Indian National Army in Singapore

917: 579:... the INA's memorial tower ... began to knock it down. Many Indians nearby ... clapped their hands at this. I thought to myself, these same people were before in the INA’. With the return of the British, many Indians were afraid that they would become a target because of their connections to the INA and IIL. Largely due to the poor fortunes that they had experienced towards the end of the British colonial rule, many of the educated Indians desired to gain employment within the British administration. As such they pledged (correctly or incorrectly) that they had stayed loyal to the British during the Japanese occupation and had only joined the INA when left with no choice. Some others chose to turn other members of the INA and IIL over to the British force in order to gain favour with the British administration. 338:

were given great amounts of freedom in these camps (termed as volunteer camps) and were entitled to various forms of entertainment such as “patriotic theatrical and song nights that were also used as instruments to get POWs to join the INA”. In a blatant violation of the conditions set by Mohan Singh prior to the formation of the INA, which would later serve as a source of conflict between Singh and the Japanese forces, the POWs who chose to not join the INA were subject to great physical and mental torture as they were sent to ‘concentration camps’, where they were deprived of food, medical aid and other basic rights. An excerpt from Bryon Farewell details some of the methods and techniques that the Japanese used to coerce the Indian POWs into join the INA.

881: 869: 893: 309:’ . In contrast, the Indians received far more lenient treatment. However, this is not to say that the Indians felt no fear at all. In fact, the attitudes of the Japanese forces towards the Chinese population did instill some fear in the general Indian civilian population as well as leaders such as Pritam Singh. This was significant for the Indian leaders, during the Farrer Park meeting who had expressed reservations about collaborating with the Japanese as these incidents further cemented their initial beliefs about the cruel nature of the Japanese and would further affirm their decision to not join the INA in May 1942. 334:

was rather successful as by September 1942, he was able to recruit more than 40 000 soldiers. Even though it was initially largely believed that many POWs joined the INA because of a burst of nationalistic consciousness, in recent years, it has been uncovered through the reading of other court documents and previously classified government documents that there were other compelling reasons such as anger towards the British officials, the perceived sense of security offered by the Japanese in exchange for the loyalty of the POWs and also the promise of escape from malnutrition and starvation .

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provided with the support and resources to fight against the British forces and clinch independence for India. Fujiwara had hoped that appealing to the nationalistic consciousness and patriotic feelings of these soldiers would enable him to win their support. Despite Fujiwara's impassioned plea, many of the POWs remained unconvinced. It was only when the charismatic Mohan Singh addressed them next, urging them to “seize the opportunity and rise for the motherland” that the POWs begun to seriously consider the proposal to join the INA.

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officer observed: "In the eleven months which had ... elapsed since the first contacts of the Indian Army, Navy and Air Force with the mass of the I.N.A. in Rangoon, there had been widespread fraternization. Its result was political consciousness which the Indian Servicemen had never before possessed." This new consciousness led them to react more sharply not only to the existing grievances in the Service but to the pressing political issues of the post-war years.

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war the sparring of their lives. Additionally, Pritam also persuaded Fujiwara to assure the British-Indian soldiers that the Japanese forces would assist the Indians in gaining independence from British colonial rule. Major Fujiwara guaranteed Pritam Singh that they did not harbour any “political, economic, cultural or religious” intentions in India and they would respect the “property and freedom of Indians in territory that came under the sway of the Japanese”.

960:, the Singapore government had left out the part of history where the Indians in Singapore had joined hands with the Japanese. Instead, they proceeded to highlight that people living in Singapore from all walks of life had suffered extensively at the hands of the Japanese. Consequently, that feeling of mutual suffering contributed to them being and feeling Singaporean. This exclusion about details of the INA from the historical narrative helped to 534:(MCP). Many INA soldiers chose to defect from the INA as they did not wish to fight the locals for the Japanese forces who had broken their promises of aiding them to fight for the independence of India from the British. Some of those who defected, quickly aligned themselves and forged alliances with MPAJA, as they now felt that there was “no hope of liberating India, the alternative of liberating Malaya begun to seem far more attractive”. 175:

longer carefully curating its selection for the armed forces and consequently the British Indian Army was no longer filled with single minded individuals fighting for the same cause. The antagonistic feeling towards the British amongst the Indian soldiers were due to numerous instances of poor treatment they received. By 1941, significant discontent at the abusive attitudes of their British officers was widespread among Indian soldiers.

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of them were asked to do laborer jobs. Singh became increasingly disillusioned with the Japanese forces and surmised that the “Japanese ‘wanted the army and the organization to be just a show piece and a convenient puppet, but not a strong and powerful reality which may become a problem for them later on, thwart their secret designs on India”.

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ones who were associated with the INA were treated with disdain as they were “stigmatized as fascists and Japanese collaborators”. However, many of the members of the British re-occupation forces were made up of Indian soldiers and this at the very least offered some amount of physical protection for many of the Indians living in Singapore.

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independence from British rule was one of the main reasons that he agreed to captain the INA and formed an alliance with the Japanese forces albeit with some conditions set to protect the Indians. Singh was instrumental in recruiting many of the British-Indian POWs to become members of the INA and also actively partook in their training.

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morale and the rise of dissatisfaction amongst the INA soldiers reached its peak in early August, when a riot erupted in one of the INA training camps. This was later believed to have been because the senior “Indian army officers had rebelled in the hopes that they would be better placed when the British forces arrived”.

880: 381: 557:“A glorious chapter in the History of India's struggle for Freedom has come to a close and, in that chapter, the sons and daughters of India in East Asia will have an undying place.…You sent an unending stream of your sons and daughters to the camps to be trained as soldiers of the Azad Hind Fauj and of the 748:

Farrer Park Field, where Japanese held the alliance building meeting in February 1942 with native Indian Prisoners of War of British Indian Army which led to the eventual formation of the INA in the same month, is an important site. In 1942, following the Japanese takeover of Singapore, soldiers from

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Despite being dissolved in August 1945, the INA and its legacy continued to have far reaching consequences in India such as influencing the new Indian Army, altering British policy towards the Indian forces and also playing a major role in shaping the political outcome following India's independence.

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Following the end of the Japanese occupation, the INA were viewed with great pride and reverence in India as stories of their struggle for India's independence spread quickly. However, the same could not be said for the former INA members in diasporic Singapore. In Singapore, Indians particularly the

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this period, the number of civilians who volunteered to be part of the INA declined greatly as well. In December 1944, only a mere 560 civilians became part of the INA. At that point “there were already 2000 deserters at large in Malaya, and 200 men were disappearing from training camps every month”.

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While earlier academics have often attributed the fall of the INA to prevailing socio-economic conditions during the war or the inefficiency of the Japanese forces, more recent literature which have focused on perspectives from the soldiers themselves, suggests that a multitude of factors contributed

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However towards the end of the Japanese occupation, even Bose could not salvage the falling morale in the INA despite his best efforts. In the midst of quelling various mutinies that had emerged in various INA camps during August 1945, Bose received information that the Japanese were surrendering. On

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in October 1943. Bose was also more successful in negotiations with the Japanese to provide support for the Indian troops. This was largely because Bose was more successful than Singh in the military operations that he organized. The success of the troops also forced the Japanese to take the INA more

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However, towards the end of 1942, Mohan Singh begun to have disagreements with the Japanese authorities. He felt that the Japanese authorities had not kept their promises of treating the Indians as equals largely because they Indian troops were not provided with the latest military equipment and many

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Scholars have generally agreed that both Mohan Singh and Subhas Chandra Bose were influential figures. However, earlier scholars, who were writing at a time when the Indian government had begun to portray Bose as a nationalistic hero, tended to accord much of the success of the INA to Bose. However,

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In the months following the Farrer Park meeting and the eventual formation of the INA in May 1942, Indian and Japanese leaders held various meetings with the most notable one held in Tokyo between 28 March 1942 and 30 March 1942. It was during this meeting that Indian leaders carefully negotiated the

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Following that, Pritam Singh and Major Fujiwara followed the movement of the Japanese troops during their journey from Southern Thailand to Malaya. As they advanced towards Northern Malaya in December 1941, the Japanese forces were able to capture British-Indian soldiers from the 1/14 Punjab regiment

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Fujiwara and Pritam held a series of secret discussions during the months of October and November 1941. During these meetings, Pritam managed to convince Fujiwara that the loyalties of the British Indian soldiers could only be attained if the Japanese authorities would promise the future prisoners of

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Thirdly, the British had already begun to suspect that not all of their Indian Army personnel were loyal to them. This was largely because, towards the end of 1942, the British government had to resort to indiscriminate recruitment in order to maintain the numbers for its army, meaning that it was no

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between 1920 and 1922 which aimed to reject British rule through non-violent means such as boycotting British products and consuming only local products. This movement also strengthened nationalistic feelings amongst the Indian population both in India as well as other parts of the world. As a result

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all came together to lend their support to the INA soldiers. In fact, the Indian National Congress was able to gain popularity amongst the general Indian population by choosing to side with the INA officers despite their varying religious faiths, thus establishing itself as a secular political party

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in terms “pay, allowance and promotions”. This was said to be one of the biggest motivations for the revolt. This “was a lesson for the colonial powers”. In fact, some authors have argued that these realizations greatly shaped the policy of the British towards the Indian forces in the next few years

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After the defeat of the Japanese forces, Singh was sent to India face trial for his role in the INA. However, due to the overwhelming support he received from the Indian population, he was dismissed from the Army and faced no other form of punishment. He eventually pursued a career as a politician.

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The vast difference in treatments provided to those who joined the INA and those who refused further prompted those who initially did not wish to join to change their minds. The Indian POWs who aligned themselves with the INA were often well fed and given simpler, less taxing duties to perform. They

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It would not be until 9 May 1942 that the INA would come into full effect. However, following the events of 17 February 1942 Farrer Park meeting, the Indians in Singapore begun to enjoy special privileges during the Japanese ‘pacification’ of Singapore . This was clearly seen in the vastly different

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was the officer assigned by the Japanese government to head to Bangkok to undertake efforts to “engage in intelligence operations intended to cultivate...Japanese Indian cooperation”. As the first step in his efforts, Major Fujiwara sought out the highly popular but controversial Indian Nationalist,

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The circumstances leading up to the formation of the INA have been contested. While some scholars have gone down the nationalistic road, newer scholars have instead challenged these claims and with the aid of new sources been able to shed a different light on the same event. Early accounts trace the

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In August 1945, Bose was informed of the Japanese's decision to surrender. This marked the end of the INA and its activities. On 15 August 1945, Bose partook in a final radio broadcast in Singapore. He praised and thanked the Indians in East Asia for their huge scarifies. In his speech, he asserted

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who died for the INA's cause. However, despite his best efforts, it would appear that there was very little left of the INA to salvage. By that time, many of the INA soldiers were deeply influenced by communist ideologies and were contributing aid and rations to the guerilla forces. This decline in

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After the capture of Mohan Singh, the Japanese forces enlisted the help of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose to revive and lead the INA. Bose was already very well known amongst the Indian Diaspora communities for his efforts to fight for India's independence and his disagreements with Gandhi's ideologies

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As the Japanese forces felt that Singh was increasingly uncooperative, they feared that he would influence the rest of the INA to rebel against the Japanese as well. As such, Mohan Singh was dismissed from his position as captain and was arrested by the Japanese military police on 29 December 1942.

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In the name of God, in the name of bygone generations who have welded the Indian people into one nation, and in the name of the dead heroes who have bequeathed to us a tradition of heroism and self-sacrifice we call upon the Indian people to rally round our banner and strike for India's freedom. We

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When Subhas Chandra Bose arrived in Singapore in July 1943 to materialise the goal of an independent India, and he mobilised the Indian manpower including civilians and financial resources in East and South-East Asia. He gave instructions that no coercion should be used in recruitment. First Indian

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who would go on to lead the INA later. Mohan Singh was tasked by Fujiwara to “manage the POWs and to maintain law and order in the area”. During this period, Fujiwara was greatly convinced by Mohan Singh's leadership abilities and as such sought Mohan Singh's compliance to aid the Japanese efforts.

759:"Time has come for three million Indians living in East Asia to mobilise all their available resources including money and manpower. Half-hearted measures will not do. …Out of this total mobilisation I expect at least three hundred thousand soldiers and three crores that is thirty million dollars." 525:

The existing INA troops’ unhappiness was further compounded by the news that the 3rd Division of the INA was not going to be allowed to go to Burma to fight for India's independence. Instead, they were tasked to protect the Japanese bases in Singapore and Malaya. In particular the Japanese forces

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had made its rounds amongst the INA troops as well, contributing to their sense of hopelessness. Many of the INA soldiers had also begun to believes that the Japanese would soon be defeated by the allied forces. As such, they were reluctant to obey instructions to serve the Japanese forces. During

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The ‘Bidadari Resolutions’ negotiated between Mohan and other senior Indian officials was formalized on 27 April 1942. These resolutions mandated that the official recruitment for the INA could begin on 8 May 1942 . Mohan Singh continued his attempts to convince the Indian POWs to join the INA. He

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Firstly, the British military was beginning to be spread too thinly and they were unable to allocate much of their resources to the military set up in the Malay Peninsula and Singapore. Secondly, although it appears that the number British-Indian troops swelled from 200,000 to 900,000 between 1939

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Captain Mohan Singh was a soldier of the 1/14th Punjab regiment and a member of the British-Indian forces. He and his troops were captured by the Japanese forces in the Northern part of Malaya in December 1941. Singh believed that the British were exploiting the Indians. His desire to gain Indian

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signed up for the I.N.A., their Gurkha officers and N.C.O.s were taken away to Skeleton Camp for intensive coercion.… Twenty-six were selected for brutal treatment, then returned to camp ‘to think again’… were made to work at heavy tasks, clubbed with rifle butts, brutally beaten with poles, and

561:. Money and materials, you poured lavishly…. Posterity will bless your name, and will talk with pride about your offerings at the altar of India's freedom.…Do not be depressed at our temporary failure.… There is no power on earth that can keep India enslaved. India shall be free and before long.” 238:

Although, initially conflicted as he had heard horrific stories about the torture tactics employed by the Japanese forces, Mohan Singh believed that the proposed new Indian armed forces and cooperation with the Japanese forces, would act as a defence mechanism for “Indian soldiers and to protect

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sand was mixed with their food.… Subadar- Major Chethabahadur of the 2/9th was put in a small cage, starved, left for long periods in solitary confinement and beaten…. Subadar-Major Harisung Bohra of the 2/2nd was blinded and repeatedly beaten with bamboo poles; he died of internal hemorrhages.”

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post-independence historical narrative. The Singapore government often chooses not to allow war commemorations to be along ethnic lines. These accounts often omit the information of the INA soldiers fighting for the Japanese forces, under whom the Chinese population had endured great hardship.

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The INA had left deep impressions on many of the existing British-Indian soldiers, many of them who had been recruited during the war. Their encounters with members of the INA and the secret circulation of past INA propaganda had a lasting impression of the British-Indian soldiers. One British

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on 17 February 1942, that Fujiwara and Mohan Singh first addressed the 45 000 strong British-Indian POWs. Major Fujiwara assured the POWs that they would be treated as comrades as opposed to POWs. He also repeatedly assured the POWs that if they complied with the Japanese forces, they would be

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Simultaneously, there was a more rapid dissolution of the INA occurring in Burma. By the middle of June 1945, when Subash Chandra Bose returned to Singapore, he focused on revitalizing the disintegrating INA movement. He engaged in various propaganda measures, most notably, he called for the

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One explanation is that In the early formation years of Singapore, the government “found themselves in a state without a nation” and at that moment they took advantage of the common suffering that the people had endured during the Japanese occupation and attempted to turn it into one of the

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Many scholars have claimed the INA's story, is an integral part of the history of Indians in Singapore. There has been little focus on the INA in the post-independence historical narrative of Singapore. The INA is only very briefly mentioned as an anti-colonial force in much of Singapore's

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about fighting for independence. As such, Bose was able to rally the INA forces together . He was also able to convince many of the Indian civilians to contribute to the cause of the INA. Bose also encouraged women to partake in activities of the INA, setting up the first women's unit, the

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Towards the end of the Japanese occupation around December 1943, the prevailing socioeconomic conditions for the Indians were quickly going downhill. There was a severe food shortage due to the Japanese losing their footing and influence in many parts of the Southeast Asian region .

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which housed British Indian Army hospital which was bombed by the Japanese forces prior to their invasion of Singapore. After the invasion, it served as one of seven POW camps for interned Indian Army personnel who later became part of INA in Singapore under Lieutenant Colonel

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call upon them to launch the final struggle against the British and their allies in India and to prosecute that struggle with valour and perseverance and full faith in final victory until the enemy is expelled from Indian soil and the Indian people are once again a Free Nation.

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Former Indian National Army Monument, built during Japanese occupation of Singapore during World War II, was demolished by the British colonial administration after the defeat of Japanese in the war, and a new plaque monument stands there now. This plaque was erected by the

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Fujiwara acceded to Singh's request. Consequently, Mohan Singh was told to immediately head a propaganda movement in order to convince British-Indian soldiers to join the newly formed INA. By January 1942, this propaganda movement led by Mohan Singh was in full force.

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Coupled with the glorification of the INA by various political parties, the morale of the members of the British-Indian troops began to decline and signs of rebellion began to emerge. During the first INA trial, in November 1945, the Royal Indian Air Force went on a

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Although the POWs were not coerced into making an immediate decision with regard to joining the INA, the general consensus was that many of the POWs with the exceptions of the higher ranking British officials and the Gurkha contingent were sufficiently convinced.

621:” would be forever loyal to the British. However, this confidence was shaken after the events of World War II. During the INA trials which occurred shortly after the surrender of the Japanese, the British forces uncovered that this “martial races” had felt 167:. It was estimated that were some 37 000 Indian troops stationed in these areas, making up roughly about the 40 percent of the total military strength of the British forces. However, the British-Indian troops stationed begun to experience various problems. 892: 868: 427:

for conservation on 10 February 2003, while the rest of the building structure was later demolished. Thus the new building incorporated conservation of the original art-deco façade of the 1939 and combined together with a modern-day design.

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Indian civilians and property from Japanese exploitation”. As such, Mohan Singh was inclined to agree to Fujiwara's proposal, on the strict condition that Fujiwara agreed to five conditions dictated by Singh. These conditions were:

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As such, due to a combination of the above-mentioned factors and conditions, by 1941, the morale of the Indian Army troops was very low and this set up the stage for many soldiers to switch loyalties to the Japanese in 1942.

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which could represent the interest of all groups of Indians. This would eventually play an important role in the Indian National Congress winning the first general elections in 1947, following the departure of the British.

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ways in which the Japanese treated the Indians and Chinese. During these early months, it was reported that roughly 50 000 Chinese in Singapore and the Malayan Peninsula were brutally killed in what is now known as the ‘

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Padang (literally "the field" in Malay language), where Subhas Chandra Bose addressed the INA soldiers several times. On 9 July 1943 he mobilised the resources for the independence of India with the inspiring words,

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and 1941, it was made up of very young boys (as a result of the open recruitment policy of the British) who had very little or no combat training and experience, leading to anxiety amongst the British-Indian forces.

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To further complicate matters, it was not just the Japanese who were engaged in torturing the Indian POWs. There have been various reports suggesting that the INA formed its own version of the much feared Japanese

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scholars from newer non-nationalistic historical traditions, supported by access to newer historical sources, argue that both Singh and Bose were major players in the formation and maintenance of the INA.

37:, particularly active in Singapore, that was officially formed in April 1942 and disbanded in August 1945. It was formed with the help of the Japanese forces and was made up of roughly about 45 000 Indian 206:

founding of the INA to the spontaneous uprising of nationalism among Indian troops in Malaya. More recent accounts, however, suggest the Japanese played a central role in its formation and development.

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The British administration was able to gather some important lessons from the revolt of the British-Indian officers to form the INA. Prior to World War II, the British had been certain that certain “

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of this movement Gandhi was arrested and he spent two years in jail. However, the effects of this movement were far reaching as it spurred the emergence of a newer generation of Indians from the

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in India. A consensus of opinion arose among almost all the political parties in India which condemned the Government's policy of trying certain I.N.A. officers by court martial.”. The

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Some academics believe that the INA acted as a catalyst for the |India independence movement as it sped up the end of British rule in India. The INA and its legacy continued to aid the

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Aerial panorama of Singapore's Downtown Core with Padang at right, where Subash Chandra Bose addressed INA soldiers several times when it was used as the sepoy lines (cantonment area).

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as it is currently known, was opened on 24 March 2006. The 17 story building now houses the retail, food & beverage outlets, an 8-screen Cathay Cineplex and the residential units.

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The Cathay Building, which was earlier used as cinema, hotel, nightclub, restaurant, etc. was redeveloped in 1999. The front facade of its theatre building structure was gazetted as a

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before India achieved independence in 1947. The British resorted to treating the Indian soldiers with more suspicion but ensured greater equality to prevent such an occurrence again.

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Prior to the arrival of Subhash Chandra Bose in Singapore in July 1943, the Indian POW were recruited by the Mohan Singh for the cause of an independent India, it was called the

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with some areas where the RIN was stationed, experiencing bursts of violence. It was evident by the middle of 1946 that much of the Indian Armed Forces were INA sympathizers.

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4. Indian POWs should be offered a choice about whether they wanted to join the INA and POWs who refuse should not be subjected to any form of torture by the Japanese forces.

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National Army raised by Mohan Singh became part of the Second Indian National Army led by Bose. The combined force was simply called the Indian National Army (INA).

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terms of the INA with the Japanese officials. It was during these series of meetings that Mohan Singh was officially appointed as Commander in Chief for the INA.

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Many of the ex-INA soldiers had by then switched loyalties back towards the British. When the British arrived on 5 September 1945 Shinozaki notes that the

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The poor economic conditions faced by the Indians contributed to the low morale in the ranks of the INA. To further complicate matters, news of the

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15 August 1945, Bose declared the end of the INA through a radio broadcast made in Singapore. Three days later, he perished in an airplane crash.

2358: 121: 773:(Lets march on Delhi) slogans were essential part of their spirit. This field is now a gazetted national monument of Singapore, and also houses 2589: 749:

the British Indian Army were rounded up at Farrer Park Field to urge them to switch allegiance to the Japanese. This event is now known as the

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Wong, D. (2001). Memory suppression and memory production: the Japanese Occupation of Singapore. In J. Fujitani, G. White, & L. Yoneyama,

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BLACKBURN, KEVIN (2000-01-01). "The Collective Memory of the Sook Ching Massacre and the Creation of the Civilian War Memorial of Singapore".

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On 5 August 1943 in another address at Padang he inspired, and received overwhelming response, when he questioned the soldiers if they felt

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The Cathay Cinema Building in Singapore as it looked when Subash Chandra Bose made proclamation of the Free India in 1943, picture c. 1945.

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with himself as the Head of State, Prime Minister and Minister of War. The Japanese utilised the building to broadcast propaganda in the

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Plans by the Japanese forces to influence the British-Indian soldiers in Singapore and Malaya had begun as early September 1941. Major

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The Jungle, Japanese and the British Commonwealth Armies at War, 1941–45: Fighting Methods, Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare

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Farrer Park Field where British Indian POWs were persuaded in February 1942 to switch loyalty to Japan to gain Indian independence.

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and brought together various groups of people who were previously in conflict with each other. This was especially so after the

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Japanese army intelligence operations in Southeast Asia during World War II / Fujiwara Iwaichi ; translated by Akashi Yoji

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1. Full assistance and collaboration would be extended by the Japanese army in the formation of liberation army for India.

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INA was involved in various military operations fighting under the command of the Japanese forces against the British and

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Havers, Robin (2005-01-01). "Jai Hind!: The Indian National Army, 1942–45". In Bennett, Matthew; Latawski, Paul (eds.).

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paying homage to INA martyrs on 24 November 2015 at the present-day plaque which marks the site of former INA Memorial.

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who had fled from India to avoid arrest by the British government. Pritam Singh was also the General Secretary of the

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Alpes, M. (2007). The Congress and the INA Trials, 1945–50: Contest over the Perception of ‘Nationalist’ Politics .

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are the important sites related to INA. All of these lie, from north to south along a 4 km route, within the

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cornerstones of nation building in Singapore. As such, in order to play up the suffering as a common thread and

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Henderson, J. (2007). Remembering the Second World War in Singapore: Wartime Heritage as a Visitor Attraction.

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One of the more significant independent movements which brought together hundreds of thousands of Indians was

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are involved in the preservation of research material and heritage sites in Singapore related to the INA.

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2. The present IIL and INA should not be conflated with each other and be allowed to exist separately.

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A Military History of Indian and Southeast Asia: From the East India Company to the Nuclear Era

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Cathay Building is an important site in the history of the independence of India, it is where

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In 1941, with the impending arrival of the Japanese troops to the Malay Peninsula during the

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5. The soon to be formed INA should be treated as an ‘allied army’ by the Japanese forces.

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Salleh, B. (2012). War Memory and the Making of Modern Malaysia and Singapore (Review).

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between 1945 and 1946. The trials were said to have “created a widespread revolutionary

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which employed various torturous measures in order to coerce the POWs to join the INA.

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The Cathay Building Cinema in 1945 where Free India was proclaimed on 21 October 1943.

87:, never seriously threatened by the INA, charged 300 INA officers with treason in the 3184: 2930: 2915: 2880: 2870: 2769: 2707: 2680: 2447: 2362: 2055: 2039: 1992: 1633: 1361: 1047: 1022: 923: 834: 816: 812: 808: 730: 2007: 1928:

Cohen, Stephen P. (1963-01-01). "Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army".

392:

proclaimed the formation of the Provisional Government of Azad Hind (Free India) at

3152: 2860: 2748: 2702: 2584: 2544: 618: 400:. This government was recognised by several nations and went on to capture India's 160: 34: 2606: 1976: 1261: 3157: 3019: 2655: 2559: 1433: 722: 84: 2935: 2885: 2660: 1617: 910:

Bose lays the foundation of the INA Memorial at Esplanade Park on 8 July 1945.

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He also offered Mohan Singh the opportunity to captain this new Indian army .

96: 88: 2188:"Singapore River Bridges and the Padang to be gazetted as National Monuments" 2031: 1984: 1870: 1816: 1625: 3162: 2780: 2696: 2539: 2218:"Another $ 15 million in restoration funds for owners of national monuments" 1448: 655: 530:(MPAJA), formed in 1944 and was made up of local Chinese and members of the 444: 415: 357: 2023: 1328:"The Government of India and the First Non-Cooperation Movement--1920-1922" 374:

21 October 1943: proclamation of Free India at Cathay Building in Singapore

1682:

The Indian National Army: Second Front of the Indian Independence Movement

1667:

The Sixth Column" The Heroic Personal Story of Lt Col Mahmood Khan Durrani

932:

Deliberate lack of prominence in Singapore Government's official narrative

3044: 3009: 804:

proclaimed the Free India and formed the first independent government of

764: 1561: 2685: 2645: 2484: 2427:

The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942-1945.

1949: 1751:] (in Japanese) (Enlarged and definitive ed.). Chikuma Shobo. 1396: 1353: 855: 738: 576: 344: 859: 742: 718: 448:

Captain Mohan Singh in a meeting with Japanese Major Iwaichi Fujiwara

53:

who headed it till April 1942 before handing the lead of INA over to

1941: 1388: 1344: 1327: 64:. They are notable for their contributions to the battle fought in 2854: 1163:

Indians in Singapore 1819-1945: Diaspora in the Colonial Port City

472: 443: 379: 2104:

Chaudhuri, N. (1953). Subhas Chandra Bose-His Legacy and Legend.

1375:

Habib, Irfan (1998-01-01). "The Left and the National Movement".

936:

Asad Latif has documented Singapore's INA connection in his book

713:

and the PoW headquarters with the largest PoW camp was set up at

1837:

The Indian Army: Its contribution to the development of a nation

253:

3. The POWs should come solely under the purview of Mohan Singh.

2488: 2243:"One-Day International Matches played on The Padang, Singapore" 725:. Other smaller PoW camps housing Indian troops were set up at 1795:

Green, L. C. (1948-01-01). "The Indian National Army Trials".

526:

wanted to use the 3rd division to quell the uprising from the

163:, the British government had begun sending a large number of 2389:

Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

1550:

Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

1495:

The Indian National Army: Motives, Problems and Significance

343:“When none of the Singapore prisoners of 2/2nd or the 2/9th 2091:

Shinozaki, M. (1973). My Wartime Experiences in Singapore.

1197:. London: Praeger Security International. pp. 123–130. 418:

at Cathay Cinema Building in Singapore on 21 October 1943,

1963:

Pande, Amba (2016-07-03). "Bose, beyond the 'Mystery'".

318:

First Indian National Army formed by General Mohan Singh

2378:(pp. 218-238). Perilous memories: the Asia-Pacific wars 2359:

INA monument connect Singapore with Subhas Chandra Bose

831:, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of World War II. 29:(INA) was a Japanese sponsored Indian military wing in 693:

where Subhas Chandra proclaimed an independent India,

300:

Treatment of the Indians under the Early Japanese Rule

1897:. Sage Publications India Pte Ltd. pp. 193–205. 709:(CBD). The supreme command of the INA was set up at 183:

The Role of the Japanese in the formation of the INA

3080: 3000: 2807: 2723: 2614: 2522: 2446: 2095:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2054: 583:Long-term significance of the Indian National Army 165:Indian troops to the Malay Peninsula and Singapore 2057:The Role of Indian Minorities in Burma and Malaya 1895:Modern Indian Political Thought: Text and Context 1043:Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India 630:Contributions to the Indian nationalist movements 605:and in February 1946, the Royal Indian Navy also 567:Aftermath of the Japanese Occupation in Singapore 49:on 15 February 1942. It was initially formed by 1219:The Springing Tiger: A Study of a Revolutionary 406: 1497:. Department of History, University of Malaya. 613:Changes by the British colonial administration 540:memorial in remembrance of the Indian soldiers 2500: 2291:National Archives of Singapore (S1942.org.sg) 1028:History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia 8: 2429:, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press., 2079:Class, Race and Colonialism in West Malaysia 1693: 1691: 83:, the INA was dissolved in August 1945. The 697:former INA sepoy lines ground and adjacent 145:Pre-1942 Conditions in Singapore and Malaya 2507: 2493: 2485: 2376:Perilous Memories: The Asia-Pacific War(s) 1602:"The First Indian National Army, 1941–42" 1343: 1063:List of Indian organisations in Singapore 112:Mahatma Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement 1712: 1710: 111: 2338:. India: Lancer Publisher. p. 50. 2265:"Ground profile: The Padang, Singapore" 1488: 1286: 1249:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 1076: 864: 623:discriminated by the British government 592:Effects on the Indian Army (after 1945) 2316: 2314: 2312: 2072: 2070: 2068: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1888: 1886: 1848: 1846: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1426: 1310: 667:Memory of the INA in Singapore History 1790: 1788: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1521: 1519: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1298: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1100: 842:(not to be confused with INA General 650:, Hindu religious groups such as the 7: 1321: 1319: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1080: 962:create a sense of identity and unity 946:National Heritage Board of Singapore 827:, with financial donations from the 699:Former Indian National Army Monument 603:strike to protest against the trials 414:Subhas Chandra Bose proclaiming the 365:Arrival of Bose and formation of INA 2168:Provisional Government of Arzi Hind 2155: 2143: 1717:Provisional Government of Azad Hind 1653: 528:Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army 3196:India–Singapore military relations 2407:The Indian Army and End of the Raj 2093:Oral History Programme Series No.3 1915:Japan and the Indian National Army 1809:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1948.tb00071.x 1606:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1439:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 1247:The Indian National Army and Japan 1058:List of Hindu temples in Singapore 938:"India in the making of Singapore" 931: 781:cricket match was held during the 640:trials of some of the INA officers 14: 2177:, National Archives of Singapore. 2081:. University of Queensland Press. 1580:A History of Singapore, 1819-1988 16:Indian military wing in Singapore 2605: 915: 903: 891: 879: 867: 785:- a triangular series involving 404:from the British colonial rule. 2575:Provisional Government of India 2530:Revolutionary conspiracy of WWI 2287:"INA War Memorial in Singapore" 2216:Ang, Prisca (15 October 2019). 2409:, Cambridge University Press, 2322:Journal of Heritage Tourism, 2 1728:National Archives of Singapore 1033:History of Singaporean Indians 942:National Archives of Singapore 672:Monuments and important places 313:Pledging Allegiance to the INA 45:, who were captured after the 1: 2006:Rettig, Tobias (2013-12-01). 1977:10.1080/09700161.2016.1184795 922:The Prime Minister of India, 854:and other troops mainly from 829:Indian community in Singapore 811:on 21 October 1943 (see also 775:Singapore Cricket Club Ground 189:Japanese occupation of Malaya 3113:Japanese occupation of Burma 1855:"Patriotism and Its Futures" 1680:Ghosh, Kalyan Kumar (1969). 1512:. Hong Kong: Heinemann Asia. 1493:Ghosh, Kalyan Kumar (1968). 1332:The Journal of Asian Studies 636:Indian Nationalist movements 482:Subhas Chandra Bose (Netaji) 3093:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan 2896:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2334:Brig Jasbir, Singh (2010). 505:to the decline of the INA. 402:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3212: 3108:Selarang Barracks incident 1839:. Oxford University Press. 1582:. Oxford University Press. 1165:. Oxford University Press. 1038:Hinduism in Southeast Asia 991:First Indian National Army 675: 477:Young Subhash Chandra Bose 324:First Indian National Army 280: 220:Indian Independence League 197:Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon 193:Indian Independence League 186: 148: 18: 3143:Malaysian Indian Congress 2603: 1893:Chakrabarthy, B. (2009). 1618:10.1017/S0022463400012583 1600:Toye, Hugh (1984-09-01). 1326:Low, D. A. (1966-01-01). 966:rather fragmented society 707:Central Business District 3098:Special Bureau for India 2733:Indian National Congress 2467:Singh, Harkirat (2003), 2405:Marston, Daniel (2014), 2012:South East Asia Research 1871:10.1215/08992363-5-3-411 1576:Turnbull, Constance Mary 996:Royal Indian Navy mutiny 769:(Victory for India) and 122:Non-Cooperation Movement 2891:Rani of Jhansi Regiment 2636:Indian National Council 2471:, Atlantic Publishers, 2449:Modern India, 1885–1947 2119:Modern India 1885–1947. 1449:10.1057/9780230522459_6 1245:Lebra, Joyce C (2008). 825:National Heritage Board 559:Rani of Jhansi Regiment 532:Malayan Communist Party 489:Rani of Jhansi Regiment 277:The Farrer Park Meeting 2844:First Arakan offensive 2469:INA Trials and the Raj 2445:Sarkar, Sumit (1983), 2425:Fay, Peter W. (1993), 2024:10.5367/sear.2013.0178 1853:Appadurai, A. (1993). 1684:. Meenakshi Prakashan. 1001:Royal Air Force mutiny 844:Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon 644:anti-British sentiment 564: 478: 449: 421: 385: 352: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 107:Background and Context 81:defeat of the Japanese 3128:India in World War II 3103:Azad Hind Decorations 3035:INA Defence Committee 2849:Hindustan Field Force 2631:Swami Satyananda Puri 2336:Escape from Singapore 2132:Studies in History, 3 2053:Mahajani, U. (1960). 1797:The Modern Law Review 1749:Director Yasujiro Ozu 1526:Farewell, B. (1984). 1260:Moreman, Tim (2013). 1018:1915 Singapore Mutiny 981:1915 Singapore Mutiny 779:One Day International 678:INA Martyrs' Memorial 554: 476: 447: 383: 340: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 201:Mohan Singh (general) 3191:Indian National Army 2901:Mohammed Zaman Kiani 2671:Bidadary Resolutions 2516:Indian National Army 2077:Stenson, M. (1980). 1773:"That golden age..." 1745:Kantoku Ozu Yasujiro 1704:, December 08, 2017. 1702:Frontline (magazine) 1665:Durrani, M. (1955). 1193:Sundaram, C (2007). 1161:Rai, Rajesh (2014). 1006:History of Singapore 986:Bidadari Resolutions 977:INA related context 547:Acceptance of Defeat 519:1944 Imphal disaster 388:On 21 October 1943, 272:Establishing the INA 27:Indian National Army 21:Indian National Army 2975:Battle of Irrawaddy 2725:Subhas Chandra Bose 2616:Indian Independence 2117:Sarkar, S. (1989). 2106:Pacific Affairs, 26 1913:Sareen, T. (1986). 1217:Toye, Hugh (1959). 1053:Indian Singaporeans 802:Subhas Chandra Bose 751:Farrer Park address 390:Subhas Chandra Bose 307:Sook Ching Massacre 289:Farrer Park Meeting 283:Farrer Park address 151:Battle of Singapore 139:Subhas Chandra Bose 101:Janaki Athinahappan 55:Subhas Chandra Bose 43:British Indian Army 3040:Kailash Nath Katju 2985:Surrender of Japan 2980:Battle of Meiktila 2691:Bangkok Conference 2173:2022-12-31 at the 1965:Strategic Analysis 1741:Hasumi, Shiguéhiko 1722:2022-12-31 at the 1556:(2 (279)): 71–90. 850:force, comprising 783:1995–96 Singer Cup 538:construction of a 509:Loss of motivation 500:Decline of the INA 479: 450: 436:Leaders of the INA 386: 287:It was during the 135:C. Rajagopalachari 3178: 3177: 3050:Tej Bahadur Sapru 2926:Rasammah Bhupalan 2829:Fall of Singapore 2792:Death controversy 2755:Bengal Volunteers 2590:Greater East Asia 2460:978-0-333-90425-1 2416:978-0-521-89975-8 2222:The Straits Times 1917:. Agam Prakashan. 1835:Cohen, S (2001). 1698:Bose in Singapore 1508:Kikan, F (1983). 1273:978-1-135-76456-2 958:collective memory 683:Farrer Park Field 660:Socialist leaders 607:joined the mutiny 425:national monument 398:Japanese language 230:and their leader 47:fall of Singapore 3203: 3060:Jawaharlal Nehru 2970:Battle of Kohima 2965:Battle of Imphal 2819:Battle of Malaya 2676:Tokyo Conference 2666:Rash Behari Bose 2609: 2555:Berlin Committee 2509: 2502: 2495: 2486: 2481: 2463: 2452: 2439: 2419: 2392: 2385: 2379: 2372: 2366: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2331: 2325: 2318: 2307: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2297:on 10 April 2007 2293:. Archived from 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2267:. CricketArchive 2261: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2245:. 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Loganathan 2810: 2809:Indian National 2803: 2787:Habib-ur-Rahman 2719: 2617: 2610: 2601: 2518: 2513: 2479: 2466: 2461: 2444: 2437: 2424: 2417: 2404: 2401: 2396: 2395: 2386: 2382: 2373: 2369: 2357: 2353: 2346: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2319: 2310: 2300: 2298: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2270: 2268: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2248: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2226: 2224: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2197:. 3 August 2019 2190: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2175:Wayback Machine 2166: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2134:(21), 135–158 . 2129: 2125: 2116: 2112: 2103: 2099: 2090: 2086: 2076: 2075: 2066: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1942:10.2307/2754686 1930:Pacific Affairs 1927: 1926: 1922: 1912: 1911: 1902: 1892: 1891: 1884: 1875: 1873: 1852: 1851: 1844: 1834: 1833: 1824: 1794: 1793: 1786: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1759: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1724:Wayback Machine 1715: 1708: 1696: 1689: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1652: 1641: 1599: 1598: 1587: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1547: 1546: 1535: 1525: 1524: 1517: 1507: 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Allen Lane. 1529: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1504: 1501: 1496: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1458:9781349426041 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1436: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1383:(5/6): 3–33. 1382: 1378: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1313:, p. 420 1312: 1307: 1304: 1301:, p. 98. 1300: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1280: 1275: 1269: 1266:. 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Bhonsle 2861:Azad Brigade 2853: 2796: 2779: 2765:Forward Bloc 2749:Purna Swaraj 2747: 2712: 2703:Hikari Kikan 2695: 2651:K.P.K. Menon 2626:Pritam Singh 2618:League (IIL) 2594: 2585:Pan Asianism 2468: 2448: 2426: 2406: 2388: 2383: 2375: 2370: 2354: 2335: 2329: 2321: 2299:. Retrieved 2295:the original 2290: 2281: 2269:. Retrieved 2259: 2247:. Retrieved 2237: 2225:. Retrieved 2221: 2211: 2199:. Retrieved 2194: 2182: 2163: 2158:, p. 84 2151: 2146:, p. 83 2139: 2131: 2126: 2118: 2113: 2105: 2100: 2092: 2087: 2078: 2056: 2048: 2015: 2011: 2001: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1914: 1894: 1874:. 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Kiani 492:seriously. 453:Mohan Singh 232:Mohan Singh 103:in Malaya. 85:British Raj 33:during the 3185:Categories 3025:Shah Nawaz 2936:John Thivy 2886:Tokyo Boys 2743:Sarat Bose 2656:A.M. Sahay 2641:I Fujiwara 2523:Historical 2301:7 November 2271:16 October 2249:16 October 2227:24 October 2201:26 October 1876:2017-04-19 1778:2018-06-08 1776:Retrieved 1669:. Cassell. 1299:Singh 2003 1221:. Cassell. 1071:References 848:Jind State 735:Queenstown 733:, Buller ( 676:See also: 658:, and the 430:The Cathay 416:Free India 281:See also: 187:See also: 149:See also: 97:John Thivy 89:INA trials 41:(POWs) of 19:See also: 3163:Hugh Toye 3153:Peter Fay 3133:14th Army 2952:Admin Box 2839:First INA 2781:Azad Hind 2697:Azad Hind 2681:H Iwakuro 2661:S.A. Ayer 2540:Har Dayal 2391:, 122-124 2040:144067014 2032:0967-828X 1993:147881461 1985:0970-0161 1817:1468-2230 1634:162199269 1626:1474-0680 1362:162717788 846:) of the 795:Sri Lanka 656:Akali Dal 652:Mahasabha 358:Kempeitai 129:such as, 57:in 1943. 3045:Asaf Ali 2738:C.R. Das 2171:Archived 2156:Fay 1993 2144:Fay 1993 2121:Springer 1743:(2003). 1720:Archived 1654:Fay 1993 1578:(1989). 1562:41493428 972:See also 791:Pakistan 765:Jai Hind 731:Tyersall 727:Bidadari 412:— 3015:Dhillon 2941:Battles 2686:I Kikan 2646:F Kikan 2061:. Vora. 1950:2754686 1397:3517546 1354:2051326 856:Haryana 739:Seletar 715:Neesoon 577:Gurkhas 345:Gurkhas 3020:Sahgal 2550:Chatto 2475: 2457: 2433: 2413: 2342: 2038: 2030: 1991: 1983: 1948: 1815: 1755: 1632: 1624: 1560: 1455: 1395: 1360: 1352: 1270: 860:Punjab 743:Kranji 719:Yishun 695:Padang 199:, and 74:Kohima 70:Imphal 3010:CSDIC 2855:Jiffs 2775:U-180 2545:Ghadr 2399:Notes 2191:(PDF) 2036:S2CID 1989:S2CID 1946:JSTOR 1747:[ 1630:S2CID 1558:JSTOR 1443:–67. 1393:JSTOR 1358:S2CID 1350:JSTOR 964:in a 787:India 552:that: 66:Burma 3169:more 3071:more 2991:more 2959:U-Go 2811:Army 2798:more 2714:more 2596:more 2473:ISBN 2455:ISBN 2431:ISBN 2411:ISBN 2340:ISBN 2303:2006 2273:2011 2251:2011 2229:2019 2203:2019 2028:ISSN 1981:ISSN 1813:ISSN 1753:ISBN 1622:ISSN 1453:ISBN 1268:ISBN 944:and 858:and 852:jats 815:and 793:and 741:and 654:and 153:and 137:and 99:and 72:and 25:The 2195:NHB 2020:doi 1973:doi 1938:doi 1867:doi 1805:doi 1614:doi 1445:doi 1385:doi 1340:doi 819:). 737:), 701:at 120:'s 3187:: 2361:, 2311:^ 2289:. 2220:. 2193:. 2067:^ 2034:. 2026:. 2016:21 2014:. 2010:. 1987:. 1979:. 1969:40 1967:. 1944:. 1934:36 1932:. 1903:^ 1885:^ 1861:. 1857:. 1845:^ 1825:^ 1811:. 1801:11 1799:. 1787:^ 1726:, 1709:^ 1700:, 1690:^ 1642:^ 1628:. 1620:. 1610:15 1608:. 1604:. 1588:^ 1554:73 1552:. 1536:^ 1518:^ 1467:^ 1451:. 1441:55 1405:^ 1391:. 1381:26 1379:. 1356:. 1348:. 1336:25 1334:. 1330:. 1318:^ 1227:^ 1203:^ 1171:^ 1079:^ 940:. 862:. 797:. 789:, 753:. 745:. 729:, 689:, 326:. 195:, 191:, 133:, 76:. 68:, 2508:e 2501:t 2494:v 2348:. 2305:. 2275:. 2253:. 2231:. 2205:. 2042:. 2022:: 1995:. 1975:: 1952:. 1940:: 1879:. 1869:: 1863:5 1819:. 1807:: 1781:. 1761:. 1730:. 1636:. 1616:: 1564:. 1461:. 1447:: 1399:. 1387:: 1364:. 1342:: 1276:. 767:" 763:" 717:( 350:.

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