ally against the maritime domination of Britain, the United States, and Western Europe.
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Friedlander, Alan M.; Ballesteros, Enric; Caselle, Jennifer E.; Gaymer, Carlos F.; Palma, Alvaro T.; Petit, Ignacio; Varas, Eduardo; Muñoz Wilson, Alex; Sala, Enric (6 January 2016).
815:
516:. These plants have adapted to grow on coral sand, and have seeds adapted to crossing salt water, including distribution by birds or which can survive floating in salt water.
2600:
1790:
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615:
1303:; Jorge, Miguel A.; Lombana, Al; Lourie, Sara A.; Martin, Kirsten D.; McManus, Edmund; Molnar, Jennifer; Recchia, Cheri A.; Robertson, James (July–August 2007).
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countries (defined as those in Southeast Asia and the Malay Archipelago) are considered to be geographically at the centre of the political Indo-Pacific.
803:
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The Central Indo-Pacific includes the numerous seas and straits connecting the Indian and Pacific oceans, including the seas surrounding the
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The Indo-West Pacific has been a hub of economic activity since ancient times. The entrance of the European colonial powers, such as the
2283:
2077:
1034:
Veron, J. E. N.; Devantier, Lyndon M.; Turak, Emre; Green, Alison L.; Kininmonth, Stuart; Stafford-Smith, Mary; Peterson, Nate (2009).
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1977:
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Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America: Sharpening the American Military's Competitive Edge
1926:"FACT SHEET: In Asia, President Biden and a Dozen Indo-Pacific Partners Launch the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity"
1453:"Faunal breaks and species composition of Indo-Pacific corals: the role of plate tectonics, environment and habitat distribution"
1346:"A realignment of marine biogeographic provinces with particular reference to fish distributions: Marine biogeographic provinces"
98:, and the seas connecting the two. It does not include the temperate and polar regions of the Indian and Pacific oceans, nor the
2258:
1952:""Confluence of the Two Seas" Speech by H.E.Mr. Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister of Japan at the Parliament of the Republic of India"
866:
761:
177:
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2308:
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Costello, Mark J.; Tsai, Peter; Wong, Pui Shan; Cheung, Alan Kwok Lun; Basher, Zeenatul; Chaudhary, Chhaya (December 2017).
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Fair Economy: with recommendation to strengthen efforts to crack down on corruption, effective tax implementation, anti-
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The Western Indo-Pacific covers the western and central portion of the Indian Ocean, including Africa's east coast, the
2372:
1205:
858:, criticises the "Indo-Pacific" vision as a reenactment of Nazi strategy, given the concept's link to Karl Haushofer.
2825:
2773:
2189:
192:. It has been argued that the concept may lead to a change in popular "mental maps" of how the world is understood in
2720:
869:, criticised the notion of the "Indo-Pacific" as a construct of the United States in its diplomatic war with China:
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divide the Indo-Pacific into 3 realms (or subrealms), and each of these into 25 marine provinces and 77 ecoregions (
55:
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799:
738:
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270:
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special issue on "The "Indo-Pacific" – Regional Dynamics in the 21st Century's New Geopolitical Center of Gravity"
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851:
401:
300:
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The Eastern Indo-Pacific surrounds the mostly volcanic islands of the central Pacific Ocean, extending from the
2850:
2336:
1035:
821:
The term's profile was raised when it found mention in the joint statement issued by the Indian Prime Minister
568:
556:
99:
47:
2007:
Khurana, Gurpreet S. (January–February 2007). "Security of Sea Lines: Prospects for India–Japan Cooperation".
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642:
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issue in the Indo-Pacific, the first articulation was carried by a paper published in January 2007 by the
480:
307:
274:
35:
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1764:
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484:
397:
1617:"The molecular biogeography of the Indo-Pacific: Testing hypotheses with multispecies genetic patterns"
1345:
393:
594:, are key vectors that determine the 'manometers' of the oceanic region. Haushofer also explained why
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2132:
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originated in the Central Indo-Pacific, and were spread further across the region by human settlers.
413:
367:
290:
2789:
631:
583:
1684:"Marine Biodiversity in Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands, Chile: Global Endemism Hotspots"
2428:
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2024:
1664:
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Some seashore and coastal plants are found throughout most of the region, including the trees
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31:
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2016:
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150:
142:
107:
1146:"India's understanding of the Quad & Indo-Pacific: Distinct narrative or a flawed one?"
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783:
Since 2011, the term "Indo-Pacific" is being used increasingly in geopolitical discourse.
653:
623:
512:
476:
339:
315:
238:
2219:
1985:
1451:
Keith, S. A.; Baird, A. H.; Hughes, T. P.; Madin, J. S.; Connolly, S. R. (22 July 2013).
1699:
1632:
1566:
1401:
1386:"Global Biogeography of Reef Fishes: A Hierarchical Quantitative Delineation of Regions"
985:
2815:
2711:
1718:
1683:
1591:
1550:
1485:
1452:
1428:
1385:
1103:"The "Indo-Pacific": Intellectual Origins and International Visions in Global Contexts"
714:
686:
579:
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355:
319:
169:
146:
135:
131:
111:
39:
1508:
Veron, John; Stafford-Smith, Mary; DeVantier, Lyndon; Turak, Emre (18 February 2015).
1164:"ASEAN Back in the Indo-Pacific Saddle – ASEAN Studies Center Universitas Gadjah Mada"
969:
2870:
2699:
2433:
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2028:
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broke out in Europe rather than the Indo-Pacific by a spatial theory of demography.
2800:
2682:
2547:"Opinion - With the Rise of the 'Indo-Pacific', Has the 'Asia-Pacific' Faded Away?"
1184:"Terminology of the Geopolitical Power Struggle: "Asia-Pacific" or "Indo-Pacific"?"
904:
889:
862:
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referred to the "confluence" of the Indian and Pacific Oceans in his speech to the
718:
649:
638:
587:
427:
423:
206:
161:
91:
72:
2728:
Indo-Pacific Empire: China, America and the Contest for the World's Pivotal Region
1818:
1224:"Where is Canada? The missing Indo-Pacific player: Stephen Nagy for Inside Policy"
2414:
2154:
1708:
1410:
1305:"Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas"
17:
2337:"From Asia-Pacific to Indo-Pacific: significance, implementation and challenges"
2042:
Scott, David (July–October 2012). "India and the Allure of the 'Indo-Pacific'".
1768:
830:
722:
694:
439:
431:
193:
173:
165:
115:
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713:(1939). Haushofer legitimated the integration of the two oceans by evidence in
145:, with the world's highest species richness being found in at its heart in the
2239:(Report). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State. 4 November 2019
2174:
2020:
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914:
603:
447:
443:
331:
327:
214:
154:
123:
2289:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary of Defense. February 2018
2055:
1660:
1582:
1535:
1526:
1509:
1476:
1419:
1001:
970:"Marine Biodiversity Hotspots and Conservation Priorities for Tropical Reefs"
993:
899:
765:
690:
614:
On 23 May 2022, the president of the United States, Joe Biden, launched the
574:
The "Indo-Pacific" has been an economic idea since its early formulation in
528:
377:
323:
234:
181:
2449:"Joint Statement - United States and India: Prosperity Through Partnership"
1727:
1600:
1494:
1468:
1437:
1253:"Vietnam in the Indo-Pacific Region: Perception, Position and Perspectives"
1009:
764:—an informal grouping of like-minded democracies in the region, comprising
571:, migrants, and goods, created a deeper Indo-Pacific economic integration.
1052:
134:, and a number of species occur over that range, but are not found in the
756:(IDSA), New Delhi. It was a result of consultations between IDSA and the
459:
230:
103:
1743:"Shore Fishes of Easter Island, John E. Randall & Alfredo Cea Egaña"
520:
451:
419:
343:
311:
221:(which is within the bounds of both the Indian Ocean and the Pacific),
119:
2423:
2349:
1641:
1616:
168:. Scholarship has shown that the "Indo-Pacific" concept circulated in
925:
381:
246:
242:
226:
1321:
1304:
396:, although it is sometimes extended even further to include Chile's
388:. The World Wide Fund for Nature believe the region ends at Chile's
314:'s northwest coast, which is part of the Western Indo-Pacific), the
2398:
2218:(Press release). United States Department of State. Archived from
1510:"Overview of distribution patterns of zooxanthellate Scleractinia"
884:
773:
769:
385:
351:
294:
260:
250:
222:
202:
185:
127:
76:
60:
54:
46:
2451:. Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 27 June 2017
241:
east of them, as well as Pacific nations of the Americas such as
157:
corals, compared with about 50 species in the Western Atlantic.
2758:
2501:. Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 1 June 2018
1784:"A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World"
347:
2762:
2083:(Report). Department of Defence, Australian Government. 2013.
358:, which contains 76% of all known coral species in the world.
2473:"Opinion: Trump's new Cold War alliance in Asia is dangerous"
2316:. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Defense. 2018
2121:"The PRC's Cautious Stance on the U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy"
1840:"The 'Indo-Pacific' is really nothing new, just ask the fish"
2716:
Asia's New Geopolitics: Essays on Reshaping the Indo-Pacific
2156:
Contest for the Indo-Pacific: Why China Won't Map the Future
689:
first used "Indo-Pacific" in the 1920s in multiple works on
2753:
2018 United States Strategic Framework for the Indo-Pacific
2593:"ASEAN's strategic engagement in the unwieldy Indo-Pacific"
2399:"Dividing Lines: Evolving Mental Maps of the Bay of Bengal"
1898:
Emerging Trans-Regional Corridors: South and Southeast Asia
2259:
National Security Strategy of the United States of America
2499:"Prime Minister's Keynote Address at Shangri La Dialogue"
30:
This article is about a region. For similar region, see
2737:
J. Cannon, Brendon; Rossiter, Ash, eds. (August 2018).
2234:
A Free and Open Indo-Pacific: Advancing a Shared Vision
1457:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1238:"Africa a low presence in the first Indo-Pacific forum"
816:
German Institute for International and Security Affairs
2264:(Report). Washington, D.C.: White House. December 2017
2190:"An Indo-Pacific Treaty: An Idea Whose Time Has Come?"
1958:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 22 August 2007
1867:"Indo-Pacific economic corridor: A vision in progress"
299:
The Coral Triangle and countries participating in the
814:. According to Felix Heiduk and Gudrun Wacker at the
51:
Area covered by the Indo-Pacific biogeographic region
2570:"Indonesia, ASEAN and shaping the Indo-Pacific idea"
1551:"Marine biogeographic realms and species endemicity"
1299:; Davidson, Nick; Ferdaña, Zach A.; Finlayson, Max;
582:, son of the economist Max Haushofer, believed that
1895:Yhome, K.; Chaturvedy, Rajeev Ranjan, eds. (2017).
1257:
India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs
798:
published a document formalizing the concept of a "
2471:
2373:"Indo-Pacific Visions: Giving Solidarity a Chance"
2216:"Locklear Calls for Indo-Asia-Pacific Cooperation"
1813:
1811:
711:German Cultural Politics in the Indo-Pacific Space
578:. According to Hansong Li, the German geographer
1251:Thuong, Nguyen Le Thy; Oanh, Nguyen Thi (2021).
2616:"The Nazi roots of the 'Indo-Pacific strategy'"
871:
641:commitments that better anticipate and prevent
1984:. Observer Research Foundation. Archived from
1206:"The broadening spectrum of India–Mexico ties"
616:Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity
176:discourse. It has a "symbiotic link" with the
2774:
376:in the west through central and southeastern
8:
854:, a minor party associated with the US-led
442:, as well as the coastal waters surrounding
1865:Sundararaman, Shankari (10 February 2017).
1819:"Central Polynesian tropical moist forests"
1290:
1288:
1286:
160:The term first appeared in academic use in
2781:
2767:
2759:
2518:
2516:
1075:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 274–276.
180:, or "Quad", an informal grouping between
90:, it comprises the tropical waters of the
82:In a narrow sense, sometimes known as the
2647:. Workers BushTelegraph. 14 November 2021
2470:Khurana, Gurpreet S. (14 November 2017).
2432:
2422:
2348:
1758:
1717:
1707:
1650:
1640:
1590:
1525:
1484:
1427:
1409:
1344:Briggs, John C.; Bowen, Brian W. (2012).
1320:
1118:
1051:
754:Institute of Defense Studies and Analyses
1177:
1175:
1173:
758:Japan Institute of International Affairs
563:and the Portuguese, and the launch of a
118:, and similar fields, since many marine
34:. For the proposed language family, see
2704:The Rise and Return of the Indo-Pacific
956:
209:, Indian Ocean territories such as the
38:. For the Australian rail service, see
2591:Kamaruddin, Nurliana (5 August 2019).
2557:from the original on 31 December 2023.
2534:from the original on 28 February 2024.
2335:Heiduk, Felix; Wacker, Gudrun (2020).
1194:from the original on 27 November 2022.
1040:Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies
829:after the former's state visit to the
59:Indo-Pacific. The green circle covers
2718:. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.
2343:. Stiftung Wissenschaft Und Politik.
1834:
1832:
1140:
1138:
786:In 2013, Indonesian Foreign Minister
141:The region has an exceptionally high
7:
2580:from the original on 12 August 2023.
2119:Amane, Yamazaki (28 February 2020).
1096:
1094:
1092:
1029:
1027:
962:
960:
27:Biogeographic marine region of Earth
2614:Bardon, Richard (20 January 2021).
2524:"ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific"
861:Former Prime Minister of Australia
648:Clean Economy: with commitments to
110:. The term is especially useful in
2645:"Australia's long march into Asia"
1694:(1). Journals.plos.org: e0145059.
1295:Spalding, Mark D.; Fox, Helen E.;
941:United States Indo-Pacific Command
637:Resilient Economy: through better
25:
2603:from the original on 9 June 2023.
2568:Sukma, Rizal (19 November 2019).
796:United States Department of State
102:, along the Pacific coast of the
2214:Miles, Donna (8 February 2013).
1904:. Observer Research Foundation.
1362:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02613.x
1036:"Delineating the Coral Triangle"
865:, in a televised address at the
699:Geopolitics of the Pacific Ocean
122:are continuously connected from
2188:Georgieff, Jack (17 May 2013).
1760:10.4067/S0717-65382011000200011
1621:Global Ecology and Biogeography
762:Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
233:nations bordering the Pacific,
178:Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
2545:Ghosh, Sanchari (3 May 2023).
917:, the landlocked parts of Asia
703:Building Blocks of Geopolitics
279:Marine Ecoregions of the World
1:
1182:Tamer, Cenk (11 March 2021).
2688:Resources in other libraries
2415:10.1080/14799855.2014.914499
1875:Observer Research Foundation
1709:10.1371/journal.pone.0145059
1411:10.1371/journal.pone.0081847
1071:; Facey, Douglas E. (1997).
825:and United States President
743:The Japanese Prime Minister
643:disruptions in supply chains
561:British East India Companies
153:, and around 500 species of
2826:Temperate Northern Atlantic
2371:Medcalf, Rory (July 2019).
1514:Frontiers in Marine Science
1107:Modern Intellectual History
1101:Li, Hansong (4 June 2021).
667:, and anti-bribery regimes.
622:Connected Economy: through
326:, and the seas surrounding
106:, which is also a distinct
2913:
2831:Temperate Northern Pacific
1978:"Maritime Policy Archives"
1575:10.1038/s41467-017-01121-2
804:National Security Strategy
800:Free and Open Indo-Pacific
739:Free and Open Indo-Pacific
736:
548:
411:
365:
288:
94:, the western and central
29:
2841:Temperate Southern Africa
2796:
2683:Resources in your library
2624:Australian Citizens Party
2551:E-International Relations
2437:– via Academia.edu.
2021:10.1080/09700160701355485
1269:10.1177/09749284211005036
1120:10.1017/S1479244321000214
852:Australian Citizens Party
812:National Defense Strategy
685:The German geopolitician
301:Coral Triangle Initiative
2851:Tropical Eastern Pacific
2397:Brewster, David (2014).
2078:Defence White Paper 2013
2056:10.1177/0020881714534038
1844:South China Morning Post
1789:. UNESCO. Archived from
1741:Pequeño, Germán (2011).
1527:10.3389/fmars.2014.00081
707:Geopolitics of Pan-Ideas
100:Tropical Eastern Pacific
2836:Temperate South America
2739:Rising Powers Quarterly
1350:Journal of Biogeography
1073:The Diversity of Fishes
994:10.1126/science.1067728
384:, to the west coast of
310:(with the exception of
2726:Medcalf, Rory (2020).
2284:Nuclear Posture Review
2159:. Black Incorporated.
2153:Medcalf, Rory (2020).
1825:. World Wildlife Fund.
1823:Terrestrial Ecoregions
1469:10.1098/rspb.2013.0818
876:
808:Nuclear Posture Review
481:Calophyllum inophyllum
402:Juan Fernández Islands
330:, western and central
308:Indonesian archipelago
303:
266:
64:
52:
36:Indo-Pacific languages
2821:Temperate Australasia
2044:International Studies
1782:Udvardy, Miklos D.F.
1652:10536/DRO/DU:30121822
1555:Nature Communications
1053:10.3755/galaxea.11.91
485:Heliotropium arboreum
398:Desventuradas Islands
322:, the north coast of
298:
264:
58:
50:
2856:Western Indo-Pacific
2811:Eastern Indo-Pacific
2806:Central Indo-Pacific
2620:citizensparty.org.au
2222:on 10 February 2013.
2133:Jamestown Foundation
1301:Halpern, Benjamin S.
931:Valeriepieris circle
921:Indo-Pacific Century
895:Austronesian peoples
727:historical philology
672:Geopolitical context
658:green infrastructure
533:Aleurites moluccanus
414:Western Indo-Pacific
408:Western Indo-Pacific
368:Eastern Indo-Pacific
362:Eastern Indo-Pacific
291:Central Indo-Pacific
285:Central Indo-Pacific
2478:The Washington Post
1700:2016PLoSO..1145059F
1633:2019GloEB..28..943C
1567:2017NatCo...8.1057C
1402:2013PLoSO...881847K
1240:. 25 February 2022.
986:2002Sci...295.1280R
980:(5558): 1280–1284.
867:National Press Club
2712:Auslin, Michael R.
2599:. Lowy Institute.
2341:SWP Research Paper
2009:Strategic Analysis
1988:on 6 December 2017
1846:. 30 December 2017
1463:(1763): 20130818.
1069:Collette, Bruce B.
1067:Helfman, Gene S.;
910:Indo-Mediterranean
551:Maritime Silk Road
538:Morinda citrifolia
497:Guettarda speciosa
489:Pandanus tectorius
464:Chagos Archipelago
394:Isla Salas y GĂłmez
304:
275:Nature Conservancy
267:
65:
53:
2864:
2863:
2846:Tropical Atlantic
2669:Library resources
2350:10.18449/2020RP09
2166:978-1-76064-157-3
2090:978-0-9874958-0-8
1911:978-81-86818-26-8
1642:10.1111/geb.12905
1166:. 22 August 2022.
936:Geography of Asia
749:Indian Parliament
628:data localization
596:industrialisation
592:population growth
500:, and the shrubs
493:Cordia subcordata
456:Mascarene Islands
219:Malay Archipelago
211:Kerguelen Islands
88:Indo-Pacific Asia
84:Indo-West Pacific
18:Indo-West Pacific
16:(Redirected from
2904:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2760:
2731:
2719:
2707:
2698:Doyle, Timothy;
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2530:. 23 June 2019.
2520:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2475:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2426:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2093:. Archived from
2082:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2050:(3–4): 165–188.
2039:
2033:
2032:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1903:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1762:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1711:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1654:
1644:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1413:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1297:Allen, Gerald R.
1292:
1281:
1280:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1226:. 21 March 2022.
1220:
1214:
1213:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1179:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1098:
1087:
1086:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1031:
1022:
1021:
964:
946:Global Southeast
788:Marty Natalegawa
733:Contemporary use
665:money laundering
507:Suriana maritima
503:Scaevola taccada
374:Marshall Islands
151:Western Atlantic
143:species richness
21:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2792:
2787:
2725:
2710:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2663:Further reading
2660:
2650:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2597:The Interpreter
2590:
2589:
2585:
2574:East Asia Forum
2567:
2566:
2562:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2167:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1930:The White House
1924:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1901:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1322:10.1641/B570707
1294:
1293:
1284:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1100:
1099:
1090:
1083:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1033:
1032:
1025:
966:
965:
958:
954:
881:
856:Rouche movement
848:
836:President Biden
810:, and the 2018
741:
735:
679:
674:
654:decarbonization
624:digital economy
553:
547:
545:Economic region
513:Pemphis acidula
477:Pisonia grandis
472:
416:
410:
370:
364:
340:Solomon Islands
316:South China Sea
293:
287:
259:
239:Pacific Islands
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2910:
2908:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2816:Southern Ocean
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2735:
2723:
2714:, ed. (2020).
2708:
2706:. Oxford: OUP.
2700:Rumley, Dennis
2691:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2636:
2606:
2583:
2560:
2537:
2512:
2490:
2462:
2440:
2409:(2): 151–167.
2403:Asian Security
2389:
2363:
2327:
2300:
2275:
2250:
2225:
2206:
2180:
2165:
2145:
2111:
2100:on 12 May 2013
2089:
2069:
2034:
2015:(1): 139–153.
1999:
1969:
1943:
1917:
1910:
1887:
1857:
1828:
1807:
1774:
1753:(2): 201–202.
1733:
1674:
1627:(7): 943–960.
1606:
1541:
1500:
1443:
1396:(12): e81847.
1375:
1336:
1315:(7): 573–583.
1282:
1263:(2): 129–142.
1243:
1229:
1215:
1197:
1169:
1155:
1134:
1113:(3): 807–833.
1088:
1081:
1059:
1023:
955:
953:
950:
949:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
880:
877:
847:
844:
734:
731:
715:marine biology
687:Karl Haushofer
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
668:
661:
646:
635:
580:Karl Haushofer
576:Weimar Germany
546:
543:
471:
468:
412:Main article:
409:
406:
366:Main article:
363:
360:
356:Coral Triangle
320:Philippine Sea
289:Main article:
286:
283:
258:
255:
170:Weimar Germany
147:Coral Triangle
136:Atlantic Ocean
112:marine biology
40:Indian Pacific
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2909:
2898:
2897:Pacific Ocean
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Marine realms
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2790:Marine realms
2784:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2662:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2479:
2474:
2466:
2463:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2328:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2149:
2146:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1987:
1983:
1982:orfonline.org
1979:
1973:
1970:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1932:. 23 May 2022
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1888:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1796:on 4 May 2022
1792:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1770:
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1748:
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1701:
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1689:
1685:
1678:
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1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
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1622:
1618:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
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1444:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
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1289:
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1283:
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1274:
1270:
1266:
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1258:
1254:
1247:
1244:
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1233:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1147:
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1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
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1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:0-86542-256-7
1078:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1049:
1046:(2): 91–100.
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
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963:
961:
957:
951:
947:
944:
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937:
934:
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927:
924:
922:
919:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
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878:
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868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
845:
843:
839:
837:
832:
828:
824:
823:Narendra Modi
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
794:In 2019, the
792:
789:
784:
781:
779:
778:United States
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
746:
740:
732:
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728:
724:
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688:
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633:
629:
625:
621:
620:
619:
617:
612:
608:
605:
599:
597:
593:
589:
586:, along with
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
567:transport of
566:
565:trans-Pacific
562:
558:
552:
544:
542:
540:
539:
534:
530:
526:
525:Coco nucifera
522:
517:
515:
514:
509:
508:
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499:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
469:
467:
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461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:Bay of Bengal
433:
429:
425:
421:
415:
407:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:Easter Island
387:
383:
379:
375:
369:
361:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:New Caledonia
333:
329:
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321:
317:
313:
309:
302:
297:
292:
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
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236:
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228:
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208:
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190:United States
187:
183:
179:
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167:
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155:reef building
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:Pacific Ocean
93:
89:
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