857:, p. 45: "Though there was no bilateral agreement between India and Myanmar on the regulation of movement of local tribals, there was, however, a tacit understanding that there would be no restriction on such movements, which have continued since time immemorial owing to close economic and cultural ties among the tribals of the area. This tacit understanding between the two governments is reflected in the reciprocal notifications issued during 1948-50 amending their respective Passport Rules so as to provide for and accommodate the continuance of the traditional practice regarding travel across the border of indigenous tribals in either country up to 25 miles (40 km) in the other country.".
915:, pp. 45–46: "Tribals from both sides enjoyed this exemption until June 1968 when the Government of India through a Notification unilaterally introduced a permit system to regulate their movement with a view to prevent entry of undesirable elements and checking insurgent activity. The system of permits (which is still in vogue) stipulated that Indian and Myanmar tribals would have to carry permits for travelling across the border and that these would be granted liberally to persons who are required to travel frequently in pursuit of their normal vocation and for other bonafide purposes.".
903:, Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, 17 January 2024. "Accordingly, on 26 September 1950, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) published the Notification no. 4/15/50-F.I amending the Passport (Entry into India) Rules of 1950 whereby the ‘hill tribes, who is either a citizen of India or the Union of Burma and who is ordinarily a resident in any area within 40 km (25 miles) on either side of the India-Burma frontier’ were exempted from the carrying passport or visa while entering into India."
240:, the Government of India signalled that it intends to terminate the free movement regime amid allegations from the Government of Manipur that it was facing problems of illegal immigration, drug peddling and arms smuggling. The proposal was opposed by the Government of Mizoram, and civil society organisations in Manipur and Nagaland. Nevertheless, the Government of India suspended the FMR on February 8, 2024, pending negotiation with Myanmar on eventual termination.
372:(FMR) which allows tribes living along the border to travel 16 km (9.9 mi) across either side of the border without visa restrictions. There are over 250 villages with over 300,000 people living within 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) of the border who used to frequently cross the border through 150 small and large formal and informal border crossings before the Government of India suspended the FMR.
336:
1724:
31:
268:(INCB) also warned that the region could become a significant transit point for illicit drugs . Indian security forces blamed the porous border for the deaths of 200 security personnel and civilians in militancy-related violence in the region in 2001–2003. Four Northeast Indian states share the border with Myanmar:
210:
all the countries bordering Burma to travel to Burma without passports or permits, provided they lived within 40 km (25 mi) from the border. In 1950, India also amended its passport rules to allow the tribes people residing within 40 km around the border to travel to India and stay up to 72 hours.
232:
Following further abuses of FMR, a formal agreement with
Myanmar was proposed by India in 2014, and, after negotiations, an Agreement on Land Border Crossing was signed by the two countries on 11 May 2018. As per the agreement, the residents of the two countries living within 16 km of the border are
209:
From the beginning, India and Burma (later known as
Myanmar) operated a free movement regime (FMR) for the tribal communities living along their common border, recognizing that the communities have age-old economic and cultural ties. The Burma Passport Rules of 1948 allowed indigenous populations of
295:
communities. According to them, a huge stretch of land would become
Myanmar's territory and foster unrest among people living on both sides of the border. The protests from people living in the Moreh, Chorokhunou, and Molchan areas forced the Home Ministry to refer the matter to the Manipur
151:
areas was returned to Burma and a modified boundary delimited in this region, dubbed the 'Pemberton line' after a
British commissioner, which was later refined in 1881. In 1837 the Patkai Hills were unilaterally designated as the northern boundary.
304:, and Kukis whose lands straddle the regions between the two states- it is thus a highly sensitive issue. In 2007 it was reported that in the state of Manipur, a boundary dispute arose with ownership of nine border pillars being disputed.
284:. Both national governments agreed to conduct a joint survey before erecting the fence. The Indian Home Ministry and its Myanmar counterpart completed the study within six months and, in March 2003 began erecting a fence along the border.
193:). Burma gained independence in 1948. On 10 March 1967 Burma and India signed a boundary treaty which delimited their common frontier in detail. Security along the border has often been poor, owing to ongoing conflicts in
1255:
213:
In 1968, following a variety of insurgencies in its northeastern states, India unilaterally introduced a permit system for travelling across the border. This provision remained in place for the next 40 years.
217:
In 2004, following the growth of drug trafficking and arms smuggling, India reduced the travel limit to 16 km (9.9 mi) and allowed border crossing only through three designated points:
1337:
951:
1232:
170:(recognized as part of Burma) was delimited, and the existing 'Pemberton line' boundary modified again in 1896. Further boundary modifications were made in 1901, 1921 and 1922.
1252:
1395:
1089:
315:- to guard the 1,643-kilometre (1,021 mi) long Indo-Myanmar border. IMBF will remain under ITBP and will patrol the border to the zero line (as of January 2018).
1424:
986:
461:
1671:
489:
1141:
1538:
1026:
1445:
1366:
1334:
833:
83:
The trijunction between India, China and
Myanmar is not yet agreed between the three nations. The de facto tripoint is located just north of the
1166:
1057:
807:
792:
693:
265:
261:
260:. India hopes to curtail cross-border crime, including goods, arms and counterfeit currency smuggling, drug trafficking, and insurgency. The
1753:
710:
500:. It is a designated customs and immigration post, open to all categories of international travellers with valid travel document and visa.
1310:
636:
233:
issued border passes, which they must carry at all times after crossing the border. They can stay on the other side for up to 14 days.
1090:"Challenges To India's National Security: The Illicit Flow Of Drugs From Myanmar To India-Pre And Post Myanmar Coup Of 2021 – CENJOWS"
1748:
1280:
925:
588:
1508:
1387:
1203:
999:
885:
767:
1224:
1664:
530:
173:
In 1937 Burma was split off from India and became a separate colony. In 1947 India gained independence, however the country was
237:
1768:
1531:
1689:
1416:
194:
534:
406:
198:
1709:
1569:
564:
307:
The Indo-Myanmar Border Force (IMBF) is a proposed and soon-to-be-composed force of 29 battalions - 25 battalions from
1763:
1657:
469:
312:
1594:
1758:
1524:
1417:"Tedim Road—The Strategic Road on a Frontier: A Historical Analysis - Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses"
182:
1694:
1623:
1145:
287:
In 2004, fencing work in the state of
Manipur along the border was stalled due to protests raised by the local
156:
1704:
1574:
1616:
540:
160:
120:
1359:"India-Myanmar Border Problems: Fencing not the only solution - Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses"
1579:
1470:
1449:
1358:
937:
825:
1174:
900:
548:
515:
111:, before turning west and proceeding to the Bangladeshi tripoint via a series of irregular lines.
92:
1589:
1031:
174:
719:
1504:
1302:
1113:
1065:
961:
881:
788:
763:
759:
689:
685:
629:
402:
388:
376:
269:
124:
987:
Fencing frontiers with
Myanmar: The benefits and challenges of FMR along India-Myanmar border
875:
58:(formerly Burma). The border is 1,643 kilometres (1,021 mi) in length and runs from the
1599:
1547:
751:
677:
493:
324:
1341:
1272:
1259:
1027:"States, civil society restive as Centre plans to scrap Free Movement Regime with Myanmar"
584:
544:
1728:
1637:
1345:
1228:
249:
1199:
1742:
752:
678:
444:
414:
353:
186:
136:
35:
147:
coast, thereby delimiting much of the modern boundary in general terms. In 1834 the
17:
1630:
1170:
552:
440:
398:
349:
335:
308:
148:
88:
912:
854:
1562:
465:
301:
297:
292:
288:
30:
503:
384:
226:
190:
167:
144:
108:
104:
84:
67:
39:
1069:
1000:"Mizoram CM Says Center's Move To Fence Indo-Myanmar Border 'not Acceptable'"
965:
737:
The
Victorians at war, 1815-1914: an encyclopedia of British military history
256:
is constructing to seal its 1,624-kilometre (1,009 mi)-long border with
956:
511:
473:
410:
488:
via the 850 km (530 mi) long NH-54. NH-54 is part of the larger
296:
government. This fence will divide many ethnic communities, including the
1303:"Travel from India to Myanmar by Road- Detailed Guide on Border Crossing"
507:
273:
178:
103:
it turns sharply westwards along various rivers for a period over to the
59:
785:
Gentlemen
Capitalists: British Imperialism in South East Asia, 1770–1890
155:
Large swathes of Burma were annexed to the
British Empire following the
1200:"India-Burma border fencing delays due to protest by local communities"
477:
452:
434:
430:
422:
394:
281:
277:
257:
218:
132:
107:. It then follows this river southwards for a long stretch down to the
100:
55:
1649:
481:
140:
96:
1516:
339:
Rickhawdar (left;Myanmar)- Zokhawthar (right;India) border crossing
1253:
Home ministry looks to form 29-battalion Indo-Myanmar border force
901:
Free Movement Regime: A Unique Feature of the India-Myanmar Border
497:
485:
334:
253:
222:
128:
63:
51:
29:
718:. Hutchinson University Library. pp. 109–113. Archived from
468:
and 90 km (56 mi) from Aizawl-Saiha National Highway (
1653:
1520:
1335:
India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar, Bangladesh
877:
India's Approach to Border Management: From Barriers to Bridges
119:
The first formation of the Indo-Burmese border was through the
826:"India-Myanmar Border Problems: Fencing not the only solution"
87:. From here the border proceeds to the south-west through the
1114:"India-Myanmar border: Escalating human trafficking concerns"
1499:
Gurudas Das; N. Bijoy Singh; C. Joshua Thomas, eds. (2005),
630:"International Boundary Study No. 80 Burma – India Boundary"
1501:
Indo-Myanmar Border Trade: Status, Problems, and Potentials
185:
of the Burma-India border becoming that between Burma and
913:
Das, Singh & Thomas, Indo-Myanmar Border Trade (2005)
855:
Das, Singh & Thomas, Indo-Myanmar Border Trade (2005)
447:
has an integrated immigration check post with customs.
1608:
1554:
1388:"Northeast India | Straddling Different Boundaries"
34:
Map of the India-Myanmar border (the areas marked "
1058:"India suspends Free Movement Regime with Myanmar"
359:Zorinpui International border crossing in Mizoram.
989:, Observer Research Foundation, 8 January 2024.
952:"Free Movement Regime to end at Myanmar border"
665:(2 ed.). London: Sunil Gupta. p. 237.
127:in 1826. The Burmese relinquished control over
99:and Kassom Ranges. At the south-east corner of
163:in 1885 and incorporated into British India.
1665:
1532:
1471:"Andaman and Nicobar Command – Google Search"
462:Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project
8:
344:Designated immigration and customs crossings
869:
867:
865:
863:
166:In 1894 a boundary between Manipur and the
1672:
1658:
1650:
1539:
1525:
1517:
1225:"New effort: India-Myanmar to begin talks"
1135:
1133:
1193:
1191:
464:, is 287 km (178 mi) away from
91:, except for an Indian protrusion at the
1140:Bhonsle, Col. Rahul K. (July 28, 2007).
1330:
1328:
926:Myanmar puts off border pact with India
880:, Taylor & Francis, p. xviii,
758:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
635:. US Department of State. 15 May 1968.
576:
551:is 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of
159:of 1852–53. The remainder of Burma was
684:. Cambridge University Press. p.
661:Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. Phayre (1967).
1051:
1049:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
591:from the original on 10 February 2021
266:International Narcotics Control Board
262:United Nations Drug Control Programme
7:
1313:from the original on 28 October 2020
642:from the original on 31 January 2020
50:is the international border between
1283:from the original on 1 October 2020
1198:Khaund, Surajit (15 October 2004).
985:Harsh V. Pant, Sreeparna Banerjee,
836:from the original on 1 October 2020
27:Border separating India and Myanmar
1167:"India, Burma to fence the border"
938:AR lecture on Free Movement Regime
824:Das, Pushpita (15 November 2013).
535:Exclusive economic zone of Myanmar
66:in the north to the tripoint with
25:
940:, Nagaland Post, 27 January 2019.
547:, India's northernmost Island in
1722:
1025:Baruah, Sukrita (Jan 16, 2024).
787:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 142–145.
539:India and Myanmar have maritime
531:Exclusive economic zone of India
236:In January 2024, amidst ongoing
1427:from the original on 2020-08-26
1398:from the original on 2016-09-24
1369:from the original on 2020-10-01
1262:, Hindustan Times, 18 Jan 2018.
1235:from the original on 2018-12-25
1206:from the original on 2018-12-25
1142:"India's 'Look Myanmar' Policy"
368:The India–Myanmar border had a
248:The India–Myanmar barrier is a
1173:. May 17, 2003. Archived from
950:Singh, Vijaita (Jan 2, 2024).
95:, then continuing through the
1:
1056:Singh, Vijaita (2024-02-08).
480:. NH-54 continues further to
325:Haats on India-Myanmar border
1503:, Akansha Publishing House,
1202:. Burma News International.
1144:. Boloji.com. Archived from
407:National Highway 153 (India)
364:Other local border crossings
470:National Highway 54 (India)
177:into two states (India and
1785:
928:, The Hindu, 4 March 2018.
754:The Making of Modern Burma
680:The Making of Modern Burma
543:in each other's vicinity.
528:
313:Indo-Tibetan Border Police
238:ethnic violence in Manipur
38:" are part of present-day
1718:
1685:
783:Webster, Anthony (1998).
1624:Macartney-MacDonald Line
541:exclusive economic zones
514:via the bridge over the
157:Second Anglo-Burmese War
123:, which resulted in the
1754:India–Myanmar relations
1446:"Multi-modal route map"
1273:"India Myanmar Borders"
565:India–Myanmar relations
121:First Anglo-Burmese War
874:Das, Pushpita (2022),
750:Thant Myint-U (2001).
676:Thant Myint-U (2001).
587:. CIA World Factbook.
555:belonging to Myanmar.
340:
311:and 4 battalions from
43:
1769:International borders
1555:International borders
1231:. September 2, 2007.
405:on Myanmar side, via
338:
221:(Arunachal Pradesh),
33:
1749:India–Myanmar border
370:Free Movement Regime
205:Free movement regime
183:southernmost section
48:India–Myanmar border
18:India-Myanmar border
1177:on January 29, 2013
709:D.G.E.Hall (1960).
549:Andaman and Nicobar
523:Maritime boundaries
1764:Borders of Myanmar
1729:Myanmar portal
1680:Borders of Myanmar
1340:2019-03-03 at the
1258:2020-11-09 at the
1032:The Indian Express
490:East-West Corridor
341:
44:
1736:
1735:
1647:
1646:
1609:Demarcation lines
1309:. 30 April 2020.
794:978-1-86064-171-8
695:978-0-521-79914-0
496:with the rest of
413:which is part of
403:Lake of No Return
389:Arunachal Pradesh
377:Arunachal Pradesh
270:Arunachal Pradesh
125:Treaty of Yandabo
16:(Redirected from
1776:
1759:Borders of India
1727:
1726:
1725:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1651:
1548:Borders of India
1541:
1534:
1527:
1518:
1513:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1448:. Archived from
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1355:
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1323:
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1244:
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1211:
1195:
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1183:
1182:
1163:
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1156:
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1153:
1148:on July 28, 2012
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821:
815:
805:
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741:
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733:
727:
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724:
717:
706:
700:
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683:
673:
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666:
663:History of Burma
658:
652:
651:
649:
647:
641:
634:
626:
601:
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596:
581:
494:North East India
331:Border crossings
195:north-east India
21:
1784:
1783:
1779:
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1342:Wayback Machine
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545:Landfall Island
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437:via Tedim Road.
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199:western Myanmar
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1346:Indian Express
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1229:Times of India
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978:
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899:Pushpita Das,
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816:
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728:
725:on 2005-05-19.
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387:to Myanmar in
380:
374:
365:
362:
361:
360:
357:
345:
342:
332:
329:
320:
319:Border bazaars
317:
250:border barrier
245:
242:
225:(Manipur) and
206:
203:
116:
113:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:in the south.
26:
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1510:9788183700078
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1493:Bibliography
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1450:the original
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1317:22 September
1315:. Retrieved
1307:The Vagabong
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1287:22 September
1285:. Retrieved
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1179:. Retrieved
1175:the original
1171:Mizzima News
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1146:the original
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646:22 September
644:. Retrieved
595:17 September
593:. Retrieved
579:
553:Coco Islands
538:
526:
516:Harhva river
472:(NH-54)) at
399:Pangsau Pass
369:
367:
350:Moreh, India
322:
309:Assam Rifles
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286:
264:(UNDCP) and
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235:
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216:
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181:), with the
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165:
154:
149:Kabaw Valley
118:
93:Chaukan Pass
89:Mishmi Hills
82:
47:
45:
1563:Afghanistan
1480:27 December
1421:www.idsa.in
1363:www.idsa.in
492:connecting
466:Sittwe Port
356:in Manipur.
229:(Mizoram).
175:partitioned
143:), and the
79:Description
1743:Categories
1690:Bangladesh
1570:Bangladesh
1456:2017-12-12
1431:2020-09-22
1402:2020-09-22
1373:2020-09-22
1239:2007-10-10
1210:2007-10-10
1181:2007-10-10
1152:2007-10-10
1123:2024-02-11
1099:2024-02-11
1094:cenjows.in
1075:2024-02-09
571:References
529:See also:
504:Zokhawthar
385:Diphu Pass
227:Zokhawthar
191:Bangladesh
168:Chin Hills
145:Taninthayi
109:Chin Hills
105:Tiau River
85:Diphu Pass
74:Background
68:Bangladesh
40:Bangladesh
1600:Sri Lanka
1565:(claimed)
1070:0971-751X
1062:The Hindu
966:0971-751X
957:The Hindu
512:Rikhawdar
474:Lawngtlai
411:Ledo Road
300:, Nagas,
161:conquered
1710:Thailand
1595:Pakistan
1425:Archived
1396:Archived
1367:Archived
1338:Archived
1311:Archived
1281:Archived
1256:Archived
1233:Archived
1204:Archived
834:Archived
637:Archived
589:Archived
559:See also
508:Khawmawi
274:Nagaland
189:(modern
179:Pakistan
60:tripoint
36:Pakistan
1585:Myanmar
585:"Burma"
478:Mizoram
453:Mizoram
435:Khenman
431:Behiang
423:Manipur
395:Nampong
282:Manipur
278:Mizoram
258:Myanmar
244:Barrier
219:Pangsau
137:Rakhine
133:Manipur
115:History
101:Manipur
56:Myanmar
1575:Bhutan
1507:
1068:
1038:Feb 2,
1010:Feb 4,
971:Feb 4,
964:
884:
791:
766:
692:
482:Dabaka
280:, and
141:Arakan
97:Patkai
1700:India
1695:China
1590:Nepal
1580:China
723:(PDF)
716:(PDF)
712:Burma
640:(PDF)
633:(PDF)
498:India
486:Assam
455:State
441:Moreh
425:State
401:near
379:State
302:Chins
254:India
252:that
223:Moreh
129:Assam
64:China
62:with
52:India
1705:Laos
1505:ISBN
1482:2017
1319:2020
1289:2020
1066:ISSN
1040:2024
1012:2024
973:2024
962:ISSN
882:ISBN
842:2020
830:IDSA
789:ISBN
764:ISBN
690:ISBN
648:2020
597:2020
533:and
510:and
445:Tamu
323:See
298:Mizo
293:Naga
291:and
289:Kuki
197:and
54:and
46:The
506:to
484:in
476:in
443:to
433:to
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