31:
75:
407:. A characteristic yellowish-brown strip is formed on the dorsal side between the snout and the posterior tip. On the lateral side, a black strip runs from the anterior to the posterior side of the body. Within a week of metamorphosis, small bronzed-coloured strips appear on either sides of the lower jaw, between the snout and the posterior point of the fore limbs. The bronzed strips are interrupted below the fore limbs.
50:
486:
Ideal free distribution (IFD) refers to the idea that individuals of a species will distribute themselves amongst areas or patches in such a way that the average gain to all individuals is equal. Tadpoles of bronzed frog exhibit IFD behaviour while foraging, regardless of whether they are siblings or
477:
Kin recognition is widespread in organisms as diverse as social insects, fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals, and even plants. Kin recognition behaviour in bronzed frog seems to be associated with growth regulation as their growth and metamorphosis is enhanced when reared with siblings than with
289:
The digits are moderate wherein the first extends beyond the second. The toes are almost entirely webbed. The tips of the fingers and toes are dilated into well-developed disks. Its subarticular tubercles are well developed, while the inner metatarsal tubercle is oval and blunt with a small, round,
372:
The bronzed frog typically breeds along the edges of gently flowing and/or in pockets of still water along the streams. The muddy colour of the tadpoles matches well with the substratum of the stream. The oral armature is well-suited for grazing at the bottom. In near permanent water, the tadpoles
388:
The tadpoles of bronzed frogs appear in the streams from
October till March. They are at least 11–14 mm (0.43–0.55 in) long at metamorphosis and weigh about 0.10–0.17 g (0.0035–0.0060 oz). The larval duration varies from 90 to 120 days. The dorsal sides of the tadpoles bear a
438:
and non-kin also affects larval growth and metamorphosis. Larval growth was significantly greater when reared with siblings (crowded or uncrowded) compared to those reared with non-kin. Also, variation in size was also lower in individuals reared in pure groups compared to those reared in mixed
460:
selection is, therefore, an important strategy employed by the anuran species including the bronzed frog. Tadpoles of bronzed frogs, which possess ventral mouths, predominantly occupy the substrate zone, and in greater numbers at the night than in daytime.
318:
is derived from the small bronze-coloured strips that appear on either side of the lower jaw, between the snout and the posterior point of the forelimbs, within a week after metamorphosis. The species has been referred to by several names, including
393:. The tail fin is transparent and pointed with moderately developed musculature. Slight pigmentation is visible on the skin of tail muscles and tail fins. The height of the dorsal fin is greater than the ventral fin. The teeth are blunt with the
363:
The bronzed frog is found only in Sri Lanka. They are chiefly found on edges of rocky streams at low altitude. They sit exposed on flat rocks and stones, and leap, often to a considerable distance, into the water when disturbed.
861:
427:, including the bronzed frog. Generally, growth rates, measured in terms of body mass, vary inversely with population density, and slowly growing individuals metamorphose at smaller sizes than their larger
297:
regions are brown coloured, the loreal and temporal regions, and sometimes also the sides of the body are dark brown in colour. A white labial band can also be seen. Its limbs have dark cross bands. The
250:. They are found abundantly on or close to the ground near water. Individuals are not shy and react by jumping only when provoked. They are important prey of many species of snakes, including the
456:
species breed in ephemeral ponds and puddles. This incidentally puts the individuals in severe intra- and interspecific competition for food and space, and also to predation pressures.
306:
on the inner side of their arms. Males also have a strong pad on the inner side of the first finger, covered during the breeding season with a greyish brown velvet-like horny layer.
814:
Veeranagoudar D K, Shanbhag B A and
Saidapur S K 2004 Foraging behaviour in tadpoles of the bronzed frog Rana temporalis: Experimental evidence for the ideal free distribution;
1202:
389:
muddy green/white/yellowish or olive brown colour, while their lateral sides are usually muddy. They have triangular snouts with a single, sinistral and lateral
1042:
380:
from 9:00 to 11:00 PM. Eggs are slightly green in color and can be found in clutches of 800 to 1200. These are usually deposited at the edges of rocky pools.
290:
outer metatarsal tubercle and no tarsal fold. The tibiotarsal articulation reaches from the nostril to the tip of the snout and sometimes a little beyond it.
583:
1217:
1135:
990:
1148:
1016:
876:
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Tadpoles of bronzed frogs detect food based on chemical cues and not visually, indicating that chemical perception predominates visual senses in
805:
Fretwell S D and Lucas H L Jr 1970 On territorial behaviour and other factors influencing habitat distribution in birds; Acta
Biotheor. 19 16–36
469:
Tadpoles of bronzed frogs show a social aggregation phenomenon. However, the nature and significance of this behaviour is yet to be understood.
1212:
282:
region is nearly vertical and strongly concave. The interorbital space is as broad as the upper eyelid or rather broader in some cases. The
302:
parts are typically white, with the throat and breast more or less speckled with brown spots. Males have internal vocal sacs and oval flat
634:
Boulenger, G.A., Records of the Indian Museum vol. 20 (June 1920), p. 159 (Retrieved from
Biological Heritage Library on 25 March 2010)
969:
1021:
964:
779:
Saidapur S K(1989) Reproductive cycles of
Amphibians; in Reproductive Cycles of Indian Vertebrates pp166-224 ed. S K Saidapur
1153:
74:
929:
415:
Density can significantly influence growth and metamorphosis in many species of anurans, such as the Indian bull frog (
1109:
759:
Girish S and
Saidapur S K (1999) The Effects of density and kinship on growth and metamorphosis of the bronzed frog (
1047:
186:
609:
582:
S.D. Biju; Sonali Garg; Stephen Mahony; Nayana
Wijayathilaka; Gayani Senevirathne; Madhava Meegaskumbura (2014).
452:
Following the south-west monsoon rains that lash the Indian west coast from the first week of June, innumerable
509:
373:
may have longer metamorphic duration (3–4 mo) to enable body growth and emergence of larger/stronger froglets.
30:
1101:
293:
The skin of these frogs is smooth or finely granulate above, with a narrow glandular lateral fold. While the
1207:
588:, Ranidae) of the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspoty, with the description of severn new species"
1222:
891:
390:
1114:
169:
938:
648:
N. C. Hiragond and S. K. Saidapur (1999) Description of tadpoles of Rana temporalis from South India;
431:. Growth and size at metamorphic climax were therefore inversely correlated with density of rearing.
517:
39:
563:
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groups. In mixed groups, the spectrum of developmental stages were broader than for pure groups.
423:
283:
195:
69:
1174:
1122:
977:
827:
Veeranagoudar et al., (2004) Mechanism of food detection in the tadpoles of the bronzed frog
569:
Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is near threatened
270:
teeth are present in two oblique series that extend beyond the level of the hind edge of the
943:
599:
558:
294:
251:
1034:
539:
S.D. Biju; Kelum
Manamendra-Arachchi; Sushil Dutta; Robert Inger; Anslem de Silva (2016) .
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nonsiblings in a group, which correlates well with their group-living strategy in nature.
54:
394:
279:
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Hiragond and
Saidapur (2001) Microhabitat Choice of tadpoles of seven anuran species;
1196:
1029:
549:
540:
274:. Its head is depressed and triangular; the snout is subacuminate and prominent. The
255:
146:
59:
258:
of India were formerly included in this species but were separated in a 2014 study.
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457:
453:
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417:
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is very distinct and is as large as the eye, but sometimes a little smaller.
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136:
116:
86:
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1060:
402:
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106:
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Boulenger, G. A.(1890) The Fauna of
British India:Reptilia and Batrachia
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956:
435:
299:
275:
1008:
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Breeding season begins from August to May, and males will begin their
1096:
271:
96:
885:
584:"DNA barcoding, phylogeny and systematics of Golden-backed frogs (
303:
267:
126:
889:
411:
Effects of density and kinship on growth and metamorphosis
644:
642:
640:
877:
Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an Online Reference
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630:
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8:
564:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58733A11833308.en
886:
577:
575:
48:
29:
20:
603:
562:
246:forests of the highlands of southwestern
531:
1203:IUCN Red List near threatened species
7:
254:. Some related species found in the
550:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
14:
73:
715:p427,pl. XXVI, fig.G(1864) and
1:
278:rostralis is angular and the
1218:Taxa named by Albert Günther
1213:Amphibians described in 1864
233:Günther's golden-backed frog
1239:
605:10.1163/18759866-08304004
201:
194:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
970:Indosylvirana-temporalis
930:Indosylvirana temporalis
900:Indosylvirana temporalis
592:Contributions to Zoology
543:Indosylvirana temporalis
510:Indosylvirana aurantiaca
359:Distribution and habitat
227:, commonly known as the
224:Indosylvirana temporalis
179:Indosylvirana temporalis
665:Kelaart.Prod.Faun.Zeyl.
384:Growth and development
864:image and details on
557:: e.T58733A89365681.
349:Sylvirana temporalis
211:Sylvirana temporalis
16:Species of amphibian
1102:hylarana-temporalis
1073:Hylarana temporalis
944:Hylarana_temporalis
873:audio from YouTube
518:Hylarana malabarica
448:Microhabitat choice
353:Hylarana temporalis
341:Hylorana flavescens
337:Hylorana temporalis
333:Hylorana malabarica
321:Hylarana malabarica
40:Conservation status
677:Journ.As.Soc.Beng.
521:, the fungoid frog
465:Social aggregation
424:Bufo melanostictus
235:, is a species of
161:I. temporalis
1190:
1189:
1175:Open Tree of Life
892:Taxon identifiers
729:Proc.As.Soc.Beng.
513:, the golden frog
482:Foraging strategy
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612:on 3 March 2016.
608:. Archived from
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491:Food perception
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473:Kin recognition
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421:) and the toad
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398:
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386:
370:
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345:Rana temporalis
329:Rana malabarica
325:Rana flavascens
323:(incorrectly),
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214:(Günther, 1864)
209:
204:Rana temporalis
190:
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55:Near Threatened
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745:Faun.Ind.Rept.
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717:Proc.Zool.Soc.
713:Rept.Brit.Ind.
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170:Binomial name
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148:Indosylvirana
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1004:iNaturalist
952:AmphibiaWeb
924:Wikispecies
838:(1), 37–41.
747:p.459(1890)
719:p.569(1875)
378:mating call
316:common name
314:The frogs'
262:Description
1197:Categories
833:Acta Ethol
818:29 201–207
816:J. Biosci.
765:Acta Ethol
731:p.83(1870)
703:pp.131-142
526:References
499:tadpoles.
252:vine snake
915:Q28051160
862:CalPhotos
691:p11(1858)
650:Curr. Sc.
443:Behaviour
310:Etymology
248:Sri Lanka
244:evergreen
237:true frog
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1088:Q2714992
1082:Wikidata
996:10835015
909:Wikidata
879:page on
854:page on
586:Hylarana
503:See also
391:spiracle
368:Breeding
284:tympanum
268:vomerine
241:riparian
196:Synonyms
133:Family:
117:Amphibia
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1141:2426944
1022:1101702
796:, 51–60
701:op.cit.
300:ventral
276:canthus
272:choanae
189:, 1864)
187:Günther
143:Genus:
137:Ranidae
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1167:202959
1154:775073
1115:682860
1097:ARKive
1061:956885
1048:129030
1009:476490
454:anuran
351:, and
304:glands
295:dorsal
280:loreal
1128:6MMTC
1035:58733
983:3PNQD
770:61–66
127:Anura
1180:6996
1149:ITIS
1136:GBIF
1110:BOLD
1043:NCBI
1030:IUCN
1017:ITIS
991:GBIF
957:5167
555:2004
266:Its
1123:CoL
978:CoL
965:ASW
939:ADW
600:doi
559:doi
436:kin
403:3.1
400:2.2
231:or
1199::
1177::
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794:20
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752:^
653:76
639:^
627:^
596:83
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590:.
574:^
553:.
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355:.
347:,
343:,
339:,
335:,
331:,
327:,
858:.
836:7
768:2
602::
567:.
561::
545:"
541:"
185:(
62:)
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