411:
44:
422:
611:
In the 1950s and 1960s, government suppression of radicalism in
Mozambique was severe enough that the important national liberation groups all had to carry on their existences outside the country. The first organisation with full intentions toward national liberation was founded by Mozambican exiles
502:
for Whites born in
Mozambique. (In the 1950s the latter organisation opened its doors to non-Whites and fought for a non-racial society.) According to Chilcote, "Africans manifested demands through these organisations by urging moderate reforms in the 1930s and focusing discussion on direct
494:, members of the tiny minority of Africans in the colonies who had been given citizenship status. Gibson states that "although it gathered together only some twenty African and mulatto intellectuals, had significant repercussions in the colonies." Later, in Mozambique, the
526:
was established in the early 1920s. One of the first
African weeklies on the continent, it provided an outlet for native dissent. Chilcote, in 1967, wrote that "Although controlled by the Salazar government, it remains African-oriented."
503:
participation for the urban masses in the 1940s. The government reacted by replacing elected leaders with administrative appointees and by dominating and interfering with the activities of these organisations." When the
729:
744:(FRELIMO). At the first FRELIMO congress, at Dar es Salaam in late September 1962, Eduardo Mondlane was elected its President. After many years of FRELIMO's struggle, Mozambique become independent in 1975.
471:
colonial rule and making it an independent nation emerged in the early 1900s, shortly after
Portugal had defeated the last of the native chieftaincies and established effective control over the territory.
542:
By the mid 1950s clandestine political movements had formed. Above ground intellectual nationalism continued: African intellectuals studying at
Portuguese universities established the
870:
450:
139:
880:
624:
144:
585:(NESAM). Its tiny membership included several who would go on to become leaders in the liberation movement, including future FRELIMO president,
885:
875:
443:
593:
192:
93:
694:
134:
534:
was a semi-official centre for
African students in Lisbon. It was pronounced subversive and closed by the government in 1965.
753:
436:
81:
43:
23:
291:
727:
to represent all three parties, UDENAMO, MANU and UNAMI, at the conference where FRAIN was disbanded and replaced by the
690:
280:
347:
227:
377:
267:
556:
252:
237:
642:
was sympathetic to the nationalists, and in April 1961 UDENAMO moved its headquarters to
Tanganyika's capital,
736:
In June 1962, with encouragement from both the CONCP and
Nyerere, UDENAMO, MANU, and UNAMI merged to form the
222:
758:
210:
571:
and others who sought an
African culture, traditional in tone but modern and sophisticated in content." In
197:
372:
217:
187:
110:
64:
59:
32:
342:
167:
702:
664:
560:
515:; and was banned in 1965 for alleged subversion and terrorism. The government also intervened in the
357:
352:
262:
98:
631:
698:
705:
Secretary-General. After
Tanganyika's independence in December 1961, MANU moved to Dar es Salaam.
575:, Mozambican secondary-school students who had been sent there to study formed an offshoot of the
507:
came partially under government control, the more determined of the nationalists in it formed the
689:
of Northern Moçambique and Tanganyika. Its members had been inspired, and were supported by, the
336:
655:
332:
312:
287:
242:
182:
162:
586:
392:
247:
257:
232:
639:
426:
864:
716:
643:
415:
297:
86:
651:
572:
172:
519:, replacing its leadership, and, according to Chilcote, ending its effectiveness.
317:
177:
808:
was established earlier as an organisation for Blacks around the time that the
490:
464:
382:
322:
567:, where, Chilcote says, they "associated with French African advocates of
635:
613:
604:
Frente Revolucionária Africana para a Indêpencia das Colônais Portuguesas
468:
327:
739:
397:
302:
74:
617:
485:
387:
367:
307:
103:
730:
Confederação das Organizações Nacionalistas das Colónias Portuguesas
555:. A few of the African students in Portugal, including the Angolan
724:
597:
564:
362:
511:. This was later forced by the government to change its name to
850:. 1967; Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, U.S.A.; Prentice-Hall.
683:(MANU) was formed out of several small groups including the
480:
In 1920 or 1923, a government sponsored organisation, the
582:
Núcleo dos Estudantes Africanos Secundários de Moçambique
675:
In February 1961 a second nationalist organisation, the
804:
Gibson, p 274; Chilcote, p 50, seems to say that the
498:was established for assimilated mulattoes; and the
777:Gibson says 1920 (p 274); Chilcote, 1923 (p 49).
719:district. It too moved to Dar es Salaam in 1961.
444:
8:
577:Centro Associativo dos Negros de Moçambique
513:Centro Associativo dos Negros de Moçambique
723:In April 1961 Adelino Gwambe travelled to
654:(President), a Protestant pastor from the
451:
437:
17:
712:União Africana de Moçambique Independente
646:. Its members at various times included:
857:. 1972; London; Oxford University Press.
625:União Democrática Nacional de Moçambique
871:National liberation movements in Africa
820:
818:
770:
31:
20:
715:(UNAMI) was formed by exiles from the
620:), on October 2, 1960, and called the
600:, 1960, the MAC was superseded by the
517:Associação dos Naturais de Moçambique
500:Associação dos Naturais de Moçambique
7:
630:(UDENAMO). Its founding leader was
740:Frente de Libertação de Moçambique
522:Besides these groups a newspaper,
14:
695:Tanganyika African National Union
679:Moçambique National African Union
881:History of Portuguese Mozambique
420:
409:
42:
594:All-African Peoples' Conference
563:, left Portugal and settled in
193:People's Republic of Mozambique
94:People's Republic of Mozambique
754:Mozambican War of Independence
553:Casa dos Estudantes do Império
532:Casa dos Estudantes do Império
82:Mozambican War of Independence
1:
463:Groups interested in freeing
111:Recent history (1993–present)
855:African Liberation Movements
701:was founding president, and
691:Kenya African National Union
902:
886:Rebel groups in Mozambique
876:20th century in Mozambique
708:A third organisation, the
812:was set up for mulattoes.
686:Mocambique Maconde Union
546:Movimento Anti-Colonista
759:Portuguese Colonial War
551:as an outgrowth of the
60:Pre-colonial Mozambique
557:Mário Pinto de Andrade
198:Republic of Mozambique
130:Independence movements
70:Independence movements
616:) and Nyasaland (now
188:Portuguese Mozambique
65:Portuguese Mozambique
561:Marcelino dos Santos
99:Mozambican Civil War
634:. Tanganyikan (now
559:and the Mozambican
509:Instituto Negrófilo
505:Associação Africana
496:Associação Africana
484:was established in
427:History portal
848:Portuguese Africa
846:Ronald Chilcote,
665:Paulo José Gumane
612:in Rhodesia (now
461:
460:
416:Africa portal
358:Mozambique Island
353:Mocímboa da Praia
183:Angoche Sultanate
163:Kingdom of Mutapa
893:
853:Richard Gibson,
834:
831:
825:
822:
813:
802:
796:
793:
787:
784:
778:
775:
720:
682:
629:
608:
587:Eduardo Mondlane
550:
524:O Brado Africano
453:
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168:Kingdom of Tembi
46:
36:
18:
901:
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890:
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860:
843:
838:
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832:
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823:
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803:
799:
795:Chilcote, p 50.
794:
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772:
767:
750:
709:
703:M. M. Mallianga
693:(KANU) and the
676:
673:
621:
601:
543:
540:
478:
457:
421:
419:
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408:
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283:
281:By city or town
273:
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125:
117:
116:
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54:
34:
27:
12:
11:
5:
899:
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863:
862:
859:
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842:
839:
836:
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826:
814:
797:
788:
786:Gibson, p 274.
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769:
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766:
763:
762:
761:
756:
749:
746:
672:
669:
668:
667:
662:
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640:Julius Nyerere
632:Adelino Gwambe
592:At the second
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145:Rail transport
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140:Postal history
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732:
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706:
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699:Matthew Mmole
696:
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661:J. M. Mabunde
660:
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653:
649:
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644:Dar es Salaam
641:
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533:
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482:Liga Africana
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298:Chicualacuala
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87:Lusaka Accord
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66:
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61:
58:
57:
50:
49:
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37:
30:
25:
19:
16:
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829:
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782:
773:
738:
737:
735:
728:
722:
711:
710:
707:
685:
684:
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674:
652:Uria Simango
638:) president
623:
622:
610:
603:
602:
591:
581:
580:
576:
573:South Africa
568:
552:
545:
544:
541:
531:
529:
523:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
495:
489:
481:
479:
462:
218:Cabo Delgado
173:Zulu Kingdom
129:
69:
15:
579:called the
491:assimilados
243:Maputo City
211:By province
178:Gaza Empire
33:History of
865:Categories
810:Associacao
469:Portuguese
465:Mozambique
35:Mozambique
733:(CONCP).
650:Reverend
636:Tanzanian
569:négritude
383:Quelimane
323:Inhambane
228:Inhambane
748:See also
697:(TANU).
614:Zimbabwe
607:(FRAIN).
418:•
337:timeline
328:Lichinga
292:timeline
268:Zambezia
157:Polities
53:Timeline
24:a series
22:Part of
841:Sources
658:region.
398:Xai-Xai
373:Nampula
303:Chimoio
248:Nampula
75:FRELIMO
824:p 119.
806:Centro
618:Malawi
486:Lisbon
388:Sofala
368:Nacala
348:Maxixe
343:Matola
333:Maputo
313:Cuamba
308:Chinde
258:Sofala
253:Niassa
238:Maputo
233:Manica
124:Topics
104:RENAMO
26:on the
833:p 50.
765:Notes
725:Rabat
671:1960s
656:Beira
598:Tunis
596:, in
565:Paris
549:(MAC)
538:1950s
476:1920s
467:from
378:Pemba
363:Mueda
318:Gurúè
288:Beira
717:Tete
530:The
488:for
393:Tete
263:Tete
223:Gaza
135:Jews
867::
817:^
589:.
452:e
445:t
438:v
339:)
335:(
294:)
290:(
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