694:
shall be permitted to reside upon such lands, shall be absolutely void; and if any person or persons shall settle or reside on any such lands, contrary to this act, it shall be the duty of any judge of any court of Common Pleas of the county within which such lands shall be situated, on complaint made to him, and on due proof of the fact of such settlement or residence, to issue his warrant, under his hand and seal, directed to the sheriff of such county, commanding him, within ten days after the receipt thereof, to remove such person or persons so settling or residing, with his, her or their families, from such lands.
165:
authority, undertook to treat with the Indian tribes respecting the sale of their lands. But the case is now entirely altered. The general
Government only has the power, to treat with the Indian Nations, and any treaty formed and held without its authority will not be binding. Here then is the security for the remainder of your lands. No State nor person can purchase your lands, unless at some public treaty held under the authority of the United States. The general government will never consent to your being defrauded. But it will protect you in all your just rights.
1748:
1113:, 94 U.S. 614, 617 (1876) (" tribes whose incapacity for self-government required both for themselves and for the citizens of the country this guardian care of the general government. The pueblo Indians ... had nothing in common with this class. The degree of civilization ... their willing submission to all the laws of the Mexican government ... and their absorption ... all forbid the idea that they should be classed with the Indian tribes for whom the intercourse acts were made.");
181:
1085:, 2009 WL 1259963 (D. Mass. 2009), aff'd, 616 F.3d 1, 6 n.7 (1st Cir. 2010) ("We do not decide what effect the Department of the Interior's 2007 designation of the Mashpee Wampanoag as a federally recognized tribe has on opinions."); id. at 6 n.8 ("In April 2008, the tribe entered into an agreement with the Town in which it received certain Town lands in exchange for waiving all claims to property located within the Town.").
4480:
3815:
322:(D.R.I. 1976), Congress enacted a settlement after the court struck all the defendant's affirmative defenses (laches, statute of limitations/adverse possession, estoppel by sale, operation of state law, and public policy) and denied the state's motion to dismiss on the grounds of sovereign immunity and nonjusticiability. Similarly, in
400:(the Passamaquoddy obtained federal recognition through the Maine Indian Claims Settlement; the Narragansett gained federal recognition in 1983, five years after the Rhode Island Claims Settlement Act). Although federal tribal status is prima facie evidence of the first element, the Act also applies to unrecognized tribes.
214:, the Cherokee's lawyer, argued that the challenged Georgia statute was void, inter alia, "ecause it is repugnant to a law of the United States passed in 1803 entitled 'an act to regulate trade and intercourse with Indian tribes, and to preserve peace on the frontiers'." Wirt also argued that the state statute violated the
133:
No purchase, grant, lease, or other conveyance of lands, or of any title or claim thereto, from any Indian, or nation, or tribe of
Indians, within the bounds of the United States, shall be of any validity, in law or equity, unless the same be made by treaty or convention, entered into pursuant to the
1556:
16 N.Y. 203 (citing Laws of 1821, 183, §§ 1, 5 (current version at McKinney's Indian Law § 8 (2000))); see also Rosen, 2004, at 28 ("The New York legislature was particularly active in this regard, passing a number of statutes authorizing the governor to appoint commissioners to negotiate or 'treat'
403:
If the tribe is unrecognized, the defendant may defeat the plaintiff's prima facie case either by showing that the
Indians did not constitute a "tribe" at the time of the conveyance, or at the time of the litigation; thus, the defendant may show that the plaintiff is not the successor in interest to
378:
In order to establish a violation of the Non-Intercourse Act, the are required to establish that: (1) they are an Indian tribe; (2) the land at issue was tribal land at the time of the conveyance; (3) the United States never approved the conveyance, and (4) the trust relationship between the United
164:
I am not uninformed that the six
Nations have been led into some difficulties with respect to the sale of their lands since the peace. But I must inform you that these evils arose before the present government of the United States was established, when the separate States and individuals under their
124:
No purchase, grant, lease, or other conveyance of lands, or of any title or claim thereto, from any Indian, or nation or tribe of
Indians, within the bounds of the United States, shall be of any validity, in law or equity, unless the same be made by treaty or convention, entered into pursuant to the
115:
o purchase, grant, lease, or other conveyance of lands, or of any title or claim thereto, from any Indian, or nation or tribe of
Indians, within the bounds of the United States, shall be of any validity, in law or equity, unless the same be made by treaty, or convention, entered into pursuant to the
661:
he United States agree to pay certain specific sums of money, out of which payments there is a reservation of $ 5,000 to satisfy claims for property taken by individuals of the said nation from the citizens of the United States subsequent to the treaty of
Colerain, which has been or may be claimed
540:
The structure of the original
Constitution and the text of the Eleventh Amendment gives states sovereign immunity from most suits. There are exceptions: when the state consents to suit; when the federal government abrogates sovereign immunity by statute; when the federal government is the plaintiff
97:
No sale of lands made by any
Indians, or any nation or tribe of Indians within the United States, shall be valid to any person or persons, or to any state, whether having the right of pre-emption to such lands or not, unless the same shall be made and duly executed at some public treaty, held under
421:
The elements given above are for a tribe. The United States, acting in its capacity as a trustee, may bring, and has successfully brought, actions on behalf of a tribe. The federal government was vested with similar power to enforce the anti-alienation provisions of the
Allotment Acts. Conversely,
693:
t shall be unlawful for any person or persons, other than Indians, to settle or reside upon any lands belonging to or occupied by any nation or tribe of Indians within this state; and that all leases, contracts and agreements made by any Indians, whereby any person or persons, other than Indians,
1537:
Rosen, 2004, at 28 ("tates ... regulated Indians' right to sell land to whites and whites' right to purchase land from Indians. Some states enacted laws echoing the federal restraints on alienation. Others, however, enacted a contradictory rule authorizing all private Indian land sales, or
263:
It is certain that if is applicable ... the mere 'expressed consent' of Congress would be vain and idle. For § 177 at the very least contemplates the assent of the Indian nation or tribe. ... t follows that the mere consent of Congress, however express and specific, would avail
249:(1896). The New York Court of Appeals had dismissed the claim based on an interpretation of the Nonintercourse Act and an invocation of the statute of limitations for the state enabling act which enabled the Seneca to sue in state court; the Supreme Court dismissed the appeal because of the
83:
The first four acts expired after four years; the 1802 and 1834 acts had no expiration. The version of the act in force at the time of the illicit conveyance determines the law that applies. The courts have found few legal differences between the five versions of the act. For example, three
736:, 62 U.S. (21 How.) 366, 367 (1858) ("ounsel for the plaintiffs in error contended that ... repealed so much of as applied to the Indians west of the Mississippi, but left it operative upon the Indians east of the Mississippi ..."); see also O'Toole and Tureen, 1971, at 3 n.8.
1538:
allowing land sales by certain Indians, or validating land sales that had been approved by a state commissioner. More often, although individual whites were not allowed to buy land from Indians, commissioners or governors were authorized or directed to purchase Indian lands").
106:
o purchase or grant of lands, or of any title or claim thereto, from any Indians or nation or tribe of Indians, within the bounds of the United States, shall be of any validity in law or equity, unless the same be made by a treaty or a convention entered into pursuant to the
677:
The Nonintercourse Act did not pre-empt the states from legislating additional restraints on alienation of Native American lands. Many states, including nearly all of the original Thirteen, enacted similar statutes for at least some lands during at least some time periods.
288:"), the Supreme Court held that tribes have a federal common law cause of action, not pre-empted by the Nonintercourse Act, for possessory land claims based upon aboriginal title; the court also rejected the following affirmative defenses: limitations, abatement,
1353:, 423 F. Supp. 780 (D. Conn. 1976) (rejecting the affirmative defenses of laches, statute of limitations, marketable title statute, adverse possession, and waiver and estoppel based on post-Act conduct; waiver and estoppel based on pre-Act conduct are valid);
142:
No purchase, grant, lease, or other conveyance of land, or of any title or claim thereto, from any Indian nation or tribe of Indians, shall be of any validity in law or equity, unless the same be made by treaty or convention entered into pursuant the
2834:
1123:, 231 U.S. 28 (1913) (" vary in quantity, but usually embrace ... fee-simple ownership under grants from the King of Spain, made during the Spanish sovereignty, and confirmed by Congress since the acquisition of that territory ...").
629:). The factories, which officially were set up to protect the tribes from unscrupulous private traders, were to be used as leverage to cause the tribes to cede substantial territory in exchange for access to the "factory" as happened with the
1005:, 483 F. Supp. 597 (D. Conn. 1980), aff'd, 638 F.2d 612 (2d Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 452 U.S. 968 (1981), on remand, 528 F. Supp. 1359 (D. Conn. 1982); see Pub. L. No. 103-377, 108 Stat. 3501 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 1775).
516:(1986) it has been understood that the Nonintercourse Act does not protect the lands of terminated tribes; there, the termination act was held to have triggered the state statute of limitations with respect to the land claim.
506:, supra, the First Circuit held that only Congress, and only with a clear statement, can terminate a federal–tribal trust relationship; acts of state governments are irrelevant. Congress has done so with several tribes under
3525:
489:
is that Congress may consent to such conveyances retroactively; this view has not been tested in court, although it is likely to be upheld because the power of Congress to extinguish aboriginal title without compensation is
547:(1908). In several cases, Nonintercourse Act plaintiffs have satisfied one of these exceptions. However, the Nonintercourse Act itself does not abrogate state sovereign immunity. Moreover, the authority is clear that the
605:". This land was described as being "all that part of the United States west of the Mississippi and not within the states of Missouri and Louisiana, or the territory of Arkansas". This is the land that became known as
3301:
318:(1st Cir. 1975), after the First Circuit held that the federal government was obliged to bring a suit on the tribe's behalf claiming 60% of Maine, Congress approved an $ 81.5 million settlement. In the case of the
453:
may cover conveyances between 1783 and 1790, but the only court to consider it held that the Confederation Congress had neither the power nor the intent to prohibit conveyances to states within their borders. The
2697:
2129:
484:
are rare indeed. Congress would have to pass a statute with express language, or the Senate would have to ratify the treaty alienating the land, to secure such federal approval. The view taken by several of the
307:
inspired dozens of other land claims. After tribes won initial judgements in some of these claims, Congress reacted by extinguishing the claimed aboriginal title and compensating the tribal plaintiffs. These
3442:
2993:
2507:
1359:, 418 F. Supp. 798 (D.R.I. 1976) (rejecting the affirmative defenses of nonjusticiability, laches, statute of limitations/adverse possession, estoppel by sale, operation of state law, and public policy);
2797:
210:, so the result was the Cherokee did not have a standing as a foreign nation, but the opinion did not rule on the merits, leaving the door open for a ruling on a resubmitted case. Former Attorney General
3868:
1693:
1528:, 62 U.S. (21 How.) 366, 370 (1858) ("Nor is this statute in conflict with any act of Congress, as no law of Congress can be found which authorizes white men to intrude on the possessions of Indians.").
458:
may cover conveyances between 1763 and 1783; however, the only court to examine such a conveyance found that it satisfied the requirements of the Proclamation. For example, the conveyances at issue in
3565:
2613:
3994:
4505:
3910:
3809:
2388:
1971:
1588:
Robert N. Clinton & Margaret Tobey Hotopp, Judicial Enforcement of the Federal Restraints on Alienation of Indian Land: The Origins of the Eastern Land Claims, 31 Me. L. Rev. 17 (1979).
2061:
967:
314:
1378:, 269 F.2d 555 (9th Cir. 1959); see also Katharine F. Nelson, Resolving Native American Land Claims and the Eleventh Amendment: Changing the Balance of Power, 39 Vill. L. Rev. 525 (1994).
1501:, 2006 WL 3501099 (E.D.N.Y. 2006); see also Kathryn E. Fort, The New Laches: Creating Title where None Existed, 16 Geo. Mason L. Rev. 357 (2009); Patrick W. Wandres, Indian Land Claims,
3125:
3962:
3878:
2649:
278:"), where the Supreme Court held that there was federal subject-matter jurisdiction for Indian land claims based upon aboriginal title and violations of the Nonintercourse Act. In
3895:
3417:
3022:
2685:
2136:
2460:
2340:
2014:
1955:
3979:
2661:
2316:
1936:
1686:
1557:
with Indian tribes to extinguish their rights to their lands in exchange for annuities, or allowing the governor himself to conduct such negotiations or make such treaties").
1337:
905:
574:
255:
67:, a continuing source of litigation for almost 200 years. The prohibition on purchases of Indian lands without the approval of the federal government has its origins in the
1591:
Daniel M. Crane, Congressional Intent or Good Intentions: The Inference of Private Rights of Action Under the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act, 63 B.U. L. Rev. 853 (1983).
422:
individual Indians have no standing under the Act. This is true even if individual plaintiffs attempt the certify a class of all tribal members; the tribe itself must sue.
3772:
1717:
953:
932:
672:
280:
270:
3744:
528:
to Nonintercourse Act suits. However, there are two affirmative defenses that have been accepted by some courts: state sovereign immunity and the equitable doctrine of
3945:
3733:
2672:
2412:
2176:
1253:
3535:
3230:
480:-creation in the West, the federal government removed Native Americans from most of their ancestral land. However, examples of Congress approving a state action that
264:
nothing. Therefore, if § 177 is applicable ... the result would be that the Tuscarora lands, however imperative for the project, could not be taken at all.
4525:
4274:
4034:
3873:
3858:
2738:
259:(1960), where the Tuscarora attempted to avoid the condemnation of their land by the construction of a federal dam. The court held the Act inapplicable, but noted:
51:) is the collective name given to six statutes passed by the United States Congress in 1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834 to set boundaries of American Indian
4530:
3905:
3890:
3488:
2951:
2292:
1909:
1679:
230:. A similar argument was made in the Bill filed by Wirt in the Supreme Court. William Wirt's arguments may have had a telling effect, for in a subsequent action,
4202:
4064:
2919:
2909:
3222:
2978:
2896:
2702:
2677:
2396:
1979:
1323:
746:
4510:
3930:
3848:
3257:
2867:
2066:
1737:
662:
and established agreeably to the provisions of the act for regulating trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes, and to preserve peace on the frontiers.
450:
431:
72:
4019:
3694:
2332:
3207:
1341:, 470 U.S. 226 (1985) (rejecting the affirmative defenses of statute of limitations, abatement, implicit federal ratification, and nonjusticiability);
3883:
3863:
3202:
2046:
4520:
4051:
3631:
3340:
3252:
3247:
2436:
1998:
1428:
369:
the trust relationship between the United States and the tribe, which is established by coverage of the Act, has never been terminated or abandoned.
703:
A 1739 South Carolina Provincial Council statute required a license from the Crown or governor for a private party to purchase lands from Indians.
4405:
3422:
3284:
3235:
2887:
2822:
2124:
3382:
1566:
An Act to restrain and prevent the purchasing Lands from Indians, 1 The First Laws of the State of South Carolina 160–161 (J. Cushing ed. 1981).
971:, 388 F. Supp. 649 (D. Me.), aff'd, 528 F.2d 370 (1st Cir. 1975); see Pub. L. No. 96-420, 94 Stat. 1785 (codified at 25 U.S.C. §§ 1721–35).
236:(1832), the court reversed itself, holding that the Cherokee were a sovereign nation and thus the Supreme Court did have original jurisdiction.
3972:
3626:
3611:
2081:
1836:
1489:
580:
512:
86:
1347:, 528 F. Supp. 1359 (D. Conn. 1982) (rejecting the affirmative defenses of Tenth and Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity and res judicata);
4182:
4155:
3167:
2718:
2643:
2619:
2189:
1702:
418:
were initially interpreted not to be "Indians" for the purposes of the Nonintercourse Act; however, this holding was subsequently overruled.
250:
175:
64:
60:
4570:
3820:
3758:
3686:
3616:
3452:
3192:
2946:
2934:
2300:
2169:
1928:
414:
makes a tribal status determination (and eventually dismissed if the BIA concludes the plaintiffs are not the successors in interest). The
4364:
4328:
1611:
Deborah A. Rosen, Colonization Through Law: The Judicial Defense of State Indian Legislation, 1790–1880, 46 Am. J. Legal Hist. 26 (2004).
4565:
4269:
4259:
3550:
2607:
2268:
2036:
1901:
1865:
1349:
891:
245:
4207:
4160:
4145:
3935:
3925:
3765:
3513:
3377:
2827:
2655:
1725:
1069:
406:
601:
In addition to regulating relations between Indians living on Indian land and non-Indians, the 1834 Act identified an area known as "
558:
Further, in actions against states, Indians are not entitled to the presumption of 25 U.S.C. § 194, which applies only to "persons".
4140:
3240:
2777:
2372:
2236:
1882:
1524:
732:
1459:
Lauren E. Rosenblatt, Note, Removing the Eleventh Amendment Barrier: Defending Indian Land Title Against State Encroachment After
1275:, 523 F. Supp.2d 185 (E.D.N.Y. 2007) (upholding May 12, 1659; April 10, 1662; November 1, 1676; and December 6, 1686 conveyances).
191:(red) as set by the Nonintercourse Act of 1834, which also dovetailed with other measures to relocate Indian populations westward.
4382:
4039:
3915:
3508:
3274:
3017:
2324:
434:, the Nonintercourse Act applies to land within the boundaries of a state, including the original thirteen. The First Circuit in
3853:
3681:
3518:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3217:
2860:
2162:
842:
654:
211:
3967:
1594:
William E. Dwyer, Jr., Land Claims under the Indian Nonintercourse Act: 25 U.S.C. 177, 7 B. C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev. 259 (1978).
90:(1986) noted that the 1793 Act expanded the scope of the 1790 Act by applying the prohibition not only to lands but "claims".
4304:
4237:
4056:
3999:
3843:
3676:
3289:
3279:
3142:
2890:
2761:
2364:
2071:
2041:
1808:
1396:
1343:
486:
324:
309:
3503:
681:
Other state statutes, or constitutional provisions, incorporated the English common law as it had evolved up to that point.
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
804:
Act of June 30, 1834, Pub. L. No. 23-161, § 12, 4 Stat. 729, 730 (codified as amended at 25 U.S.C. § 177 (2006)).
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4264:
4247:
4009:
3717:
3606:
3575:
3457:
3032:
2988:
2595:
2056:
1814:
845:, Opinion on the Right of the State of Georgia to Extend Her Laws Over the Cherokee Nation (June 20, 1830), reprinted in
4425:
4029:
3920:
3779:
3725:
3701:
3670:
3269:
2782:
2637:
2476:
2185:
2076:
1001:
584:(2d Cir. 2005), and since then no tribal plaintiff has been able to overcome this affirmative defense in that circuit.
4069:
3751:
3467:
3335:
2913:
2792:
2577:
1267:
397:
4093:
2998:
1665:
1747:
4483:
4340:
4310:
4212:
3900:
3709:
3345:
2923:
2853:
2212:
2051:
1853:
1731:
829:
455:
404:
the tribe whose lands were illegally alienated. The leading case where the defendants prevailed on this element is
227:
202:
68:
31:
1963:
303:
remains the only final judgement entered by a court in favor of a tribe bringing a Nonintercourse Act land claim,
4515:
4352:
4101:
3830:
3596:
3120:
2966:
2956:
2571:
2498:
2356:
2117:
1796:
1414:
1119:
859:
712:
507:
333:
157:
4334:
4077:
3940:
3585:
2961:
2723:
2625:
2601:
2428:
1802:
991:, 426 F. Supp. 132 (D.R.I. 1976); see Pub. L. No. 95-395, 92 Stat. 813 (codified at 25 U.S.C. §§ 1701–16).
864:
411:
4197:
4109:
4004:
3825:
3800:
3367:
3197:
3187:
3130:
2772:
2583:
2086:
1446:
1361:
1355:
987:
981:
319:
3955:
3950:
3738:
3555:
3545:
3350:
2787:
2690:
2565:
2444:
2348:
2284:
2244:
2141:
2107:
2006:
1017:, No. H76-cv-193 (D. Conn.); see Pub. L. No. 98-134, 97 Stat. 851 (codified at 25 U.S.C. §§ 1751–60).
618:
223:
4222:
3795:
3580:
3447:
3296:
3264:
3059:
3044:
2535:
2452:
2228:
1874:
207:
1081:, 820 F.2d 480 (1st Cir. 1987) (Breyer, J.); 72 Fed. Reg. 8,007 (2007) (granting federal recognition);
1029:, No. 74-cv-5826 (D. Mass.); see Pub. L. No. 100-95, 101 Stat. 704 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 1771).
449:
However, the defendant will defeat this element if the challenged conveyance occurred before 1790. The
4322:
4316:
4123:
3835:
3362:
3316:
3177:
3054:
3049:
2220:
1578:
Susan C. Antos, Comment, Indian Land Claims Under the Nonintercourse Act, 44 Alb. L. Rev. 110 (1979).
878:
630:
578:(1985), a question the majority did not reach. The Second Circuit adopted the view of the dissent in
555:
of the federal government or relegate themselves to suing local governments and private land owners.
232:
200:
The first litigation of the Nonintercourse Act by an indigenous party to reach the Supreme Court was
464:(1823) occurred on July 5, 1773 and October 18, 1775, but neither party to the suit was indigenous.
4435:
4242:
4085:
3649:
3560:
3540:
3323:
3103:
3081:
3076:
3037:
2728:
2204:
1845:
1762:
1309:
1271:, 2004 WL 2755545 (E.D. Pa. 2004), aff'd, 446 F.3d 410 (3d Cir. 2006) (upholding 1734 conveyance);
525:
460:
2154:
1585:: Tribal Rights of Action and the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act, 84 Colum. L. Rev. 1852 (1984).
4445:
4388:
4358:
4117:
3984:
3790:
3785:
3644:
3601:
3590:
3328:
3069:
2767:
2748:
2553:
2541:
2523:
2490:
1791:
1774:
552:
477:
52:
3659:
814:
180:
1601:, State Power and the Passamaquoddy Tribe: A Gross National Hypocrisy, 23 Me. L. Rev. 1 (1971).
152:
One of the earliest interpretations of the Nonintercourse Act comes from a speech by President
4346:
4298:
4292:
4284:
4232:
4187:
4024:
3989:
3483:
3311:
3091:
3086:
3027:
2971:
2876:
2743:
2468:
2380:
2252:
1606:
America Indian Policy in the Formative Years: The Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts 1790—1834
443:
293:
215:
153:
1400:, 528 F. Supp. 1359 (D. Conn. 1982) (holding states counter-claim waived sovereign immunity).
1390:, 26 F. Supp. 2d 555 (W.D.N.Y. 1998), aff'd, 178 F.3d 95 (2nd Cir. 1999) (US as intervenor);
442:, supra, held that the Nonintercourse Act applies to the entire United States, including the
4455:
4415:
4177:
4165:
4046:
4014:
3639:
3182:
3155:
2983:
2938:
2903:
2112:
2091:
1136:
606:
337:
1365:, 426 F. Supp. 132 (D.R.I. 1976) (rejecting the affirmative defense of sovereign immunity).
4376:
4254:
4150:
3570:
3108:
3010:
3005:
2755:
2484:
2404:
2308:
2276:
1073:, 447 F. Supp. 940 (D. Mass. 1978), aff'd, 592 F.2d 575 (1st Cir. 1979). Further history:
568:
529:
219:
56:
1671:
4450:
4440:
4420:
4170:
3654:
3462:
3150:
2812:
2589:
2260:
602:
543:
481:
473:
17:
4499:
4410:
4217:
3372:
3115:
2817:
2802:
2420:
1505:
and the Impending Legacy of the Doctrine of Laches, 31 Am. Indian L. Rev. 131 (2006).
491:
340:, Congress enacted a settlement before the courts had a chance to enter any rulings.
4370:
4227:
3664:
3530:
3498:
3135:
3064:
2631:
1786:
634:
622:
617:
One of the most defining aspects of the acts was the establishment of a series of "
289:
2835:
United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
588:
erased a damage award of $ 247.9 million, the largest ever awarded under the Act.
3098:
2733:
329:
396:
cases, supra, are examples where the plaintiff has prevailed despite not being
206:(1831), which the Court dismissed on the technicality that the court lacked of
4469:
4430:
4192:
3493:
3357:
2807:
1598:
642:
858:
The Bill Filed on behalf of the Cherokee Nation vs. the State of Georgia, in
2559:
2547:
1780:
626:
1392:
United States for and on Behalf of Santa Ana Indian Pueblo v. Univ. of N.M.
1356:
Narragansett Tribe of Indians v. Southern Rhode Island Land Development Co.
366:
the United States has never consented to the alienation of the tribal land;
363:
the parcels of land at issue herein are covered by the Act as tribal land;
638:
1287:, 649 F. Supp. 420 (N.D.N.Y. 1986), aff'd, 860 F.2d 1145 (2d Cir. 1988).
1077:, 542 F. Supp. 797 (D. Mass. 1982), aff'd, 707 F.2d 23 (1st Cir. 1983);
63:. The most notable provisions of the act regulate the inalienability of
1161:
United States v. 7,405.3 Acres of Land in Macon, Clay and Swain Cntys.
940:, 570 F.2d 300 (10th Cir. 1978) (finding subject-matter jurisdiction).
566:
Four dissenting justices would have barred the tribes action based on
332:
after the court struck the defendant's affirmative defenses. With the
795:
Act of March 30, 1802, Pub. L. No. 7-13, § 12, 2 Stat. 139, 143.
415:
2845:
786:
Act of March 3, 1799, Pub. L. No. 5-46, § 12, 1 Stat. 743, 746.
625:
where Native Americans were to sell their merchandise (particularly
360:
it is or represents an Indian "tribe" within the meaning of the Act;
356:
In order to establish a prima facie case, plaintiff must show that:
138:
The 1834 act, currently codified at 25 U.S.C. § 177, provides:
777:
Act of May 19, 1796, Pub. L. No. 4-30, § 12, 1 Stat. 469, 472.
768:
Act of March 1, 1793, Pub. L. No. 2-19, § 8, 1 Stat. 329, 330.
759:
Act of July 22, 1790, Pub. L. No. 1-33, § 4, 1 Stat. 137, 138.
410:(1st Cir. 1979). Alternatively, the action may be stayed until the
253:
doctrine. The Act remained essentially unlitigated by tribes until
55:. The various acts were also intended to regulate commerce between
179:
3526:
Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site
2508:
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
551:
exception does not apply. Therefore, plaintiffs must obtain the
2849:
2158:
1675:
938:
Pueblo of Isleta ex rel. Lucero v. Universal Constructors, Inc.
1299:, 382 F.3d 245 (2d Cir. 2004) (upholding a 1764 conveyance).
982:
Narragansett Tribe of Indians v. Southern R.I. Land Dev. Co.
865:
The case of the Cherokee Nation against the state of Georgia
27:
Family of U.S. laws related to Native American tribal rights
2389:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
1972:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
1015:
Western Pequot Tribe of Indians v. Holdridge Enters. Inc.
968:
Joint Tribal Council of the Passamaquoddy Tribe v. Morton
352:, there are four elements to a Nonintercourse Act claim.
315:
Joint Tribal Council of the Passamaquoddy Tribe v. Morton
1027:
Wampanoag Tribal Council of Gay Head v. Town of Gay Head
541:
or plaintiff-intervenor; and the category authorized by
1059:
See O'Toole and Tureen, 1971, at 19–22 & n.101–117.
328:(D. Conn. 1982), Congress approved the creation of the
2650:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
2614:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
1666:
Indian Trade and Intercourse Act in Chickasaw History
1442:
Canadian St. Regis Band of Mohawk Indians v. New York
1241:
Canadian St. Regis Band of Mohawk Indians v. New York
374:
More recently (2008), the Second Circuit has stated:
312:
are collected in 25 U.S.C. tit. 19. For example, in
93:
The original act, passed on July 22, 1790, provides:
3566:
Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy
2461:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
2341:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
2015:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
1956:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
446:. No defendant has yet persuaded a court otherwise.
4398:
4283:
4133:
3625:
3476:
3433:
3216:
3166:
2933:
2711:
2671:
2662:
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
2516:
2317:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
2196:
2100:
2029:
1990:
1947:
1937:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
1920:
1893:
1864:
1835:
1828:
1755:
1716:
1709:
1394:, 731 F.2d 703 (10th Cir. 1984) (US as plaintiff);
1338:
Oneida County v. Oneida Indian Nation of N.Y. State
906:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
689:A New York State enacted March 31, 1821, provided:
575:
Oneida County v. Oneida Indian Nation of N.Y. State
256:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
3773:General George Washington Resigning His Commission
1350:Schaghticoke Tribe of Indians v. Kent School Corp.
1095:Golden Hill Paugussett Tribe of Indians v. Weicker
954:Oneida Cnty. v. Oneida Indian Nation of N.Y. State
933:Oneida Indian Nation of N.Y. State v. Oneida Cnty.
673:Aboriginal title statutes in the Thirteen Colonies
281:Oneida Cnty. v. Oneida Indian Nation of N.Y. State
271:Oneida Indian Nation of N.Y. State v. Oneida Cnty.
4506:United States federal Native American legislation
1438:Western Mohegan Tribe and Nation v. Orange County
750:, 476 U.S. 498 (1986) (Blackmun, J., dissenting).
3734:George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door
2413:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
1485:Oneida Indian Nation of N.Y. v. County of Oneida
1434:Oneida Indian Nation of N.Y. v. County of Oneida
1254:City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of N.Y.
2739:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1547:1 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 1503; Va. Code Ann. § 1-11.
1099:Golden Hill Paugussett Tribe of Indians v. Rell
691:
659:
376:
354:
261:
140:
131:
122:
113:
104:
95:
3810:George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton
3178:Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association
2293:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
1910:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
2861:
2170:
1687:
379:States and the tribe has not been terminated.
8:
2397:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
1324:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
747:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
524:Courts have considered and rejected several
243:, the next such case to reach the Court was
3231:1788–89 United States presidential election
1738:Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783
948:
946:
451:Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783
432:Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783
73:Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783
2868:
2854:
2846:
2333:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
2177:
2163:
2155:
1832:
1713:
1694:
1680:
1672:
4203:Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route
3946:Washington and Jefferson National Forests
3677:Washington Monument (Boonsboro, Maryland)
1412:, 199 F.3d 281 (5th Cir. 2000); see also
3341:United States Capitol cornerstone laying
3203:Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention
1771:(1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834)
1621:John M.R. Paterson & David Roseman,
1583:Oneida Indian Nation v. County of Oneida
1285:Oneida Indian Nation of N.Y. v. New York
1097:, 39 F.3d 51 (2d Cir. 1994), on remand,
3531:Ford Mansion, Washington's headquarters
3423:John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations
3208:George Washington's political evolution
2686:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
2137:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
2125:Tribal sovereignty in the United States
1447:Narragansett Tribe of Indians v. Murphy
1362:Narragansett Tribe of Indians v. Murphy
1219:, 197 Fed. Appx. 721 (10th Cir. 2005);
988:Narragansett Tribe of Indians v. Murphy
920:The Oneida land claims: a legal history
824:
822:
723:
160:in 1790, after the passage of the act:
4526:Acts of the 1st United States Congress
4313:(step-granddaughter, adopted daughter)
3612:Electoral history of George Washington
1980:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe
1514:2 U.S. Op. Atty. Gen. 110, 128 (1828).
1490:Cayuga Indian Nation of N.Y. v. Pataki
1444:, 146 F. Supp.2d 170 (N.D.N.Y. 2001);
581:Cayuga Indian Nation of N.Y. v. Pataki
513:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe
251:adequate and independent state grounds
87:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe
4531:Aboriginal title in the United States
4275:Attempted theft of Washington's skull
4156:Founding Fathers of the United States
2979:Washington in the American Revolution
2620:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
2437:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
2190:Native Americans in the United States
1999:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
1703:Aboriginal title in the United States
1429:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
1101:, 463 F. Supp.2d 192 (D. Conn. 2006).
176:Aboriginal title in the United States
65:aboriginal title in the United States
7:
3931:Washington Masonic National Memorial
3759:General George Washington at Trenton
3617:Post-presidency of George Washington
3193:Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
2984:Commander-in-chief, Continental Army
2301:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
1929:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
1499:Shinnecock Indian Nation v. New York
1388:Seneca Nation of Indians v. New York
1297:Seneca Nation of Indians v. New York
1273:New York v. Shinnecock Indian Nation
1243:, 573 F. Supp. 1530 (N.D.N.Y. 1983).
1048:Seneca Nation of Indians v. New York
813:4 American State Papers 142 (1823).
4270:George Washington Memorial Building
3336:Presidential Succession Act of 1792
2608:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
2269:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
2130:List of federally recognized tribes
1902:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
1497:, 2010 WL 3806492 (N.D.N.Y. 2010);
1440:, 395 F.3d 18 (2d Cir. 2004); c.f.
1231:, 542 F. Supp. 797 (D. Mass. 1982).
1050:, 382 F.3d 245, 258 (2d Cir. 2004).
892:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
653:According to U.S. Attorney General
246:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
98:the authority of the United States.
4511:Legal history of the United States
3936:George Washington Memorial Parkway
3926:Washington University in St. Louis
1726:Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions
1079:Mashpee Tribe v. Sec'y of Interior
1070:Mashpee Tribe v. New Seabury Corp.
985:, 418 F. Supp. 798 (D.R.I. 1976);
407:Mashpee Tribe v. New Seabury Corp.
25:
3126:Resignation as commander-in-chief
2778:National Indian Gaming Commission
2373:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
2237:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
1883:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
1525:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
1450:, 426 F. Supp. 132 (D.R.I. 1976).
1159:, 249 F.2d 189 (10th Cir. 1957);
1135:, 271 U.S. 432 (1926). See also,
733:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
621:" which were officially licensed
4479:
4478:
4260:Mount Vernon Ladies' Association
4040:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
3745:Washington Crossing the Delaware
3183:Initiated, 1774 Fairfax Resolves
3018:New York and New Jersey campaign
2325:Menominee Tribe v. United States
1746:
1376:Skokomish Indian Tribe v. France
1313:, 21 U.S. (8 Wheat.) 543 (1823).
1227:, 611 F.2d 915 (1st Cir. 1979);
936:, 414 U.S. 661 (1974); see also
4521:Presidency of George Washington
3766:Washington at Verplanck's Point
3682:Washington Monument (Baltimore)
3551:President's House, Philadelphia
3388:State of the Union Address 1790
2532:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
1493:, 413 F.3d 266 (2d Cir. 2005);
1487:, 617 F.3d 114 (2d Cir. 2010);
1436:, 617 F.3d 114 (2d Cir. 2010);
1257:, 544 U.S. 197, 205 n.2 (2005).
1223:, 716 F.2d 71 (1st Cir. 1983);
1163:, 97 F.2d 417 (4th Cir. 1938);
849:at 81, 88 (September 25, 1830).
4305:George Washington Parke Custis
4238:American Philosophical Society
4000:America the Beautiful quarters
3844:George Washington on Horseback
3796:The Washington Family portrait
3143:Washington Before Boston Medal
2891:President of the United States
2762:In the Courts of the Conqueror
2365:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
1809:Indian Land Claims Settlements
1410:Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo v. Laney
1203:, 94 U.S. 614 (1876). But see
1171:, 2 Alaska 442 (D. Ala. 1905).
1141:Handbook of Federal Indian Law
1139:of 1924, 43 Stat. 636; Cohen,
1117:, 1 N.M. 422 (1869); see also
487:Indian Land Claims Settlements
310:Indian Land Claims Settlements
61:citizens of Indigenous nations
1:
4035:250th Anniversary half dollar
3995:D.C. and territories quarters
3816:Reception at Trenton painting
3607:Washington and Lee University
3576:James River and Kanawha Canal
3418:Federal judicial appointments
3033:Battle of the Assunpink Creek
2644:Native American Languages Act
1815:Indian Claims Limitations Act
1463:, 78 Tex. L. Rev. 719 (2000).
1167:, 265 F. 165 (2d Cir. 1920);
909:, 362 U.S. 99, 119–20 (1960).
4307:(step-grandson, adopted son)
3921:George Washington University
3780:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
3671:The Apotheosis of Washington
3270:Cabinet of the United States
3198:1785 Mount Vernon Conference
2783:Native American civil rights
2638:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
2477:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
1964:Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe
1803:Indian Claims Commission Act
1581:John Edward Barry, Comment,
1473:Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe
1461:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe
1397:Mohegan Tribe v. Connecticut
1344:Mohegan Tribe v. Connecticut
1002:Mohegan Tribe v. Connecticut
833:, 30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 1 (1831).
597:Definition of Indian country
325:Mohegan Tribe v. Connecticut
30:Not to be confused with the
4571:23rd United States Congress
3752:The Passage of the Delaware
3546:Second Presidential Mansion
2914:Second Continental Congress
2798:Recognition of sacred sites
2793:Native American Rights Fund
2698:Federally recognized tribes
2578:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
1495:Onondaga Nation v. New York
1268:Del. Nation v. Pennsylvania
1153:United States v. Candelaria
1133:United States v. Candelaria
398:federally recognized tribes
4587:
4566:7th United States Congress
4341:Elizabeth Washington Lewis
3968:Washington–Franklin Issues
3541:First Presidential Mansion
3346:Proclamation of Neutrality
3248:1792 presidential election
2924:First Continental Congress
2902:Commander-in-Chief of the
2897:Senior Officer of the Army
2656:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
2213:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
1854:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
1732:Royal Proclamation of 1763
830:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
670:
456:Royal Proclamation of 1763
438:and the Second Circuit in
228:United States Constitution
203:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
173:
79:Text of the land provision
69:Royal Proclamation of 1763
32:Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
29:
4464:
4103:The War that Made America
3831:Princeton Battle Monument
3597:Society of the Cincinnati
3595:President General of the
3378:Thanksgiving Proclamation
3285:Secretary of the Treasury
2994:Washington's headquarters
2967:Battle of the Monongahela
2883:
2572:Indian Reorganization Act
2499:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
2357:United States v. Antelope
1744:
1625:Passamaquoddy v. Morton,
1597:Francis J. O'Toole &
1415:Seminole Tribe v. Florida
1197:Tiger v. Western Inv. Co.
1169:United States v. Berrigan
1120:United States v. Sandoval
713:Treaty of New York (1790)
667:State nonintercourse acts
508:Indian termination policy
334:Mashantucket Pequot Tribe
158:Seneca Nation of New York
49:Indian Nonintercourse Act
4335:Augustine Washington Jr.
4095:Turn: Washington's Spies
3941:George Washington Bridge
3586:Congressional Gold Medal
3265:Title of "Mr. President"
2999:office and sleeping tent
2962:Battle of Fort Necessity
2724:Bureau of Indian Affairs
2626:Indian Child Welfare Act
2429:South Dakota v. Bourland
1189:Heckman v. United States
1181:Bowling v. United States
1083:Bingham v. Massachusetts
536:State sovereign immunity
472:Through the policies of
412:Bureau of Indian Affairs
34:regarding foreign trade.
4385:(2nd great-grandfather)
4005:American Women quarters
3911:Washington, D.C. statue
3826:Trenton Battle Monument
3802:Washington at Princeton
3494:Ferry Farm boyhood home
3368:Slave Trade Act of 1794
3302:Oath Administration Act
3188:Continental Association
3131:Badge of Military Merit
3023:Delaware River crossing
2773:Long Walk of the Navajo
2703:State recognized tribes
2602:Indian Civil Rights Act
1734:(British North America)
1432:, 521 U.S. 261 (1997);
1205:United States v. Waller
1201:United States v. Joseph
1199:, 221 U.S. 286 (1911);
1195:, 233 U.S. 269 (1911);
1191:, 224 U.S. 413 (1912);
1187:, 224 U.S. 640 (1912);
1183:, 233 U.S. 528 (1914);
1165:United States v. Boylan
1157:Alonzo v. United States
1155:, 271 U.S. 432 (1926);
1115:United States v. Lucero
1111:United States v. Joseph
320:Narragansett land claim
129:The 1802 act provides:
120:The 1799 act provides:
111:The 1796 act provides:
102:The 1793 act provides:
84:dissenting justices in
3951:Washington Square Park
3739:Revolutionary War Door
3556:Germantown White House
3458:Washington and slavery
3351:Neutrality Act of 1794
2788:Native American gaming
2691:Legal status of Hawaii
2566:Indian Citizenship Act
2445:Idaho v. United States
2349:Bryan v. Itasca County
2285:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
2245:Standing Bear v. Crook
2142:Legal status of Hawaii
2108:Indigenous land rights
2007:Idaho v. United States
1475:, 442 U.S. 653 (1979).
1327:, 476 U.S. 498 (1986).
1207:, 243 U.S. 452 (1917).
957:, 470 U.S. 226 (1985).
895:, 162 U.S. 283 (1896).
847:Niles' Weekly Register
696:
664:
381:
372:
266:
224:Indian Commerce Clause
192:
170:Land claims litigation
167:
145:
136:
127:
118:
109:
100:
45:Indian Intercourse Act
18:Indian Intercourse Act
4265:Mount Vernon replicas
4223:General of the Armies
4198:Washington's Crossing
4030:Washington half eagle
3660:Washington's Birthday
3581:Mountain Road Lottery
3448:The Washington Papers
3297:Judiciary Act of 1789
3060:Battle of White Marsh
3045:Philadelphia campaign
2952:French and Indian War
2596:Indian Relocation Act
2453:United States v. Lara
2229:Fellows v. Blacksmith
1875:Fellows v. Blacksmith
1728:(1629 New Netherland)
1604:Francis Paul Purcha,
1418:, 517 U.S. 44 (1996).
1229:Mashpee Tribe v. Watt
1075:Mashpee Tribe v. Watt
877:See 1832 Opinions in
671:Further information:
208:original jurisdiction
183:
162:
134:constitution ...
125:constitution ...
116:constitution ...
107:constitution ...
4561:1834 in American law
4556:1802 in American law
4551:1799 in American law
4546:1796 in American law
4541:1793 in American law
4536:1790 in American law
4323:Mary Ball Washington
4317:Augustine Washington
4311:Eleanor Parke Custis
4188:Cherry-tree anecdote
4071:A More Perfect Union
4020:Silver bullion coins
3879:New York City statue
3443:Presidential library
3317:Militia Acts of 1792
3258:Reception at Trenton
3055:Battle of Germantown
3050:Battle of Brandywine
2221:Worcester v. Georgia
1038:418 F. Supp. at 803.
918:George C. Shattuck,
879:Worcester v. Georgia
631:Treaty of Fort Clark
526:affirmative defenses
520:Affirmative defenses
268:This dicta inspired
233:Worcester v. Georgia
4379:(great-grandfather)
4365:Lawrence Washington
4329:Lawrence Washington
4243:American Revolution
4087:We Fight to Be Free
4052:Cultural depictions
3963:U.S. Postage stamps
3916:West Point monument
3901:Philadelphia statue
3786:Unfinished portrait
3650:Washington Monument
3519:Woodlawn Plantation
3324:Coinage Act of 1792
3253:Second inauguration
3104:Newburgh Conspiracy
3082:Sullivan Expedition
3077:Battles of Saratoga
3038:Battle of Princeton
2768:Indian reservations
2729:Cherokee Commission
2205:Johnson v. McIntosh
1846:Johnson v. McIntosh
1763:Northwest Ordinance
1310:Johnson v. McIntosh
641:in order to access
468:Federal non-consent
461:Johnson v. McIntosh
148:Legislative history
43:(also known as the
4446:Christopher Sheels
4389:Bushrod Washington
4359:Charles Washington
4353:John A. Washington
4208:1751 Barbados trip
4097:(2014–2017 series)
3985:Washington quarter
3896:Perth Amboy statue
3884:Wall Street statue
3864:Mexico City statue
3791:Lansdowne portrait
3602:Washington College
3591:Thanks of Congress
3514:Whiskey distillery
3329:United States Mint
3307:Nonintercourse Act
3275:Secretary of State
3236:First inauguration
3070:Battle of Monmouth
2828:Self-determination
2823:Tribal sovereignty
2749:Eagle-bone whistle
2542:Indian Removal Act
2530:Nonintercourse Act
2524:Blood quantum laws
2491:McGirt v. Oklahoma
1797:Reorganization Act
1792:Curtis Act of 1898
1769:Nonintercourse Act
1639:Text of the Acts:
1627:31 Me. L. Rev. 115
1623:A Reexamination of
1217:Gardner v. Wyasket
637:exchanged most of
498:Trust relationship
478:Indian reservation
193:
41:Nonintercourse Act
4493:
4492:
4347:Samuel Washington
4299:John Parke Custis
4293:Martha Washington
4233:American Foxhound
4113:(2020 miniseries)
4105:(2006 miniseries)
4058:George Washington
4025:Washington nickel
4010:Washington dollar
3990:50 State Quarters
3973:1932 bicentennial
3869:Morristown statue
3727:George Washington
3719:George Washington
3711:George Washington
3703:George Washington
3688:George Washington
3363:Pinckney's Treaty
3312:Whiskey Rebellion
3092:Siege of Yorktown
3087:Yorktown campaign
3028:Battle of Trenton
2972:Forbes Expedition
2939:Revolutionary War
2877:George Washington
2843:
2842:
2744:Eagle feather law
2678:State recognition
2469:Cobell v. Salazar
2381:Solem v. Bartlett
2253:Ex parte Crow Dog
2152:
2151:
2025:
2024:
1824:
1823:
1193:Franklin v. Lynch
444:original thirteen
294:nonjusticiability
216:Cherokee treaties
154:George Washington
16:(Redirected from
4578:
4516:Indian Territory
4482:
4481:
4456:Harry Washington
4416:Caroline Branham
4178:Virginia dynasty
4166:Federalist Party
4146:List of articles
4060:(1984 miniseries
4047:Mount Washington
4015:Lafayette dollar
3854:Baltimore statue
3645:Washington state
3640:Washington, D.C.
3383:Farewell Address
3290:Secretary of War
3280:Attorney General
2904:Continental Army
2870:
2863:
2856:
2847:
2719:Aboriginal title
2536:Civilization Act
2472:(D.C. Cir. 2009)
2179:
2172:
2165:
2156:
2113:Aboriginal title
1833:
1750:
1714:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1673:
1628:
1599:Thomas N. Tureen
1567:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1425:
1419:
1407:
1401:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1334:
1328:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1264:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1214:
1208:
1185:Gritts v. Fisher
1178:
1172:
1150:
1144:
1137:Pueblo Lands Act
1130:
1124:
1108:
1102:
1092:
1086:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1036:
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972:
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796:
793:
787:
784:
778:
775:
769:
766:
760:
757:
751:
743:
737:
728:
607:Indian Territory
592:Other provisions
476:in the East and
222:and the dormant
185:Indian Territory
21:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4460:
4394:
4377:John Washington
4279:
4255:Betsy Ross flag
4151:Founders Online
4129:
3906:Portland statue
3629:
3621:
3571:Potomac Company
3536:Hasbrouck House
3472:
3453:Religious views
3435:
3429:
3241:inaugural bible
3220:
3212:
3170:founding events
3169:
3162:
3109:Newburgh letter
3099:Culper Spy Ring
3011:Siege of Boston
3006:Boston campaign
2957:Jumonville Glen
2947:Military career
2937:
2935:Military career
2929:
2879:
2874:
2844:
2839:
2756:Hunting license
2707:
2676:
2667:
2584:Nationality Act
2512:
2485:Sharp v. Murphy
2405:Hodel v. Irving
2309:Williams v. Lee
2277:Talton v. Mayes
2192:
2183:
2153:
2148:
2096:
2021:
1991:Rehnquist Court
1986:
1943:
1916:
1894:1890—1950
1889:
1860:
1820:
1751:
1742:
1705:
1700:
1636:
1626:
1618:
1616:Further reading
1575:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1555:
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1546:
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1532:
1522:
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1513:
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827:
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763:
758:
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744:
740:
729:
725:
721:
709:
701:
687:
675:
669:
651:
649:Property claims
615:
599:
594:
564:
538:
522:
500:
470:
428:
386:
346:
241:Cherokee Nation
220:Contract Clause
198:
178:
172:
150:
81:
57:White Americans
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4584:
4582:
4574:
4573:
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4473:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4451:Deborah Squash
4448:
4443:
4441:Hercules Posey
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4421:William Costin
4418:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4337:(half-brother)
4332:
4331:(half-brother)
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4289:
4287:
4281:
4280:
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4205:
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4185:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4171:Federalist Era
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4115:
4107:
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3657:
3655:Mount Rushmore
3652:
3647:
3642:
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3623:
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3609:
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3523:
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3506:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3477:Life and homes
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3463:Town Destroyer
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
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3426:
3425:
3415:
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3405:
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3333:
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3250:
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3205:
3200:
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3163:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3121:Evacuation Day
3118:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3073:
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3015:
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2991:
2986:
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2865:
2858:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2815:
2813:Trail of Tears
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2758:
2753:
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2647:
2641:
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2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2590:Public Law 280
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2526:(1705 onwards)
2520:
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2473:
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2329:
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2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2261:Elk v. Wilkins
2257:
2249:
2248:(D. Neb. 1879)
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2194:
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1841:
1839:
1837:Marshall Court
1830:
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1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
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1806:
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1676:
1670:
1669:
1668:- Chickasaw.TV
1663:
1635:
1634:External links
1632:
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1630:
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1402:
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1329:
1315:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1259:
1245:
1233:
1225:Epps v. Andrus
1209:
1173:
1145:
1125:
1103:
1087:
1061:
1052:
1040:
1031:
1019:
1007:
993:
973:
959:
942:
924:
911:
897:
883:
870:
860:Richard Peters
851:
835:
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770:
761:
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717:
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699:South Carolina
697:
686:
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668:
665:
650:
647:
614:
611:
603:Indian country
598:
595:
593:
590:
563:
560:
549:Ex parte Young
544:Ex parte Young
537:
534:
521:
518:
499:
496:
482:alienated land
474:Indian removal
469:
466:
427:
424:
385:
382:
371:
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345:
342:
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194:
189:Indian Country
174:Main article:
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4426:Sarah Johnson
4424:
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4409:
4407:
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4403:
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4397:
4390:
4387:
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4381:
4378:
4375:
4373:(grandmother)
4372:
4369:
4367:(grandfather)
4366:
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4360:
4357:
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4218:Syng inkstand
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4161:Republicanism
4159:
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3874:Newark statue
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3859:Boston statue
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:Austin statue
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3837:Point of View
3834:
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3561:Custis estate
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3373:Residence Act
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3127:
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3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Asgill Affair
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
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3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2989:Aides-de-camp
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
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2965:
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2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:Treaty rights
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Seminole Wars
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
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2779:
2776:
2774:
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2639:
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2447:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:Duro v. Reina
2418:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2390:
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2223:
2222:
2218:
2215:
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2207:
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2173:
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2166:
2161:
2160:
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2143:
2140:
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2131:
2128:
2127:
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2119:
2116:
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2055:
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2050:
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2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1872:
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1869:
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1856:
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1816:
1813:
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1801:
1798:
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1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:United States
1754:
1749:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1712:
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1654:
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1633:
1624:
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1596:
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1469:
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1462:
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1449:
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1431:
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1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1399:
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1393:
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1377:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1358:
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1352:
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1346:
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1340:
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1333:
1330:
1326:
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1311:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:James v. Watt
1218:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
997:
994:
990:
989:
984:
983:
977:
974:
970:
969:
963:
960:
956:
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949:
947:
943:
939:
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928:
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921:
915:
912:
908:
907:
901:
898:
894:
893:
887:
884:
880:
874:
871:
868:13–15 (1831).
867:
866:
861:
855:
852:
848:
844:
839:
836:
832:
831:
825:
823:
819:
816:
810:
807:
801:
798:
792:
789:
783:
780:
774:
771:
765:
762:
756:
753:
749:
748:
742:
739:
735:
734:
727:
724:
718:
714:
711:
710:
706:
704:
698:
695:
690:
684:
682:
679:
674:
666:
663:
658:
656:
648:
646:
644:
640:
636:
633:in which the
632:
628:
624:
623:trading posts
620:
613:Trading posts
612:
610:
608:
604:
596:
591:
589:
587:
583:
582:
577:
576:
571:
570:
561:
559:
556:
554:
550:
546:
545:
535:
533:
531:
527:
519:
517:
515:
514:
509:
505:
504:Passamaquoddy
497:
495:
493:
488:
483:
479:
475:
467:
465:
463:
462:
457:
452:
447:
445:
441:
440:Mohegan Tribe
437:
436:Passamaquoddy
433:
425:
423:
419:
417:
413:
409:
408:
401:
399:
395:
391:
390:Passamaquoddy
384:Tribal status
383:
380:
375:
368:
365:
362:
359:
358:
357:
353:
351:
348:As stated in
343:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:
321:
317:
316:
311:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:
277:
273:
272:
265:
260:
258:
257:
252:
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242:
237:
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234:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:
195:
190:
186:
182:
177:
169:
166:
161:
159:
155:
147:
144:
143:constitution.
139:
135:
130:
126:
121:
117:
112:
108:
103:
99:
94:
91:
89:
88:
78:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
33:
19:
4477:
4470:John Adams →
4468:
4383:George Reade
4371:Mildred Gale
4228:Conway Cabal
4183:Coat of arms
4141:Bibliography
4118:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4079:The Crossing
4078:
4070:
4065:1986 sequel)
4057:
3891:Paris statue
3836:
3808:
3801:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3695:plaster copy
3687:
3669:
3665:Purple Heart
3499:Mount Vernon
3436:public image
3306:
3136:Purple Heart
3065:Valley Forge
2760:
2632:Diminishment
2529:
2497:
2489:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2118:in Australia
2087:Rhode Island
2013:
2005:
1997:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1948:Burger Court
1935:
1927:
1921:Warren Court
1908:
1900:
1881:
1873:
1852:
1844:
1787:Diminishment
1768:
1718:Colonial era
1622:
1605:
1582:
1562:
1552:
1543:
1533:
1523:
1519:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1455:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1000:
996:
986:
980:
976:
966:
962:
952:
937:
931:
927:
919:
914:
904:
900:
890:
886:
873:
863:
854:
846:
843:William Wirt
838:
828:
809:
800:
791:
782:
773:
764:
755:
745:
741:
731:
726:
702:
692:
688:
680:
676:
660:
655:William Wirt
652:
635:Osage Nation
616:
600:
585:
579:
573:
567:
565:
557:
553:intervention
548:
542:
539:
523:
511:
503:
501:
471:
459:
448:
439:
435:
429:
426:Covered land
420:
405:
402:
394:Narragansett
393:
389:
387:
377:
373:
355:
350:Narragansett
349:
347:
323:
313:
304:
300:
298:
290:ratification
285:
279:
275:
269:
267:
262:
254:
244:
240:
238:
231:
212:William Wirt
201:
199:
188:
184:
163:
151:
141:
137:
132:
128:
123:
119:
114:
110:
105:
101:
96:
92:
85:
82:
53:reservations
48:
44:
40:
38:
36:
4436:William Lee
4089:(2006 film)
4081:(2000 film)
4073:(1989 film)
3721:(Greenough)
2906:(1775–1783)
2899:(1798–1799)
2893:(1789–1797)
2734:Dawes Rolls
2517:Legislation
1866:Taney Court
1811:(1978–2006)
1775:Removal Act
1143:327 (2005).
922:7–8 (1991).
730:See, e.g.,
430:Unlike the
330:Mohegan Sun
4500:Categories
4431:Oney Judge
4193:River Farm
4111:Washington
3729:(Trumbull)
3705:(Ceracchi)
3632:depictions
3489:Birthplace
3484:Early life
3358:Jay Treaty
3218:Presidency
3168:Other U.S.
2808:Survivance
2554:Curtis Act
2072:New Mexico
2042:California
1829:Precedents
1573:References
643:Fort Clark
4361:(brother)
4355:(brother)
4349:(brother)
4301:(stepson)
3839:sculpture
3804:paintings
3627:Memorials
3509:Gristmill
3434:Views and
3223:timeline)
2560:Burke Act
2548:Dawes Act
2057:Louisiana
1781:Dawes Act
619:factories
338:Wampanoag
301:Oneida II
286:Oneida II
284:(1984) ("
274:(1974) ("
4484:Category
4391:(nephew)
4343:(sister)
4325:(mother)
4319:(father)
4248:patriots
4213:Category
4119:Hamilton
3980:Currency
3713:(Canova)
3690:(Houdon)
3156:Blueskin
2920:Delegate
2910:Delegate
2197:Case law
2082:Oklahoma
2077:New York
2067:Michigan
2030:By state
1710:Statutes
1503:Sherrill
707:See also
685:New York
639:Missouri
510:. Since
344:Elements
305:Oneida I
276:Oneida I
218:and the
71:and the
4134:Related
3821:Statues
3504:Fishery
3413:Cabinet
3147:Horses
2922:to the
2912:to the
2712:Related
2673:Federal
2101:Compare
2092:Vermont
2052:Indiana
1629:(1979).
1608:(1962).
492:plenary
226:of the
196:History
156:to the
47:or the
4399:Slaves
4295:(wife)
4285:Family
3468:Legacy
3151:Nelson
2926:(1774)
2916:(1775)
2664:(2008)
2658:(1990)
2652:(1990)
2646:(1990)
2640:(1988)
2634:(1984)
2628:(1978)
2622:(1978)
2616:(1975)
2610:(1971)
2604:(1968)
2598:(1956)
2592:(1953)
2586:(1940)
2580:(1936)
2574:(1934)
2568:(1924)
2562:(1906)
2556:(1898)
2550:(1887)
2544:(1830)
2538:(1819)
2502:(2022)
2494:(2020)
2480:(2013)
2464:(2005)
2456:(2004)
2448:(2001)
2440:(1997)
2432:(1993)
2424:(1990)
2416:(1989)
2408:(1987)
2400:(1986)
2392:(1985)
2384:(1984)
2376:(1982)
2368:(1978)
2360:(1977)
2352:(1976)
2344:(1974)
2336:(1973)
2328:(1968)
2320:(1960)
2312:(1959)
2304:(1955)
2296:(1941)
2288:(1903)
2280:(1896)
2272:(1896)
2264:(1884)
2256:(1883)
2240:(1858)
2232:(1857)
2224:(1832)
2216:(1831)
2208:(1823)
2186:Rights
2047:Hawaii
2037:Alaska
2018:(2005)
2010:(2001)
2002:(1997)
1983:(1986)
1975:(1985)
1967:(1979)
1959:(1974)
1940:(1960)
1932:(1955)
1913:(1941)
1905:(1896)
1886:(1858)
1878:(1857)
1857:(1831)
1849:(1823)
1817:(1982)
1805:(1946)
1799:(1934)
1783:(1887)
1777:(1830)
1765:(1787)
586:Cayuga
569:laches
562:Laches
530:laches
416:Pueblo
299:While
292:, and
239:After
4411:Betty
2062:Maine
719:Notes
4406:List
4124:film
3956:Arch
3630:and
3408:1796
3403:1793
3398:1792
3393:1791
1661:1834
1657:1802
1653:1799
1649:1796
1645:1793
1641:1790
1374:See
815:Text
627:furs
392:and
388:The
336:and
59:and
39:The
2888:1st
2675:and
2488:and
2188:of
572:in
502:In
187:or
4502::
1659:;
1655:;
1651:;
1647:;
1643:;
945:^
862:,
821:^
657::
645:.
609:.
532:.
494:.
296:.
75:.
4126:)
4122:(
3221:(
2869:e
2862:t
2855:v
2178:e
2171:t
2164:v
1695:e
1688:t
1681:v
881:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
