1666:), ostensibly to protect them from an uprising by Peta troops, but in fact to force them to declare independence. However, the two men still refused to make such a proclamation without assurances from the Japanese. Later that morning, Maeda learned that Sukarno and Hatta had disappeared. An Army investigation led to Wikana, who was pressured to return the two men to Jakarta. Following a guarantee of safety and cooperation from Maeda, as well as the use of his house for discussions, Subardjo went to Rengasdengklok and brought Sukarno and Hatta back to Jakarta. They obtained an assurance from the Japanese military that there would be no interference in a declaration of independence as long as it was not associated with the Japanese, as this would be a breach of the surrender terms. Sukarno and Hatta then went to Maeda's house, now the
1833:
1489:
heavy-handed. The
Japanese then decided that it would be more effective to use pre-war nationalists to mobilize the population in support of their war aims. In July, the 25th Army freed Sukarno from exile in Sumatra, and he joined Hatta and Sjahrir in Jakarta, as Batavia had been renamed. They agreed that Sjahrir would work underground, while Sukarno and Hatta would cooperate with the Japanese, still with the ultimate goal of Indonesian independence. The two men urged the Japanese to establish a popular political organization that they would lead, and this came about in March 1943 with the formation of
48:
3092:
213:
1815:
1959:. One of the other changes that had also taken place during the Japanese occupation included the population in Indonesia undertaking military training. Conflict occurred not only with the Dutch, but also when the Japanese tried to re-establish control in October 1945 in Bandung, and furthermore when the British tried to establish control. After a long struggle for independence, the freedom of Indonesia from the Dutch
1685:
3010:
1203:
1747:
1808:
1441:, and the initial successes of Japan, in early 1942, the Dutch authorities gave Amir Sjarifuddin money to establish an underground resistance movement and sent Hatta and Sjahrir back to Java. In January 1942, the Japanese invaded the Dutch East Indies, and rapidly overran the archipelago. The Dutch surrendered on 8 March. The Japanese banned the use of the Dutch language as well as the Indonesian
1955:. The Dutch, as the former colonial power, viewed the republicans as collaborators with the Japanese, and desired to restore their colonial rule, as they still had political and economic interests in the former Dutch East Indies. The result was a four-year war for Indonesian independence. Indonesian youths had played an important role in the proclamation, and they played a central role in the
1351:
itself in 1931, and in the same year, Sjahrir returned from the
Netherlands and established a party called the New PNI which rather than focussing on mass action and being dependent on one leader, aimed to create a group of leaders who could ensure continuity if any were arrested. In 1931, Sukarno was released and joined the small
1334:(PNI). The party aimed to achieve Indonesian independence through mass-based non-cooperation with the authorities. In October 1928, the representatives at a Youth Congress held in Batavia, the capital, adopted the ideals of one motherland, Indonesia; one nation, the nation of Indonesia; and one language, the
1943:
Indonesian youths spread news of the proclamation across Java almost immediately using
Japanese news and telegraph facilities, and in Bandung the news was broadcast by radio. However many ordinary Indonesians either did not believe the reports or saw them as a Japanese deception. In Sumatra, only the
1543:
buildings. Rear-admiral Maeda provided official funds for tours around the archipelago by
Sukarno and Hatta, and in October 1944, established a Free Indonesia Dormitory to prepare youth leaders for an independent Indonesia. With the war situation becoming increasingly dire, in March 1945 the Japanese
1488:
In April 1943, the
Japanese established the Triple-A mass movement. Its name was taken from the Japanese propaganda slogan portraying Japan as the leader, protector and light of Asia. However it failed to gain support as no significant Indonesian nationalists were involved, and the propaganda was too
1350:
The PNI grew rapidly, causing concern for the authorities, who arrested
Sukarno and seven party leaders in December 1929. They were put on trial for being a threat to public order and in September 1930 received sentences of one to four years – Sukarno received the longest sentence. The PNI dissolved
1726:
figures protested ineffectually about the changes, but the majority of the PPKI agreed with the wording. After some debate as to who would sign the proclamation, it was agreed that in order to disassociate the document from the
Japanese-formed PPKI, only Sukarno and Hatta would sign it. The meeting
1386:
asking for a conference to be held that would lead to
Indonesian self-government as part of a Dutch-Indonesian union over a decade, Parindra was lukewarm, resenting the possibility of Soetardjo succeeding where the other nationalist organizations had failed. The petition was passed by a majority of
1713:
This final version contained the phrase "transfer of power", which was acceptable to the
Japanese as the Japanese language translation of the phrase implied transfer of administrative control, rather than of sovereignty, which could have been seen as a violation by the Japanese of the ceasefire
1641:
members. In an angry exchange, Sukarno refused to do so as besides the need to discuss matters with the PPKI, he did not want to provoke the
Japanese. Hatta subsequently arrived and took the same stance as Sukarno, and pointed out that there was still no official confirmation of the Japanese
1572:, the Japanese decided to grant Indonesian independence to create problems for the Dutch when they reoccupied their colony. At a meeting in Singapore at the end of July, it was decided that Java would become independent at the end of September, followed by other areas. On 6 and 9 August,
1509:
As the tide turned against Japan and its territorial expansion halted, Japan started to talk of greater Indonesian involvement in the governance of Java, where the 16th Army was much more in favor of such participation than the 25th Army or the Navy in other parts of the archipelago. A
1704:
Sukarno and Hatta rejected this wording, believing that it had the potential to spark violence and would cause problems for the Japanese as it implied a transfer of sovereignty in violation of the terms of the surrender. Sukarno drafted the final version, which read as follows:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1326:. In September 1927, Hatta and other members were arrested for inciting resistance to Dutch authority in the East Indies, but thanks to a rousing defense speech by Hatta, they were acquitted. Back in the East Indies, in 1927, nationalist and future Indonesian president
1613:, including Sjahrir, who urged Sukarno to declare independence without the involvement of the PPKI to avoid accusations from the Allies that independence was sponsored by Japan. In the afternoon of 15 August, Sukarno, Hatta and BPUPK member and future foreign minister
1851:
1528:), with Sukarno and Hatta given key positions in it, albeit answering to the military governor. Although intended to mobilise the masses for Japanese interests, Sukarno in particular took advantage of his role to tour the archipelago making speeches.
1608:
pending the arrival of allied forces. However there was no official confirmation from the Japanese of the surrender. Again there was disagreement between the older generation, including Sukarno and Hatta, who were uncertain how to proceed, and the
1355:, while in August 1932, Hatta returned from the Netherlands and assumed the leadership of the rival New PNI, which had a more Marxist and revolutionary platform than Partindo. Sukarno was arrested again in August 1933, and was exiled first to
1637:. They decided to send a deputation led by Wikana to meet Sukarno at his home and demand an immediate proclamation of independence in person, rather than through the PPKI, which they saw as having no credibility, and which in any case had no
1649:
Wikana felt humiliated by the challenge from Hatta as he knew that only Sukarno and Hatta had the authority to make a credible declaration of independence. Spurred on by this humiliation and the desire to demonstrate the commitment of the
1617:
called on Maeda to ask about the surrender rumours, and received unofficial confirmation that they were true. Hatta then asked Soebardjo to arrange a meeting of the PPKI for the following day and went home to draft a proclamation.
1895:
We the people of Indonesia do hereby declare the independence of Indonesia. Matters concerning the transfer of power and other matters will be executed in an orderly manner and in the shortest possible time.
1718:. It was also acceptable to the Indonesians, who could interpret this transfer in a wider sense. Meanwhile, the phrase "in an orderly manner" reassured the older nationalists as it implied no action by the
1709:
We the people of Indonesia hereby declare the independence of Indonesia. Matters concerning the transfer of power and other matters will be executed in an orderly manner and in the shortest possible time.
1403:
resulted in the occupation of the Netherlands, and the Dutch government in exile was in no position to respond to GAPI's request for a Dutch-Indonesian union and an elected legislature, although Dutch
1850:
1545:
1761:. However, the Japanese authorities, fearing disorder, deployed soldiers to the area, and as a result, the proclamation was made at Sukarno's house at 56 Jalan Pegangsaan Timur at 10 AM
3043:
913:
1600:, who promised independence for the territory of the former Dutch East Indies and formally appointed Sukarno and Hatta as chairman and vice-chairman of the PPKI. On 15 August, Japan
1654:, a decision was taken by a group including Chairul Saleh and Wikana to take action. In the early hours of the morning of 16 August, they took Sukarno and Hatta to the town of
1887:
on Indonesia, believed that they were omitted from publication in Indonesia either due to Japanese control of media outlets or fear of provoking a harsh Japanese response.
1338:. This expression of national unity was a reaction to the older generation, which tended to identify with their region or ethnicity, and subsequently became known as the
1948:
1577:
893:
166:
873:
2853:
1849:
1700:
The Indonesian people hereby declares its independence. All existing governmental organs shall be seized by the people from the foreigners who still control them.
1231:
3121:
1580:(PPKI) to accelerate preparations for establishing an Indonesian government for the whole of the East Indies, not just Java. Two days later, Sukarno, Hatta and
1391:, but rejected by the Dutch in November 1938. In May 1937, Parindra, the Indonesian People's Movement (Gerindo), was established by younger Marxists including
3076:
3036:
1427:
962:
136:
3136:
1960:
1370:
The detention of these nationalist figures effectively ended the non-cooperation movement, and in December 1935 the moderate Indonesian National Union and
1485:
was appointed to the liaison office of the naval attaché in Batavia to expedite deliveries and to ensure the maintenance of good relations with the Army.
1395:, another future prime minister, to campaign for the formation of an Indonesian parliament in cooperation with the Dutch, which was the same aim of the
2671:
1573:
3249:
3410:
1514:
was established, again headed by Sukarno, and more Indonesians were appointed as advisors to the Japanese. In October 1943, the Japanese formed the
3400:
3029:
1872:
1667:
1560:, wanted much more overt moves towards independence than the older generation were willing to risk, resulting in a split between the generations.
1848:
1832:
3390:
3380:
2875:
3375:
2977:
2904:
1007:
1418:
against the Dutch who were afraid of Japanese invasion of Celebes. He was later imprisoned by the Japanese after they had invaded the area.
1148:
1646:
to go ahead with a proclamation themselves. Wikana in turn demanded a declaration the following day, 16 August, and the delegation left.
3425:
1108:
2915:
2639:. Cornell University. Dept. of Far Eastern Studies. Modern Indonesia Project. Interim reports series. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University.
1314:, which for the first time gave Indonesian nationalists a voice. Meanwhile, Indonesian students studying in the Netherlands formed the
3281:
3162:
2996:
2704:
1224:
1170:
1722:, and "in the shortest possible time" was taken by the Indonesians to mean before the Allied forces arrived. Chairul Saleh and other
3286:
2955:
2660:
1597:
1128:
3385:
3152:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1138:
1118:
1396:
1276:
and pro-Dutch civilians, until the latter officially acknowledged Indonesia's independence in 1949. The document was signed by
47:
3091:
3172:
3052:
1956:
1938:
1269:
1180:
972:
220:
39:
3131:
1481:. As the area controlled by the Navy was the source of essential supplies, including food, to the other areas, rear-admiral
1757:
The original plan was for the proclamation to be read in public before a crowd at the square in the center of Jakarta, now
3071:
1407:
made a speech in London in May 1941 promising unspecified changes to the relationship with the East Indies after the war.
1404:
1310:
1217:
1185:
1175:
1158:
1123:
1047:
1017:
952:
782:
485:
308:
192:
2733:
1522:(Masjumi) as an umbrella group for Muslims. In 1944, Putera was dissolved and replaced by the Java Service Association (
1288:
801:
494:
178:
1399:(GAPI), formed two years later from a merger of almost all the nationalist organizations. However, the outbreak of the
1027:
3415:
3259:
2799:
2634:
982:
2725:
American visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia: US foreign policy and Indonesian nationalism, 1920–1949
1952:
1769:
1553:
1518:(PETA) volunteer army intended to help fight off an allied invasion of the East Indies, and also established the
1515:
1454:
1331:
1133:
1511:
1113:
534:
1772:, which had been written by the BPUPK, was read, then Sukarno, with Hatta by his side, read the proclamation:
3430:
3234:
3167:
2943:
1758:
1679:
1655:
1482:
280:
3420:
3157:
1964:
1909:
1581:
1552:, in two sessions in May and June, it decided on the basis for an independent nation and produced a draft
1549:
1493:, the Centre of People's Power. Although it was controlled by the Japanese, it was led by Sukarno, Hatta,
1478:
1466:
1315:
3111:
2795:
2783:
1880:
1375:
1037:
764:
229:
212:
1548:(BPUPK), comprising members of the older political generation, including Sukarno and Hatta. Chaired by
17:
3395:
3309:
1738:
in Pasar Senen, Jakarta. This was because only Japanese typewriters were available in Maeda's house.
1449:, and the Japanese calendar was imposed. The archipelago was administered as three separate regions:
1065:
828:
791:
744:
674:
644:
614:
584:
201:
174:
3244:
3239:
3116:
2936:
Documenta Historica: Sedjarah Dokumenter Dari Pertumbuhan dan Perdjuangan Negara Republik Indonesia
1786:
Hal-hal jang mengenai pemindahan kekoeasaan d.l.l., diselenggarakan dengan tjara saksama dan dalam
1762:
1731:
1569:
1335:
1261:
1249:
883:
848:
714:
634:
504:
105:
3324:
3291:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3194:
3126:
2840:
2771:
1601:
1494:
1383:
1378:(Parindra), which aimed to work with the Dutch to achieve Indonesian independence. When in 1936,
1088:
1073:
734:
704:
624:
544:
377:
2754:
Homan, Gerlof D (1990). "The Netherlands, the United States and the Indonesian Question, 1948".
1330:
turned his study club into the Indonesian Nationalist Association, which in May 1928 became the
3314:
3264:
3229:
3106:
3066:
2992:
2973:
2951:
2900:
2832:
2700:
2656:
2644:
2630:
1822:
1814:
1593:
1442:
1305:
923:
903:
684:
574:
564:
524:
259:
3405:
3015:
2822:
2814:
2763:
2738:
1868:
1837:
1659:
1614:
1392:
1207:
1083:
838:
664:
654:
347:
121:
3269:
3219:
3199:
3182:
1360:
1078:
819:
694:
594:
554:
387:
1944:
republican elite in major cities knew about the proclamation by the middle of September.
3319:
3254:
3177:
2965:
2649:
1951:
met and elected Sukarno as president and Hatta as vice-president. It also ratified the
1879:. It incorporated remarks made immediately prior to and after the actual proclamation.
1826:
1446:
1411:
1410:
On 23 January 1942, three years before the 1945 proclamation, an independence activist
1319:
1281:
754:
724:
604:
427:
357:
158:
56:
1684:
3369:
3344:
3276:
3224:
2856:[When did Soekarno record the Reading of the Indonesian Proclamation Text?],
2775:
2690:
1841:
1840:, the site of the 1945 Indonesian proclamation of independence; monument designed by
1630:
1532:
1519:
1323:
1318:, or Indonesian Association. Among its leaders were future Indonesian vice-president
407:
1858:
Sukarno reading the proclamation. This recording was made in 1950 or 1951, not 1945.
1670:, where members of the PPKI were waiting, having been told to go there by Subardjo.
1524:
1746:
1400:
1339:
397:
327:
290:
2895:
Post, Peter; Frederick, William H.; Heidebrink, Iris; Sato, Shigeru, eds. (2010).
2694:
1284:, who were appointed president and vice-president respectively the following day.
3021:
1625:
groups had heard the surrender rumors and held a meeting. Those present included
1268:. The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of the
3329:
1807:
1626:
1498:
1438:
1364:
1273:
514:
437:
239:
2767:
1604:, and the Japanese authorities in the East Indies were ordered to maintain the
3354:
3005:
1474:
1470:
1414:
declared "Indonesian independence" after he and his people won in a revolt in
1371:
457:
2836:
1539:). The authorities in Java then allowed the flying of the Indonesian flag at
2636:
Some Aspects of Indonesian Politics under the Japanese occupation, 1944–1945
1884:
1663:
1415:
467:
417:
367:
270:
140:
1730:
The latin typewriter used to type the proclamation test was borrowed from
3334:
1352:
249:
2716:
The blue-eyed enemy: Japan against the West in Java and Luzon, 1942–1945
3339:
3189:
2844:
1876:
1750:
1450:
1327:
1277:
1265:
337:
154:
132:
52:
2827:
3349:
2858:
1783:
Kami, bangsa Indonesia, dengan ini menjatakan kemerdekaan Indonesia.
1634:
1589:
1585:
1462:
1356:
447:
109:
2818:
2854:"Kapan Soekarno Rekaman Suara Pembacaan Teks Proklamasi Indonesia?"
1287:
The date of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence was made a
2651:
Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944–1946
1846:
1745:
1683:
317:
1768:
The ceremony was very simple. Firstly, the preamble to the draft
1458:
3025:
1734:
Dr.jur. Hermann Kandeler, the leader of a Nazi German military
1696:
led by Sjahrir had produced a declaration worded as follows:
1546:
Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence
2876:"Lima Hal Menarik Seputar Malam Perumusan Naskah Proklamasi"
2916:"Nani Wartabone dan Proklamasi Kemerdekaan 23 Januari 1942"
2469:
1821:
PETA officer Latief Hendraningat raised the red and white
1363:, while Hatta and Sjahrir were arrested and exiled to the
2672:"Another Look at the Jakarta Charter Controversy of 1945"
2006:
2004:
1875:
as of October 1948 included the entire speech as read by
1576:. On 7 August, the Japanese announced the formation of a
2021:
2019:
1753:
praying before proclaiming the independence of Indonesia
1535:
promised independence for the 'East Indies' "later on" (
2880:
Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia
1825:
and the attendees sung the Indonesian national anthem,
2991:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 84.
2696:
The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia
1688:
The original Indonesian proclamation of Independence
3302:
3145:
3099:
3059:
2800:"Sukarno's Proclamation of Indonesian Independence"
1574:
atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1308:established a partly-elected People's Council, the
146:
128:
120:Sukarno's house at 56 Jalan Pegangsaan Timur, (now
116:
100:
82:
74:
64:
59:(right), proclaiming the independence of Indonesia.
2648:
1949:Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence
1578:Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence
1556:. Meanwhile, the younger activists, known as the
2897:The Encyclopedia of Indonesia in the Pacific War
1920:
1291:by a government decree issued on 18 June 1946.
1914:
1501:. Like the Triple A, it achieved very little.
3122:United Nations Security Council Resolution 27
3037:
2790:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
1908:The date of the declaration, "05" refers to "
1531:On 7 September 1944, Japanese Prime Minister
1225:
8:
3077:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
2948:The Indonesian National Revolution 1945–1950
1428:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
32:
2970:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300
2505:
1570:call from the allies for Japan to surrender
1505:Japanese support for Indonesian nationalism
1300:The beginnings of the independence movement
3044:
3030:
3022:
2655:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
1765:, which was in use during the occupation.
1232:
1218:
186:
31:
2826:
2718:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
2529:
2445:
1520:Council of Indonesian Muslim Associations
69:Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia
2938:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Bulain-Bintag.
2727:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
2589:
2577:
2493:
2457:
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2421:
2409:
2397:
2385:
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2349:
2337:
2301:
2289:
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2253:
2229:
2217:
2193:
2181:
2157:
2145:
2109:
2073:
2061:
2025:
2010:
1831:
3137:Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference
2788:Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia
2734:"Intriguing days ahead of independence"
2613:
2601:
1976:
1902:In the name of the people of Indonesia
1668:Formulation of Proclamation Text Museum
1246:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
200:
189:
78:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
33:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
2874:Pamungkas, M. Fazil (17 August 2019).
2037:
1367:detention camp in western New Guinea.
1304:In 1918, the Dutch authorities in the
18:Indonesian Declaration of Independence
2565:
2553:
2517:
2481:
2325:
2265:
2169:
2121:
2097:
1995:
1983:
1272:, fighting against the forces of the
27:1945 Indonesian independence document
7:
2541:
2313:
2241:
2205:
2133:
2085:
2049:
1947:The day after the proclamation, the
1794:Djakarta, hari 17 boelan 8 tahoen 05
175:history of the Republic of Indonesia
2972:(4th ed.). London: MacMillan.
137:Japanese occupied Dutch East Indies
3282:Yogyakarta and Surakarta Offensive
3163:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
2732:Poulgrain, Greg (20 August 2015).
25:
3287:General Offensive of 1 March 1949
2699:. Singapore: Equinox Publishing.
1963:in 1949 as a part of a period of
1598:Southern Expeditionary Army Group
3153:Indonesian National Armed Forces
3090:
3008:
1813:
1806:
1596:, the Japanese commander of the
1254:Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia
1201:
211:
46:
3411:1945 in international relations
2756:Journal of Contemporary History
1674:The writing of the proclamation
1642:surrender. He then invited the
1397:Indonesian Political Federation
3401:Indonesian National Revolution
3173:Kalimantan Physical Revolution
3053:Indonesian National Revolution
2852:Mela Arnani (17 August 2020),
1957:Indonesian National Revolution
1939:Indonesian National Revolution
1592:, to meet with Field Marshall
1584:were flown by the Japanese to
1564:Japanese plan for independence
1544:announced the formation of an
1270:Indonesian National Revolution
914:French and British interregnum
40:Indonesian War of Independence
1:
3391:Separatism in the Netherlands
3381:National liberation movements
3072:Indonesian National Awakening
2989:A history of modern Indonesia
1871:translation published by the
1382:member Soetardjo submitted a
1264:on Friday, 17 August 1945 in
3376:Declarations of independence
3082:Proclamation of Independence
802:Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow
1921:
1873:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1799:Atas nama bangsa Indonesia,
1790:jang sesingkat-singkatnja.
1714:commitment to preserve the
1497:and pre-war Islamic figure
309:Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms
3447:
3426:August 1945 events in Asia
2768:10.1177/002200949002500106
1936:
1677:
1425:
1353:Indonesia Party (Partindo)
1322:and future prime minister
983:United States of Indonesia
820:Chinese Kongsi federations
3132:Roem–Van Roijen Agreement
3088:
2914:Prastiwi, Devira (2019).
2714:Friend, Theodore (2014).
1953:Constitution of Indonesia
1915:
1516:Defenders of the Homeland
1437:With the outbreak of the
1332:Indonesian National Party
1134:Javanese historical texts
172:
45:
37:
2987:Vickers, Adrian (2013).
2862:(in Indonesian), Jakarta
2196:, pp. 322, 328–330.
2112:, pp. 306, 312–313.
1512:Central Advisory Council
894:Dutch East India Company
535:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
3386:Separatism in Indonesia
3250:South Sulawesi campaign
3235:East Sumatra revolution
2723:Gouda, Frances (2002).
1899:Djakarta, 17 August 05
1680:Rengasdengklok Incident
1422:The Japanese occupation
3158:Royal Netherlands Army
2950:. Melbourne: Longman.
2934:Raliby, Osman (1953).
2784:Kahin, George McTurnan
1965:decolonization in Asia
1910:Japanese imperial year
1906:
1859:
1844:
1819:
1754:
1711:
1702:
1692:Earlier that day, the
1689:
1582:Rajiman Wediodiningrat
1550:Rajiman Wediodiningrat
1479:Imperial Japanese Navy
1473:and the resource-rich
1316:Perhimpoenan Indonesia
1253:
945:Emergence of Indonesia
173:This event marked the
88:; 79 years ago
3112:Linggadjati Agreement
2670:Elson, R. E. (2009).
1889:
1881:George McTurnan Kahin
1857:
1835:
1774:
1749:
1707:
1698:
1687:
1376:Great Indonesia Party
1000:Republic of Indonesia
866:European colonization
765:Riau-Lingga Sultanate
141:Republic of Indonesia
3310:Abdul Haris Nasution
3260:Dutch police actions
1836:Children playing in
1260:) was read at 10:00
1208:Indonesia portal
829:Heshun Confederation
745:Yogyakarta Sultanate
675:Kalinyamat Sultanate
645:Sultanate of Jailolo
615:Sultanate of Ternate
328:Tarumanagara Kingdom
177:and celebrated as a
3245:Battle of Margarana
3240:Bandung Sea of Fire
3117:Denpasar Conference
2364:, pp. 340–341.
2340:, pp. 339–340.
2304:, pp. 334–339.
2292:, pp. 334–336.
2280:, pp. 333–333.
2268:, pp. 103–104.
2256:, pp. 330–332.
2220:, pp. 324–325.
2160:, pp. 317–320.
2148:, pp. 316–317.
2076:, pp. 308–309.
2040:, pp. 621–622.
1863:English translation
1778:P R O K L A M A S I
1763:Japan Standard Time
1621:Meanwhile, various
1439:war in the Far East
1374:merged to form the
1336:Indonesian language
1262:Tokyo Standard Time
973:National Revolution
963:Japanese occupation
849:Santiaogou Republic
715:Palembang Sultanate
635:Sultanate of Tidore
505:Peureulak Sultanate
438:Dharmasraya Kingdom
163:And members of the:
86:17 August 1945
34:
3325:Raymond Westerling
3292:Siege of Surakarta
3215:Battle of Surabaya
3210:Battle of Ambarawa
3205:Battle of Semarang
3195:Battle of Kotabaru
3127:Renville Agreement
3100:Diplomatic efforts
2796:Kahin, George McT.
2645:Anderson, Benedict
2631:Anderson, Benedict
2544:, pp. 31, 37.
1860:
1845:
1755:
1690:
1346:The pre-war period
1052:1998–present
953:National Awakening
783:Christian kingdoms
749:1755–present
739:1745–present
735:Surakarta Sunanate
705:Kingdom of Kaimana
659:1526–present
625:Sultanate of Bacan
545:Pagaruyung Kingdom
486:Islamic sultanates
378:Shailendra Dynasty
3416:1945 in Indonesia
3363:
3362:
3315:Hubertus van Mook
3265:Operation Product
3230:Lengkong incident
3107:Malino Conference
3067:Dutch East Indies
2979:978-0-230-54685-1
2906:978-90-04-16866 4
2436:, pp. 82–83.
2400:, pp. 73–80.
2388:, pp. 70–72.
2376:, pp. 66–69.
2352:, pp. 62–63.
2208:, pp. 10–12.
2172:, pp. 95–99.
2124:, pp. 90–94.
1855:
1838:Proclamation Park
1823:flag of Indonesia
1727:broke up at 5am.
1594:Hisaichi Terauchi
1455:Twenty-Fifth Army
1306:Dutch East Indies
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1056:
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685:Mataram Sultanate
585:Cirebon Sultanate
565:Malacca Sultanate
525:Ternate Sultanate
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452:1000s–1300s
418:Kahuripan Kingdom
299:
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55:, accompanied by
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3016:Indonesia portal
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1732:Korvettenkapitän
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1615:Achmad Soebardjo
1537:di kemudian hari
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1401:Second World War
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314:
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264:94,000–12,000 BP
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2064:, pp. 307.
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3320:Mohammad Hatta
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2706:978-9793780450
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2691:Feith, Herbert
2687:
2685:(88): 105–130.
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2606:
2604:, p. 102.
2594:
2592:, p. 140.
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2558:
2556:, p. 138.
2546:
2534:
2530:Poulgrain 2015
2522:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2474:
2472:, p. 614.
2462:
2450:
2446:Pamungkas 2019
2438:
2426:
2424:, pp. 82.
2414:
2412:, pp. 84.
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2015:
2013:, p. 344.
2000:
1988:
1986:, p. 119.
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1937:Main article:
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1904:Soekarno/Hatta
1890:
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1827:Indonesia Raya
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1759:Merdeka Square
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1568:Following the
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1467:Sixteenth Army
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1426:Main article:
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1412:Nani Wartabone
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3421:Proclamations
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3417:
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3407:
3404:
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3397:
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3345:Sutan Sjahrir
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3277:Madiun Affair
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3225:Cumbok affair
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2615:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2590:Anderson 1972
2586:
2583:
2579:
2578:Anderson 1972
2574:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2496:, p. 84.
2495:
2494:Anderson 1972
2490:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2460:, p. 86.
2459:
2458:Anderson 1961
2454:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2434:Anderson 1972
2430:
2427:
2423:
2422:Anderson 1972
2418:
2415:
2411:
2410:Anderson 1961
2406:
2403:
2399:
2398:Anderson 1972
2394:
2391:
2387:
2386:Anderson 1972
2382:
2379:
2375:
2374:Anderson 1972
2370:
2367:
2363:
2362:Ricklefs 2008
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:Anderson 1972
2346:
2343:
2339:
2338:Ricklefs 2008
2334:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2316:, p. 14.
2315:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2302:Ricklefs 2008
2298:
2295:
2291:
2290:Ricklefs 2008
2286:
2283:
2279:
2278:Ricklefs 2008
2274:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2254:Ricklefs 2008
2250:
2247:
2244:, p. 13.
2243:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2230:Anderson 1961
2226:
2223:
2219:
2218:Ricklefs 2008
2214:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:Ricklefs 2008
2190:
2187:
2183:
2182:Prastiwi 2019
2178:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2158:Ricklefs 2008
2154:
2151:
2147:
2146:Ricklefs 2008
2142:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2110:Ricklefs 2008
2106:
2103:
2100:, p. 90.
2099:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2074:Ricklefs 2008
2070:
2067:
2063:
2062:Ricklefs 2008
2058:
2055:
2052:, pp. 7.
2051:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2028:, p. 83.
2027:
2026:Anderson 1972
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:Ricklefs 2008
2007:
2005:
2001:
1998:, p. 36.
1997:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1930:
1923:
1911:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1843:
1842:Nyoman Nuarta
1839:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
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1752:
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1706:
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1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1631:Chairul Saleh
1628:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1563:
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1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:Kuniaki Koiso
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1483:Tadashi Maeda
1480:
1476:
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1468:
1464:
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1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:Sutan Sjahrir
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1299:
1294:
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1290:
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1283:
1279:
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1125:
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1120:
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1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
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986:
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942:
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927:
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827:
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688:
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678:
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663:
662:
658:
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648:
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623:
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613:
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586:
583:
582:
578:
576:
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568:
566:
563:
562:
558:
556:
553:
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508:
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441:
439:
436:
435:
431:
429:
426:
425:
421:
419:
416:
415:
411:
409:
408:Sunda Kingdom
406:
405:
401:
399:
396:
395:
391:
389:
386:
385:
381:
379:
376:
375:
371:
369:
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355:
351:
349:
346:
345:
341:
339:
336:
335:
331:
329:
326:
325:
321:
319:
318:Kutai Kingdom
316:
315:
310:
305:
304:
294:
292:
289:
288:
284:
282:
279:
278:
275:
273:
272:
268:
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168:
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138:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
85:
81:
77:
73:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
44:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3081:
2988:
2969:
2947:
2935:
2923:. Retrieved
2920:Liputan6.com
2919:
2896:
2884:. Retrieved
2879:
2866:27 September
2864:, retrieved
2857:
2810:
2806:
2787:
2759:
2755:
2745:24 September
2743:. Retrieved
2737:
2724:
2715:
2695:
2682:
2678:
2650:
2635:
2616:, p. 3.
2614:Vickers 2013
2609:
2602:Vickers 2013
2597:
2585:
2580:, p. 1.
2573:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2520:, p. 3.
2513:
2501:
2489:
2484:, p. 2.
2477:
2465:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2232:, p. 3.
2225:
2213:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2136:, p. 8.
2129:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
1991:
1979:
1946:
1942:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1892:Proclamation
1891:
1866:
1820:
1812:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1770:constitution
1767:
1756:
1742:The ceremony
1735:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1622:
1620:
1610:
1605:
1567:
1557:
1554:constitution
1541:Jawa Hokokai
1540:
1536:
1530:
1525:Jawa Hokokai
1523:
1508:
1490:
1487:
1436:
1409:
1388:
1379:
1369:
1349:
1340:Youth Pledge
1309:
1303:
1286:
1257:
1256:, or simply
1245:
1243:
1190:
1149:Christianity
398:Bali Kingdom
291:Buni culture
269:
254:1,000,000 BP
238:
162:
151:Signatories:
150:
147:Participants
75:English name
38:Part of the
29:
3396:1945 in law
3330:Simon Spoor
3303:Key figures
3168:Darul Islam
2813:(69): 1–3.
2038:Raliby 1953
1627:D. N. Aidit
1602:surrendered
1499:Mas Mansoer
1433:Early years
1365:Boven Digul
1274:Netherlands
1114:Archaeology
1109:Agriculture
515:Aru Kingdom
240:Paleolithic
202:History of
3370:Categories
3355:Tan Malaka
2828:1813/54189
2762:(1): 124.
2624:References
2566:Homan 1990
2554:Kahin 1952
2518:Kahin 2000
2482:Kahin 2000
2326:Elson 2009
2266:Kahin 1952
2170:Kahin 1952
2122:Kahin 1952
2098:Kahin 1952
1996:Gouda 2002
1984:Gouda 2002
1961:was gained
1736:stützpunkt
1716:status quo
1678:See also:
1658:(today in
1606:status quo
1471:Kalimantan
1372:Budi Utomo
1359:, then to
1295:Background
1258:Proklamasi
1250:Indonesian
1171:Mass media
1048:Reform era
1028:Transition
874:Portuguese
260:Flores Man
230:Prehistory
93:1945-08-17
2968:(2008) .
2899:. Brill.
2837:0019-7289
2807:Indonesia
2776:159928062
2693:(2006) .
2679:Indonesia
2542:Reid 1974
2314:Reid 1974
2242:Reid 1974
2206:Reid 1974
2134:Reid 1974
2086:Reid 1974
2050:Reid 1974
1933:Aftermath
1885:historian
1664:West Java
1416:Gorontalo
1389:Volksraad
1380:Volksraad
1361:Bencoolen
1311:Volksraad
1129:Education
1038:New Order
806:1670–1950
796:1515–1904
382:600s–900s
372:600s–1025
362:600s–1347
352:500s–600s
342:400s-500s
332:400s–500s
285:75,000 BP
271:Neolithic
204:Indonesia
104:10:00 AM
3335:Sudirman
2946:(1974).
2925:16 March
2798:(2000).
2786:(1952).
2647:(1972).
2633:(1961).
1384:petition
1176:Military
1154:Hinduism
1144:Buddhism
1139:Religion
1119:Currency
1102:By topic
322:350–1605
250:Java Man
221:Timeline
193:a series
191:Part of
179:ceremony
129:Location
3406:Sukarno
3340:Sukarno
3190:Bersiap
3060:Prelude
2845:3351273
1929:2605".
1877:Sukarno
1869:English
1751:Sukarno
1588:, near
1477:by the
1465:by the
1453:by the
1451:Sumatra
1328:Sukarno
1278:Sukarno
1266:Jakarta
1164:Judaism
1124:Economy
1089:Bandung
1074:Jakarta
1066:Regions
904:British
884:Spanish
338:Kantoli
295:400 BCE
155:Sukarno
133:Jakarta
91: (
53:Sukarno
3350:Sutomo
2995:
2976:
2954:
2903:
2886:4 July
2859:Kompas
2843:
2835:
2774:
2703:
2659:
1724:pemuda
1720:pemuda
1694:pemuda
1652:pemuda
1644:pemuda
1639:pemuda
1635:Wikana
1623:pemuda
1611:pemuda
1590:Saigon
1558:pemuda
1491:Putera
1463:Madura
1447:anthem
1357:Flores
195:on the
2841:JSTOR
2803:(PDF)
2772:S2CID
2675:(PDF)
1971:Notes
1788:tempo
1586:Dalat
1186:Women
1181:Sport
1159:Islam
1084:Bogor
117:Venue
110:UTC+9
2993:ISBN
2974:ISBN
2952:ISBN
2927:2021
2901:ISBN
2888:2024
2868:2020
2833:ISSN
2747:2020
2701:ISBN
2657:ISBN
1922:kōki
1883:, a
1633:and
1469:and
1461:and
1459:Java
1445:and
1443:flag
1387:the
1280:and
1244:The
1079:Bali
167:PPKI
101:Time
83:Date
2823:hdl
2815:doi
2764:doi
1867:An
1342:.
106:JST
3372::
2918:.
2878:.
2839:.
2831:.
2821:.
2811:69
2809:.
2805:.
2770:.
2760:25
2758:.
2736:.
2683:88
2681:.
2677:.
2018:^
2003:^
1967:.
1919:,
1916:皇紀
1829:.
1662:,
1629:,
1457:,
1252::
139:→
135:,
124:).
3045:e
3038:t
3031:v
3001:.
2982:.
2960:.
2929:.
2909:.
2890:.
2847:.
2825::
2817::
2778:.
2766::
2749:.
2709:.
2665:.
2532:.
2508:.
2448:.
2184:.
1926:)
1913:(
1248:(
1233:e
1226:t
1219:v
181:.
112:)
108:(
95:)
20:)
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