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253:. An important watershed in this war was the massacre of civilians by the FLN near the town of Philippeville in August 1955. The government claimed it killed 1,273 guerrillas in retaliation; according to the FLN, 12,000 Muslims perished in an orgy of bloodletting by the armed forces and police, as well as colon gangs. After Philippeville, all-out war began in Algeria. The FLN fought largely using guerrilla and terrorist tactics whilst the French counter-insurgency tactics often included severe reprisals and repression.
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began in
November 1954 and ended in 1962. The war was very brutal and long, and was the most recent major turning point in Algeria's history. Although often fratricidal, it ultimately united Algerians and raised the value of independence and the philosophy of
309:. Nearly one million people of mostly French, Spanish and Italian descent were forced to flee Algeria at independence due to the unbridgeable rifts opened by the civil war and threats from units of the victorious FLN. Along with them fled most Algerians of
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French
President Charles De Gaulle pronounced Algeria an independent country on 3 July. The decision was published in the official journal the following day, and Algerian leaders declared 5 July, the anniversary of the French arrival in
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could be held. The Evian accords guaranteed the religious and property rights of French settlers, but the perception that they would not be respected led to the exodus of one million
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population of 9 or 10 million, were made into refugees or forcibly relocated into government-controlled camps. Much of the countryside and
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also provided for continuing economic, financial, technical, and cultural relations, along with interim administrative arrangements until a
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305:). French sources estimated that at least 70,000 Muslim civilians were killed or abducted and presumed killed, by the FLN during the
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Between 350.000 and 1 million
Algerians are estimated to have died during the war, and more than 2 million, out of a total
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indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in
Algeria, which often represent the major celebrations of the month.
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Eventually, protracted negotiations led to a cease-fire signed by France and the FLN on March 18, 1962, at
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In the early morning hours (12:00 am) of 1 November 1954, the
National Liberation Army (
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in 1950 for the celebration of the 13th anniversary of the
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National holiday commemorating
Algerian independence from France (5 July 1962)
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descent and those Muslim
Algerians who had supported a French Algeria (
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Declaration recognising
Algeria’s independence (Paris, 3 July 1962)
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United States
Department of State. Office of Media Services, p3
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into the national consciousness. Abusive tactics of the
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Flag Hoisting, Parades, Singing Patriotic Songs and the
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remains a controversial subject in France to this day.
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461:The Colonial System and Algerian Nationalism
381:Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace (1977)
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393:"Algerian National Liberation (1954-1962)"
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68:Learn how and when to remove this message
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291:was devastated, along with the modern
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809:International Day of Non-Violence
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704:World Press Freedom Day
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883:Varies (year round)
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401:. Retrieved
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48:Please help
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950:(Shawwal 1)
947:Eid al-Fitr
936:(Ramadan 1)
611:Victory Day
391:John Pike.
289:agriculture
274:pieds-noirs
240:French Army
221:Front page
201:5 July 1962
117:of Algeria.
52:if you can.
994:Categories
978:See also:
681:(Thursday)
403:2016-09-29
368:2016-09-29
343:References
302:pied-noirs
266:referendum
139:2025-07-05
857:Christmas
815:Halloween
785:September
671:Earth Day
170:romanized
147:Frequency
115:President
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825:November
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561:Yennayer
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420:Archived
397:Archived
362:Archived
331:See also
297:settlers
100:National
34:require
933:Ramadan
802:October
545:January
494:History
468:Portals
325:Algiers
293:economy
172::
137: (
91:Algeria
36:cleanup
916:Mawlid
899:Ashura
585:Tafsut
482:Africa
316:harkis
311:Jewish
285:Muslim
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260:. The
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161:Arabic
150:Annual
126:July 5
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