1293:
preserved in a letter to the Sacred
Congregation written in March/April 1701 from Surat, he travelled through Spain to Portugal, and took ship from Lisbon to Goa and Surat. In Surat he met the Capuchin Francesco Maria, who had been his confessor years earlier in Amid, and received a letter signed by 30 priests and 10 deacons of the Malabar Chaldeans, imploring him to come to them and offering to pay his travelling expenses. The end of the letter is lost, and in the final paragraph to survive he mentioned that the Capuchins had wished to send him to the French territory of Pondicherry, but he had finally persuaded them to send Father Francesco with him to Malabar. Shemʿon went on to play an important part in the struggle between the Vatican and the Portuguese authorities over ecclesiastical privilege in India. On 22 May 1701 he consecrated the superior of the Chaldean seminary of Verapoly, the Carmelite Ange-François de Sainte-Thérèse, apostolic vicar of the Chaldeans of Malabar. The Latin bishops had refused to consecrate him, and it may have been specifically with this aim in mind that the Sacred Congregation had sent Shemʿon to India. Shemʿon appears to have remained in India for several years, and died on 16 August 1720.
1224:
the Indian experience that unless he secured a nomination from him it would be difficult to establish himself in
Malabar. Patriarch Abdisho IV, who re-consecrated Mar Abraham as bishop of Chaldean Catholic Church and sent him to Rome. But all the orders which he had received had been conferred in the independent Eastern church, and were therefore from the strict Roman point of view invalid. In order to set all doubts at rest, Pope Pius IV arranged for all the orders up to and including the episcopate to be quietly conferred on Mar Abraham. The Latin Patriarch of San Severino had ordered Mar Abraham at Venice, from tonsure to priesthood. Thus for the third time consecrated as bishop. IV. However, Abraham succeeded also in obtaining his nomination and creation as Archbishop of
3644:
1460:
church to be labeled, erroneously, as
Nestorian. This view held that Christ has both two natures and two persons. A moderated form of dyophysitism, according to which Christ has two natures and one person, was adopted by Chalcedonian Christians. East Syrian Dyophysite Syriac Church that has historically been centered in Persia, with missionary activity in Greater Iran, Arabia, Central Asia, China, and India. The East Syrian Church developed into the modern Church of the East. Polemical writings and older scholarship sometimes called the East Syrian Church "Nestorian," but this is now recognized as pejorative.
278:
1335:
2517:
1306:
When he arrived in India he was obliged to make a further profession of faith and to swear a solemn pledge of allegiance to the
Portuguese ecclesiastical authorities. Ignoring these undertakings, Gabriel proceeded to offer a lively opposition to the Jacobite metropolitan Thomas IV. Forty-two churches came over to him, leaving the Jacobites with only twenty-five. Thomas appealed to the Jacobite patriarch at Antioch for help, but without response. The Jacobites only fully recovered their hold on the Malabar church after Gabriel's death in 1739.
1238:
until his death. Meanwhile, the
Nestorian patriarch who discovered that Mar Abraham had switched allegiance to the Chaldean side, sent another metropolitan, Mar Simon to Malabar. Mar Simon worked in Malabar for eight years but was captured by the Portuguese in 1584 and sent to Lisbon where he died in 1599. Although the Diocese of Kochi was established in 1553 and placed under the Archdiocese of Goa, the Saint Thomas Christians continued with the Archdiocese of Angamaly under the leadership of Mar Abraham. Mar Abraham died in 1597.
33:
126:
1194:, which resulted in there being two rival Patriarchs, one of whom entered communion with the Catholic Church. Both patriarchs - the Nestorian patriarch and Chaldean Catholic patriarch - began sending bishops to India. Apparently the first bishop came to Malabar was Mar Abraham sent by the traditionalist Nestorian patriarch. It is not known exactly when Abraham reached Malabar, but he must have been there already in 1556. Approximately at the same time, the Chaldean Patriarch
1059:(714–28) created metropolitan provinces for Herat, Samarqand, India and China. If ʿAbdishoʿ is right, India's status as a metropolitan province must have lapsed shortly after it was created by Ishoʿyahb III. An alternative, and perhaps more likely, possibility, is that Sliba-zkha consecrated a metropolitan for India, perhaps in response to an appeal from the Indian Christians, to fill the place of the bishop sent there by Ishoʿyahb half a century earlier.
1076:, definitively detached India from the province of Fars and made it a separate metropolitan province. There is also a tradition in the Indian church that two 'Syrian' bishops, Shapur and Peroz, were sent to Quilon from Mesopotamia in 823, the year of Timothy's death. They were accompanied by 'the famous man Sabrishoʿ', perhaps a metropolitan consecrated by Timothy for India. This tradition was recorded by Mattai Veticutel in the following words:
1269:
3443:
1086:
The catholicus thereupon consecrated a metropolitan named
Yohannan for India, and two suffragan bishops, one of whom, 'Mar Dua', was appointed to the island of Soqotra, and the other, Thomas, to 'Masin', traditionally identified with southern China. Yohannan fixed his metropolitan seat at Cranganore. These events seem to have taken place around 880, perhaps during the patriarchate of
907:, communication with the church's heartland was often spotty, and the province was frequently without a bishop. An eleventh-century reference states that the metropolitan province of India had been 'suppressed', due to communication difficulties. At the beginning of the fourteenth century the Indian Church was again dependent on the
1032:, which also claimed Saint Thomas as its founder. Cosmas noted that the Christians of Calliana had a bishop appointed from Fars, while the Christians of the Malabar coast and Ceylon had priests and deacons but not bishops. The connection with Fars went back at least as far as the late 5th century, when the metropolitan
1933:
Both the
Patriarch and the Pope, having joined together in sendingMar Abraham to India, gave him authority to divide the sphere of Thomas Christians—the foothills and uplands of the Eastern Ghats known as the Serra—between himself and Mar Joseph. But Mar Joseph, having already again been arrested and
1305:
was sent to India in 1704 by the
Nestorian patriarch Eliya XI Marogin (1700–22). Doubtless appreciating the difficulties he was likely to encounter as a Nestorian, Gabriel made a Catholic profession of faith in the presence of the Chaldean patriarch Joseph I at Amid before he set off on his journey.
1254:
in 1599, which implemented various liturgical and structural reforms in the Indian Church. The diocese of
Angamaly, which was now formally placed under the Portuguese Padroado and made suffragan to the archdiocese of Goa. The east syriac bishop was then removed from jurisdiction in India and replaced
1209:
Mar Joseph was sent to India with letters of introduction from the Pope to the
Portuguese authorities; he was besides accompanied by Bishop Ambrose, a Dominican and papal commissary to the first patriarch, by his socius Father Anthony, and by Mar Elias Hormaz, Archbishop of Diarbekir. They arrived at
1080:
In the year 823, East Syriac fathers again came, Mar Shapur and Mar Peroz, accompanied by the famous man Sabrishoʿ. They came to the town of Quilon, went to the king Shakirbirti, and asked for lands. The king gave them as much land as they wished. So they too built a church and town in the country
1237:
Mar Abraham reached Goa in 1568. In spite of the express approbation by pope, he was not welcomed by the Portuguese viceroy in India and was arrested a second time. Mar Abraham was detained in a convent, but escaped and entered Malabar and there he directed his faithful in defiance of the Portuguese
1228:
from the pope. The Pope wanted Mar Abraham to reign jointly with Mar Joseph and he requested patriarch Abdisho to divide the diocese between Mar Joseph and Mar Abraham. Both the Patriarch and the Pope, having joined together in sending Mar Abraham to India, gave him authority to divide the sphere of
1223:
Faced with a schism, Mar Joseph turned to the Portuguese for help. The Portuguese arrested Mar Abraham and shipped him to Europe. But on the way he succeeded in escaping at Mozambique, found his way back to Mesopotamia, and went straight to Mar Abdisho IV the Chaldean Patriarch, having realized from
1172:
to petition the Nestorian patriarch to consecrate a bishop for their church. Two monks of the monastery of Mar Awgin were consecrated bishops and were sent to India. The patriarch Eliya V (1503–4) consecrated three more bishops for India in April 1503. These bishops sent a report to the patriarch
1459:
DYOPHYSITE Broadly, a Christological viewpoint that holds that Christ has two natures, one human and one divine. The East Syrian Church subscribed to a type of dyophysitism attributed to Nestorius and held in attenuated ways by both Greek and Syriac theologians. In the end, this association led the
1810:
although consecrated in 1555 or 1556, Mar Joseph could not reach India before the end of 1556, nor Malabar before 1558, when the Portuguese were finally alerted by the presence of Mar Abraham and allowed Mar Joseph, accompanied by another Chaldaean bishop, Mar Eliah, to - very briefly - occupy his
1085:
A few decades later, according to the sixteenth-century Portuguese writer Diogo do Couto, the Malabar church sent a delegation to Mesopotamia to ask for new bishops to be sent out to them. Their old bishops (perhaps Shapur and Peroz) were dead, and their church had now only one deacon surviving.
1214:
in November 1556, and were detained at Goa for eighteen months before being allowed to enter the diocese. when the Portuguese were finally alerted by the presence of Mar Abraham and allowed Mar Joseph to occupy his see. Proceeding to Cochin they lost Bishop Ambrose; the others travelled through
2042:
The local patriarch—representing the Assyrian Church of the East, to which ancient Christians in India had looked for ecclesiastical authority—was then removed from jurisdiction in India and replaced by a Portuguese bishop; the East Syrian liturgy of Addai and Mari was "purified from error"; and
1782:
The ecclesiastical authorities in Goa had already reached a firm determination to bring the Thomas Christians under the sole jurisdiction of the bishop of Rome; the civil authorities were one with them in this intention, and took the view that no Chaldaean bishops were in any circumstances to be
1067:
After several centuries of intermittent dependence on the Persian-speaking metropolitans of Fars, who also boasted of their descent from the apostle Thomas, the Saint Thomas Christians of India were again brought under the authority of the patriarchs of Seleucia-Ctesiphon towards the end of the
1292:
The Chaldean metropolitan Shemʿon of ʿAda, who had been consecrated by the Amid patriarch Joseph I for the Catholics of the Urmia plain, travelled from Rome to India in 1700, with the approval of the Vatican authorities, to minister to the Chaldeans of Malabar. According to his own account,
1848:
Later the Portuguese captured him and sent him to Portugal, but en route he escaped at Mozambique, found his way back to Mesopotamia, and went straight to Mar Abed Jesu the Chaldean Patriarch, having realized from the Indian experience that unless he secured a nomination from him it would be
1259:
bishop; the East Syriac liturgy of Addai and Mari was “purified from error”; and Latin vestments, rituals, and customs were introduced to replace the ancient traditions. Any attempts of Thomas Christians to contact bishops — even Chaldian Catholic ones — in the Middle East were foiled.
1052:. A number of letters from Ishoʿyahb to Shemʿon have survived, in one of which Ishoʿyahb complained that Shemʿon had refused to consecrate a bishop for 'Kalnah' (the 'Calliana' of Cosmas Indicopleustes), because the Indian Christians had offended him in some way.
1215:
Malabar for two and a half years on foot, visiting every church and detached settlement. Mar Elias returned to his own archbishopric of Diarbekir in Mesopotamia. In this way, nominally there were two rival East Syrian bishops in Malabar until 1558.
923:. Even in times when there were multiple foreign bishops, there was only one archdeacon for entire Saint Thomas Community. As such, the Indian church was largely autonomous in operation, though the authority of the Patriarch was always respected.
1097:. Eliya's list contains very few errors, and it is possible that neither province had a metropolitan at this period. This is certainly likely in the case of China, in the wake of the expulsion of Christians from the capital
2270:
1125:
At the beginning of the fourteenth century the Indian church was again dependent upon the Church of the East. The dating formula in the colophon to a manuscript copied in June 1301 in the church of Mar Quriaqos in
1575:
Documents address him as the Jathikku Karthavyan , that is, the head of the Thomas Christians.....even when there were more than one foreign bishop, there was only one Archdeacon for entire St.Thomas Community"
1134:(whom it curiously describes as Yahballaha V), and the metropolitan Yaʿqob of India. Cranganore, described in this manuscript as 'the royal city', was doubtless the metropolitan seat for India at this time.
930:. Initially, the relationship between native Saint Thomas Christians and the Portuguese were friendly. But gradually, the ritual diversities widened and the relationship deteriorated. After a section of the
1229:
Thomas Christians between himself and Mar Joseph (But this arrangement was never carried into effect, since Mar Joseph having already again been arrested and exiled for a third time, died in Rome in 1569.)
1016:, who visited the Christians of India around the middle of the 6th century, mentioned three distinct areas of Christian settlement in India: in northwest India, around the trading port of Calliana near
3643:
1117:, a detailed list in Arabic of ecclesiastical provinces and dioceses of the Church of the East, the metropolitan province of India had been suppressed 'because it has become impossible to reach it'.
1301:
The Mosul patriarchs also attempted to reassert their control over the Syriac Christians of India around the beginning of the eighteenth century. The metropolitan Gabriel of the Urmia diocese of
892:, in accordance with theology of the Church of the East. It is unclear when the relation between Saint Thomas Christian and the Church of the East was established. Initially, they belonged to the
2451:
1190:
One of the bishops consecrated in 1503, Mar Yaʿqob, worked alongside the Portuguese ecclesiastical hierarchy in India until his death in 1553. After the death of Metropolitan Mar Yaʿqob and of a
1093:
Neither India (Beth Hindaye) nor China (Beth Sinaye) are listed as metropolitan provinces of the Church of the East in the detailed list of metropolitan provinces and dioceses drawn up in 893 by
1902:....and Abraham succeeded also in obtaining his nomination and creation as Archbishop Angamale from the pope, with letters to the Archbishop of Goa, and to the Bishop Cochin dated 27 Feb 1565.
432:
3825:
1326:
to India to restore their former jurisdiction there. These attempts were spoiled by the pope by excommunicating the bishops and threatening excommunication on the Chaldean Patriarch.
2293:
820:
3478:
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3211:
3170:
3165:
3109:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2937:
2912:
2842:
2682:
2538:
1547:: Although India was supplied with bishops (and from Timotheos’s time, metropolitans) from the Middle East, the effective control lay in the hands of the indigenous Archdeacon.
3273:
2501:
3201:
3191:
3160:
3114:
3028:
2942:
2917:
2907:
2752:
2543:
62:
2444:
422:
3424:
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3414:
3206:
3119:
3064:
3033:
3007:
2887:
2857:
2832:
2797:
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2747:
2737:
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2533:
776:
277:
3409:
3394:
3389:
3374:
3369:
3359:
3344:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3294:
3289:
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3135:
3124:
3104:
3089:
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2897:
2877:
2787:
2777:
2772:
2762:
2727:
2707:
2692:
2553:
2548:
2506:
994:
1284:. Nevertheless, sporadic attempts were made from time to time to restore the traditional ties between the Saint Thomas Christians and the Church of the East.
3059:
2992:
2867:
2822:
2677:
2606:
946:
Churches intermittently attempted to regain their old influence in India by sending their bishops to the Malabar Christians. In 1565, the Chaldean Catholic
4040:
2437:
1946:
3257:
3246:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3196:
3175:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3099:
3094:
3079:
3069:
3048:
3038:
3023:
3018:
3002:
2997:
2987:
2977:
2952:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2902:
2892:
2882:
2872:
2862:
2847:
2837:
2827:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2792:
2782:
2757:
2742:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2702:
2687:
2662:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2558:
2496:
1029:
893:
813:
3471:
2852:
2636:
1400:
1387:
1972:
4050:
3379:
3807:
3354:
465:
3835:
3830:
2009:
1626:
1599:
1486:
1368:
806:
4035:
3961:
3931:
3464:
927:
442:
911:. Although India was supplied with bishops from the Middle East, the effective control lay in the hands of an indigenous priest known as
904:
3797:
2460:
1177:. Eliya had already died by the time this letter arrived in Mesopotamia, and it was received by his successor, Shemʿon VI (1504–38).
310:
1048:(649–59) raised India to the status of a metropolitan province, probably because of the unsatisfactory oversight of the metropolitan
2419:
2398:
2341:
2219:
2143:
2115:
1926:
1895:
1841:
1568:
1452:
314:
84:
3971:
2667:
330:
1081:
of Quilon. Thereafter East Syriac bishops and metropolitans came more often by order of the catholicus, who used to send them.
3660:
3629:
3429:
1346:
1069:
973:
763:
653:
389:
3742:
1870:
1803:
1775:
1750:
954:
supported the claims of Catholic bishops from the Chaldean Church. However, the Portuguese ascendancy was formalised at the
2181:
3749:
3399:
3339:
2697:
768:
427:
261:
3817:
3792:
3221:
3180:
3140:
1334:
492:
976:
is the continuation of the East Syriac ecclesiastical province in the Indian subcontinent, being an archdiocese of the
45:
3775:
3732:
3692:
3668:
3575:
3349:
2982:
2478:
1356:
1277:
1173:
from India in 1504, describing the condition of the Nestorian church in India and reporting the recent arrival of the
1087:
977:
708:
437:
406:
401:
396:
347:
1028:(Sielediva). By the end of the Sassanian period the Christians of India had accepted the leadership of the church of
55:
49:
41:
3673:
3580:
3565:
3364:
3319:
2316:"Some New Documents on the Struggle of the Saint Thomas Christians to Maintain the Chaldaean Rite and Jurisdiction"
1049:
351:
3570:
3384:
1165:
603:
473:
337:
318:
1783:
admitted, especially as such bishops, whatever their professions, might be suspected of being crypto-Nestorians.
1439:
Michael Philip Penn; Scott Fitzgerald Johnson; Christine Shepardson; Charles M. Stang, eds. (22 February 2022).
66:
3404:
3299:
2516:
2474:
2125:
1315:
1148:
India was listed as one of the Church of the East's 'provinces of the exterior' by the historian ʿAmr in 1348.
935:
548:
411:
2254:
3951:
3936:
3761:
3560:
2237:
Maris, Amri, et Salibae: De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria II: Maris textus arabicus et versio Latina
1161:
1036:
sent copies of his Syriac translations of Greek devotional works to India for the use of the Indian clergy.
947:
920:
869:
447:
206:
170:
17:
3870:
3601:
3541:
1352:
1338:
1102:
885:
376:
326:
302:
125:
1976:
2355:
1013:
962:, the former seat of the East Syriac metropolitan diocese, was downgraded to a suffragan diocese of the
673:
3812:
1822:
Encyclopaedia of sects & religious doctrines, Volume 4 By Charles George Herbermann page 1180,1181
3754:
3710:
3606:
3487:
2177:
1355:
is the continuation of the East Syriac ecclesiastical province in India, being an archdiocese of the
896:, but were detached from that province in the 7th century, and again in the 8th, and given their own
781:
628:
269:
1481:
The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. pp. 287–289.
3500:
3447:
897:
794:
748:
688:
322:
130:
2069:
Samir, K., 'La Relation du Voyage en Inde en 1701 du Métropolite chaldéen Simon (†16 Août 1720)',
1319:
1145:
praised the achievement of the Church of the East in converting 'the Indians, Chinese and Turks'.
3906:
3727:
3697:
3611:
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2957:
2464:
2250:
2129:
1157:
966:
931:
908:
873:
849:
342:
297:
221:
958:
in 1599, which effectively suppressed the historic East Syriac metropolitan province of India.
880:, the traditional liturgical rite of the Church of the East. They also adopted some aspects of
3992:
3802:
2415:
2394:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2311:
2215:
2205:
2139:
2111:
2005:
1922:
1891:
1866:
1837:
1799:
1771:
1746:
1622:
1595:
1564:
1482:
1448:
1440:
1247:
1094:
865:
683:
306:
292:
3765:
3682:
2285:
2266:
2211:
Pour un Oriens Christianus Novus: Répertoire des diocèses syriaques orientaux et occidentaux
1281:
1251:
1195:
1181:
Bishops from traditional and Chaldean Patriarchates and clashes with the Portuguese, 1503–99
1142:
1033:
955:
877:
845:
536:
514:
231:
2230:
Maris, Amri, et Salibae: De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria I: Amri et Salibae Textus
1276:
Since 1665 most of the Syrian Rite Christians along the Malabar coast of India were either
3770:
2153:
1472:
1414:
1203:
1024:
in southern India 'in the land called Male, where the pepper grows'; and in the island of
950:
was established to provide jurisdiction for the Chaldean Church in India. On occasion the
837:
718:
713:
509:
1164:
for bishops to be sent out to them. In 1490 (or more probably, as has been suggested by
2359:
2043:
Latin vestments, rituals, and customs were introduced to replace the ancient traditions.
1268:
3997:
3855:
3512:
2482:
2261:. Trivandrum: The Superintendent of Government Presses, Government Press: 128, 131–144.
1796:
Language of Religion, Language of the People: Medieval Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
1256:
1191:
1138:
1131:
1002:
853:
758:
531:
519:
460:
452:
2320:
Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag; pp. 415-436
2107:
Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900
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3865:
3860:
3621:
3596:
3496:
2429:
1199:
1021:
613:
598:
578:
541:
526:
502:
371:
2353:(ed. and tr.). "Histoire nestorienne inédite: Chronique de Séert. Première partie."
2025:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3715:
3705:
3678:
3652:
3516:
2350:
2160:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
2157:
1323:
1073:
1045:
889:
881:
638:
623:
608:
588:
583:
573:
2409:
2388:
2209:
2133:
2105:
1999:
1558:
1476:
4002:
3976:
3528:
3520:
3508:
2101:
753:
618:
497:
1055:
According to the fourteenth-century writer ʿAbdishoʿ of Nisibis, the patriarch
4012:
4007:
3946:
3875:
3785:
3720:
2193:
Dauvillier, J., 'Les provinces chaldéennes "de l'extérieur" au Moyen Âge', in
1127:
1056:
643:
3956:
3896:
3442:
1302:
728:
648:
593:
214:
3330:
3320:
3248:
3237:
3182:
3126:
3050:
3009:
2713:
2162:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
3941:
3911:
3880:
3552:
3532:
3524:
1621:. Missions Advanced Research and Communication Center. 1979. p. 53.
1225:
1174:
1098:
963:
959:
951:
633:
568:
2289:
1250:, started his efforts to bring Angamaly under Goa. Menezes convened the
3780:
3456:
1169:
678:
1447:(22-Feb-2022 ed.). University of California Press. p. 409.
1025:
1017:
857:
852:, at least nominally, from the seventh to the sixteenth century. The
2390:
The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913
2315:
3966:
3687:
1333:
1267:
1020:, from which brass, sisam logs and cloth were exported; along the
872:. The community traces its origins to the evangelical activity of
861:
723:
3901:
3329:
876:
in the 1st century. The Christian communities in India used the
3460:
2433:
1478:
Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.
1264:
18th and 19th century Nestorian and Chaldean missions to India
1211:
26:
1863:
A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707
1768:
A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707
1743:
A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707
2199:
Histoire et institutions des Églises orientales au Moyen Âge
1811:
see, before the Inquisition also sent him to Lisbon in 1562.
1888:
Encyclopaedia of sects & religious doctrines, Volume 4
1834:
Encyclopaedia of sects & religious doctrines, Volume 4
1072:, who was determined to break the power of the bishops of
1947:"Tomb of State's last Persian Chaldean bishop discovered"
433:
Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia
2411:
The martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East
416:
Eastern Rite Community in Germany and the Czech Republic
1246:
After the death of Mar Abraham, the Archbishop of Goa,
1152:
Appointment of East Syriac bishops for India, 1490–1503
1137:
In the 1320s the anonymous biographer of the patriarch
2053:
2051:
1419:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
1186:
Rival bishops Abraham and Joseph Sulaqa reaching India
984:
India-Persia Church relations from 3rd to 14th Century
903:
Due to the distance between India and the seat of the
453:
P'ent'ay - Ethiopian and Eritrean Evangelical Churches
1318:, in the nineteenth century, sent two Metropolitans,
1105:
in 845, though perhaps less so in the case of India.
2183:
Synodicon orientale ou recueil de synodes nestoriens
2001:
Christianity in India From Beginnings to the Present
1919:
Christianity in India From Beginnings to the Present
3985:
3889:
3848:
3659:
3620:
3589:
3551:
3540:
3266:
2655:
2567:
2524:
2489:
1500:
1498:
245:
237:
227:
212:
202:
197:
187:
179:
169:
161:
151:
146:
99:
2336:. The Syriac World. Routledge. pp. 653–697.
1168:, 1499), two Christians from Malabar arrived in
54:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1445:Invitation to Syriac Christianity: An Anthology
1399:Cathedral of St. Quriaqos, Shengala (in 1301);
1386:Cathedral of St. Quriaqos, Shengala (in 1301);
1219:Bishop Abraham joining in Chaldean Patriarchate
423:Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)
2414:. London: East & West Publishing Limited.
2314:(2013). Peter Bruns; Heinz Otto Luthe (eds.).
1585:
1583:
1202:, the brother of the first Chaldean patriarch
3472:
2507:Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552
2502:Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552
2445:
1934:exiled for a third time, died in Rome (1569).
1912:
1910:
1613:
1611:
1560:Christianity in India: The Anti-Colonial Turn
1009:280–315), left his seat to evangelise India.
814:
8:
1310:The mission of Thoma Rokkos and Elias Mellus
141:) - the last Metropolitan of the Archdiocese
4046:Dioceses of the Assyrian Church of the East
2271:"The Early Spread of Christianity in India"
1921:. Cambridge University Press. p. 133.
1865:. Cambridge University Press. p. 204.
1770:. Cambridge University Press. p. 202.
1745:. Cambridge University Press. p. 202.
1297:The mission of Gabriel of Ardishai, 1704–39
18:India (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)
3548:
3479:
3465:
3457:
2559:Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
2497:Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318
2452:
2438:
2430:
2095:Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana
1849:difficult to establish himself in Malabar.
1798:. Wilhelm Fink Verlag. 2006. p. 400.
1233:Bishop Abraham as Metropolitan of Angamaly
821:
807:
256:
96:
2135:The Church of the East: A Concise History
2110:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
85:Learn how and when to remove this message
2004:. Oxford University Press. p. 134.
1156:At the end of the fifteenth century the
2057:
1516:
1379:
268:
2088:Bar Hebraeus, Chronicon Ecclesiasticum
1527:
1525:
1413:Brock, Sebastian P; Coakley, James F.
1288:The mission of Shemʿon of Ada, 1701–20
466:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
2372:Tisserant, E., 'Église nestorienne',
2259:Kerala District Gazetteers: Ernakulam
2138:. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon.
1544:
1504:
1369:Indo-Persian ecclesiastical relations
1359:. It has around 15,000 communicants.
980:. It has around 15,000 communicants.
419:Evangelical Baptist Church of Georgia
7:
2374:Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique
2367:Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique
2278:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
1973:"St.George Basilica Church Angamaly"
1890:. Cosmo Publications. p. 1181.
1836:. Cosmo Publications. p. 1181.
1731:MSS Vat Syr 204a and Paris BN Syr 25
1594:. Gracewing Publishing. p. 84.
1001:285, during the reign of the bishop
461:Society for Eastern Rite Anglicanism
443:Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church
2255:"Portuguese and the Malabar Church"
1886:Herbermann, Charles George (2005).
1832:Herbermann, Charles George (2005).
905:Patriarch of the Church of the East
4041:Dioceses of the Church of the East
2365:Tisserant, E., 'Église malabare',
2086:Abbeloos, J. B., and Lamy, T. J.,
1441:"Appendix C: Glossary: DYOPHYSITE"
1113:According to the eleventh-century
25:
2322:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
2201:(Variorum Reprints, London, 1983)
1242:Synod of Diamper and latinisation
919:. He was the community leader of
888:, often inaccurately referred as
864:had long been home to a thriving
412:Believers Eastern Church of India
3642:
3441:
2515:
1998:Frykenberg, Robert Eric (2008).
1917:Frykenberg, Robert Eric (2008).
1192:schism in the Church of the East
276:
124:
31:
3798:Christianization of Kievan Rus'
3590:Independent Churches/Communions
2778:Beth Tabyathe and the Kartawaye
2393:. Louvain: Peeters Publishers.
2197:(Toulouse, 1948), reprinted in
1401:Cathedral of Mar Hormizd Rabban
1388:Cathedral of Mar Hormizd Rabban
1347:Chaldean Syrian Church of India
1330:Chaldean Syrian Church of India
974:Chaldean Syrian Church of India
848:ecclesiastical province of the
4051:History of Eastern Catholicism
3822:Moscow–Constantinople schisms
2189:. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.
1160:responded to a request by the
1068:eighth century. The patriarch
1:
894:metropolitan province of Fars
428:Evangelical Church of Romania
150:
3972:Essence–energies distinction
3793:Christianization of Bulgaria
3355:Erbil (Chaldean archeparchy)
3227:Tus and Abrashahr (Nishapur)
2333:Syriac Christianity in India
934:became Catholic (modern day
101:Metropolitanate of All India
4036:Church of the East in India
3776:Antiochian Greek Christians
3674:Christianization of Georgia
3669:Christianization of Armenia
3576:Assyrian Church of the East
3350:Erbil (East Syriac diocese)
3331:
3321:
3249:
3238:
3183:
3127:
3051:
3010:
2714:
2479:Assyrian Church of the East
2473:Hierarchy divided into the
2330:(2018). Daniel King (ed.).
2214:. Beirut: Orient-Institut.
1692:MS Vat Syr 22; Wilmshurst,
1557:Joseph, Clara. A.B (2019).
1357:Assyrian Church of the East
978:Assyrian Church of the East
928:Portuguese arrived in India
438:Evangelical Orthodox Church
407:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
402:Assyrian Evangelical Church
397:Armenian Evangelical Church
4067:
3826:15th–16th centuries schism
3750:Oriental Orthodox Churches
3581:Ancient Church of the East
3566:Oriental Orthodox Churches
3274:dioceses from 1318 to 1552
2408:Wilmshurst, David (2011).
2387:Wilmshurst, David (2000).
1344:
470:St. Valentine's Fellowship
457:Russian Evangelical Church
3640:
3571:Eastern Catholic Churches
3494:
3438:
2703:Ardashir Khurrah (Shiraf)
2513:
2471:
2032:. Encyclopædia Britannica
1166:Heleen Murre-van den Berg
926:In the 15th century, the
777:Index of related articles
764:Eastern Christian history
474:Ukrainian Lutheran Church
123:
119:
114:
110:
2475:Chaldean Catholic Church
2381:The Monks of Kublai Khan
1707:The Monks of Kublai Khan
1563:. Taylor & Francis.
1390:in Angamaly (since 1577)
1316:Chaldean Catholic Church
936:Chaldean Catholic Church
868:community, known as the
834:Metropolitanate of India
549:Eastern Catholic liturgy
486:Eastern liturgical rites
40:This article includes a
3808:Eastern Orthodox Church
3762:Saint Thomas Christians
3561:Eastern Orthodox Church
3448:Christianity portal
2663:Abiward and Shahr Piroz
2097:(4 vols, Rome, 1719–28)
2073:, 9 (1979/80), 277–303.
1198:also sent out a bishop
1162:Saint Thomas Christians
1130:mentions the patriarch
1005:of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (
948:Archdiocese of Angamaly
921:Saint Thomas Christians
870:Saint Thomas Christians
448:Mar Thoma Syrian Church
207:Saint Thomas Christians
171:Ecclesiastical province
69:more precise citations.
3607:True Orthodox churches
3602:Spiritual Christianity
2369:, 14 (1934), 3,089–162
1861:Neil, Stephen (1984).
1766:Neil, Stephen (1984).
1741:Neil, Stephen (1984).
1590:Haffner, Paul (2007).
1353:Chaldean Syrian Church
1342:
1339:Marth Mariam Cathedral
1273:
1083:
886:Theodore of Mopsuestia
366:Independent communions
3630:Eastern Protestantism
3503:that developed since
3049:Niffar, Nil and al-Nu
2878:Harran and Callinicus
2568:Exterior metropolitan
2525:Interior metropolitan
2379:Wallis Budge, E. A.,
2356:Patrologia Orientalis
2178:Chabot, Jean-Baptiste
2090:(3 vols, Paris, 1877)
1592:Mystery of the Church
1337:
1271:
1078:
1034:Maʿna of Rev Ardashir
1014:Cosmas Indicopleustes
654:Eastern Protestantism
390:Eastern Protestantism
287:Mainstream communions
3755:Council of Chalcedon
3501:Christian traditions
3488:Eastern Christianity
3176:Shenna d'Beth Ramman
2758:Beth Mazunaye (Oman)
2622:Kashgar and Nevaketh
2582:Beth Tuptaye (Tibet)
2376:, 11 (1931), 157–323
1415:"Church of the East"
993:The bishop David of
938:) in 1553, both the
782:Western Christianity
270:Eastern Christianity
131:Metropolitan Abraham
3531:, and parts of the
3279:dioceses after 1552
3003:Mashmahig (Bahrain)
2793:Bih Shabur (Kazrun)
2723:Badisi and Qadistan
2577:Beth Sinaye (China)
2290:10.7227/BJRL.10.2.7
2251:Menon, A. Sreedhara
2158:"Thomas Christians"
2154:Brock, Sebastian P.
2130:Winkler, Dietmar W.
1953:. 20 September 2015
1272:Gabriel of Ardishai
1012:The Nestorian monk
898:metropolitan bishop
795:Christianity portal
749:Christian mysticism
562:Major controversies
338:Eastern Catholicism
183:From 8th century AD
3728:Church of the East
3698:Ecumenical council
3649:Christ Pantocrator
3505:Early Christianity
3267:Post-1318 dioceses
3156:Seleucia-Ctesiphon
2938:Karka d'Beth Slokh
2617:Islands of the Sea
2465:Church of the East
2244:Oriens Christianus
2206:Fiey, Jean Maurice
2195:Mélanges Cavallera
2071:Parole de l’Orient
2026:"Synod of Diamper"
1979:on 1 February 2012
1644:(ed. Scher), i. 26
1642:Chronicle of Seert
1619:World Christianity
1519:, p. 662–663.
1343:
1341:in Thrissur, India
1274:
1158:Church of the East
967:Archdiocese of Goa
932:Church of the East
909:Church of the East
874:Thomas the Apostle
850:Church of the East
343:Church of the East
298:Oriental Orthodoxy
222:Church of the East
42:list of references
4021:
4020:
3993:Sign of the cross
3803:Turkic Christians
3638:
3637:
3454:
3453:
3283:
3095:Qasr and Nahrawan
2570:provinces to 1318
2527:provinces to 1318
2267:Mingana, Alphonse
2093:Assemani, J. S.,
2011:978-0-19-154419-4
1628:978-0-912552-33-0
1601:978-0-85244-133-6
1488:978-0-88-141056-3
1282:Malankara Syrians
1248:Aleixo de Menezes
1095:Eliya of Damascus
997:, who flourished
866:Eastern Christian
831:
830:
377:Spiritual Russian
334:
307:Orthodox Tewahedo
293:Eastern Orthodoxy
255:
254:
95:
94:
87:
16:(Redirected from
4058:
3813:East–West Schism
3766:Malankara Church
3683:Byzantine Empire
3651:(circa 1261) in
3646:
3549:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3458:
3446:
3445:
3334:
3324:
3269:
3252:
3241:
3186:
3181:Shigar and Beth
3130:
3090:Qarta and Adarma
3054:
3014:altha and Hnitha
3013:
2998:Mashkena d'Qurdu
2908:Hormizd Ardashir
2813:Dasqarta d'Malka
2717:
2656:dioceses to 1318
2519:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2431:
2425:
2404:
2347:
2323:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2292:. Archived from
2275:
2262:
2225:
2190:
2188:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2149:
2121:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1975:. Archived from
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1703:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1664:
1658:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1529:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1473:Meyendorff, John
1469:
1463:
1462:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1410:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1278:Syrian Catholics
1252:Synod of Diamper
1143:Rabban Bar Sauma
989:Sassanian period
956:Synod of Diamper
878:East Syriac Rite
823:
816:
809:
709:Antiochian Greek
355:
300:
280:
257:
232:East Syriac Rite
157:
140:
138:
128:
97:
90:
83:
79:
76:
70:
65:this article by
56:inline citations
35:
34:
27:
21:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4060:
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4055:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4017:
3981:
3912:Filioque clause
3885:
3844:
3771:Arab Christians
3693:Proto-orthodoxy
3655:
3647:
3634:
3616:
3585:
3543:
3536:
3490:
3485:
3455:
3450:
3440:
3434:
3315:Atel and Bohtan
3276:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3075:Prath d'Maishan
2973:Mahoze d'Arewan
2948:Karka d'Maishan
2693:Aoustan d'Arzun
2651:
2569:
2563:
2526:
2520:
2511:
2485:
2467:
2458:
2428:
2422:
2407:
2401:
2386:
2344:
2328:Perczel, István
2326:
2312:Perczel, István
2310:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2273:
2265:
2249:
2222:
2204:
2186:
2176:
2167:
2165:
2164:. Gorgias Press
2152:
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1377:
1365:
1349:
1332:
1312:
1299:
1290:
1266:
1244:
1235:
1221:
1204:Yohannan Sulaqa
1188:
1183:
1154:
1141:and his friend
1123:
1111:
1101:by the emperor
1065:
1050:Shemʿon of Fars
1042:
991:
986:
827:
787:
786:
773:
743:
735:
734:
733:
703:
695:
694:
693:
668:
660:
659:
658:
563:
555:
554:
553:
487:
479:
478:
392:
382:
381:
367:
359:
358:
345:
288:
165:India and China
155:
142:
136:
134:
106:
103:
102:
91:
80:
74:
71:
60:
46:related reading
36:
32:
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15:
12:
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5:
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4048:
4043:
4038:
4028:
4027:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3998:Divine Liturgy
3995:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
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3929:
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3909:
3904:
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3893:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3845:
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3838:
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3828:
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3815:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
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3768:
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3758:
3757:
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3713:
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3695:
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3685:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3641:
3639:
3636:
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3633:
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3609:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3546:
3538:
3537:
3513:Eastern Europe
3495:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3461:
3452:
3451:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3327:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3247:Yemen and Sana
3244:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3161:Shahpur Khwast
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
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3057:
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3021:
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3005:
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2995:
2990:
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2915:
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2860:
2855:
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2835:
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2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2483:schism of 1552
2472:
2469:
2468:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2434:
2427:
2426:
2420:
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1060:
1058:
1053:
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1046:Ishoʿyahb III
1039:
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1027:
1023:
1022:Malabar coast
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614:Monothelitism
612:
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607:
605:
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579:Monophysitism
577:
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566:
559:
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372:Old Believers
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68:
64:
58:
57:
51:
47:
43:
38:
29:
28:
19:
4023:
3927:Nestorianism
3922:Dyophysitism
3917:Miaphysitism
3907:Apophaticism
3871:Deuterocanon
3737:
3716:Paulicianism
3706:Nestorianism
3679:Roman Empire
3653:Hagia Sophia
3648:
3270:
3105:Qube d'Arzun
3070:Piroz Shabur
2898:Hesna d'Kifa
2773:Beth Rahimaï
2768:Beth Nuhadra
2763:Beth Moksaye
2611:
2490:Time periods
2410:
2389:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2362:, 5.2 (1910)
2354:
2351:Scher, Addai
2332:
2319:
2301:. Retrieved
2294:the original
2281:
2277:
2258:
2243:
2239:(Rome, 1899)
2236:
2232:(Rome, 1896)
2229:
2210:
2198:
2194:
2182:
2168:22 September
2166:. Retrieved
2161:
2134:
2106:
2102:Bayly, Susan
2094:
2087:
2070:
2065:
2058:Perczel 2013
2041:
2034:. Retrieved
2029:
2020:
2000:
1993:
1981:. Retrieved
1977:the original
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1950:
1941:
1932:
1918:
1901:
1887:
1881:
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1718:Wilmshurst,
1714:
1706:
1701:
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1680:
1675:
1670:, ii. 1275–6
1667:
1662:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1618:
1591:
1574:
1559:
1552:
1540:
1532:
1517:Perczel 2018
1512:
1477:
1467:
1458:
1444:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1418:
1408:
1403:(since 1577)
1395:
1382:
1350:
1324:Elias Mellus
1320:Thoma Rokkos
1313:
1300:
1291:
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1245:
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1189:
1155:
1147:
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1092:
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1074:Rev Ardashir
1066:
1054:
1043:
1011:
1006:
998:
992:
971:
943:
939:
925:
916:
912:
902:
890:Nestorianism
882:Dyophysitism
842:Beth Hindaye
841:
833:
832:
742:Other topics
639:Paulicianism
624:Dyothelitism
609:Monoenergism
589:Dyophysitism
584:Miaphysitism
574:Nestorianism
249:
213:
203:Denomination
191:
188:Headquarters
180:Metropolitan
81:
72:
61:Please help
53:
4003:Iconography
3977:Metousiosis
3836:2018 schism
3831:1996 schism
3529:South India
3521:East Africa
3509:Middle East
3115:Ram Hormizd
2913:Hrbath Glal
2788:Beth Zabdaï
2743:Beth Daraye
2544:Beth Huzaye
2539:Beth Garmaï
1683:, ii. 485–9
1351:Today, the
972:Today, the
846:East Syriac
769:Monasticism
754:Christology
619:Dyoenergism
537:East Syriac
515:West Syriac
493:Alexandrian
238:Established
198:Information
67:introducing
4030:Categories
4013:Omophorion
4008:Asceticism
3962:Hypostasis
3947:Philokalia
3876:Septuagint
3849:Scriptures
3786:Ghassanids
3721:Bogomilism
3711:Iconoclasm
3612:Tolstoyans
3553:Communions
3525:Asia Minor
3271:(See also:
3019:Merw i-Rud
2783:Beth Waziq
2753:Beth Lapat
2748:Beth Dasen
2738:Beth Bgash
2668:Adarbaigan
2481:after the
2360:4.3 (1908)
2303:2022-06-23
1872:0521243513
1805:3770542819
1777:0521243513
1752:0521243513
1679:Assemani,
1666:Le Quien,
1657:, ii. 1275
1653:Le Quien,
1545:Brock 2011
1505:Brock 2011
1375:References
1196:Abdisho IV
1175:Portuguese
1128:Cranganore
1057:Sliba-zkha
917:Archdeacon
667:Traditions
644:Bogomilism
629:Iconoclasm
510:Antiochene
3957:Theotokos
3897:Hesychasm
3702:Heresies
3544:divisions
3166:Shahrgard
2993:Masabadan
2928:Jerusalem
2808:Darabgard
2718:Aïn Sipne
2688:Al-Rustaq
2673:Al-Bariya
2642:Samarqand
1983:7 January
1951:The Hindu
1115:Mukhtasar
1070:Timothy I
940:Nestorian
844:) was an
729:Maronites
649:Hesychasm
594:Henotikon
532:Byzantine
520:Malankara
311:Ethiopian
246:Cathedral
215:Sui iuris
162:Territory
115:Bishopric
75:June 2022
3942:Phronema
3890:Theology
3881:Peshitta
3533:Far East
3415:Shemsdin
3310:Ardishai
3192:Shushter
3171:Shahrzur
3151:Segestan
3060:Nihawand
3044:Nahargur
2988:Marmadit
2963:Khanijar
2683:Al-Qabba
2592:Damascus
2534:Adiabene
2477:and the
2461:Dioceses
2269:(1926).
2253:(1965).
2208:(1993).
2180:(1902).
2156:(2011).
2132:(2003).
2104:(2004).
1475:(1989).
1363:See also
1303:Ardishai
1226:Angamaly
1099:Chang'an
964:Padroado
960:Angamaly
944:Chaldean
719:Assyrian
634:Filioque
569:Arianism
527:Armenian
348:Assyrian
319:Armenian
315:Eritrean
262:a series
260:Part of
147:Location
3986:Worship
3937:Theoria
3932:Theosis
3781:Melkite
3743:Mongols
3661:History
3507:in the
3395:Nisibis
3370:Hakkari
3365:Gazarta
3340:Berwari
3325:Amadiya
3217:Tamanon
3207:Taimana
3197:Soqotra
3187:Arabaye
3120:Ramonin
3065:Nineveh
3024:Meskene
2958:Kashkar
2923:Istakhr
2918:Ispahan
2868:Hamadan
2858:Haditha
2848:Gubeans
2823:Dinawar
2818:Delasar
2798:Dabarin
2698:Armenia
2554:Nisibis
2549:Maishan
2463:of the
2080:Sources
2036:11 July
1957:10 July
1709:, 122–3
1424:27 June
1170:Gazarta
995:Maishan
952:Vatican
684:Russian
679:Melkite
542:Malabar
352:Ancient
323:Cilicia
250:several
241:AD 50s
192:several
152:Country
135: (
105:ܒܬ ܗܙܕܐ
63:improve
3952:Praxis
3818:Raskol
3425:Tuleki
3400:Salmas
3385:Mardin
3380:Kirkuk
3345:Cyprus
3295:Alqosh
3242:Ukbara
3222:Tirhan
3146:Salmas
3141:Salakh
3110:Radani
3085:Qaimar
3080:Pusang
3055:maniya
2978:Mardin
2968:Lashom
2953:Karman
2888:Hebton
2853:Gurgan
2843:Gawkaï
2838:Eshnuq
2803:Dairin
2733:Barhis
2678:Al-Kuj
2647:Tangut
2607:Hulwan
2587:Dailam
2418:
2397:
2340:
2218:
2142:
2114:
2008:
1925:
1894:
1869:
1840:
1802:
1774:
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1567:
1531:Fiey,
1485:
1451:
1103:Wuzong
1026:Ceylon
1018:Mumbai
858:Kerala
838:Syriac
702:Groups
689:Syriac
498:Coptic
331:Indian
327:Syriac
303:Coptic
218:church
3967:Ousia
3856:Canon
3738:India
3733:China
3688:Copts
3542:Main
3517:North
3430:Zakho
3410:Sehna
3405:Seert
3390:Mosul
3360:Gawar
3305:Anzel
3290:Ahwaz
3212:Tahal
3039:Muqan
3034:Mosul
2983:Marga
2903:Hirta
2893:Herat
2883:Hatta
2873:Hamir
2863:Hagar
2833:Erbil
2828:Egypt
2728:Balad
2708:Arzun
2612:India
2602:Herat
2297:(PDF)
2274:(PDF)
2187:(PDF)
1722:, 343
1257:latin
1255:by a
1088:Enosh
862:India
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724:Copts
674:Greek
503:Ge'ez
175:India
156:India
133:(1597
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3902:Icon
3519:and
3375:Jilu
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3300:Amid
3277:and
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3232:Urmi
3202:Susa
3136:Rima
3131:aïna
3125:Resh
3100:Qish
2933:Jews
2632:Merv
2597:Fars
2416:ISBN
2395:ISBN
2338:ISBN
2216:ISBN
2170:2016
2140:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2038:2022
2006:ISBN
1985:2012
1959:2022
1923:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1800:ISBN
1772:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1720:EOCE
1694:EOCE
1623:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1565:ISBN
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1533:POCN
1483:ISBN
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1003:Papa
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