394:
cultural traditions. By 2000 BC, regional variation in style of tools was visible, such as the variations in design and function of atlatl weights, or bannerstones used primarily to center the weight of a throwing stick. By this time, communities had well established control over territory and resources, causing an increase in tension and warfare. Relationships between neighbors are assumed to have had greater importance with the increases in exchange systems, and hunting or war parties. By 1000 BC status differentiation is noticeable in the grave goods. The degree of violence in the region is notable and many individuals showed signs of fatal injuries such as one scalping, a slit throat, and a skull smashed in. Also many had multiple puncture marks and fractured or missing bones, serving as evidence of warfare and trophy taking. Many of the dismembered bodies were missing skulls and limbs and were never recovered, indicating trophy taking. However, one trophy in the form of a human mandible was recovered from Indian Knoll. But, controversially, archaeologist Cheryl
Claassen theorizes that the deaths were not due to inter-group violence, but rather because of a potential form of ritualization. In all, it is estimated that the 12 incomplete skeletons may have presented as many as 34 human bone trophies to the opposing members. Most of the injuries reported are caused from blunt force trauma, but were usually not fatal, suggesting well-defined rules to reduce death tolls for these organized war parties, rather than sporadic feuds.
366:, with few possessions and lacking permanent villages, food production, and pottery. These cultures typically determined social statuses by age, sex, and personal achievement, because there were little differences in wealth or possessions. Analysis of these artifacts and remains provide a better understanding of social organization during the late Archaic. Grave goods or tools were mainly associated men, but in this community women and children were with one or many artifacts. This suggests status was not restricted by age or sex, according to N. A. Rothschild. Some labor division is apparent, given the different types of artifacts commonly found among the two sexes. For example, men were buried with axes, stone and woodworking tools, fish hooks, and awls in contrast to the shells, bone beads and nut cracking stones usually found with females. The most abundant material found in graves were several types of shell, manufactured into a variety of forms, such as beads and buttons worn as personal adornments. Some of these species were not local, which could indicate wealth and status, and also shows evidence of long distant exchange networks with other Archaic cultures. The
344:
killed at the time of their owner's death and placed on top, below their feet, or at their side. According to Cheryl
Claassen, at least six out of the ten dogs with humans show possible evidence of a violent death. The position of the human skeleton in these cases was usually face down and devoid of artifacts. The only double dog and face down human burial occurs with a female child about the age of five, suggesting that the child's death may have been related to ritual. Claassen also suggest that these dogs were not only beloved pets, but had symbolic and ritual significance. A similar belief about the healing nature of dogs is seen across Native American myths. Some interpretations held by the
327:, either unintentionally or as an act of mutilation. If a grave happened to be dug intruding another, the original body may have become dismembered, but normally the bones would have been piled up and reburied. Occasionally pieces, such as skulls or limbs, were not recovered, which Robert Mensforth considered evidence for warfare and trophy taking. Grave goods were found within 187 burials, though shell beads, used for personal adornments or sewed on garments, were not counted as a deliberate grave goods in one study. The artifacts commonly associated with graves include pestles, hammerstones, grooved axes, projectile points with a few cases of copper and stone vessels. There were 43
258:, Webb and his team began a second excavation, leading to the discovery of 880 more burials. The Indian Knoll skeletal population was inadequately evaluated by Moore, so in 1960, the remains were reassessed by Francis Johnston and Charles Snow. From the skeletal fragments, they estimated there to be at least 1,234 individuals, rather than 1,178 reported between Moore and Webb. Johnston and Snow concluded that Indian Knoll had a high infant mortality rate, mostly only under one year, but also many under four. The average life span was about 18.5 years old, with slightly more male burials than female.
418:, including Ohio Valley, between 2000 and 500 BC. The grit tempered ceramics that were found show plain and cord marked ware, as well as simple stamped grooved patterns. Several different finishes on shell tempered ceramics were also noted. Nine shards found in one were also cord marked, or tapped with a twisted fibers wrapped paddle, and three shards show signs of roughening, which were individually created by a rectangular object. Other shards show signs of net impressions caused by mesh fabrics, which is common in much of western Kentucky.
2638:
414:'s pottery. Most vessels had wide mouths and curved or flat bases, which were handmade by building up coils of clay. Pottery contributed to the exploitation and manipulation of wild plants, and more efficiency in food processing and water storage. The most common type of ceramics were shell tempered, representing 78.5% of the total pottery shards found at Indian Knoll, with only 171 grit tempered shards of bowls or jars discovered. Heavy grit tempered pottery appeared in different regions of the
58:
83:
315:. Most of the skeletons were found in tight coiled positions, which indicates the bodies may have been wrapped, though there are a few instances of being placed sitting up, with even less fully extended . The large number of burials caused graves to intrude into others accidentally, though multiple burials were common practice during the time the shell midden formed between the years 5500 and 2000 BC. Multiple burials were also typically circular, but larger and lacked
2649:
278:. There were also some 67,000 artifacts uncovered at Indian Knoll, some of which were carbon dated, and thought to be an average of about 5,300 years old. These dwellings are considered to be permanent occupations. The hearths were probably used for heating during the winter as well as cooking. The shell middens nearby contain not only the remains of the
90:
65:
311:
small, round, and filled in with black midden debris. The burials inside the midden showed no sign of formal walls, thus it is likely that individuals were placed in shallow depressions and filled in with the surrounding shell midden. Many of the skeletons placed in shallow graves, especially the skulls, were crushed and shown signs of
348:
are that dogs are spiritual guides and judges, that symbolized morality and were considered sacred. Another possible meaning considered by
Claassen is that dogs were used to represent warriors whose bodies were never retrieved from war. This has been speculated because there were male dogs in single
343:
During the excavations, 21 dog burials were found.The graves of dogs were given the same attention as human graves, with nine examples of dogs buried with humans at Indian Knoll. The dogs within human burials were associated with women and children, as much as with men. These dogs were apparently
310:
The earlier graves at Indian Knoll were found down to five feet into the sand, with the more recent burials inside the shell midden. The deepest were better preserved as a result of the moist sand, even some of the bony tissues and infant skeletons remained intact. The grave structure was usually
393:
Archaic trade networks took the form of what
Claassen calls "down-the-line-transfer," or resources and gifts were passed from village to village, rather than at large trade fairs. This informal exchange network seems more likely because it involved fewer individuals and had less influence over
357:
There are several indicators of long-distance contact with other Late
Archaic groups present at the Indian Knoll site including exotic materials and signs of warfare. The social organization of Archaic cultures has been broadly stereotyped as being small band or
2527:
2678:
2622:
2558:
2542:
2532:
386:, and were found at this site but rarely in burials which suggest they were probably considered valuable. A couple pieces of copper, another foreign material found at Indian Knoll, shows trade extending as far north as
2698:
460:
2617:
2563:
2204:
2584:
2486:
233:
was the first to explore a small portion of the land not being used for agricultural purposes. After the farm that occupied the site was destroyed by a flood, the land was opened for further excavation by
220:
that lived there. Though there is evidence of earlier settlement, this area was most heavily occupied from approximately 3000–2000 BC, when the climate and vegetation were nearing modern conditions. This
2517:
2451:
2416:
2491:
2396:
2356:
2181:
430:
forest and floodplain, including both marine and terrestrial animals and plants. A constant crop of hickory nuts, acorns, roots, and seeds were utilized by the foragers of the area, as well as later
2456:
2446:
2441:
2421:
2537:
2371:
2286:
2406:
2401:
2276:
2496:
2461:
2366:
2341:
2481:
2431:
2411:
2386:
2376:
2361:
2351:
2336:
2316:
2291:
2281:
2271:
196:, but burials at this knoll revealed that the inhabitants were divided into two social groups, irrespective of age or sex, and social class seems the most likely reason for this division.
2501:
2476:
2381:
2321:
2301:
2296:
2266:
2256:
2436:
2391:
2331:
2306:
2261:
2568:
2466:
2346:
2311:
2072:
270:, which contained over 1000 burials, and evidence of ancient dwellings with burned clay flooring, six hearths, and what Webb noted as kitchen fireside tools, or artifacts such as
2522:
2471:
2426:
2326:
2143:
1098:
2234:
2219:
694:
Johnston, Francis; Snow, Charles (September 1961). "The
Reassessment of the Age and Sex of the Indian Knoll Skeletal Populations: Demographical and Methodological Aspects".
2174:
2250:
2693:
1044:
1021:
455:
438:, though this has not been confirmed at Indian Knoll. This site was never fully excavated because of what Webb called, "difficulties arising from a shortage in the
1120:
2652:
2167:
1641:
238:
in 1939. The study of this site has contributed towards an understanding of the social complexity of the southeastern cultures of the mid-late
Holocene era.
2708:
2688:
2642:
2117:
1746:
1816:
1606:
1091:
335:, associated with burials at Indian Knoll, and Webb's research focus when excavating this site to get more information on this particular grave good.
2683:
2673:
1711:
2214:
1506:
1581:
1516:
1496:
402:
Technological developments such as crude ceramics were developed by
Archaic societies early during the late Holocene. A total of 792 shards of
1721:
760:
909:(September 1961). "The Reassessment of the Age and Sex of the Indian Knoll Skeletal Populations: Demographical and Methodological Aspects".
2190:
1084:
492:
82:
39:
2102:
2077:
2057:
1491:
184:
were conducted by archaeologists from the
University of Kentucky as part of WPA economic recovery efforts. Research of the remains and
57:
2605:
1851:
1631:
1456:
217:
1596:
2703:
2097:
2062:
2027:
1866:
1736:
1586:
1541:
383:
2007:
1801:
1776:
1696:
1388:
1132:
189:
439:
251:
2012:
1561:
2107:
1876:
1461:
1446:
1320:
212:
of west central
Kentucky near Green River. This area is known as the "shell mound region" because of the large shell
2610:
2589:
1716:
1471:
939:
Rothschild ., N.A (October 1979). "Mortuary Behavior and Social Organization at Indian Knoll and Dickson Mounds".
443:
426:
The inhabitants of the Ohio Valley were complex hunter-gatherer societies who relied on food rich resources of the
246:
The original excavation in 1915 was led by C.B. Moore and his crew of eight men. He was the first to report on the
171:
1886:
312:
230:
1821:
1676:
1646:
1205:
255:
2112:
1846:
1836:
1796:
1671:
1403:
1338:
435:
2224:
1781:
1501:
1348:
1291:
1225:
1210:
267:
185:
163:
2229:
2209:
1975:
1909:
1856:
1751:
1418:
1383:
1373:
1314:
1071:
851:
786:
497:
411:
205:
167:
1651:
442:
labor quota of the county," but little area was left unexplored. In 1966 Indian Knoll was designated a
1546:
1398:
1270:
934:. Kent State University Press: Archaic Transitions in Ohio and Kentucky Prehistory. pp. 110–134.
738:. Kent State University Press: Archaic Transitions in Ohio and Kentucky Prehistory. pp. 110–134.
375:
2037:
1333:
1260:
1235:
1200:
1180:
235:
225:
provided a stable environment, which eventually led to agricultural development early in the late
159:
2122:
1934:
1666:
1661:
1521:
1368:
1304:
1285:
1220:
1215:
1147:
1038:
1015:
639:
598:
110:
1240:
885:
323:
near the chest cavities, which suggest violence near time of death. Many skeletons were found
2148:
1949:
1656:
1413:
1393:
1175:
1107:
756:
415:
410:, mainly found within the first foot and a half of the mound, and closely relate to the later
320:
283:
275:
114:
250:
at Indian Knoll and recover 298 individuals, 66 of which were well preserved and sent to the
2159:
2092:
1929:
1881:
1831:
1771:
1686:
1611:
1601:
1576:
1531:
1378:
1328:
1309:
1299:
1250:
1245:
948:
918:
703:
407:
363:
181:
969:
845:. University Press of Florida: Archaeology of the mid-Holocene southeast. pp. 235–258.
817:. University Press of Florida: Archaeology of the mid-Holocene southeast. pp. 235–258.
581:
1985:
1939:
1691:
1636:
1626:
1486:
1408:
1265:
1195:
1190:
1170:
1137:
906:
279:
188:
in the 1960s-1970s demonstrated that its builders were greatly atypical of inhabitants of
2067:
2052:
2042:
1944:
1681:
1511:
1466:
1363:
1275:
1230:
379:
193:
139:
2667:
1924:
1919:
1811:
1761:
1756:
1741:
1731:
1726:
1476:
1353:
1165:
1142:
431:
387:
332:
2623:
University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
2127:
2082:
2032:
2022:
2002:
1970:
1871:
1826:
1806:
1591:
1571:
1536:
1451:
1436:
1255:
1127:
295:
1054:
962:
574:
750:
1980:
1861:
1841:
1706:
1566:
1556:
1441:
1185:
324:
316:
271:
247:
209:
177:
2017:
1914:
1786:
1701:
1616:
1526:
1076:
371:
222:
290:
and river pebbles, probably used for cooking, boiling water, and processing
2679:
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
1791:
1621:
985:
Infanticide and sacrifices among Archaic babies of the central United States
922:
707:
635:
Mortuary Behavior and Social Organization at Indian Knoll and Dickson Mounds
427:
287:
755:. Internet Archive. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. p. 341.
446:, and today the site lies within 290 acres of private agricultural fields.
1990:
1954:
1904:
1766:
1551:
345:
226:
118:
1997:
1481:
1358:
1280:
403:
367:
291:
213:
634:
461:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Ohio County, Kentucky
2618:
List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
1343:
1072:
https://www.academia.edu/343733/Archaic_Rituals_Rebalancing_with_Dogs
843:
A Consideration of the Social Organization of the Shell Mound Archaic
815:
A Consideration of the Social Organization of the Shell Mound Archaic
359:
328:
434:
of squash in the Green River Region reveals an evident trend toward
952:
2087:
299:
880:. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. pp. 357–362.
487:
2047:
2163:
1080:
2699:
National Register of Historic Places in Ohio County, Kentucky
406:
were found at Indian Knoll. All of which were shell or grit
968:. The University of Tennessee Press Knoxville. pp.
580:. The University of Tennessee Press Knoxville. pp.
266:
The 1939 excavations included trenches paralleling the
976:
Pauketat, Timothy R. and Sassaman, Kenneth E. (2022).
593:
591:
216:, or deposits of shell that were disposed of by the
2598:
2577:
2551:
2510:
2243:
2220:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
2197:
1963:
1895:
1427:
1156:
1008:
Archaic Transitions in Ohio and Kentucky Prehistory
145:
132:
124:
106:
1053:
961:
871:. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. pp. 410–417.
678:. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. pp. 410–417.
573:
2251:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
1006:Prufer, O. H., Peede S. E., Mindl R. S. (2001).
456:Archaic Dog Burials in the Midwest United States
2643:National Register of Historic Places portal
1033:. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.
932:Warfare and Trophy Taking in the Archaic Period
736:Warfare and Trophy Taking in the Archaic Period
1060:. The University of Tennessee Press Knoxville.
1029:Sassaman, Kenneth and Anderson, David (1996).
599:"Indian Knoll - Discover Kentucky Archaeology"
2175:
1092:
8:
1043:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1020:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
808:
806:
804:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
2182:
2168:
2160:
1099:
1085:
1077:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
689:
687:
685:
2191:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1607:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
1031:Archaeology of the mid-Holocene southeast
978:The Archaeology of Ancient North America.
911:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
696:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
40:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1010:. Kent, Oh: Kent State University Press.
852:"Archaic Rituals: Rebalancing with Dogs"
787:"Archaic Rituals: Rebalancing with Dogs"
669:
331:weights, also known as bannerstones for
2694:National Historic Landmarks in Kentucky
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
472:
1036:
1013:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
488:"National Register Information System"
482:
480:
478:
476:
23:
378:shell species were imported from the
7:
890:National Register of Historic Places
493:National Register of Historic Places
89:
64:
2709:Native American history of Kentucky
2078:Norse colonization of North America
16:Archaeological site in Kentucky, US
2689:Shell middens in the United States
2606:National Historic Preservation Act
886:"Indian Knoll: Paradise, Kentucky"
192:. Archaic peoples were typically
14:
2648:
2647:
2636:
827:Pauketat and Sassaman 2022 p 244
282:, but debris of animal bone and
229:era. In the early 20th century
88:
81:
63:
56:
2684:Archaic period in North America
2674:1915 archaeological discoveries
2098:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
274:, grooved axes, pitted stones,
170:that was declared to be a U.S.
2559:Federated States of Micronesia
2205:Architectural style categories
134:
1:
749:Webb, William Snyder (1974).
440:Works Progress Administration
252:United States National Museum
97:Show map of the United States
2063:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
2013:Eastern Agricultural Complex
21:United States historic place
1447:Bandelier National Monument
1321:List of Mississippian sites
1108:Pre-Columbian North America
980:Cambridge University Press.
180:of Indian Knoll during the
2725:
2611:Historic Preservation Fund
2590:American Legation, Morocco
1867:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
1472:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
1181:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
930:Mensforth, Robert (2001).
734:Mensforth, Robert (2001).
444:National Historic Landmark
172:National Historic Landmark
2631:
2552:Lists by associated state
2136:
2108:Three Sisters agriculture
1114:
841:Claassen, Cheryl (1996).
813:Claassen, Cheryl (1996).
231:Clarence Bloomfield Moore
133:NRHP reference
50:
46:
37:
30:
26:
2533:Northern Mariana Islands
1647:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
1206:Buttermilk Creek complex
983:Claasen, Cheryl (2013).
1847:Town Creek Indian Mound
1817:Sierra de San Francisco
1672:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
923:10.1002/ajpa.1330190304
878:Pottery at Indian Knoll
708:10.1002/ajpa.1330190304
436:subsistence agriculture
306:Burials and grave goods
204:The Indian Knoll site,
128:290 acres (120 ha)
2704:Green River (Kentucky)
2528:Minor Outlying Islands
2511:Lists by insular areas
2225:Keeper of the Register
1502:Coso Rock Art District
1389:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
1292:List of Hopewell sites
1052:Webb, William (1974).
960:Webb, William (1974).
572:Webb, William (1974).
2230:National Park Service
2210:Contributing property
1910:Arlington Springs Man
1752:Portsmouth Earthworks
876:Haag, W.M.D. (1974).
869:Ancient North America
867:Fagan, Brian (2005).
676:Ancient North America
674:Fagan, Brian (2005).
643:44.4 (1979): 658–675.
633:Rothschild, Nan A. "
498:National Park Service
412:Mississippian culture
168:Ohio County, Kentucky
2585:District of Columbia
2118:Transoceanic contact
2008:Container Revolution
1582:Gila Cliff Dwellings
1547:Etowah Indian Mounds
208:, is located in the
72:Show map of Kentucky
2038:Green Corn Ceremony
1852:Turkey River Mounds
1642:Lake Jackson Mounds
1462:Blue Spring Shelter
905:Johnston, Francis;
276:mortars and pestles
236:William Snyder Webb
160:archaeological site
2123:Underwater panther
1797:Rosenstock Village
1667:Marmes Rockshelter
1652:L'Anse aux Meadows
941:American Antiquity
850:Claassen, Cheryl.
785:Claassen, Cheryl.
640:American Antiquity
603:archaeology.ky.gov
319:except for single
262:Initial excavation
2661:
2660:
2215:Historic district
2157:
2156:
2149:Pre-Columbian era
1950:Spirit Cave mummy
1747:Plum Bayou Mounds
1657:Lynch Quarry Site
1176:Ancient Beringian
989:World Archaeology
762:978-0-87049-150-4
416:Eastern Woodlands
353:Social complexity
321:projectile points
284:fire-cracked rock
218:indigenous people
153:
152:
115:Muhlenberg County
2716:
2651:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2564:Marshall Islands
2184:
2177:
2170:
2161:
2093:Projectile point
1930:Leanderthal Lady
1857:Upward Sun River
1832:Stallings Island
1822:Shell ring sites
1772:Recapture Canyon
1687:Moorehead Circle
1532:El Fin del Mundo
1517:Cueva de la Olla
1323:
1310:Maritime Archaic
1294:
1124:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1078:
1061:
1059:
1048:
1042:
1034:
1025:
1019:
1011:
973:
967:
956:
935:
926:
901:
899:
897:
881:
872:
863:
861:
859:
846:
828:
825:
819:
818:
810:
799:
798:
796:
794:
782:
767:
766:
746:
740:
739:
731:
712:
711:
691:
680:
679:
671:
644:
631:
614:
613:
611:
609:
595:
586:
585:
579:
569:
502:
501:
484:
364:hunter-gatherers
280:gastropod shells
206:designated 15OH2
182:Great Depression
149:October 15, 1966
136:
98:
92:
91:
85:
73:
67:
66:
60:
24:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2594:
2573:
2547:
2506:
2239:
2193:
2188:
2158:
2153:
2144:Genetic history
2132:
1986:Ceremonial pipe
1959:
1940:Minnesota Woman
1897:
1891:
1712:Ocmulgee Mounds
1692:Morrison Mounds
1637:Kolomoki Mounds
1627:Kimball Village
1487:Candelaria Cave
1429:
1423:
1404:Suwannee Valley
1339:Old Cordilleran
1319:
1290:
1158:
1152:
1118:
1110:
1105:
1068:
1051:
1035:
1028:
1012:
1005:
1002:
1000:Further reading
959:
938:
929:
904:
895:
893:
892:. Find the best
884:
875:
866:
857:
855:
849:
840:
837:
832:
831:
826:
822:
812:
811:
802:
792:
790:
784:
783:
770:
763:
748:
747:
743:
733:
732:
715:
693:
692:
683:
673:
672:
647:
632:
617:
607:
605:
597:
596:
589:
571:
570:
505:
500:. July 9, 2010.
486:
485:
474:
469:
452:
424:
400:
362:communities of
355:
341:
308:
264:
244:
202:
102:
101:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
93:
76:
75:
74:
71:
70:
69:
68:
42:
33:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2722:
2720:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2666:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2543:Virgin Islands
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2518:American Samoa
2514:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2452:South Carolina
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2417:North Carolina
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2245:
2244:Lists by state
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2235:Property types
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2068:Mound Builders
2065:
2060:
2055:
2053:Medicine wheel
2050:
2045:
2043:Horned Serpent
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1782:Roberts Island
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1717:Old Stone Fort
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1682:Moaning Cavern
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1632:Kincaid Mounds
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:Cuarenta Casas
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1467:Bluefish Caves
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1428:Archaeological
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1226:Caloosahatchee
1223:
1218:
1213:
1211:Caborn-Welborn
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1157:Archaeological
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1066:External links
1064:
1063:
1062:
1049:
1026:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
981:
974:
957:
953:10.2307/279105
947:(4): 658–675.
936:
927:
917:(3): 237–244.
902:
882:
873:
864:
847:
836:
833:
830:
829:
820:
800:
768:
761:
741:
713:
702:(3): 237–244.
681:
645:
615:
587:
503:
471:
470:
468:
465:
464:
463:
458:
451:
448:
423:
420:
399:
396:
384:Atlantic coast
380:Gulf of Mexico
354:
351:
340:
337:
307:
304:
263:
260:
243:
240:
201:
198:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
137:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
108:
104:
103:
87:
86:
80:
79:
78:
77:
62:
61:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
31:
28:
27:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2721:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2654:
2646:
2644:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:West Virginia
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:New Hampshire
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:Massachusetts
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:Falcon dancer
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:Miscellaneous
1962:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:Melbourne Man
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:La Brea Woman
1923:
1921:
1920:Kennewick Man
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1812:Serpent Mound
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:Pueblo Bonito
1760:
1758:
1757:Poverty Point
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1742:Pinson Mounds
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:Painted Bluff
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1612:Horr's Island
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1542:Effigy Mounds
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1507:Crystal River
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1419:Weeden Island
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1384:Safety Harbor
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1374:Poverty Point
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1354:Paleo-Indians
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1315:Mississippian
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1009:
1004:
1003:
999:
995:(2), 198–213.
994:
990:
986:
982:
979:
975:
971:
966:
965:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:Snow, Charles
903:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
870:
865:
853:
848:
844:
839:
838:
834:
824:
821:
816:
809:
807:
805:
801:
788:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
769:
764:
758:
754:
753:
745:
742:
737:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
690:
688:
686:
682:
677:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
646:
642:
641:
636:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
616:
604:
600:
594:
592:
588:
583:
578:
577:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
504:
499:
495:
494:
489:
483:
481:
479:
477:
473:
466:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
449:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:domestication
429:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
397:
395:
391:
389:
388:Lake Superior
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
352:
350:
347:
338:
336:
334:
333:spear-thowers
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
305:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
261:
259:
257:
256:flood in 1937
253:
249:
241:
239:
237:
232:
228:
224:
219:
215:
211:
207:
199:
197:
195:
191:
190:Archaic sites
187:
183:
179:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
148:
146:Added to NRHP
144:
141:
138:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
84:
59:
49:
45:
41:
36:
29:
25:
19:
2457:South Dakota
2447:Rhode Island
2442:Pennsylvania
2422:North Dakota
2128:Water glyphs
2083:Oasisamerica
2073:N.A.G.P.R.A.
2033:Folsom point
2023:Effigy mound
2003:Clovis point
1971:Aridoamerica
1872:Wickiup Hill
1827:Spiro Mounds
1807:Salmon Ruins
1802:Russell Cave
1597:Helen Blazes
1592:Grimes Point
1572:Fort Juelson
1562:Fort Ancient
1537:El Vallecito
1497:Chaco Canyon
1437:Angel Mounds
1399:Steed-Kisker
1349:Paleo-Arctic
1271:Glacial Kame
1256:Fort Ancient
1148:Post-Classic
1119:
1056:Indian Knoll
1055:
1030:
1007:
992:
988:
984:
977:
964:Indian Knoll
963:
944:
940:
931:
914:
910:
896:November 16,
894:. Retrieved
889:
877:
868:
858:November 16,
856:. Retrieved
842:
835:Bibliography
823:
814:
793:November 16,
791:. Retrieved
752:Indian Knoll
751:
744:
735:
699:
695:
675:
638:
606:. Retrieved
602:
576:Indian Knoll
575:
491:
425:
401:
392:
356:
342:
309:
296:hickory nuts
272:hammerstones
265:
254:. After the
245:
203:
176:
156:Indian Knoll
155:
154:
107:Nearest city
32:Indian Knoll
18:
2578:Other areas
2538:Puerto Rico
2372:Mississippi
2287:Connecticut
2113:Thunderbird
1981:Black drink
1945:Peñon woman
1882:Winterville
1862:Velda Mound
1842:Taos Pueblo
1737:Parkin Park
1722:Orwell site
1707:Nodena site
1602:Holly Bluff
1577:Four Mounds
1567:Fort Center
1492:Casa Grande
1442:Anzick site
1334:Monongahela
1261:Fort Walton
1236:Coles Creek
1201:Belle Glade
1186:Anishinaabe
422:Agriculture
339:Dog burials
325:dismembered
317:grave goods
313:disturbance
268:Green River
248:bannerstone
242:Excavations
210:Ohio Valley
194:egalitarian
178:Excavations
164:Green River
2668:Categories
2487:Washington
2407:New Mexico
2402:New Jersey
2277:California
2058:Metallurgy
2018:Eden point
1915:Buhl Woman
1787:Rock Eagle
1777:River Styx
1702:Mummy Cave
1697:Moundville
1677:Mesa Verde
1662:Marksville
1409:Tchefuncte
1369:Plaquemine
1305:Las Palmas
1221:Calf Creek
1216:Cades Pond
854:. Academia
789:. Academia
467:References
372:Marginella
223:floodplain
200:Background
2497:Wisconsin
2462:Tennessee
2367:Minnesota
2342:Louisiana
2103:Stickball
1792:Rock Hawk
1622:Key Marco
1414:Troyville
1394:St. Johns
1379:Red Ocher
1138:Formative
1039:cite book
1016:cite book
608:April 24,
428:deciduous
349:burials.
288:sandstone
186:artifacts
162:near the
2653:Category
2482:Virginia
2432:Oklahoma
2412:New York
2387:Nebraska
2377:Missouri
2362:Michigan
2352:Maryland
2337:Kentucky
2317:Illinois
2292:Delaware
2282:Colorado
2272:Arkansas
1991:Chanunpa
1976:Ballgame
1955:Vero man
1905:Anzick-1
1877:Windover
1837:SunWatch
1767:Rassawek
1587:Glenwood
1477:Brewster
1329:Mogollon
1300:La Jolla
1286:Hopewell
1246:Deptford
1159:cultures
450:See also
408:tempered
376:Olivella
346:Cherokee
286:such as
227:Holocene
140:66000362
119:Kentucky
111:Paradise
2599:Related
2502:Wyoming
2477:Vermont
2382:Montana
2322:Indiana
2302:Georgia
2297:Florida
2267:Arizona
2257:Alabama
2140:Related
1998:Chunkey
1898:remains
1887:Wupatki
1727:Paquime
1617:Huápoca
1482:Cahokia
1452:Bastian
1359:Patayan
1281:Hohokam
1266:Fremont
1241:Comondú
1196:Baytown
1191:Avonlea
1171:Alachua
1143:Classic
1133:Archaic
1121:Periods
970:116–340
582:116–340
404:pottery
398:Pottery
368:Busycon
292:walnuts
214:middens
2437:Oregon
2392:Nevada
2332:Kansas
2307:Hawaii
2262:Alaska
2198:Topics
1557:Folsom
1522:Cutler
1457:Benson
1344:Oneota
1276:Glades
1251:Folsom
1231:Clovis
1128:Lithic
759:
374:, and
360:tribal
329:atlatl
300:acorns
298:, and
158:is an
2569:Palau
2467:Texas
2347:Maine
2312:Idaho
2088:Piasa
1896:Human
1527:Eaker
1430:sites
1364:Plano
1166:Adena
2523:Guam
2472:Utah
2427:Ohio
2327:Iowa
2048:Kiva
1045:link
1022:link
898:2012
860:2012
795:2012
757:ISBN
637:".
610:2024
125:Area
1552:Eva
949:doi
919:doi
704:doi
382:or
166:in
135:No.
2670::
1041:}}
1037:{{
1018:}}
1014:{{
993:45
991::
987:.
945:44
943:.
915:19
913:.
888:.
803:^
771:^
716:^
700:19
698:.
684:^
648:^
618:^
601:.
590:^
506:^
496:.
490:.
475:^
390:.
370:,
302:.
294:,
174:.
117:,
113:,
2253::
2183:e
2176:t
2169:v
1100:e
1093:t
1086:v
1047:)
1024:)
972:.
955:.
951::
925:.
921::
900:.
862:.
797:.
765:.
710:.
706::
612:.
584:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
