Independent politician - Knowledge (XXG)

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Remaining Conservative senators have accused the Independent Senators Group in particular as being "too quick to endorse bills from the Liberal government". Supporting this claim, a 2021 study found that members of the Independent Senators Group voted in favor of legislation proposed by the incumbent Liberal government more consistently than any other group within the Senate, including those still formally aligned to the Liberal Party. This was, however, among an overall trend in which all senators demonstrated lower levels of party loyalty, and as such its full implications are still unknown. The report also concluded that partisanship in Senate appointments was undeniably down when compared to the Senate prior to the reforms. It is generally thought that it will only be possible to judge the success of the attempted reforms accurately when a non-Liberal government is elected to the House of Commons, at which point it can be observed if the noted trend in voting represents simple loyalty to the government, or loyalty to the Liberal Party.

154:(MPs) occasionally demonstrating independence from their party by voting in line with the opposition. Commonly, the issues which caused these MPs to act independently were religious in nature. These tensions began to disperse over the course of the first ten Canadian parliaments as the major political parties began to form consistent identities and MPs began affiliating themselves with the parties they knew more closely shared their core values. This in turn increased cohesion between parties and MPs, and minimized the causes and motivations for MPs to act independently. 2739:. Candidates and lists presenting themselves as "without label" are classified in DVG (various left), DVD (various right), DVC (various center) or AUT (other) according to their political sensitivity. Therefore, from 2008 onwards, the DIV (miscellaneous) or the LDIV code for the "miscellaneous" list has been created to group unclassifiable or categorical interests and, by default, mayors without a declared label claiming no political sensitivity, be it left, center or right. The AUT (other) grade replaces the DIV grade without changing its definition. 2599: 2558:. An independent politician can enter into parliament only if they gather enough votes to pass the 4% threshold, thus behaving like political parties. However they can be part of a civic quota of a given party. Civic quotas are lists of independents candidates, who are represented on a given party's electoral list, without directly joining the party. Every party has the capability to invite independent candidates into their lists, without forcing them to join the party itself. 65:

stand in its name, or are unable to do so because the party in question has selected another candidate. Others may belong to or support a political party at the national level but believe they should not formally represent it (and thus be subject to its policies) at another level. In some cases, a politician may be a member of an unregistered party, and therefore officially recognised as an independent.

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starting at the end of the 19th century, considerably diminished the number of unaffiliated politicians, although a smaller number of independent candidates continued to be elected up until the 1940s. Since then, however, there have been relatively few independent politicians in Parliament. No independent candidate has won or held a seat in a general election since

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amendments the Senate has proposed for legislation from the House of Commons. During the 42nd Parliament (2015–2019), the Senate attempted to amend 13 government bills, whereas during the 41st Parliament (2011–2015), it had attempted to amend only one government bill. The reformed Senate is noted as having proposed amendments on at least 20% of all legislation.

94:, would allow the independent candidacy of individuals who have the support of at least 1% of the electors able to vote in the region (city, state or country, depending on the election) in which the candidate is running. Currently, members of the legislature can leave their respective parties after being elected, as in the case of senator Reguffe, who left the 4293:), and thus was no longer standing as an independent. Since that time, the only independents in Parliament have been people who quit or were expelled from their original party but retained their seats without going through a by-election. Some have gone on to found or co-found their own parties, with varying levels of success—examples include 2697:, with 12 deputies—these four technical groups thus accounted for one-tenth of deputies. In addition, the larger parliamentary parties, including the socialist SFIO, centre-left PRRRS, centre-right ARD and conservative FR all included a greater or lesser number of independents who sat with their group for parliamentary work ( 4020:, and they are more commonly elected to state parliaments. There have been up to five independents in every federal parliament since 1990, and independents have won twenty-eight times during national elections in that time. A large proportion of independents are former members of one of Australia's four main parties, the 3339:). The resignation is required because the Constitution says that the president shall hold no other offices nor discharge any public functions. The aforementioned presidents often participated in their party's campaigns (e.g. Andrzej Duda in the Law and Justice campaign three months after his resignation from the party). 475:

do not permit a citizen to run directly for any elected position as an independent without the representation of a political party. Any nomination must be made through a political party, due to the framework of the current legal system, in which the political parties have a monopoly on the nomination

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are permitted to hold office without being members of a political party. Candidates in federal elections who are not affiliated with a party have two options: independent or no affiliation. In the former case, they appear on the ballot with "Independent" following their name; in the second case, they

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allows individuals who wish to stand as a candidate to all parliaments and assemblies in the UK, including the House of Commons, the right to use one of three ballot paper descriptions. Those descriptions are the name of a registered political party; the word "independent"; or no description at all.

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was set up to support independent candidates in the forthcoming general election. The Independent Network still supports Independent candidates in local, regional, national and European elections. It has an organic set of principles which are known as the Bell Principles and are very closely related

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was established, with certain candidates who failed to get the nomination of either parties appearing on the ballot as "Independent Nacionalista" or "Independent Liberal", as the case may be. Independents not associated with any party were still able to participate and sporadically win elections. In

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Parliamentary independent candidates: The system in place whither the DPRK allows for independent politicians to launch their own campaigns to gain a seat in parliament. The candidates however must be approved by the Fatherland Front, being the primary party of the DPRK. To cast votes to independent

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Several observers and those involved with the Senate itself have criticized the Trudeau government for its attempted reforms, with most accusations centering around the belief that the new appointment process is biased towards those who are ideologically supportive of the Liberal Party's objectives.

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Though it is acceptable and accepted for politicians to serve as independent MPs, those who attempt to run as such often struggle to be elected without access to the resources of the major parties. As a result, there are seldom more than one or two independent MPs within modern Canadian Parliaments,

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rather than being elected, senators were often accused of being appointed as a "reward" for service to the party in power, and once appointed, of simply repeating the points and positions of their counterparts in the House of Commons rather than acting as a means of truly independent policy review.

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Some politicians have political views that do not align with the platforms of any political party, and therefore choose not to affiliate with them. Some independent politicians may be associated with a party, perhaps as former members of it, or else have views that align with it, but choose not to

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While traditionally framed as an "independent body of sober second thought", appointments to the Senate of Canada prior to 2016 were commonly seen as highly partisan, with the majority of Canadian senators identifying themselves as members of either the Liberal or Conservative parties and serving

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but was ejected from the party two days prior to the end of the vote due to controversy surrounding past allegations of sexual assault. Despite his removal from the Liberal Party, Vuong won the election for his riding and chose to take his seat as an independent, though this decision was met with

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was elected for his second term in 2018 after running as an independent candidate. Sauli Niinistö's status as an independent/non-partisan president has been attributed to his historical approval ratings and popularity, which stood at 90% favorable in July 2021 of which 52% said that Niinistö had

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By 2018, the majority of Canadian Senators were officially independent, though some Liberal senators continued to remain affiliated with the political party despite no longer being permitted within the party caucus. Additionally, the Conservative Party elected not to remove its senators from the

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Originally, there were no recognised parties in the New Zealand parliament, although loose groupings did exist informally (initially between supporters of central government versus provincial governments, and later between liberals and conservatives). The foundation of formal political parties,

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made the decision to expel all Liberal senators from the Liberal Party caucus. Trudeau would go on to call for an overall elimination of partisanship in the Senate and pledged to end the practice of partisan appointments for senators and transition to a new system of merit-based appointments if

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Nearly all electoral systems currently in practice in the DPRK that exist on a local level are made up of mostly independent Candidates, as the Fatherland Front and other major party's primarily operate in the urban heartland of the DPRK. On the local level of North Korean elections, alliances

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groups on a variety of issues, suggesting the more independent Senate has a greater perceived influence over legislative issues. Additionally, following the appointment of senators through the Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments, there has been a noted increase in the number of

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Peter Dunne effectively became an Independent MP for a short period after his United Future political party was deregistered on 25 June 2013 by the Electoral Commission, as the party no longer had the required minimum of 500 members. The party was subsequently re-registered two months later.

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The Swedish election system is based on parties nominating candidate MPs for their party ballots, and each party has to receive 4% or more of the national vote (or 12% in one region, which has never happened independently of also reaching the different 4% threshold). This makes running as an

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Independent politicians are not allowed to run for office in Brazil. The Constitution of 1988, in Article 14, §3rd, item V, says that "Are conditions for eligibility: V - party affiliation". However, the Proposal Amendment to the Constitution (PEC) no. 6/2015, authored by independent senator

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Unless a candidate stands as "independent" or as a "No Description" candidate leaving the ballot paper description box blank, their candidature must be confirmed by a signed certificate from the relevant officer from a registered political party, as set out in Section 52 of the

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was established with the goal of filling Senate vacancies through a selection process based on political knowledge, merit, and perceived ability to act independently of partisan affiliation. This push to remove partisan ties from the Senate resulted in the creation of the

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with other independents, and may formally register that organization. Even where the word "independent" is used, such alliances can have much in common with a political party, especially if there is an organization which needs to approve the "independent" candidates.

3444:. Candidates standing for United Kingdom local elections and United Kingdom parliamentary elections, including the devolved parliaments and assemblies, can use the name of a registered political party, or the term 'Independent' (or its Welsh language equivalent 157:

Many observers of the Canadian House of Commons in the 21st century have noted its incredibly high party discipline. Few MPs choose to vote against their party's official stance on any given piece of legislation. Between 2011 and 2013—the first two years of the

2664:). The first legislation on political parties dates from 1911, though it was not until 1928 that parliamentarians were required to select a political party for the parliamentary register (either by formally joining a group, or by loosely working with one as an 5925: 1105:

was elected for four terms as a Republican before changing to an independent after the Republicans lost their majority in Congress in 1930. Norris won re-election as an independent in 1936, but later lost his final re-election attempt to Republican

4087:). Of these, Wilkie had previously been a Greens candidate, McGowan had been a Liberal staffer, and Banks was elected as a Liberal MP before resigning from the party in November 2018. At the 2019 election, Wilkie was re-elected as the Member for 404:

The efforts to increase senatorial independence have led some to argue the Senate has developed an increase of importance and power in the legislative process. As of 2021, it was found that Canadian senators were facing increasing pressure from

4368:. Neither Dunne nor Seymour was classed as an independent—Dunne's presence in Parliament was due to personal votes in his home electorate, and Seymour's presence was as the sole elected MP of ACT because of a collapse in their support in the 3066:, though with the development of relatively more structured parties their numbers declined thereafter. These were similar proportions to the number of independents elected to other interwar European democracies such as France (see above). 3844:

was expelled from the Labour Party after standing against an official Labour candidate in Blaenau Gwent at the 2005 UK general election and became an independent in the National Assembly and UK Parliament. In 2006 Peter Law died from a

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There have also been several instances of politicians being elected to the Commons as representatives of a political party, then resigning the party's whip, or having it withdrawn. Examples in this in the 2010–2015 parliament included

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with no political parties. All members sit as independents. There are a few independent members of the other provincial and territorial legislatures, which are similar in principle to the federal House of Commons; for example, in the

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In Ireland, constituency-based proportional representation, the comparative looseness of formal parties, and strong local sentiment have meant that independents have formed a significant part of the parliamentary landscape since the

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within their party's caucus. As these have been the only two parties to ever form government in Canada, only the Liberal and Conservative parties had been able to appoint new senators. Because Canadian senators are appointed by the

1130:, who would presumably break all ties in favor of the Republicans), to 49 Republicans, 50 Democrats, and one Independent. Jeffords agreed to vote for Democratic control of the Senate in exchange for being appointed chairman of the 539: 182:, the governing Liberal MPs voted identically on 99.6% of all votes, Conservative MPs on 99.5% of votes, and NDP MPs on 99.8% of votes. (Conservatives, Liberals, and NDP were the only three parties with enough MPs to qualify for 3663:

Other independent candidates are associated with a political party and may be former members of it, but cannot stand under its label. For instance, for several months after being expelled from the Labour Party but before the

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of Virginia (who had been elected to his first term as a Democrat) in the 20th century. Some officials have been elected as members of a party but became independent while in office (without being elected as such), such as

4266:(in all cases after having held the seats in question as partisan candidates up until that point). Other politicians have become independents in the course of a parliamentary term, but not been voted into office as such. 674: 670: 654: 2430:

in 2007, defeating two administration candidates. When Panlilio eventually transferred to the Liberal Party in time for the 2010 election, it was ruled that he was beaten in the 2007 election; in 2010, he was defeated.

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candidate (which gave him better ballot placement than an unaffiliated candidate would receive), defeating the Democratic and Republican nominees. Another former governor who is sometimes mentioned as an independent is

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and state legislative assemblies. In Malaysian elections, many independent candidates lose their election deposit because they had failed to secure at least 12.5% or one-eighth of the total votes cast. Independent

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in the 41st and 42nd parliaments.) Thanks to this strong party discipline, it is uncommon to see politicians who are otherwise affiliated with any of the main political parties act independently of their party.

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party caucus, and many Conservative Party senators kept their official partisan affiliations in public. During the 2019 federal election campaign, in response to reporters' questions, Conservative Party leader

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However, it is nowadays rare to have independent politicians at national level, if only because independents usually affiliate themselves to an existing political grouping. Noteworthy independents include

1372:), thus causing no representation for independent MP for that time. However, as of June 2018 and December 2018, the number increased to 13 independent Members of Parliament that now currently sit in the 2655:

In the nineteenth century and first half of the twentieth century, most French national politicians were independents. The first modern French political parties date from the early 1900s (foundation of

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and cited increasing partisanship to explain their decisions. After they changed their affiliations, the Senate had the highest number of independents in a single Congress since the ratification of the

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laid down the first specific rules in the United Kingdom relating to the use of the term 'independent' by election candidates. That Act was repealed with most of its contents covered by Part II of the

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Independent candidates can contest elections on the basis of their personal appeal or to promote an ideology different from any party. Independents currently hold 6 seats in the upper house of the

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Independent candidates often stand in British parliamentary elections, often with platforms about specific local issues, but usually without success. An example from the 2001 general election was

3424:(executive cabinet), there is no requirement for ministers to be MPs, or even have a political affiliation (though this has overwhelmingly been the case in modern times). This means that even the 3819: 3791: 2977:

Since World War II, only two ministers of (West) German cabinets have not been party members, though "on the ticket" of the major party in the coalition, the Social Democrats: Education Minister

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In contesting elections, independent candidates, while can spend as much as those with parties can under the law, they are not able to tap in spending from a political party that nominated them.

315:. He also served as an independent, then ran as such in 2008 and retained his seat with 69% of the vote. Casey resigned from the Commons in 2009 but made a comeback in the same riding, now named 3208:

was required to be politically non-aligned with any party in both Austria and Liechtenstein. Regardless, however, no political parties existed in Liechtenstein until 1918 and all members of the

6441: 3834:. She died in 2014 while still serving as member of the Parliament. As she was elected as an independent regional MSP, there could be no by-election and her seat remained vacant until the 5958: 2321:, the three independents were the only non-members of the Nacionalista Party to win in the House of Representatives; this was also the start of independents being shut out in the Senate. 5008: 3807: 1242: 895: 530:

and holds no political party affiliation. As of June 7, 2015, he was elected Governor of Nuevo León, making history as the first independent candidate to win in the country.

3263:, represented in Sejm between 1991 and 2023), but they do not have to reach the nationwide threshold. However, during a Sejm term many members switch parties or become independents. 5167: 1472: 1407: 5843: 5033: 5871: 5535: 3708: 3540: 3452: 3441: 3001:(CDU) has not been conclusively established: although he served as Minister of Economics from 1949 to 1963 and as Federal Chancellor from 1963 to 1966, and was even elected CDU 2616:

from 1944 to 1946, did not want to be affiliated with any party. As the state regent/caretaker from December 1918 to July 1919, Mannerheim also stood as an independent in the

2832:. Such a candidate has to present 200 signatures in favor of their candidacy, the same as a candidate of a party that had no parliamentary presentation previously. The first 2687: 726: 960:

left the Republican party and became an independent. (He later became a Democrat.) He left the Republicans because he did not want to run against former state house Speaker

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and therefore any citizen cannot be forced to remain in a specific political party and can join any other political group. It is common in each legislative period for some

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Some groups in the United Kingdom who are not affiliated to any national or regional party have registered locality-based political parties. Some English examples are the

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Peale, Charles Willson; Madison, James; Sherman, Roger; Washington, George; Jefferson, Thomas; Monroe, James; Cooper, Thomas; Birch, William; Adams, Abigail (1787–1812).

3216:, independent candidates are allowed to run for both the Landtag and Prime Minister, though an independent candidate has not been elected to either position since 1921. 1182: 2793:. His presidency—though his powers are limited—constitutes an exception, as Independent politicians have rarely held high office in German history, at least not since 385:, a coalition of both newly appointed independent senators and formally partisan senators who had relinquished their formal party ties, alongside the also independent 5327: 1201:

until his retirement in 2013. In 2006, Sanders and Lieberman were the only two victorious independent candidates for Congress, both caucusing with the Democrats. In

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elected 30 Members. In 2011 four candidates won seats in the National Assembly. In the 2013 General Election, nine seats were won by independents. In 2024 Pakistan

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in the Republican primary for the U.S. Senate election, preferring to run in the general. Rubio won the election, though Crist came in ahead of Democratic nominee

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is different, as the voting system allows independents to run as single candidates and some are elected in their own right. In the last parliamentary election (

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It was not until the 2010s that independents would see a similar electoral success, with record scores for independents surpassing the previous interwar highs.

1170: 1166: 1162: 1154: 949: 6018: 2383:. Here, parties are not able to present full 12-person slates in Senate elections, thus necessitating inter-party cooperation, that included independents. The 147: 5352: 5061: 3952: 3901: 3747: 3733: 3259:, or non-partisan movements, although the latter never reached the 5% threshold. National minorities candidates also form Voters' Electoral Committees (like 3205: 1178: 945:

received 18.13%. Strayhorn and Friedman's presence in the race resulted in a splitting of the ballot four ways between themselves and the two major parties.

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said that if his party were elected to form government and he became prime minister, he would reinstate the practice of partisan appointments to the Senate.

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with many who do sit as such being initially elected as a part of a major party before either leaving voluntarily or being removed. In the first year of the

4516: 3578:. The by-election was unusual as it was the first time in over eighty years that an independent had held a seat previously occupied by another independent. 3243:

is elected by party-list ordination, which does not allow lone candidates to run, although since 2001 there has been a possibility to create a non-partisan

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was especially significant because it shifted the Senate composition from 50 to 50 between the Republicans and Democrats (with a Republican Vice President,

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In 2014, as a response to growing public disapproval of the Senate and the perceived problems brought about by senator partisanship, Liberal Party leader

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was expelled from Plaid Cymru on 16 January 2018 and sat as an independent AM until 2021. Nathan Gill stood down on 27 December 2017 and was replaced by

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as non-partisans, usually recruited from the traditional bureaucratic, aristocratic and/or military elites. In the fierce political conflicts during the

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from March 2012 to March 2017 and the first Federal President without party affiliation, was to date the most prominent independent politician. In the

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independent MP impossible. Once elected, the seat is personal; MPs may resign their party membership, or be stripped of it, while retaining their

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Once elected, independents tended to attach themselves to a parliamentary party. In some cases independent deputies banded together to form a

5527: 5012: 4663: 4573: 4329: 3681: 3456: 2412: 2392: 2372: 2334: 1859: 1596: 3047: 6379: 5279: 4218: 4011: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3555: 3548: 3532: 3525: 3517: 3502: 2998: 2621: 2567: 2555: 1568: 1553: 911: 449: 5835: 5150: 2887:. A representative who either leaves their party (and their parliamentary group) or is expelled from it and does not join another becomes 2571: 2305:, independents have been allowed to participate and have won seats. On that first election, independents had the most members, behind the 1369: 1328: 6464: 5505: 5044: 4052: 3513: 3260: 2751: 1321: 1272: 1271:

is made up of independents, or members whose political groups are represented by one sole member in the legislature. They are common in

1135: 1081: 31: 6465:"Who are the 'teal independents'? Your questions answered about the candidates fighting for some of Australia's wealthiest electorates" 3255:); they are by almost any means party lists, but no officially registered party is behind them. They can be unregistered parties, e.g. 6136: 3355: 3282: 3271: 3213: 3201: 2778: 2617: 2302: 1750: 1008: 1004: 972: 859: 843: 526:(born in 1957), sometimes referred to by his nickname "Bronco", is a Mexican politician and former governor for the northern state of 498: 39: 35: 282:

merged) for the 2004 election but was unsuccessful. Having retained his seat with 43% of the vote in 2004, he died in office in 2005.

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to cater for them. A number of local authorities have been entirely or almost entirely composed of independent members, such as the

3835: 3831: 3827: 3775: 3771: 3717: 3618: 3228: 2895:, who had left the Green Party in 1987 and was excluded from the Green parliamentary group the next year, obtained more rights as a 2833: 2786: 2774: 2736: 2729: 2721: 1867: 1730: 1573: 1525: 1000: 930: 922: 855: 851: 827: 823: 815: 2438:, seven independents were elected, although all but two joined a political party after the elections. Independents can only run in 6211: 5987: 5773: 3011:

magazine have revealed a record at the CDU party archives created only in 1968, with the faked date of entry of early March 1949.

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became Independent senators in November 2014 and March 2015 respectively. Lambie was re-elected in 2019 with the support of the

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politicians; the former are elected in openly partisan elections, while the latter participate in nonpartisan elections such as

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voted as a unified group on 76% of all votes, while members of the Liberal Party did so on 90% of all votes, and members of the

6040: 4345: 4041: 3575: 3567: 3297: 3027:) is independent. By convention, presidents of Iceland usually relinquish any party membership prior to or upon taking office. 2990: 2384: 2346: 1966: 1958: 1143: 907: 888: 690: 5124: 4768: 6854: 5812: 4380:, a former New Zealand First MP who was expelled from his party because of allegations of misappropriation of family assets. 3983: 3853:, campaigned and took the seat as an independent candidate at the subsequent by-election and held onto the seat again in the 3536: 3157:, was elected president in 2015 as an independent (he was member of the Constitutional Court at the moment of his election). 3095: 2868:

associations which have had success in local governments. Two such associations have managed to enter state parliaments: the

2528: 2495: 2469: 569: 320: 298: 294: 275: 267: 239: 227:, resigned from the Conservative caucus to sit as an independent, becoming the second independent MP of the 44th Parliament. 211: 179: 163: 6411: 5643: 523: 5558: 3094:(the upper house of the Irish parliament), representing 16% of the total. Two of these are elected by the graduates of the 604:

would eventually destroy the country, and famously warned against "the baneful effects of the spirit of party" in his 1796

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in September 1841, and effectively remained an independent for the remainder of his presidency. He later returned to the

290: 6696: 5189: 3979: 3944: 3933: 3633:, a Conservative who had the whip withdrawn for part of the parliament and thus sat as an independent during that time. 2798: 1823: 1667: 1652: 319:, when he was elected as a Liberal in 2015. He sat in the House for the 42nd Parliament and did not seek re-election in 312: 167: 5703: 5665: 4986: 4091:, while McGowan retired, and both Phelps and Banks lost their seats. However, two new independents entered parliament: 3943:

Independent candidates frequently stand and are elected to local councils. There is a special Independent group of the

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but receiving 19 percent of the popular vote and, early in the election season, leading in polls against his opponents

6586: 5390: 4469: 4373: 4325: 4114:, a record ten independents were elected to the House of Representatives, including re-elected members Andrew Wilkie ( 4033: 3150: 3073: 3063: 3055: 3051: 2329: 1510: 589: 215:

controversy because many voters had not known that the Liberals had expelled him before casting their votes. In 2022,

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of Oregon, who left the Republican party to become an independent, then joined the Democratic Party two years later.

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riding of Cumberland—Colchester—Musquoduboit Valley, was expelled from the Conservative Party for voting against the

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There were several unsuccessful independent gubernatorial candidates in 2006 who impacted their electoral races. In

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In Nepal, there are some independent politicians, specially in local government. Independent politician and rapper

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and retained the seat in the 2011 General Election. There were also two other parties which had only a single MP:

316: 4454: 4274: 3964: 3468: 3308: 2676: 2668:, or associate), and not until after 1945 that structured political parties came to dominate parliamentary work. 2575: 2551: 2408: 2310: 1276: 1194: 768: 4213:. He resigned from the Australian Senate in 2017 to contest a seat in the House of Assembly of South Australia. 2844:

legislature, and state ministers without party membership are just as rare as at the federal level. However, in

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Margo MacDonald was again returned as an independent MSP and was elected as an independent for the third time

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from 1991 to 2007. Sanders is the longest-serving independent member of Congress in American history. Also in

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An independent member of parliament, who also is not a member of a voters' association, holds the status of

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won the Senate seat being vacated by the retiring Jim Jeffords as an independent, subsequently reelected in

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However, becoming an independent politician after being elected is protected by virtue of Article 25 of the

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or bureaucratic association. There are numerous reasons why someone may stand for office as an independent.

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as the then leader of UKIP Wales defected from the group to sit as an independent after a falling out with

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with 39% of the vote. He was the only independent to win a seat in that election; he was re-elected in the

5404: 4449: 4397: 4021: 3956: 3653: 3622: 3274:

were formally non-partisan, Civic Platform was widely viewed as a de facto political party, as it is now.

3099: 2947: 2907: 2869: 2661: 2657: 1338: 484: 263: 6547: 6521: 5720:"HS-gallup | Presidentti Niinistö saa yhä huippuarvosanat kansalta – hänen työtään ei moiti juuri kukaan" 4186:, due to their use of the colour teal in campaigning material, similar policy platforms and support from 5896: 4238: 4179: 4155: 4139: 4119: 4096: 4076: 3606: 3359: 3351: 2911: 2840:

level, the situation is more or less the same: only party members have a real chance to be elected to a

2544: 1558: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1436: 1430: 1424: 1418: 1354: 870:

is sometimes mentioned as an independent governor, though this is not technically correct; he ran as an

757: 689:. Out of all independent candidates since Washington, Perot performed the best, gaining no votes in the 512: 428: 183: 6749: 6102: 5583: 3396:

party until 26 May 2012, but even then was not its member, thus formally was and still is independent.

760:

created "We the People" parties in several states for the same purpose, even though he is Independent.

68:

Office-holders may become independents after losing or repudiating affiliation with a political party.

6833: 6670: 6491: 4340:'s leadership resulted in his being expelled from the Labour caucus, while Harawira resigned from the 6648: 6606: 6469: 6204:"Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 - Part II "Registration of Political Parties"" 4543: 4084: 3921: 3917: 3880:. Elis-Thomas said his reason for leaving Plaid Cymru was that it not serious about working with the 3421: 3118: 3020: 2849: 2770: 2755: 2747: 2691: 2613: 2587: 2532: 2400: 2359:

declared martial law in 1972, dissolved Congress, and promulgated a new constitution that led to the

2338: 1629: 1304: 1233: 1198: 1077: 915: 678: 436: 327: 171: 6263: 6173: 5609: 2797:. It has nevertheless happened that a presidential candidate without any chances of election by the 2598: 637:

Since 1900, notable candidates running as independents for U.S. president have included congressman

630:, but withdrew over fear he would split the Democratic vote and give the election to Whig candidate 4298: 4226: 4147: 4060: 3676: 3602: 3375: 3289: 3181: 2963: 2955: 2892: 2884: 2825: 2709: 2705: 2609: 1530: 1414: 1288: 1150:

who, while running for re-election, died weeks prior. Barkley refused to caucus with either party.

871: 601: 488: 373: 331: 235: 111: 4569: 3077: 2675:

of their own. In 1932, for instance, there were four technical groups created: the left-of-centre

991:

after previously campaigning in the state's Democratic primary. As a result, Democratic candidate

4968: 4857: 4743:"Expelled Liberal candidate says he'll sit as an Independent as angry voters call for byelection" 4629: 4464: 4163: 4131: 3913: 3869: 3304: 3142: 2959: 2915: 2821: 2790: 2606: 2457: 2380: 2306: 1138:, when the Republicans regained their majority. Jeffords retired at the end of his term in 2007. 984: 730: 585: 335: 6158: 5271: 3081: 2938:, several chancellors and Reich Ministers also had no party affiliation: these chancellors were 278:. He sought the nomination for the Conservative Party (re-created in 2003 when the Alliance and 338:. She was returned to Parliament with 32% of the vote. After sitting as an independent for the 142:

During the earliest Canadian Parliaments, a lack of coherent political identity among both the

6770: 5513: 5159: 4987:"'Dwight Ball, you can dismiss me, but you can't defeat me': Eddie Joyce nabs seat once again" 4960: 4885: 4849: 4669: 4659: 4621: 4444: 4439: 4290: 4194: 4183: 4115: 4088: 4029: 3759: 3494: 3460: 3316: 3300:

and he was elected without full support of this union (Solidarity votes split between him and

3293: 3146: 3091: 3005:

in 1966, it seems that he never signed a membership form or paid contributions. Researches by

2923: 2837: 2836:

saw three independents elected; since then, no party-independent candidate has won a seat. At

2636: 2388: 2350: 1601: 1107: 1089: 698: 565: 271: 6760: 6381:

Annual Council & Extraordinary General Purposes Committee - Thursday 25 May 2023, 6:30pm

6177: 6132: 4950: 4937:

VandenBeukel, Jason Robert; Cochrane, Christopher; Godbout, Jean-François (11 August 2021).

4841: 4613: 4434: 4318: 4123: 4104: 4068: 3278: 3043: 2861: 2396: 2356: 2325: 1346: 1102: 1049: 811: 638: 593: 577: 445: 255: 130: 5983: 4829: 2317:

also saw independents participating and winning one seat. In the Nacionalista landslide of

1957:

Pakistan also has independent politicians standing in elections. Pakistan's Parliament has

887:

affiliate, which later disaffiliated from the party and reverted to its original name, the

174:(NDP) did so on 100% of votes. This unity further increased in subsequent years, as in the 6593: 4419: 4361: 4344:

and, after a short period as an independent, also resigned as an MP in order to force the

4302: 4269:

The last person to be directly elected to Parliament as an independent in New Zealand was

4198: 4151: 3929: 3925: 3904:

in several parts of England has witnessed the election of independents to run councils in

3803: 3795: 3755: 3737: 3669: 3379: 3177: 2970:) himself, were regarded as apolitical cabinets of experts with regard to the rise of the 2951: 2931: 2725: 2672: 2502: 2342: 1365: 1123: 926: 802:

have elected formally independent candidates as governor: Illinois's first two governors,

72: 58: 3750:

with any grouping, whilst another, larger, grouping is given the official designation of

2717: 286: 91: 3551:, becoming the only independent in recent times to have been elected for a second term. 3485:

Before the twentieth century it was fairly common for independents to be elected to the

2631:

Also, after serving six years on his first term as the 12th President of Finland in the

6203: 5781: 4414: 4341: 4270: 3968: 3905: 3815: 3779: 3743: 3630: 3498: 3389: 3354:

since 6 March 2016, was elected on 24 January 2016 while being a leading member of the

3328: 3267: 3134: 3126: 2845: 2453: 2423: 2404: 2376: 1657: 1342: 1333: 1225: 1158: 1147: 1033: 996: 980: 938: 863: 831: 706: 365: 99: 6349: 6319: 6289: 5719: 5241: 5076:"Alcalde electo en Barva se desmarca del Frente Amplio: "No tengo relación con ellos"" 701:. Additionally, McMullin received 21 percent of the popular vote in his home state of 6843: 6806: 6797: 6644:"ACT elects David Pocock as first independent senator, unseating Liberal Zed Seselja" 5405:"Vermont Independent Sen. Bernie Sanders says he may run for president as a Democrat" 4972: 4861: 4633: 4377: 4365: 4353: 4333: 4234: 4230: 4202: 4175: 4092: 4072: 4056: 3665: 3594: 3393: 3383: 3122: 2994: 2978: 2927: 2766: 2506: 1934: 1926: 1515: 1386: 1186: 1041: 965: 957: 934: 876: 803: 764: 682: 597: 527: 398: 2728:

was an independent politician as Minister, but formed his own party to stand in the

6750:"Introduction: Analysing and Categorising Political Parties in the Pacific Islands" 5748:"HS: Niinistön suosio jopa huipussaan – vain prosentti kansalaisista tyytymättömiä" 4314: 4310: 4246: 4143: 4100: 3937: 3892:. Mandy Jones left the UKIP group on 9 January 2018 over a fallout over her staff. 3881: 3846: 3729: 3490: 3332: 3188:. She was also the first female and independent elected leader in the whole of the 3138: 2986: 2939: 2853: 2802: 2794: 2403:

increased the number of major candidates running as independents, with broadcaster

1872: 1672: 1373: 1350: 1316: 1139: 1119: 1057: 1037: 899: 839: 807: 791: 705:

but received little support from the remainder of the country. Independent senator

694: 251: 6403: 5804: 5432:"Sen. Joe Manchin leaves Democratic Party, registers as an independent - CBS News" 1197:) after he lost the primary. After the election, Lieberman enrolled himself as an 5635: 5190:"10 Candidates Who Spent Giant Sums of Their Personal Wealth - Ross Perot (Lost)" 4205:

was the only elected independent senator after his election to the Senate at the

2812:

parliament nearly all deputies belong to a political party. The voting system of

2735:

From 2001 to 2008, "without label" was no longer used in the nomenclature of the

1965:

backed independent candidates won 94 seats as the party was officially banned by

1209:

was elected to the U.S. Senate as an Independent from Maine. He was reelected in

17: 6130:'s 1997 election was the first election of an Independent in the UK since 1951: 6127: 4424: 4357: 4294: 4263: 4187: 4159: 4080: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3861: 3787: 3657: 3637: 3509: 3363: 3256: 3224: 3130: 3088: 3002: 2943: 2935: 2865: 2801:

was not a party member: for example, in 1984 the Greens came up with the writer

2684: 2547: 1938: 1836: 1229: 1127: 1094: 961: 867: 847: 666: 627: 456: 452: 308: 216: 196: 5774:"Nuance politique attribuée aux maires des communes de moins de 3500 habitants" 4601: 2899:, for example more talking time and representation in a subcommittee, when the 2460:. Local legislatures may find itself with independent and nonpartisan members. 995:

was elected as governor with a plurality of 49%. Also in 2014, former mayor of

5921: 4955: 4939:"Birds of a Feather? Loyalty and Partisanship in the Reformed Canadian Senate" 4938: 4882:

Constitutional Pariah: Reference re Senate Reform and the Future of Parliament

4673: 4617: 4459: 4306: 4167: 4135: 3751: 3692: 3645: 3626: 2971: 2524: 1206: 819: 745: 646: 631: 611: 581: 472: 304: 210:. Vuong had originally campaigned as a member of the Liberal Party during the 6765: 5866: 5482:"Senator Joe Manchin Changes His Registration from Democratic to Independent" 5163: 4964: 4853: 4845: 4625: 4281:

electorate as an independent after having previously held it a member of the

2590:

are forced to relinquish membership from any political party they may be in.

5673: 5528:"Balendra 'Balen' Shah, Sunita Dangol set to become KMC Mayor, Deputy-mayor" 3850: 3841: 3696: 3559: 3103: 3007: 2828:—299 of the seats in parliament are distributed by districts according to a 2809: 2476: 1946: 1930: 1913:

candidates the voting population must do so at independent voting stations.

1264: 1053: 992: 884: 5125:"Formation of Political Parties - Creating the United States | Exhibitions" 5041:

Departamento de Servicios Técnicos de la Asamblea Legislativa de Costa Rica

4653: 3554:

Two independent (or local party) members of parliament were elected in the

3141:(2021–2022) were independent when they were in office. Ciampi was also the 540:

List of third party and independent performances in United States elections

5610:"Gopal Hamal: A trader-turned-social worker is now the mayor of Dhangadhi" 5303:"RFK Jr. Starting New Political Parties In Effort To Expand Ballot Access" 4769:"Quebec MP Alain Rayes leaves Conservative caucus after Poilievre victory" 4221:

became an independent senator in September 2014, but lost his seat in the

3766:

Scottish Parliament, Senedd (Welsh Parliament) and Northern Irish Assembly

3084:(the lower house of the Irish parliament), representing 14% of the total. 4830:"A nonpartisan legislative chamber: The influence of the Canadian Senate" 4688:"Independent MPs usually start off in parties and rarely win an election" 4429: 4313:. Others have joined parties which were then outside Parliament, such as 3685: 3505:, standing as an independent, after the Labour Party had deselected him. 2817: 2427: 1696: 1684: 1588: 1502: 1146:

was appointed a day before the 2002 elections to fill the senate seat of

1098: 1065: 976: 903: 779: 749: 572:

elected as an independent to date. Washington opposed the development of

406: 5216:"United States presidential election of 1992 | United States government" 4126:). Seven new independents were elected to the House of Representatives: 3876:

group later in 2016 after multiple fallings out with Plaid Cymru leader

3746:

includes many peers independent from political parties. Some are simply

3648:

ran the football club. Another example an independent candidate, in the

3524:. He was the first independent to be newly elected to the Commons since 3409:

seats to become independent to become what is commonly referred to as a

2407:

topping the Senate election. He was a guest candidate of the opposition

4602:"The Emergence of Parties in the Canadian House of Commons (1867–1908)" 3406: 3189: 2841: 2379:

succeeded Marcos, and promulgated a new constitution that ushered in a

1896: 1851: 1300: 1122:

left the Republican Party to become an independent in 2001. Jeffords's

953: 734: 432: 230:

Independent politicians have on occasion held considerable sway in the

200: 134:

appear with their name only. The two options are otherwise equivalent.

4249:

was elected, becoming the first independent senator from a territory.

3558:, although both were defeated five years later. In the same election, 2993:

in 1991. A special case is the former Federal Minister and Chancellor

2399:, who both teamed up to stage coups during the Aquino presidency. The 4348:

when he was re-elected as representative of his new political party,

4127: 3166: 2480: 1942: 1884: 1791: 1702: 1616: 988: 799: 787: 476:

of candidates for elected positions according to the Electoral Code.

220: 3936:

as an independent, having run against the official Labour candidate

3315:, but formally resigned from the party after he was elected, as did 3296:

was not an endorsed candidate of any party, but the chairman of the

6614:

Australian Electoral Commission: Tally Room - 2022 Federal Election

4806:

Thomas, Paul G. (2019). "Moving Toward a New and Improved Senate".

3520:, having stood on an anti-corruption platform, defeating incumbent 5948:"Mitglieder der Regierung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein 1862-2021" 2857: 2852:', cities' and municipalities' assemblies, as well as member of a 2597: 1890: 1815: 1708: 1690: 1644: 1545: 1357:(Bagan Serai). It did not last beyond the 12th General Elections. 795: 783: 502: 5918:

European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission)

5151:"The 1992 Campaign: On the Trail – Poll Gives Perot a Clear Lead" 3102:. There is also one independent senator who was nominated by the 2848:

it may occur that an independent politician is elected deputy to

2648:

In France, independent politicians are frequently categorised as

2324:

After independence was granted by the United States in 1946, the

1379:

At the same time in December 2018, almost all members from Sabah

548:

List of third-party and independent United States state governors

544:

Third-party and independent members of the United States Congress

334:

after being expelled from cabinet and the Liberal Party over the

4393: 3240: 1380: 1045: 702: 195:, the House of Commons featured one sitting independent member: 5584:"5 reasons why new Dharan mayor, Harka Sampang Rai, stands out" 4404:

independents. The government depends on an informal coalition.

4201:

served from 1975 to 2005 with considerable influence at times.

4182:). Several of the newly elected independents have been branded 3528:. He stood unsuccessfully in a different constituency in 2001. 1726:

List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2023–present)

254:

was elected to the House as an independent MP representing the

4262:, although two independent candidates have been successful in 3428:

could technically be an independent if chosen by the Riksdag.

1393:

and became an independent MP fighting for education activist.

552:

Third-party members of state legislatures of the United States

2353:, widow of Gaudencio Antonino who died on election eve, won. 1327:

In 2010, a group of independent MPs who were sacked from the

6607:"Australian Capital Territory - Distribution of Preferences" 5457:"Sen. Kyrsten Sinema: Why I'm registering as an independent" 4600:

Godbout, Jean-François; Høyland, Bjørn (23 September 2013).

4396:, there have been no political parties since 2003, when the 2754:

as an independent candidate, becoming the first-ever female

2411:

but he never joined their campaign rallies. In 2004, he ran

1941:

were also elected as Mayor of some of the major cities like

752:, and elsewhere to gain ballot access in several states. In 717:, but ultimately did not appear on the ballot in either the 501:

to become independents, and this has also happened with the

71:

Independents sometimes choose to form a party, alliance, or

6807:"Elected Without a Party, Lieberman Will Remain a Democrat" 6106: 4336:. Carter became an independent after his criticisms of the 3640:

supporter Ian Robinson, who stood as an independent in the

234:

in recent years, as Canada has been governed by successive

1003:

won the gubernatorial election. Walker retired before the

5353:"Charlie Crist Comes Under Fire For Pulling Party Switch" 1134:, and the Democrats held control of the Senate until the 4491:"Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988" 262:. Cadman was first elected to represent the riding as a 6234:"Electoral Administration Act 2006 - Explanatory Notes" 6174:"Tycoon finances 'X Factor' party to clean up politics" 6011:"Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa suspendeu a militância no PSD" 4884:. Vancouver: UBCPress. pp. 100–102, 104–105, 133. 4714:"Current Members of Parliament - Members of Parliament" 3581:

Only one independent was elected to the Commons in the

3392:, the current president of Russia, was the head of the 3212:

were elected as independents. Under the currently used

1299:

The only independent Israeli politician elected to the

5240:

McCombs, Brady; Price, Michelle L. (9 November 2016).

4493:(in Portuguese). Palácio do Planalto. 5 October 1988. 3656:, a local activist and self-declared reincarnation of 2652:("without label") in municipal or district elections. 2363:, where one independent won, independents also won in 1976: 1473:

Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament

1467:

Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament

1408:

Members of the Dewan Negara, 15th Malaysian Parliament

1360:

As of May 2018, three independent MPs were elected in

763:

Several other candidates for federal races, including

6103:"History of East YorkshireLearn about East Yorkshire" 5636:"Azerbaijan election: Ruling party wins amid boycott" 5242:"GOP call to 'come home' helps Trump win big in Utah" 3709:

Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000

3541:

Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern

3453:

Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern

3442:

Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000

5903:

Vaduz: Landtag of the Principality of Liechtenstein.

4519:(in Portuguese). Senado Notícias. 10 February 2015. 4209:

and was re-elected for another six-year term at the

4016:

Independents are a recurrent feature of the federal

2688:

Independents for Economic, Social and Peasant Action

1076:

There have been several independents elected to the

5914:"Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein" 1383:quit the party and became independent politicians. 941:received 12.43% of the vote, and State Comptroller 929:(formerly a Democrat) received 21% of the vote. In 342:, Wilson-Raybould did not seek re-election in 2021. 301:

with 33% of the vote. Arthur lost his seat in 2011.

238:(five of the seven that have been formed since the 6384:(Webcast). Central Bedfordshire Council Webcasting 5872:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein 5718: 5149: 4517:"PEC permite candidatura avulsa a cargos eletivos" 3986:in England to have an independent administration. 3481:List of UK minor party and independent MPs elected 378:Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments 125:In Canadian federal politics, members of both the 330:ran as an independent candidate in the riding of 4544:"Proposta de Emenda à Constituição nº6, de 2015" 4197:are quite rare. In modern politics, Independent 2974:; many of the ministers were not party members. 2602:Marshal Mannerheim, the 6th President of Finland 242:) with independent MPs sometimes sharing in the 27:Individual not affiliated to any political party 6723:"Dunne Welcomes UnitedFuture's Re-Registration" 6596:, results.aec.gov.au, accessed 22 November 2020 3547:. Taylor was re-elected for Wyre Forest at the 3292:since 1990 have technically been independents. 3165:The majority of the elected representatives in 2816:(since 1949) allows any individual holding the 461:2019 Newfoundland and Labrador general election 6463:Hawley, Sam; Smiley, Stephen (20 April 2022). 5559:"'Balen' canes parties with the walking stick" 3868:, who was elected UKIP Assembly group leader. 3684:. The Independent Network does not impose any 3672:MP described himself as "Independent Labour". 2989:only shortly after his appointment joined the 2874:Brandenburg United Civic Movements/Free Voters 2419:and won with just under majority of the vote. 1011:. He didn't win but received 20% of the vote. 725:presidential elections, though he did receive 3285:) four independents won seats in the Senate. 3180:was elected the first female and Independent 2679:, with 12 deputies; the centre-right liberal 2472:, there was only one independent local head: 1315:Independents have rarely been elected to the 1132:Senate Environment and Public Works Committee 1080:throughout history. Notable examples include 918:as an independent, but lost by 15,000 votes. 506: 492: 8: 5984:"The Constitution of the Republic of Poland" 5383:"Democrat David Ige elected Hawaii governor" 4047:At the dissolution of parliament before the 3734:Non-affiliated members of the House of Lords 3688:or political influence on their candidates. 2864:. In recent years, independents have formed 2527:, there are many independent members of the 715:2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries 556:List of party switchers in the United States 6697:"United Future applies to be re-registered" 3566:. Law died on 25 April 2006: the resulting 3489:, but there have been very few since 1945. 2415:as a guest candidate of the administration 463:, two independent candidates were elected. 5702:(in Finnish). 14 July 2012. Archived from 3543:party was elected for the constituency of 3438:Registration of Political Parties Act 1998 3313:Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland 3106:and four elected by the technical panels. 3087:There are ten independent senators in the 2789:the candidate of all major parties except 2452:Independent candidates are different from 2335:1961 Philippine vice presidential election 2301:Ever since the first elections during the 1917:between independent candidates is banned. 1759: 1476: 6764: 6404:"Q&A: Police and crime commissioners" 6041:"Introduction to standing as a candidate" 4954: 3448:) or no ballot paper description at all. 3378:have been independents. Former president 3050:(parliament), independents accounted for 2640:handled the presidency "Very favorably". 6757:Political Parties in the Pacific Islands 5276:Office of the Vermont Secretary of State 2814:personalized proportional representation 2550:is an independent with support from the 2498:, there was one independent local head: 2487:On 6 August 2019, Ko Wen-je founded the 1720:Malaysian State Assembly Representatives 983:ran as an independent candidate for the 57:is a politician not affiliated with any 6350:"UKIP rejects new AM in row over staff" 6290:"Neil McEvoy expelled from Plaid group" 6159:"Launchdate of the Independent Network" 5892: 5890: 5351:Farrington, Brendan (27 October 2010). 5009:"Reglamento de la Asamblea Legislativa" 4482: 3186:2008 Kosovo declaration of independence 3149:, despite being a former member of the 2690:, with six deputies; and the far-right 2436:2010 House of Representatives elections 2367:. Marcos was overthrown after the 1986 1462:Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) 102:was independent between 2019 and 2021. 6264:"Independent MSP Margo MacDonald dies" 5805:"Begriff: Unabhängiger Direktkandidat" 5099:"George Washington's Farewell Warning" 4324:There were two independent MPs in the 4036:. In 2013 a political party named the 3703:Independent and undescribed candidates 3487:House of Commons of the United Kingdom 2361:1978 Philippine parliamentary election 1559:Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz Syed Abdul Fasal 1441:Amir Hamzah Azizan – appointed by the 1423:Mohd Na'im Mokhtar – appointed by the 1175:United States House of Representatives 1173:. He was an independent member of the 1026:United States House of Representatives 879:, who actually ran as a member of the 744:, Nader formed Independent Parties in 442:2009 British Columbia general election 166:—the elected members of the governing 6083:from the original on 10 November 2016 5990:from the original on 16 February 2017 5964:from the original on 16 February 2024 5928:from the original on 11 February 2022 5924:. 27 November 2002 . pp. 22–23. 5252:from the original on 23 February 2020 4943:Canadian Journal of Political Science 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4606:Canadian Journal of Political Science 3828:2007 Scottish Parliamentary elections 3814:to become an independent and in 2005 3772:2003 Scottish Parliamentary elections 3691:In March 2009, the multi-millionaire 3682:Lord Nolan's Standards of Public Life 3457:Epsom and Ewell Residents Association 2981:(1969–1972), and Minister of Economy 2442:elections, and cannot participate in 2393:1998 Philippine presidential election 2373:1986 Philippine presidential election 1978:Independents in elections since 1987 1453:Salehuddin Saidin – appointed by the 1224:, former members of Democratic Party 771:), have pursued a similar strategy. 576:, which had begun to solidify as the 7: 6786:from the original on 10 January 2024 6554:from the original on 29 October 2014 6502:from the original on 21 October 2015 6414:from the original on 15 October 2014 6139:from the original on 17 October 2015 6053:from the original on 2 February 2017 5846:from the original on 26 October 2013 5836:"Ludwig Erhard war nie CDU-Mitglied" 5834:Walter Wüllenweber (25 April 2007). 5538:from the original on 10 January 2024 5411:from the original on 17 October 2014 4736: 4734: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4012:Independent politicians in Australia 3993:elected in England and Wales in the 2775:German presidential election of 2010 2345:. The first breakthrough was in the 497:, term used for legislators) of the 427:The territorial legislatures of the 372:Following the election of a Liberal 289:was elected in the Quebec riding of 6320:"Nathan Gill resigns from assembly" 5865:Wille, Herbert (31 December 2011). 4767:Connolly, Amanda; Boutilier, Alex. 4741:Burke, Ashley (22 September 2021). 4658:. Vancouver: UBC Press. p. 8. 4655:Whipped: party discipline in Canada 4400:disbanded, and all politicians are 4053:Australian House of Representatives 3261:German Minority Electoral Committee 2752:2018 Georgian presidential election 2683:, with 26 deputies; the right-wing 1232:joined Sanders and King and became 423:Provincial and territorial politics 274:, Reform's successor party, in the 32:Independence Party (disambiguation) 6805:Yoest, Patrick (8 November 2006). 6800:. BBC World News. 20 October 2006. 6798:"Clare Short resigns as Labour MP" 6444:from the original on 30 March 2015 6184:from the original on 16 March 2009 6021:from the original on 17 April 2016 5407:. Yahoo! News. 14 September 2014. 4576:from the original on 16 March 2017 4245:, independent senator for the ACT 3762:) do not have party affiliations. 3214:1921 Constitution of Liechtenstein 3202:1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein 2966:, a non-partisan (though strongly 2903:decided partially in their favor. 2712:under the banner "without label". 2566:After an inconclusive election in 2422:In the local level, former priest 2371:after he allegedly cheated in the 2303:1907 Philippine Assembly elections 1751:Sarawak State Legislative Assembly 1447:Zulkifli Hasan – appointed by the 1429:Low Kian Chuan – appointed by the 524:Jaime Heliodoro Rodríguez Calderón 499:Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica 270:and re-elected as a member of the 40:Independent Party (disambiguation) 36:Independent Group (disambiguation) 25: 6623:from the original on 14 June 2022 6528:from the original on 2 April 2015 6492:"Senate Results: South Australia" 6360:from the original on 18 July 2018 6330:from the original on 18 July 2018 6300:from the original on 18 July 2018 6270:from the original on 6 April 2014 6135:. London: Guardian. 3 June 2008. 6009:Valente, Liliana (1 April 2016). 5815:from the original on 9 April 2019 5646:from the original on 4 March 2020 5389:. 4 November 2014. Archived from 5170:from the original on Apr 11, 2020 4828:Bridgman, Aengus (6 April 2020). 4572:(in Portuguese). Senado Federal. 4550:from the original on 1 April 2017 4546:(in Portuguese). Senado Federal. 4523:from the original on 1 April 2017 3826:to become an independent. At the 3718:Electoral Administration Act 2006 3562:was elected as an independent at 3229:Prime Minister of the Netherlands 3145:between 1999 and 2006. President 3046:state: in the early elections to 2985:(1998–2002). Minister of Justice 2574:was named the first non-partisan 1731:Pahang State Legislative Assembly 1574:Iskandar Dzulkarnain Abdul Khalid 1435:Awang Sariyan – appointed by the 1169:and is running for reelection in 906:, a former Democrat, was elected 657:(in 1996 under the newly founded 6642:Gore, Charlotte (14 June 2022). 6244:from the original on 23 May 2018 6214:from the original on 23 May 2018 5717:Kervinen, Elina (14 July 2021). 5282:from the original on 28 May 2019 5272:"Vermont Election Night Results" 4243:2022 Australian federal election 3080:(parliamentary deputies) in the 3037:Independent politician (Ireland) 1844: 1808: 1784: 1741:Sabah State Legislative Assembly 1637: 1609: 1581: 1538: 1495: 1331:formed a political block called 150:parties is known to have led to 6834:Independent Candidate Directory 6438:Australian Electoral Commission 6172:Gourlay, Chris (8 March 2009). 6073:"Electoral Administration Bill" 5666:"Mustafazadə Aytən İnqlab qızı" 5506:"KONSENSUS BEBAS formed today!" 5097:Avlon, John (10 January 2017). 5064:(in Spanish). 2 September 2009. 4497:from the original on 5 May 2016 4289:, he had formed his own party ( 4051:, four independents sat in the 4042:Australian Electoral Commission 3967:(Western Isles Council) in the 3644:in protest at the way chairman 2618:July 1919 presidential election 2385:1995 Philippine Senate election 2347:1967 Philippine Senate election 1967:Election Commission of Pakistan 1195:Connecticut for Lieberman Party 1144:Independence Party of Minnesota 889:Independence Party of Minnesota 622:and briefly sought election in 5746:Perälä, Elisa (14 July 2021). 5557:Ghimire, Binod (26 May 2022). 5480:Winger, Richard (2024-05-31). 5430:Watson, Kathryn (2024-05-31). 4376:there was one independent MP: 3991:police and crime commissioners 3778:were elected as Independents: 3609:because of its links with the 3319:, who was the first leader of 3096:National University of Ireland 3074:Irish general election in 2020 2883:, i.e., not affiliated to any 2496:2022 Taiwanese local elections 2470:2018 Taiwanese local elections 2387:saw two independents winning: 2328:between the Nacionalistas and 164:2011 Canadian federal election 1: 5696:"Mannerheimkin tanssi tangoa" 5512:. 7 June 2010. Archived from 3855:2007 Welsh Assembly elections 3642:Sutton Coldfield constituency 2997:, whose affiliation with the 2962:appointed by Reich President 1193:and ran under a third party ( 6671:"United Future deregistered" 6587:First preferences (Tasmania) 5809:Unabhängige Direktkandidaten 5043:(in Spanish). Archived from 5011:(in Spanish). Archived from 3945:Local Government Association 3576:Blaenau Gwent People's Voice 3076:, there were 23 independent 2901:Federal Constitutional Court 2777:he was the candidate of the 2391:(who later ran and lost the 2280: 2227: 2180: 2127: 2080: 2030: 2027: 937:singer and mystery novelist 448:narrowly defeated incumbent 6748:Rich, Roland (April 2008), 5326:Large, Steve (2024-01-16). 4880:Macfarlane, Emmett (2021). 4470:Third party (United States) 4374:50th New Zealand Parliament 4326:49th New Zealand Parliament 4034:National Party of Australia 3469:East Yorkshire Independents 3245:Voters' Electoral Committee 2897:fraktionsloser Abgeordneter 2891:. In 1989 the Bundestag MP 2881:fraktionsloser Abgeordneter 2554:. Radev was elected in the 2426:was elected as governor of 1769:Parliamentary Constituency 1277:geographical constituencies 1088:) in the 19th century, and 1028:has also seen a handful of 645:, billionaire entrepreneur 511:) of the municipalities of 6871: 5803:Martin Fehndrich (2012) . 5078:(in Spanish). 4 March 2016 5062:"Código Electoral Nº 8765" 4718:House of Commons of Canada 4026:Liberal Party of Australia 4009: 3949:City of London Corporation 3727: 3478: 3382:declined an offer to join 3034: 2999:Christian Democratic Union 2958:(1932–1933). The last two 2834:Bundestag election in 1949 2730:2017 presidential election 2722:2007 presidential election 2556:2016 presidential election 1723: 1470: 1405: 537: 481:Constitution of Costa Rica 383:Independent Senators Group 354:Governor General of Canada 232:House of Commons of Canada 109: 29: 6434:"Australian Independents" 6077:United Kingdom parliament 5614:OnlineKhabar English News 5588:OnlineKhabar English News 4956:10.1017/S0008423921000548 4949:(4): 840, 841, 845, 846. 4618:10.1017/s0008423913000632 3989:Roughly a quarter of the 3965:Comhairle nan Eilean Siar 3792:Strathkelvin and Bearsden 3253:komitet wyborczy wyborców 3227:has been the independent 3206:Governor of Liechtenstein 2710:president of the Republic 2576:Prime Minister of Croatia 2552:Bulgarian Socialist Party 1881: 1795: 1681: 1635: 1536: 1493: 1275:, and are not rare among 1273:functional constituencies 1157:, independent politician 769:Connecticut for Lieberman 729:of the popular vote as a 600:. Washington feared that 592:faction, centered around 580:faction, centered around 280:Progressive Conservatives 55:non-affiliated politician 6836:(archived 26 March 2018) 6766:10.22459/pppi.04.2008.01 6046:. Electoral Commission. 4846:10.1177/1354068820911345 4040:was registered with the 3961:Shetland Islands Council 3518:general election of 1997 3465:Derwentside Independents 3210:Landtag of Liechtenstein 2946:(1925–1926), the former 2737:Ministry of the Interior 2681:Independents of the Left 2633:National Coalition Party 2409:Pwersa ng Masa coalition 1929:was elected as Mayor of 1486:Parliament Constituency 1391:Homeland Fighters' Party 1213:and is running again in 1020:House of Representatives 444:, independent candidate 391:Progressive Senate Group 369:elected Prime Minister. 291:Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier 193:44th Canadian Parliament 160:41st Canadian Parliament 116:Independent Conservative 6850:Independent politicians 6548:"Senator Jacqui Lambie" 5220:Encyclopedia Britannica 4989:. CBC News. 17 May 2019 4038:Australian Independents 4018:Parliament of Australia 3953:Isles of Scilly Council 3902:directly elected mayors 3812:Scottish National Party 3808:West of Scotland region 3356:Social Democratic Party 3348:Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa 2830:plurality voting system 2505:, County magistrate of 2395:as an independent) and 2369:People Power Revolution 2315:first elections in 1916 2313:was first created, its 1959:General Elections, 2008 1802:Ahmad Irshadi Abdullah 1222:presidency of Joe Biden 943:Carole Keeton Strayhorn 681:conservative candidate 387:Canadian Senators Group 96:Democratic Labour Party 51:non-partisan politician 6522:"Senator John Madigan" 5034:"Consulta 104-2012 J*" 4652:Marland, Alex (2020). 4450:Non-partisan democracy 4022:Australian Labor Party 3957:Orkney Islands Council 3654:Arthur Uther Pendragon 3650:Salisbury constituency 3629:(formerly Labour) and 3309:Aleksander Kwaśniewski 2928:German Imperial states 2870:Free Voters of Bavaria 2820:to stand for a direct 2622:National Progressive's 2603: 1349:(Kulim-Bandar Bharu), 1339:Zahrain Mohamed Hashim 1329:People's Justice Party 1124:change of party status 1084:of Illinois (a former 614:was expelled from the 507: 493: 485:freedom of association 6855:Political terminology 6592:10 April 2021 at the 6574:Senator Glenn Lazarus 6266:. BBC. 4 April 2014. 6133:"Martin Bell Profile" 4287:next general election 4285:. By the time of the 4239:Jacqui Lambie Network 4211:2013 federal election 4207:2007 federal election 4122:), and Helen Haines ( 4112:2022 federal election 4049:2019 federal election 3820:Mid Scotland and Fife 3675:On 23 March 2005 the 3607:Ulster Unionist Party 3549:2005 general election 3533:2001 general election 3503:1970 general election 3360:political affiliation 3352:president of Portugal 3277:The situation in the 3169:are independendents. 3025:Guðni Th. Jóhannesson 2818:passive right to vote 2626:Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg 2601: 2545:President of Bulgaria 2489:Taiwan People's Party 1455:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1449:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1443:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1437:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1431:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1425:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1419:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1397:Dewan Negara (Senate) 1376:as of December 2018. 1355:Mohsin Fadzli Samsuri 1236:. They are viewed as 1234:Independent Democrats 1007:but ran again in the 864:Lowell P. Weicker Jr. 758:Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 733:in his home state of 590:Democratic-Republican 437:consensus governments 429:Northwest Territories 356:on the advice of the 317:Cumberland—Colchester 299:2008 federal election 295:2006 federal election 276:2000 federal election 268:1997 federal election 240:2004 federal election 212:2021 federal election 184:official party status 152:Members of Parliament 6649:ABC News (Australia) 6410:. 12 November 2013. 6326:. 27 December 2017. 5461:The Arizona Republic 5050:on 16 December 2023. 4612:(4): 774, 789, 793. 3980:Central Bedfordshire 3900:The introduction of 3358:, but suspended his 3325:Bronisław Komorowski 3311:was a leader of the 3119:Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 3021:President of Iceland 2771:President of Germany 2756:President of Georgia 2748:Salome Zourabichvili 2614:President of Finland 2612:, who served as the 2444:party-list elections 2401:2001 EDSA Revolution 1933:in 2022. Similarly, 1630:Suhaili Abdul Rahman 1364:, but later joining 1305:Shmuel Flatto-Sharon 1199:Independent Democrat 1078:United States Senate 914:, he campaigned for 328:Jody Wilson-Raybould 236:minority governments 172:New Democratic Party 30:For other uses, see 5642:. 1 November 2015. 5532:The Himalayan Times 5393:on 5 November 2014. 5129:Library of Congress 4398:Niue People's Party 4299:Taito Phillip Field 3997:were independents. 3754:. Additionally the 3677:Independent Network 3574:of the local party 3182:President of Kosovo 3151:Christian Democracy 3052:7% of seats in 1922 2964:Paul von Hindenburg 2956:Kurt von Schleicher 2916:heads of government 2910:of 1871, the first 2885:parliamentary group 2826:electoral districts 2706:Alexandre Millerand 2635:from 2012 to 2018, 2610:C. G. E. Mannerheim 2588:Estonian presidents 1979: 1775:State Constituency 1531:Mohd Azizi Abu Naim 1417:– appointed by the 1415:Sivarraajh Chandran 1353:(Nibong Tebal) and 1337:. The members were 1269:Legislative Council 1032:. Examples include 1030:independent members 925:, state legislator 910:as an independent. 908:lieutenant governor 872:A Connecticut Party 838:from Rhode Island; 483:, which guarantees 374:majority government 332:Vancouver Granville 225:Richmond—Arthabaska 112:Independent Liberal 6811:The New York Times 5901:125 Jahre Landtag. 5563:The Kathmandu Post 5486:Ballot Access News 5156:The New York Times 4465:Syncretic politics 4118:), Zali Steggall ( 3870:Dafydd Elis-Thomas 3824:Conservative Party 3362:on the day of his 3305:Tadeusz Mazowiecki 3143:President of Italy 2924:executive officers 2908:German unification 2799:Federal Convention 2604: 2458:barangay elections 2381:multi-party system 2307:Nacionalista Party 1977: 1238:moderate Democrats 731:write-in candidate 586:Alexander Hamilton 336:SNC-Lavalin affair 204:electoral district 168:Conservative Party 5725:Helsingin Sanomat 5700:Ilkka-Pohjalainen 5516:on 19 April 2018. 5455:Sinema, Kyrsten. 5301:Bohannon, Molly. 5194:RealClearPolitics 5103:POLITICO Magazine 4665:978-0-7748-6498-5 4570:"Senador Reguffe" 4445:Independent voter 4440:Benjamin Franklin 4291:New Zealand First 4184:Teal independents 4030:Australian Greens 3984:unitary authority 3982:became the first 3760:Church of England 3666:Respect Coalition 3597:, the member for 3461:Devizes Guardians 3200:According to the 3147:Sergio Mattarella 3100:Dublin University 3044:foundation of the 2912:Reich Chancellors 2695:Independent Group 2572:Tihomir Orešković 2533:Aytən Mustafayeva 2529:National Assembly 2446:as independents. 2413:as vice president 2389:Juan Ponce Enrile 2351:Magnolia Antonino 2341:narrowly lost to 2339:Sergio Osmeña Jr. 2299: 2298: 1905: 1904: 1799:Nominated member 1717: 1716: 1602:Zulkafperi Hanapi 1289:Indian Parliament 1108:Kenneth S. Wherry 1090:Harry F. Byrd Jr. 699:George H. W. Bush 691:Electoral College 574:political parties 566:George Washington 307:, the MP for the 272:Canadian Alliance 208:Spadina—Fort York 18:Independent Green 16:(Redirected from 6862: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6801: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6768: 6754: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6729:. 13 August 2013 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6622: 6616:. 20 June 2022. 6611: 6603: 6597: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6178:The Sunday Times 6169: 6163: 6162: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6109:on 27 April 2015 6105:. Archived from 6099: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6052: 6045: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5963: 5952: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5910: 5904: 5894: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5784:on 23 March 2019 5780:. Archived from 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5722: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5706:on 21 July 2021. 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5672:. Archived from 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5359:. Archived from 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5158:. 11 June 1992. 5153: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5038: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4958: 4934: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4877: 4866: 4865: 4840:(5): 1009–1016. 4825: 4812: 4811: 4810:: 8, 17, 18, 24. 4803: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4738: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4649: 4638: 4637: 4597: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4487: 4455:Radical centrism 4435:Electoral reform 4346:2011 by-election 4319:Tuariki Delamere 4275:1993 by-election 3832:four years later 3758:(bishops of the 3695:established the 3623:Liberal Democrat 3475:House of Commons 3415:political savage 3374:All of Russia's 3266:Tickets such as 3155:Democratic Party 3137:(2018–2021) and 2893:Thomas Wüppesahl 2872:in 2008 and the 2862:Northern Germany 2860:, especially in 2779:Social Democrats 2677:Independent Left 2397:Gregorio Honasan 2357:Ferdinand Marcos 2326:two-party system 2294: 2287: 2269: 2262: 2244: 2237: 2219: 2212: 2194: 2187: 2169: 2162: 2144: 2137: 2119: 2112: 2094: 2087: 2069: 2062: 2044: 2037: 2019: 2012: 1980: 1949:, respectively. 1901: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1790: 1788: 1787: 1760: 1757: 1747: 1737: 1713: 1643: 1641: 1640: 1615: 1613: 1612: 1587: 1585: 1584: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1501: 1499: 1498: 1477: 1347:Zulkifli Noordin 1324:are quite rare. 1179:Vermont-at-large 1118:Vermont senator 1103:George W. Norris 987:of the State of 898:, State Senator 854:from Texas; and 812:James B. Longley 620:Democratic Party 606:Farewell Address 594:Thomas Jefferson 510: 496: 471:Current laws in 450:Attorney General 446:Vicki Huntington 256:British Columbia 244:balance of power 206:, or riding, of 178:, following the 162:, following the 138:House of Commons 127:House of Commons 121:Federal politics 21: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6840: 6839: 6830: 6825: 6816: 6814: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6783: 6777: 6752: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6706: 6704: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6680: 6678: 6669: 6668: 6664: 6654: 6652: 6641: 6640: 6636: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6609: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6594:Wayback Machine 6585: 6581: 6572: 6571: 6567: 6557: 6555: 6546: 6545: 6541: 6531: 6529: 6520: 6519: 6515: 6505: 6503: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6475: 6473: 6462: 6461: 6457: 6447: 6445: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6417: 6415: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6387: 6385: 6378: 6377: 6373: 6363: 6361: 6356:. 6 July 2018. 6348: 6347: 6343: 6333: 6331: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6296:. 6 July 2018. 6288: 6287: 6283: 6273: 6271: 6262: 6261: 6257: 6247: 6245: 6238:Legislation.gov 6232: 6231: 6227: 6217: 6215: 6208:Lesiglation.gov 6202: 6201: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6142: 6140: 6131: 6126: 6122: 6112: 6110: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6086: 6084: 6071: 6070: 6066: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6034: 6024: 6022: 6008: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5950: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5931: 5929: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5895: 5888: 5878: 5876: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5847: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5818: 5816: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5787: 5785: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5679: 5677: 5676:on 15 June 2018 5664: 5663: 5659: 5649: 5647: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5593: 5591: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5534:. 25 May 2022. 5526: 5525: 5521: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5490: 5488: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5465: 5463: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5440: 5438: 5436:www.cbsnews.com 5429: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5363:on 5 March 2016 5357:Huffington Post 5350: 5349: 5345: 5336: 5334: 5332:www.cbsnews.com 5325: 5324: 5320: 5311: 5309: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5214:Levy, Michael. 5213: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5018: 5016: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4936: 4935: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4879: 4878: 4869: 4827: 4826: 4815: 4805: 4804: 4787: 4777: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4740: 4739: 4732: 4722: 4720: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4666: 4651: 4650: 4641: 4599: 4598: 4589: 4579: 4577: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4542:Reguffe, José. 4541: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4420:Party switching 4410: 4390: 4303:Gordon Copeland 4255: 4199:Brian Harradine 4152:Allegra Spender 4014: 4008: 4003: 3930:Ken Livingstone 3926:Mayor of London 3898: 3896:Local elections 3804:Campbell Martin 3796:Margo MacDonald 3768: 3756:Lords Spiritual 3740: 3738:Lords Spiritual 3728:Main articles: 3726: 3707:Part II of the 3705: 3670:George Galloway 3512:was elected at 3483: 3477: 3434: 3417:) symbol: (-). 3402: 3380:Dmitry Medvedev 3372: 3345: 3321:Law and Justice 3237: 3222: 3220:The Netherlands 3198: 3178:Atifete Jahjaga 3175: 3163: 3116:Prime Ministers 3112: 3098:and three from 3039: 3033: 3017: 2952:Franz von Papen 2846:local elections 2764: 2745: 2726:Emmanuel Macron 2673:technical group 2658:Action Libérale 2646: 2596: 2584: 2564: 2541: 2521: 2516: 2503:Chung Tung-chin 2466: 2343:Emmanuel Pelaez 2295: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2010: 1975: 1963:Tehreek-e-Insaf 1955: 1923: 1910: 1882: 1845: 1843: 1809: 1807: 1785: 1783: 1758: 1755: 1748: 1745: 1738: 1735: 1728: 1722: 1682: 1638: 1636: 1610: 1608: 1582: 1580: 1539: 1537: 1496: 1494: 1475: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1410: 1404: 1399: 1366:Pakatan Harapan 1345:(Wangsa Maju), 1334:Konsensus Bebas 1313: 1297: 1285: 1263:Around half of 1261: 1256: 1251: 1116: 1074: 1022: 1017: 927:Barbara Merrill 912:Two years later 777: 677:elections, and 563: 558: 536: 521: 469: 425: 416: 349: 340:43rd Parliament 176:42nd Parliament 140: 123: 118: 108: 98:(PDT) in 2016. 87: 82: 73:technical group 59:political party 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6868: 6866: 6858: 6857: 6852: 6842: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6829: 6828:External links 6826: 6824: 6823: 6802: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6775: 6740: 6714: 6703:. 11 June 2013 6688: 6662: 6634: 6598: 6579: 6565: 6539: 6513: 6483: 6455: 6425: 6395: 6371: 6341: 6311: 6281: 6255: 6225: 6195: 6164: 6150: 6120: 6094: 6064: 6032: 6001: 5975: 5939: 5905: 5886: 5857: 5826: 5795: 5765: 5738: 5709: 5687: 5657: 5627: 5601: 5575: 5549: 5519: 5510:Wee Choo Keong 5497: 5472: 5447: 5422: 5396: 5374: 5343: 5318: 5293: 5263: 5232: 5206: 5181: 5141: 5115: 5089: 5067: 5053: 5025: 5000: 4978: 4922: 4897: 4890: 4867: 4834:Party Politics 4813: 4785: 4759: 4730: 4705: 4679: 4664: 4639: 4587: 4561: 4534: 4508: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4415:Nonpartisanism 4411: 4409: 4406: 4389: 4386: 4283:National Party 4273:, who won the 4271:Winston Peters 4254: 4251: 4010:Main article: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3969:Outer Hebrides 3906:Stoke-on-Trent 3897: 3894: 3849:and his wife, 3816:Brian Monteith 3780:Dennis Canavan 3767: 3764: 3748:not affiliated 3744:House of Lords 3725: 3724:House of Lords 3722: 3704: 3701: 3631:Nadine Dorries 3591:2017 elections 3537:Richard Taylor 3499:Merthyr Tydfil 3476: 3473: 3433: 3432:United Kingdom 3430: 3426:Prime Minister 3411:politisk vilde 3401: 3398: 3390:Vladimir Putin 3371: 3368: 3350:, the current 3344: 3341: 3317:Lech Kaczyński 3302:Prime Minister 3268:Civic Platform 3236: 3233: 3221: 3218: 3204:the appointed 3197: 3194: 3174: 3171: 3162: 3159: 3135:Giuseppe Conte 3127:Giuliano Amato 3111: 3108: 3035:Main article: 3032: 3029: 3016: 3013: 3003:party chairman 2991:Free Democrats 2763: 2760: 2744: 2741: 2650:sans étiquette 2645: 2642: 2637:Sauli Niinistö 2595: 2592: 2583: 2580: 2563: 2560: 2540: 2537: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2485: 2484: 2465: 2462: 2424:Eddie Panlilio 2405:Noli de Castro 2377:Corazon Aquino 2337:, independent 2297: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2146: 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1439: 1433: 1427: 1421: 1411: 1406:Main article: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1343:Wee Choo Keong 1341:(Bayan Baru), 1312: 1309: 1296: 1293: 1284: 1281: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1243:17th Amendment 1226:Kyrsten Sinema 1159:Bernie Sanders 1148:Paul Wellstone 1136:2002 elections 1115: 1112: 1073: 1070: 1034:Bernie Sanders 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 981:Mufi Hannemann 939:Kinky Friedman 832:Lincoln Chafee 776: 773: 707:Bernie Sanders 628:Tyler Democrat 570:U.S. president 562: 559: 535: 532: 520: 517: 468: 465: 424: 421: 415: 412: 366:Justin Trudeau 358:Prime Minister 348: 345: 344: 343: 324: 302: 283: 266:member in the 139: 136: 122: 119: 107: 104: 100:Jair Bolsonaro 86: 83: 81: 78: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6867: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6812: 6808: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6782: 6778: 6776:9781921313752 6772: 6767: 6762: 6759:, ANU Press, 6758: 6751: 6744: 6741: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6715: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6689: 6677:. 31 May 2013 6676: 6672: 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5705: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5688: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5628: 5616:. 25 May 2022 5615: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5590:. 24 May 2022 5589: 5585: 5579: 5576: 5564: 5560: 5553: 5550: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5520: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5498: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5473: 5462: 5458: 5451: 5448: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5423: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5344: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5319: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5294: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5264: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5233: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5207: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5145: 5142: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5116: 5104: 5100: 5093: 5090: 5077: 5071: 5068: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5015:on 2022-02-08 5014: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4893: 4891:9780774866224 4887: 4883: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4760: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4694:. 27 May 2019 4693: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4535: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4476: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4379: 4378:Brendan Horan 4375: 4371: 4370:2011 election 4367: 4366:David Seymour 4363: 4359: 4355: 4354:United Future 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4334:Hone Harawira 4331: 4327: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4235:Glenn Lazarus 4232: 4231:Jacqui Lambie 4228: 4224: 4223:2016 election 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4203:Nick Xenophon 4200: 4196: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4176:Sophie Scamps 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4093:Zali Steggall 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4073:Kerryn Phelps 4070: 4066: 4065:Cathy McGowan 4062: 4058: 4057:Andrew Wilkie 4054: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4005: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3995:2012 election 3992: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3934:first elected 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3910:Middlesbrough 3907: 3903: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3866:Neil Hamilton 3863: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3837: 3836:2016 election 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3752:crossbenchers 3749: 3745: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3668:was founded, 3667: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3612: 3611:Conservatives 3608: 3605:who left the 3604: 3600: 3596: 3595:Sylvia Hermon 3592: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3564:Blaenau Gwent 3561: 3557: 3556:2005 election 3552: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3522:Neil Hamilton 3519: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3497:MP, held his 3496: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3394:United Russia 3391: 3387: 3385: 3384:United Russia 3381: 3377: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3272:2001 election 3269: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3196:Liechtenstein 3195: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3133:(2011–2013), 3132: 3129:(2000–2001), 3128: 3125:(1995–1996), 3124: 3123:Lamberto Dini 3121:(1993–1994), 3120: 3117: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3060:10.5% in 1927 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2995:Ludwig Erhard 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983:Werner Müller 2980: 2979:Hans Leussink 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2942:(1922–1923), 2941: 2937: 2934:period after 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2767:Joachim Gauck 2761: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2662:Radical Party 2659: 2653: 2651: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2600: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2507:Miaoli County 2504: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2417:K-4 coalition 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2330:Liberal Party 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2290: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2265: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2240: 2233: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2215: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2190: 2183: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2165: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2140: 2133: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2115: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2090: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2065: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2040: 2033: 2024: 2023: 2015: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935:Harka Sampang 1932: 1928: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1907: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1793: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1753: 1752: 1743: 1742: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1719: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1686: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1569:Kuala Kangsar 1567: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1554:Bukit Gantang 1552: 1549: 1547: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1516:Zahari Kechik 1514: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1387:Maszlee Malik 1384: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1318: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1189:was a former 1188: 1187:Joe Lieberman 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1062:Paul Mitchell 1059: 1055: 1051: 1050:Victor Berger 1047: 1043: 1042:Frazier Reams 1040:of Virginia, 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1005:2018 election 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 969: 967: 966:Kendrick Meek 963: 959: 958:Charlie Crist 955: 951: 946: 944: 940: 936: 935:country music 932: 928: 924: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 877:Jesse Ventura 873: 869: 865: 862:from Alaska. 861: 857: 853: 849: 846:from Oregon; 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 804:Shadrach Bond 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 774: 772: 770: 767:(who created 766: 765:Joe Lieberman 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 683:Evan McMullin 680: 679:"Never Trump" 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 639:John Anderson 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 607: 603: 599: 598:James Madison 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 560: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 534:United States 533: 531: 529: 525: 518: 516: 514: 509: 504: 500: 495: 490: 486: 482: 477: 474: 466: 464: 462: 458: 454: 451: 447: 443: 438: 434: 430: 422: 420: 413: 411: 408: 402: 400: 399:Andrew Scheer 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