206:
905:
802:, a key part of the TRC mandate included "creating as complete a historical record as possible of the residential school system and legacy." It was also tasked with preserving collected records documenting the residential school system and those created over the course of the commission's work for future management at a national research centre. While undertaking this task the TRC spent six years travelling to different parts of Canada to hear the testimony of more than 6,500 witnesses including residential school survivors and others impacted by the school system.
1554:
the facts endorsed by the federal government. Everything about the way the commission gathered its testimony was structured to encourage atrocity tales: witnesses testified in public, with audiences that sometimes booed positive statements; boxes of tissues were placed on seats and attendees told their used tissues would be collected and burned in a “sacred fire”; financial compensation was greater for those who could credibly claim to have suffered abuse, so alleging bad treatment could be the difference between getting $ 25,000 or $ 125,000.
773:
665:
1390:. The ambiguity of the TRC's phrasing allowed for the interpretation that physical and biological genocide also occurred. The TRC was not authorized to conclude that physical and biological genocide occurred, as such a finding would imply a legal responsibility of the Canadian government that would be difficult to prove. As a result, the debate about whether the Canadian government also committed physical and biological genocide against Indigenous populations remains open.
1440:
grappling with harms of the past. This wrongly implies that colonialism is not ongoing and is not a continuing part of current government policy. Because of this historicizing, the TRC concentrated its efforts largely on 'psychological' healing through the gathering and airing of stories; however, it lacked significant institutional change, particularly change to the kinds of government institutions involved in residential schools and other forms of colonial domination.
861:
Sharing Panels, etc. The
Commissioners Panels often brought large audiences, drawing hundreds of audience members and reporters with testimonies regularly being recorded and posted online. During the public testimonies, survivors detailed their experiences surrounding the residential schools. These regularly consisted of memories of being stripped of their language and culture as well as experiences of abuse, sexual assault and malnutrition.
1476:
Rodney A. Clifton, former residential school employee in the 1960s, co-penned an editorial questioning the truthfulness of the Report. In it, they held that, while the residential school program had been harmful to many students, the commission had shown "indifference to robust evidence gathering, comparative or contextual data, and cause-effect relationships," which resulted in the commission's report telling "a skewed and partial story".
1448:
order to move past; it makes it less effective as a platform for reconciliation. The approach by the commission to engage with
Indigenous Peoples when and how it is most convenient for non-Indigenous Canadians can be seen as "yet another form of settler colonialism." Because Indigenous "recognition and reconciliation, from a Canadian perspective, focused only on the wrongs of the past, and the situation as it exists today is ignored."
654:
921:
reconciliation between aboriginal and non-aboriginal
Canadians. In addition: "The two commissioners are unprepared to accept that the structure of the commission requires that the commission's course is to be charted and its objectives are to be shaped ultimately through the authority and leadership of its chair." Although Dumont-Smith and Morley denied the charge and initially stayed on, both resigned in January 2009.
49:
1153:, a website to track the status of each call to action. As of March 2018, 10 were marked as completed, 15 were in-progress with projects underway, 25 had projects proposed, and 44 were unmet. As of July 29, 2019, the site has been updated to mark 10 calls to action completed, 21 in-progress with projects underway, 37 in-progress with projects proposed, and 26 "not yet started."
1035:
great many children were subjected to sexual and physical abuse while attending a residential school. It is often claimed that the effects of the trauma have been passed on to the children of those students. The calls to action in this connection connect the poor healthcare provided at residential school to the current gap in health outcomes for
Indigenous people in Canada.
1003:, was one such school, taking in children whom child welfare agencies believed to be at risk. There is an ongoing legacy of state intervention in Indigenous children lives via the child welfare system. By 2011, 3.6 percent of all First Nations children under the age of 14 were in foster care, compared to 0.3 percent for non-lndigenous children. In 2012, the
1467:; no power to offer known perpetrators of abuse the possibility of amnesty in exchange for honest testimony about any abuses that may have been committed. Further, the commission could not explicitly "name names" or accuse individuals; perpetrators held accountable via the commission. Therefore, the Canadian commission heard primarily from former students.
4825:
1538:: "There was nothing good about children going missing and no report being filed. There was nothing good about burying children in unmarked graves far from their ancestral homes." In response, the Conservative Party leadership removed Beyak from the Senate committee underscoring that her comments did not align with the views of the party.
1553:
The Truth and
Reconciliation Commission was a major tactical error on Harper’s part. It invited testimony from survivors and then let that testimony stand unquestioned...this resulted in a document that was essentially oral history but which was treated upon publication as an unquestionable record of
805:
The mandate of the TRC included hosting seven national reconciliation events, collecting all relevant archival documents relating to the residential schools from church and government bodies, collecting statements from survivors, and overseeing a commemoration fund to support community reconciliation
737:
on
Indigenous students and their families. It provided residential school survivors an opportunity to share their experiences during public and private meetings held across the country. The TRC emphasizes that it has a priority of displaying the impacts of the residential schools to the Canadians who
1382:
The report noted that an estimated 150,000 children attended residential schools during its 120-year history and an estimated 3200 of those children died in the residential schools. From the 70,000 former IRS students still alive, there were 31,970 sexual or serious sexual assault cases resolved by
1136:
In 2016 and 2017, historian Ian Mosby evaluated how many of the calls to action had been completed at the one year and two year anniversary marks. In 2016, he concluded that only five calls were complete and three calls were partially complete, leaving 86 calls unmet. In 2017, his evaluation showed
1277:
to establish a strategy for
Indigenous and non-Indigenous artists to undertake collaborative projects: the Canadian Council for the Arts gave $ 17.8 million in funds to Indigenous artists in 2017–18, and is on track to triple its 2015-16 investment of $ 6.3 million to $ 18.9 million in 2020–21, as
1041:
When the
Canadian legal system was tasked with investigating abuse claims, few prosecutions resulted from police investigations. In many cases, the federal government and the RCMP compromised the investigations. Given the statutes of limitations, many acts of abuse have gone unpunished because the
1034:
Healthcare for IRS students varied considerably between schools and between different decades. After the 1940s, health facilities and health care workers became more prevalent. Some schools had a nurse on staff and an infirmary, with doctors who paid visits. Testimony before the TRC reveals that a
856:
The mandate of IRSSA required the TRC to gather testimonies from the residential school's survivors. The testimonies were claimed to be necessary in order for the mandate to create a historical record of the legacy and impacts of the residential schools. The historical record was also important in
1447:
to gain traction or forms of 'moral protest' to develop. Because it was the government that initiated the process of reconciliation and set the terms of it, some critics argued that the colonial power is dictating the terms of their colonial subjects' healing, and " a time limit on 'healing'", in
1346:
In
December 2015, the TRC released its final report. The report was based on primary and secondary source research undertaken by the commission and testimonies collected from residential school survivors during TRC events. The final report summarized the work of the TRC and included the following
1051:
The
Reconciliation section of the calls to action were focused on creating better relations between the federal and provincial governments of Canada and Indigenous nations, with an emphasis on creating a reconciled relationship. The proposed actions are identified in the following sub-categories:
741:
In June 2015, the TRC released an executive summary of its findings along with 94 "calls to action" regarding reconciliation between Canadians and Indigenous Peoples. The commission officially concluded in December 2015 with the publication of a multi-volume final report that concluded the school
1492:
designed to keep the light on a painful aspect of the Canadian experience", and that the volumes on residential schools "barely pretends to be an academic document." He went on to claim that "The study makes no attempt to put things in perspective, to show how practices evolved or to compare the
1475:
The same week the Final Report was released, two retired professors from the University of Manitoba published a scathing criticism of it, titled "Truth and Reconciliation report tells a 'skewed and partial story' of residential schools". Hymie Rubenstein, a retired professor of anthropology and
1479:
According to Rubenstein and Clifton, the Truth and Reconciliation Report did not compare its findings with rates and causes of mortality among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children attending public schools. Rubenstein and Clifton noted that the report also failed to consider Indian residential
1439:
Many writers have observed the way the TRC historicizes the events of colonialism and fails to emphasize that uneven Indigenous-non-Indigenous relationships are perpetual and ongoing. Historicizing is further evident in the TRC's 'Principles of Reconciliation' where reconciliation is framed as
860:
Between 2008 and 2014 the TRC gathered what is estimated to be around 7000 testimonies from the survivors, most from those who had attended the schools after the 1940s. The testimonies were gathered in both public and private settings, such as community hearings, sharing circles, Commissioners
920:
was named to chair the commission. He resigned on October 20, 2008, citing insubordination by the two other commissioners, Claudette Dumont-Smith and Jane Brewin Morley. Laforme said they wanted to focus primarily on uncovering and documenting truth while he wanted to also have an emphasis on
1042:
children did not have the means or possess the knowledge to seek justice for their abuses. The calls to action around justice seek to extend the statutes of limitations and to reaffirm the independence of the RCMP. They also speak to the need to develop culturally appropriate justice systems.
1013:
Due to limited funds, a shortage of trained teachers, and an emphasis on manual labour, many students in the IRS system did not progress beyond a rudimentary education. When residential schools were phased out, Indigenous youth enrolled in provincial schools dropped out in large numbers. The
998:
Residential schools often served as foster homes rather than educational settings. According to a 1953 survey, 4,313 children of 10,112 residential school children were described as either orphans or originated from broken homes. The sole residential school in Canada's Atlantic Provinces, in
1285:
to enable it to support reconciliation: The federal government allotted an additional 75 million dollars towards the CBC in its 2016 budget. The CBC presented an "Accountability Plan" to make public how those funds were being invested. Though the commission called specifically for increased
1242:
Church. These churches began to apologize beginning with the United Church of Canada in 1986, with the others following in the years thereafter. In 2009, the Vatican issued an official expression of sorrow, and Justin Trudeau requested that an official apology be made in 2017. The Truth and
787:(IRSSA). As part of the negotiated IRSSA, a $ 60 million budget over five years was established for the work of the TRC to take place. A one-year extension was granted in January 2014 to allow for the completion of the TRC's mandate, extending the conclusion of the commission to June 2015.
4180:
1310:
included a segment about Indigenous athletes throughout Canadian history in an online exhibit launched in 2017. This was followed by the inclusion of various Indigenous athletes into the British Columbia Hall of Fame, the Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame, and the Toronto Hockey Hall of
974:. The Missing Children Project is an organization that is dedicated to identifying the children who died during their time at the residential schools. The documentation is done through intensive research as well as analyzing the different conditions the students were facing.
1243:
Reconciliation Commission called on all churches involved in the facilitation of the Indian Residential Schools to educate their congregations about the church's involvement in the schools and the impacts of colonialism on Indigenous Peoples. This is done primarily through
982:
In June 2015, the TRC released a summary report of its findings and "94 Calls to Action" to "redress the legacy of residential schools and advance the process of Canadian reconciliation." The calls to action were divided into two categories: "Legacy" and "Reconciliation."
1014:
education focused calls to action are to address the current school completion rates and the income gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous students. In addition, the calls to actions request the elimination of the ongoing discrepancy in funding of Indigenous education.
1401:
in Winnipeg, as an archive to hold the research, documents, and testimony collected by the TRC during its operation. The NCTR opened to the public in November 2015 and holds more than five million documents relating to the legacy of residential schools in Canada.
1318:: the Canadian government promised in 2017 to contribute $ 18.9 million to funding "culturally relevant" sports programs in Indigenous communities over 5 years, with 5.5 million promised every 4 years after 2022, as a collaboration between the
2666:
4309:
1487:
from the claim of having committed genocide, Patrice Dutil, a professor of politics and public administration at Ryerson University (now Toronto Metropolitan University), claimed that the commission was "yet another very expensive
1436:, and Anna Snyder agree with Coulthard's critique of the focus on residential schools as the singular issue to reconcile noting that the schools were only "one aspect of a larger project to absorb or assimilate Aboriginal people".
4839:
1220:
1337:, which is a national organization advocating for resources for Indigenous, Metis, and Inuit athletic programs. The federal government also allocated 47.5 million dollars to sport development in over 300 communities nationwide.
828:
The commission's mandate was originally scheduled to end in 2014, with a final event in Ottawa. However, it was extended to 2015 as numerous records related to residential schools were provided to the commission in 2014 by
1299:(APTN) to support reconciliation: The commission called on APTN to produce and broadcast content by and for Indigenous peoples supporting reconciliation. This initiative was upheld by APTN, with the launch of their series
1186:
Language and Culture (#15) — Appoint an Aboriginal Languages Commissioner: Ronald Ignace was appointed commissioner on June 14, 2021, along with three other directors, to form the Office of the Commission for Indigenous
1493:
Canadian experience with that of other countries. It is, rather, a blunt catalogue of findings typical of Royal Commissions, providing a long list of mini-studies of various phenomena with scarcely an academic veneer."
1641:
has been capitalized in keeping with the style guide of the Government of Canada. The capitalization also aligns with the style used within the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada and the
1511:
of Aboriginal Peoples, voiced disapproval of the final TRC report, claiming that it had omitted an "abundance of good" that she thought was present in the schools. Her comments were widely criticized, including by
3812:
887:
refers to the act of restoring a once harmonious relationship. The commission came under criticism for using the term in their name, however, as it implies that there was once a harmonious relationship between
1421:, has argued that the TRC's focus on the residential school system positioned reconciliation as a matter of "overcoming a 'sad chapter' in history," which failed to recognize the ongoing nature and impact of
5154:
4966:
4445:
4302:
4218:
1643:
1057:
1028:. The calls to action request increased funding for educating children in Indigenous languages and also request that post-secondary institutions provide degrees and diplomas in Indigenous languages.
4025:
4223:
991:
The Legacy section of the calls to action focused on redressing the harms resulting from the Indian residential schools (IRS), the proposed actions are identified in the following sub-categories:
5139:
4295:
4809:
4518:
1194:
utilizing data from the 2014 General Social Survey. The report found that higher levels of Indigenous Canadians were found to have been victims of crime in 2014 than non-Indigenous Canadians.
857:
educating the public on "the truth of what happened" in Canada. The records of the testimonies and documents of the residential schools are open to the public in a National Research Centre.
1410:
A number of critiques about the TRC have been put forward by both Indigenous and non-Indigenous writers, ranging from its scope and motivating framework to its methodology and conclusions.
4140:
970:. Over the course of the residential schools, thousands of children died as a result of diseases, suicide, malnutrition, etc. In 1917, the death rates stopped from being documented by the
4248:
2593:
In order to redress the legacy of residential schools and advance the process of Canadian reconciliation, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission makes the following calls to action.
5114:
693:
5029:
1116:
The degree of implementation has been assessed differently by observers. Two of the most prominent asessements are conducted by the Yellowhead Institute at Ryerson University (now
1197:
Justice (#41) — Appoint a public inquiry into the causes of, and remedies for, the disproportionate victimization of Aboriginal women and girls: In the immediate aftermath of the
4190:
3890:
3730:
590:
257:
2028:
1329:
Reconciliation (#90) — Ensure that national sports policies, programs and initiatives are inclusive of Aboriginal Peoples: After the release of the commission's report in 2015,
3231:
2530:
1292:
it is impossible for public funds to be put towards specific programming. However, the amount of programming by and for Indigenous Peoples has increased on the CBC since 2016.
5129:
4513:
4255:
4050:
3703:
3629:
1226:
Reconciliation (#59) — Church parties to residential school settlement to educate congregations on why apologies necessary: 67 percent of residential schools were run by the
314:
3325:
825:
in administration of the residential schools. Later, in 2017, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau also vocalized an apology to those who were victims of the residential schools.
4971:
4195:
4060:
3804:
2100:
1452:
1386:
The TRC concluded that the removal of children from the influence of their own culture with the intent of assimilating them into the dominant Canadian culture amounted to
880:
640:
5088:
4200:
4135:
4018:
817:
of Edmonton, Alberta, held an interdisciplinary studies conference on the subject of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee. On June 11 of the same year, Prime Minister
794:
with a mandate of documenting the history and impacts of the residential school system. About 70 percent of the schools were administered, with government funds, by the
615:
519:
1695:
837:. The commission needed additional time to review these documents. The commission held its closing event in Ottawa from May 31 to June 3, 2015, including a ceremony at
4185:
2506:
2604:
TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 6-21-1, volume 2 (Ctrl #27-6), H. M. Jones to Deputy Minister, December 13, 1956.
1906:
4792:
4508:
1456:
1319:
1216:
784:
727:
489:
165:
3778:
4243:
3180:
2351:
484:
5119:
4644:
4384:
4145:
4120:
1432:
was able to apologize for the system in 2008 and, a year later, claim that there is no history of colonialism in Canada. Professors Brian Rice, a member of the
2478:
2164:
1137:
that only 7 of the 94 calls had been completed. At the end of 2020, his evaluation (together with Eva Jewell) is that only 8 calls had been fully implemented.
3838:
4389:
4205:
4042:
4011:
1589:
1394:
1183:
for the protection and promotion of Indigenous languages across Indigenous, Metis, and Inuit cultures. The Indigenous Languages Act came law on 21 June 2019.
747:
97:
4661:
4235:
1513:
403:
252:
2641:
5134:
4170:
3504:
3441:
686:
3935:
5149:
4875:
4802:
4379:
4115:
1574:
1251:
966:
The TRC contributed to not only educating the public about the reality of the residential schools, but also led to creating organizations such as the
734:
658:
383:
274:
5109:
2692:
1581:. It was created to address the Calls to Action, among them the development of "culturally appropriate curricula" for Aboriginal Canadian students.
1573:, an encyclopedia with content including information about indigenous lands, languages, communities, treaties, and cultures, and topics such as the
3967:
2456:
2054:
1190:
Justice (#39) — Collect and publish data on the criminal victimization of Aboriginal people: Statistics Canada published a report in 2016 entitled
4940:
4371:
4085:
1480:
schools were typically located in rural areas far from hospitals, making treatment more difficult to acquire. They describe it as "bad research".
767:
393:
269:
1584:
The Nordic countries of Norway, Sweden, and Finland have established truth and reconciliation commissions to address the colonialization of the
1443:
Another criticism of the commission is that reconciliation is introduced "on terms still largely dictated by the state," rather than allowing a
5124:
4619:
4604:
4230:
2073:
1323:
754:
in November 2015, is an archival repository home to the research, documents, and testimony collected during the course of the TRC's operation.
499:
408:
373:
337:
4560:
4160:
2963:
2244:
2219:
1296:
1202:
679:
620:
514:
431:
398:
363:
2001:
4737:
4155:
4080:
3126:
1004:
378:
1762:
4550:
4405:
4130:
2263:
McNeill, Laurie (July 3, 2015). "Witnessing without Testimony: The Pedagogical Kairos of Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission".
1564:
814:
723:
110:
5065:
4599:
4525:
4400:
4125:
1569:
1728:
4634:
4589:
4055:
3550:
3484:
2314:
1146:
1121:
845:
834:
436:
247:
3315:"Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada"
1205:
and girls. The inquiry commenced in 2016, and concluded on June 3, 2019, and included numerous recommendations for addressing the "
635:
733:
The commission was officially established on June 1, 2008, with the purpose of documenting the history and lasting impacts of the
4863:
4685:
4110:
3285:
625:
348:
2899:
2450:
4880:
4210:
1315:
1307:
1117:
358:
309:
3916:
3353:(October 2, 2015). "Canada's history wars: indigenous genocide and public memory in the United States, Australia and Canada".
17:
5000:
4450:
3864:
1198:
875:
The Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was named in a similar fashion to the commissions by the same name in
2577:
904:
4614:
4584:
4334:
3988:
1239:
1161:
763:
562:
557:
509:
319:
264:
1455:, the Canadian commission was not a federal or state-led initiative. It was developed as part of a legal settlement, the
1020:
Children in residential schools were not allowed to speak their native languages or practice their culture. According to
4319:
4175:
4150:
2789:
1819:
1501:
1425:. For Coulthard, reconciliation being tied solely to the residential school system and actions of the past explains why
971:
932:, a senior executive with the Workers' Safety and Compensation Commission of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, and
552:
504:
195:
3579:. What We Have Learned: Principles of Truth and Reconciliation The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2015
2520:
2033:
1508:
1274:
830:
4105:
3630:"Rubenstein & Clifton: Truth and Reconciliation report tells a 'skewed and partial story' of residential schools"
892:
and Indigenous Peoples that is being restored, while that relationship may never have existed in Canada. The use of
4624:
4287:
3314:
1932:
951:
842:
446:
3048:
1849:
4774:
4695:
4065:
2720:
2667:"Curious about how many of the TRC's calls to actions have been completed? Check Ian Mosby's Twitter | CBC Radio"
1824:
1546:
1460:
1267:
1231:
1227:
1176:
1168:
1160:
Language and Culture (#13) — Acknowledge that Aboriginal rights include Aboriginal language rights: In 2017, the
1000:
937:
929:
799:
494:
4986:
4920:
4769:
4690:
4656:
4343:
2552:
1426:
472:
205:
3891:"'There was nothing good': Anglican church disputes Senator's claim that residential schools contained 'good'"
2924:
2841:
3680:
2870:
5144:
4993:
4945:
4668:
4543:
4538:
4503:
4165:
4075:
1949:
1619:
1607:
1535:
1334:
1288:
1235:
1172:
917:
304:
216:
3573:
2979:
2186:"Media practices and painful pasts: the public testimonial in Canada's truth and reconciliation commission"
896:
thereby perpetuates such myth by continuing to deny "the existence of pre-contact Aboriginal sovereignty."
772:
5058:
4629:
4609:
4594:
4422:
1578:
1542:
1398:
751:
4950:
4732:
4530:
4460:
3758:
3350:
2900:"Inquiry into missing and murdered Indigenous women issues final report with sweeping calls for change"
806:
events. The TRC's mandate emphasized preserving and exposing the true history of residential schools.
4707:
4276:
1613:
1520:
822:
791:
120:
3756:
Dutil, Patrice (Autumn–Winter 2020). "Not Guilty: Sir John A. Macdonald & the Genocide Fetish".
2842:"Indigenous languages: Newly named commissioner from B.C.'s Interior says he'll fight for resources"
2417:
1383:
Independent Assessment Process, and 5,995 claims were still in progress as of the report's release.
4915:
4742:
3865:"There was nothing good: An open letter to Canadian Senator Lynn Beyak – Anglican Church of Canada"
1065:
Settlement agreement parties and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1025:
813:
tour to promote activities of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. On January 21–22, 2008, the
537:
477:
1975:
1125:
1007:
voiced concern on Canada's removal of Indigenous children from their families as a 'first resort'.
4925:
3945:
3940:
3536:"Reconciliation in the Context of a Settler Society: Healing the Legacy of Colonialism in Canada"
3535:
3378:
3134:
2932:
2500:
2483:
2332:
2288:
1700:
1156:
As of June 22, 2021, the CBC has marked the following 13 calls to action as "complete":
933:
2095:
2055:
Mark Kennedy, "At least 4,000 aboriginal children died in residential schools, commission finds"
1754:
230:
958:
Honorary Witness of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on Residential Schools in Canada.
5083:
5051:
4930:
4885:
4764:
4678:
4427:
4349:
3611:
3546:
3480:
3419:
3370:
2959:
2814:
2320:
2310:
2280:
2240:
2215:
2185:
2146:
1601:
1484:
1387:
743:
368:
3599:
1793:
4907:
4673:
4577:
4572:
4437:
4034:
3409:
3362:
3100:
2997:
2763:
2745:
2272:
2136:
1505:
1282:
1259:
1206:
943:
913:
870:
3704:"Truth and Reconciliation report tells a 'skewed and partial story' of residential schools"
1877:
1616: – Establishment of racial discrimination as a policy within a society or organisation
5007:
4747:
4700:
4465:
4415:
2693:"Calls To Action Accountability: A 2020 Status Update On Reconciliation Executive Summary"
2344:
1724:
1516:
925:
795:
715:
567:
542:
279:
148:
1463:, various Church bodies, and the Government of Canada. As such, the TRC had no powers of
1164:
2307:
The survivors speak : a report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
1907:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission Granted One-Year Extension to its Operating Period"
4393:
4271:
3936:"Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada launches after two years of input from communities"
3232:"Investing in the health and well-being of Indigenous youth through the power of sport"
2125:"Witnessing the Unspoken Truth: On Residential School Survivors' Testimonies in Canada"
2059:
1750:
1585:
1429:
1414:
1213:
947:
818:
630:
595:
464:
3279:
3277:
3155:
2925:"Senate approves bill to implement UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples"
1530:. The Anglican Church also raised concerns, stating in a release co-signed by bishops
5103:
5037:
5021:
4900:
4759:
4752:
4410:
4098:
4093:
2622:
United Nations, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations, 12–13
2292:
1433:
1244:
876:
669:
572:
388:
353:
3731:"Debunking the half-truths and exaggerations in the Truth and Reconciliation report"
3382:
3073:
4979:
4455:
3993:
3655:
1418:
1330:
955:
441:
324:
3442:"'A new beginning' National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation opens in Winnipeg"
3414:
3397:
3366:
2276:
2165:"Huge number of records to land on Truth and Reconciliation Commission's doorstep"
3543:"Speaking my truth" : reflections on reconciliation & residential school
1650:
is capitalized when discussing peoples, cultures, or communities in the same way
5044:
4498:
3779:"Lynn Beyak calls removal from Senate committee 'a threat to freedom of speech'"
2845:
1527:
1523:
1422:
1223:
was passed on June 16, 2021, in its third attempt at being passed in parliament.
838:
809:
In March 2008, Indigenous leaders and church officials embarked on a multi-city
547:
3256:
3127:"Royal assent given to bill creating national day for truth and reconciliation"
2029:"Library and Archives Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission Web Archive"
1696:"14.12 Elimination of Racial and Ethnic Stereotyping, Identification of Groups"
1526:, though some Conservative senators claimed her opinions were an expression of
4935:
4355:
3545:(Scholastic Edition/First Printing. ed.). Aboriginal Healing Foundation.
2956:
Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, MĂ©tis, and Inuit Issues in Canada
1956:. Government of Canada Office of the Auditor General of Canada. April 30, 2013
1531:
1497:
1444:
936:, former Conservative Member of Parliament and Alberta regional chief for the
330:
48:
3615:
3423:
3374:
2324:
2284:
2150:
1933:"Your questions answered about Canada's residential school system | CBC News"
4890:
3805:"Conservatives disavow Tory senator's positive views of residential schools"
426:
343:
3477:
Red skin, white masks : rejecting the colonial politics of recognition
1306:
Reconciliation (#87) — Tell the stories of Aboriginal athletes in history:
783:
The TRC was established in June 2008 as one of the mandated aspects of the
2141:
2124:
5014:
3839:"Senator dumped from aboriginal issues committee for controversial views"
3130:
2928:
2790:"A core part of our identity': Indigenous language law targeted for 2018"
2767:
2525:
1464:
134:
130:
2642:"TRC calls to action update after 500-plus days since Trudeau's promise"
4727:
2387:
2365:
2096:"Statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools"
2074:"Indian, church leaders launch multi-city tour to highlight commission"
1755:"Statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools"
1674:
issued by Stephen Harper on behalf of the Government of Canada in 2008.
889:
1950:"Chapter 6—Creating a Historical Record of Indian Residential Schools"
4833:
2821:. Legislative Services Branch (Government of Canada). October 1, 2020
1672:
Statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools
1021:
4003:
1303:
in 2016 centring on missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls.
940:, were appointed to replace commissioners Dumont-Smith and Morley.
726:
active in Canada from 2008 to 2015, organized by the parties of the
3863:
Hiltz, Frank; MacDonald, Mark; Thompson, Michael (March 20, 2017).
3023:
1878:"Schedule N of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement"
4840:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act
1024:, 36 percent of Canada's Indigenous languages are listed as being
903:
771:
223:
3049:"Canada - Communiqué of the Holy See Press Office, 29 April 2009"
2479:"Native leaders divided over future of residential schools panel"
4361:
908:
Commissioner Littlechild speaking at a TRC event in Inuvik, 2011
4291:
4007:
3324:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. May 31, 2015.
2815:"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Indigenous Languages Act"
2721:"Beyond 94: Where is Canada at with reconciliation? | CBC News"
3574:"What We Have Learned: Principles of Truth and Reconciliation"
2578:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action
2557:
The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition
2104:. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Government of Canada. June 11, 2008
1644:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1588:
which are modelled on the Canadian commission. Norway created
18:
Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2583:(Report). Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, 2012
1058:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People
3968:"Finland Probes Injustices Against Nordic Indigenous People"
2477:
Joe Friesen, Jacquie McNish, Bill Curry (October 22, 2008).
928:
was appointed to replace Laforme as chairperson of the TRC.
4810:
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
1281:
Reconciliation (#84) — Restore and increase funding to the
1203:
national inquiry into missing and murdered indigenous women
2613:
Canada, Statistics Canada, Aboriginal People in Canada, 19
1459:, between various residential school survivor groups, the
3541:. In DeGagné, Mike; Dewar, Jonathan; Lowry, Glen (eds.).
3205:
2869:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (June 28, 2016).
2452:
Judge at head of residential school investigation resigns
1074:
Professional development and training for public servants
5155:
Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls movement
2631:
Moseley and Nicolas, Atlas of the World's Languages, 117
2063:, Canada.com, January 3, 2014, accessed October 18, 2015
1670:
is the term used in the final report of the TRC and the
1610: – Term used for some indigenous peoples in Canada
1333:
announced that it would be reinstating funding to the
779:, published by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission
3396:
Woolford, Andrew; Benvenuto, Jeff (October 2, 2015).
3286:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission: By the numbers"
2418:"Imaginary Spaces of Conciliation and Reconciliation"
3917:"Stirring Up Hatred Against Indian Boarding Schools"
3702:
Rubenstein, Hymie; Rodney, Clifton (June 22, 2015).
3604:
Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society
2871:"Victimization of Aboriginal people in Canada, 2014"
1982:. Indigenous and Northern Affairs. December 14, 2015
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1658:
is used to refer to non-Indigenous topics or people.
179:
5140:
Assimilation of indigenous peoples of North America
5030:
Richard Cardinal: Cry from a Diary of a MĂ©tis Child
4959:
4899:
4862:
4853:
4818:
4783:
4720:
4643:
4559:
4487:
4478:
4436:
4370:
4333:
4326:
4264:
4041:
3998:
3729:Rubenstein, Hymie; Rodney, Clifton (June 4, 2015).
1794:"The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada"
1704:. Public Works and Government Services Canada. 2017
1453:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa
1254:
as a statutory holiday: Bill C-5 was passed on June
1005:
United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child
174:
158:
141:
126:
116:
106:
90:
75:
60:
55:
2258:
2256:
2101:Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada
1592:in 2018, and Sweden and Finland followed in 2021.
1192:Victimization of Aboriginal people in Canada, 2014
5089:Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians
2239:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.
1314:Reconciliation (#88) — Continued support for the
1062:Royal proclamation and covenant of reconciliation
3832:
3830:
1068:Equity for Aboriginal people in the legal system
798:. As explained in the 2013 Spring Report of the
720:Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada
40:Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada
3598:Tuck, Eve; Yang, K. Wayne (September 8, 2012).
3498:
3496:
3101:"Beyond 94: Truth and Reconciliation in Canada"
2002:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada"
1976:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada"
1551:
1320:Ministry of Sport and Persons with Disabilities
1217:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1212:Reconciliation (#43) — Adopt and implement the
785:Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement
738:have been kept in the dark from these matters.
728:Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement
166:Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement
2746:"Beyond 94 Truth and Reconciliation in Canada"
1457:Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement
1351:"Honouring the Truth, Reconciling the Future,"
1230:, with the remaining 33 percent including the
5115:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
4303:
4019:
3309:
3307:
2691:Mosby, Ian; Jewell, Eva (December 17, 2020).
2521:"The commissioners for native reconciliation"
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
708:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
687:
33:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
8:
3999:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3322:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
2505:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2214:(1 ed.). Highwater Press. p. 171.
2027:Canada, Library and Archives (May 3, 2017).
1944:
1942:
1395:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
1092:National centre for truth and reconciliation
748:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
98:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
38:
32:
4967:Portrayals of the residential school system
3994:Indian Residential School Resolution Canada
1850:"FAQs: Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
1514:Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs
1324:Ministry of Indigenous and Northern Affairs
1278:detailed in their 2016-2021 Strategic Plan.
1124:(CBC). The government also conducted their
5130:Human rights organizations based in Canada
4859:
4780:
4484:
4330:
4310:
4296:
4288:
4026:
4012:
4004:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
694:
680:
191:
47:
3681:"My Indian Residential School Experience"
3413:
2140:
2123:Sedehi, Kamelia Talebian (July 1, 2019).
1872:
1870:
1575:Canadian Indian residential school system
1252:National Day for Truth and Reconciliation
1201:, the new Trudeau government announced a
735:Canadian Indian residential school system
4657:Violence against WetĘĽsuwetĘĽen protesters
1844:
1842:
1372:"Missing Children and Unmarked Burials,"
1360:"The History, Part 1 - Origins to 1939,"
27:Investigated harm to indigenous students
2350:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2129:Theory and Practice in Language Studies
1687:
1631:
1089:Missing children and burial information
768:Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples
194:
3837:Campion-Smith, Bruce (April 5, 2017).
3074:"Justin Trudeau asks Pope for apology"
2498:
2340:
2330:
1209:" faced by Indigenous women in Canada.
1179:, that they would be co-developing an
833:following a January 2013 order of the
338:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
31:
3966:Pohjanpolo, Kati (October 28, 2021).
3435:
3433:
3230:Heritage, Canadian (April 19, 2017).
3095:
3093:
3091:
2893:
2891:
2864:
2862:
2715:
2713:
2459:from the original on November 3, 2012
2366:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
1820:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
1731:from the original on October 25, 2016
1363:"The History, Part 2 - 1939 to 2000,"
1297:Aboriginal Peoples Television Network
1167:announced, in collaboration with the
364:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
7:
5120:Truth and reconciliation commissions
4738:Justice for our Stolen Children Camp
4318:Violence and discrimination against
2006:Our Stories: First Peoples in Canada
1366:"The Inuit and Northern Experience,"
4798:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
4406:First Nations nutrition experiments
3505:"Glen Coulthard & the three Rs"
3503:Querengesser, Tim (December 2013).
1565:Royal Canadian Geographical Society
1250:Reconciliation (#80) — Establish a
1077:Church apologies and reconciliation
1071:National council for reconciliation
724:truth and reconciliation commission
111:Truth and reconciliation commission
5066:The Unnatural and Accidental Women
3934:Roy, Gabrielle (August 29, 2018).
3889:Hopper, Tristan (March 20, 2017).
3803:Galloway, Gloria (March 9, 2017).
3777:Ballingall, Alex (April 6, 2017).
3600:"Decolonization is not a metaphor"
3534:Rice, Brian; Snyder, Anna (2012).
2898:Tasker, John Paul (June 3, 2019).
2533:from the original on June 26, 2013
1885:www.residentialschoolsettlement.ca
1759:Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
1570:Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada
1286:Indigenous programming, under the
25:
5135:First Nations education in Canada
4827:An Act to amend the Criminal Code
3815:from the original on May 11, 2017
3656:"Hymie Rubenstein - Academia.edu"
3479:. University of Minnesota Press.
3440:Dehaas, Josh (November 3, 2015).
3331:from the original on July 6, 2016
3284:Schwartz, Daniel (June 2, 2015).
3028:The Presbyterian Church in Canada
2788:Pucci, Michelle (June 19, 2017).
2235:Justice Murray, Sinclair (2015).
1765:from the original on May 16, 2017
1147:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1122:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
835:Ontario Superior Court of Justice
790:The commission was founded as an
5150:Truth and reconciliation reports
4686:Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet
4256:Yugoslavia (Federal Republic of)
4086:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3915:Andrews, Helen (July 13, 2022).
2958:. Highwater Press. p. 171.
821:apologized for the role of past
663:
652:
204:
5110:First Nations history in Canada
4881:British Columbia Treaty Process
2840:Narine, Shari (June 16, 2021).
1316:North American Indigenous Games
1247:, a faith-based advocacy group.
1132:Yellowhead Institute assessment
1118:Toronto Metropolitan University
310:British Columbia Treaty Process
3398:"Canada and colonial genocide"
3024:"Healing & Reconciliation"
1725:"Briefing Note on Terminology"
1419:Yellowknives Dene First Nation
1397:(NCTR) was established at the
1:
5125:Residential schools in Canada
3475:Coulthard, Glen Sean (2014).
3415:10.1080/14623528.2015.1096580
3367:10.1080/14623528.2015.1096583
3125:Bryden, Joan (June 5, 2021).
3002:The Anglican Church of Canada
2486:(Last updated March 13, 2009)
2277:10.1080/08989575.2015.1088768
1818:Ry Moran (December 7, 2017).
1723:McKay, Celeste (April 2015).
1567:announced the release of the
1056:Canadian governments and the
764:Settler colonialism in Canada
4320:Indigenous peoples in Canada
3402:Journal of Genocide Research
3355:Journal of Genocide Research
1308:Canada's Sports Hall of Fame
1080:Education for reconciliation
972:Department of Indian Affairs
315:Crown and Indigenous peoples
4941:Old-growth logging protests
3160:Canada Council for the Arts
2984:The United Church of Canada
2390:. Oxford English Dictionary
2368:. Oxford English Dictionary
2265:A/B: Auto/Biography Studies
2034:Library and Archives Canada
1646:. In the Canadian context,
1275:Canada Council for the Arts
1104:Business and reconciliation
831:Library and Archives Canada
553:Indigenous English Dialects
79:December 18, 2015
5171:
4708:Judge David William Ramsay
2008:. Centennial College. 2018
1727:. University of Manitoba.
868:
777:They Came for the Children
761:
5079:
4829:for trafficking of minors
4696:Saskatoon freezing deaths
4380:Residential school system
4240:United States of America
4215:Timor-Leste (East Timor)
3989:Calls to Action, document
3921:The American Conservative
3869:Anglican Church of Canada
3156:"Commitments: Indigenous"
2455:, CBC, October 18, 2008,
1911:Government of Canada News
1825:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1547:The American Conservative
1541:Conservative Commentator
1461:Assembly of First Nations
1169:Assembly of First Nations
1101:Sports and reconciliation
1001:Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia
938:Assembly of First Nations
815:King's University College
800:Auditor General of Canada
659:Indigenous North Americas
46:
37:
4770:Walking With Our Sisters
4691:Killing of Chantel Moore
4585:Winnipeg serial killings
4344:Gradual Civilization Act
3660:independent.academia.edu
1604: – Type of genocide
1549:criticized the process:
1181:Indigenous Languages Act
1098:Media and reconciliation
968:Missing Children Project
962:Missing Children Project
811:Remembering the Children
792:arms-length organization
437:Indigenous personalities
4946:Trans Mountain pipeline
4669:Gustafsen Lake standoff
3509:Northern Public Affairs
3105:newsinteractives.cbc.ca
2998:"A step along the path"
2954:Vowel, Chelsea (2016).
2416:Garneau, David (2012).
2210:Vowel, Chelsea (2016).
1980:www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca
1620:Racism in North America
1608:First Nations in Canada
1471:Questioning of findings
1369:"The MĂ©tis Experience,"
1354:"What We Have Learned,"
1335:Aboriginal Sport Circle
1295:Reconciliation (#85) —
1273:Reconciliation (#83) —
1173:Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
918:Ontario Court of Appeal
4921:Caledonia land dispute
4775:Women's Memorial March
4535:Healthcare inequality
4423:High Arctic relocation
2167:. CBC. April 23, 2014.
1579:cultural appropriation
1556:
1483:In an essay defending
1399:University of Manitoba
1357:"The Survivors Speak,"
1177:MĂ©tis National Council
909:
780:
752:University of Manitoba
750:, which opened at the
719:
64:June 2, 2008
39:
4620:Jean Virginia Sampare
4605:Tammy Lamondin-Gagnon
3759:The Dorchester Review
2142:10.17507/tpls.0907.01
1199:2015 federal election
1162:Minister for Heritage
1026:critically endangered
1018:Language and Culture:
907:
869:Further information:
775:
5001:Missing and Murdered
4561:Missing and Murdered
4401:Forced sterilization
4277:Transitional justice
2875:www150.statcan.gc.ca
2819:Justice Laws Website
2697:Yellowhead Institute
2076:. CBC. March 2, 2008
1614:Institutional racism
1563:In August 2018, the
1521:New Democratic Party
1086:Museums and archives
881:South Africa in 1996
563:Aboriginal syllabics
538:Indigenous languages
151:, chief commissioner
121:Government of Canada
4916:Burnt Church Crisis
4743:Moose Hide campaign
4615:Helen Betty Osborne
4514:Criminal sentencing
4488:Structural violence
4335:Settler colonialism
3351:MacDonald, David B.
3185:cbc.radio-canada.ca
2237:The Survivors Speak
1502:Conservative member
1490:prise de conscience
1445:grassroots movement
1107:Newcomers to Canada
952:Rosebud Reservation
883:. In this context,
742:system amounted to
591:Traditional beliefs
432:Indigenous cultures
275:Residential schools
265:Settler colonialism
34:
4926:Clayoquot protests
4519:Mass incarceration
4492:and discrimination
3946:The Canadian Press
3941:The Globe and Mail
3809:The Globe and Mail
3135:The Canadian Press
2933:The Canadian Press
2553:"Sandy White Hawk"
2484:The Globe and Mail
2190:link.galegroup.com
1913:. January 30, 2014
1798:link.galegroup.com
1701:Translation Bureau
1519:and leader of the
1509:Standing Committee
1417:, a member of the
934:Wilton Littlechild
924:On June 10, 2009,
910:
781:
196:Indigenous peoples
91:Superseding agency
5097:
5096:
5084:Indigenous rights
5075:
5074:
4931:Keystone Pipeline
4886:Yukon Land Claims
4849:
4848:
4765:Sisters in Spirit
4716:
4715:
4600:Pamela Holopainen
4474:
4473:
4428:RCMP dog killings
4350:Numbered Treaties
4285:
4284:
4035:Truth commissions
2965:978-1-55379-680-0
2752:. March 19, 2018.
2529:. June 10, 2009.
2246:978-0-660-01985-7
2221:978-1-55379-680-0
2212:Indigenous Writes
1954:www.oag-bvg.gc.ca
1753:(June 11, 2008).
1602:Cultural genocide
1485:John A. Macdonald
1388:cultural genocide
1378:"Reconciliation."
1375:"The Legacy," and
1268:statutory holiday
1258:3, 2021, to make
950:adoptee from the
744:cultural genocide
704:
703:
670:Canada portal
616:Index of articles
369:Numbered Treaties
190:
189:
16:(Redirected from
5162:
5032:
4994:Highway of Tears
4951:UnistĘĽotĘĽen Camp
4908:Water protection
4906:
4867:
4860:
4781:
4674:Ipperwash Crisis
4648:
4645:Police brutality
4635:Lisa Marie Young
4625:Loretta Saunders
4590:Immaculate Basil
4573:Highway of Tears
4565:Indigenous Women
4564:
4491:
4485:
4466:Indian hospitals
4362:Role of the RCMP
4331:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4289:
4265:Related concepts
4028:
4021:
4014:
4005:
3976:
3975:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3834:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3540:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3500:
3491:
3490:
3472:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3417:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3319:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3281:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3181:"Year in Review"
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3097:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3004:. August 6, 2013
2994:
2988:
2987:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2422:
2413:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2388:"Reconciliation"
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2328:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2182:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2144:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2070:
2064:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1882:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1790:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1692:
1675:
1665:
1659:
1636:
1289:Broadcasting Act
1283:CBC/Radio-Canada
1265:
1260:Orange Shirt Day
1257:
1207:endemic violence
944:Sandy White Hawk
914:Harry S. Laforme
871:Truth commission
843:Governor General
696:
689:
682:
668:
667:
666:
657:
656:
655:
374:Royal Commission
280:Indian hospitals
253:Pre-colonization
208:
192:
186:
183:
181:
142:Agency executive
86:
84:
71:
69:
51:
42:
35:
21:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5071:
5028:
5008:The Pass System
4955:
4904:
4901:Land protection
4895:
4876:Specific claims
4865:
4855:
4845:
4814:
4785:
4779:
4748:REDress Project
4712:
4701:Neil Stonechild
4646:
4639:
4578:list of victims
4562:
4555:
4526:Food insecurity
4489:
4480:
4470:
4432:
4416:Kimelman Report
4366:
4322:
4316:
4286:
4281:
4260:
4191:Solomon Islands
4037:
4032:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3950:
3948:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3897:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3818:
3816:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3639:
3637:
3636:. June 22, 2015
3628:
3627:
3623:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3474:
3473:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3099:
3098:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2980:"The Apologies"
2978:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2935:. June 16, 2021
2923:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2646:windspeaker.com
2640:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2462:
2460:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2425:West Coast Line
2420:
2415:
2414:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2339:
2329:
2317:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1751:Harper, Stephen
1749:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1666:
1662:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1598:
1561:
1517:Carolyn Bennett
1496:In March 2017,
1473:
1408:
1344:
1263:
1255:
1228:Catholic Church
1143:
1134:
1114:
1049:
989:
980:
978:Calls to action
964:
926:Murray Sinclair
902:
873:
867:
865:Commission name
854:
796:Catholic Church
770:
760:
700:
664:
662:
661:
653:
651:
646:
645:
611:
603:
602:
586:
578:
577:
543:Inuit languages
533:
525:
524:
465:Indian reserves
460:
452:
451:
422:
414:
413:
384:Specific claims
379:Self-government
340:
300:
292:
291:
243:
197:
178:
170:
154:
149:Murray Sinclair
102:
82:
80:
67:
65:
56:Agency overview
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5168:
5166:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5145:2015 in Canada
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5102:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4912:
4910:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4836:
4834:Project E-Pana
4831:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4795:
4789:
4787:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4671:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4653:
4651:
4649:and misconduct
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4569:
4567:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4551:Long-term DWAs
4548:
4547:
4546:
4544:Joyce Echaquan
4541:
4539:Brian Sinclair
4533:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4511:
4509:Climate change
4506:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4394:Chanie Wenjack
4387:
4376:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4352:
4347:
4339:
4337:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4292:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4272:Right to truth
4268:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4249:Maine Wabanaki
4246:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3984:
3983:External links
3981:
3978:
3977:
3958:
3926:
3907:
3881:
3855:
3826:
3795:
3769:
3748:
3721:
3694:
3683:. June 1, 2016
3672:
3647:
3621:
3590:
3565:
3551:
3526:
3492:
3485:
3458:
3429:
3408:(4): 373–390.
3388:
3361:(4): 411–431.
3342:
3303:
3273:
3257:"TRC Findings"
3248:
3222:
3206:"Taken | APTN"
3197:
3172:
3147:
3117:
3087:
3076:. May 29, 2017
3065:
3053:www.vatican.va
3040:
3015:
2989:
2971:
2964:
2946:
2916:
2887:
2858:
2832:
2806:
2780:
2755:
2737:
2709:
2683:
2658:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2569:
2544:
2512:
2469:
2442:
2401:
2379:
2357:
2315:
2309:. . May 2015.
2298:
2271:(2): 309–332.
2252:
2245:
2227:
2220:
2202:
2170:
2156:
2115:
2087:
2065:
2060:Ottawa Citizen
2047:
2019:
1993:
1967:
1938:
1924:
1898:
1866:
1838:
1810:
1776:
1742:
1715:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1660:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1597:
1594:
1590:its commission
1577:, racism, and
1560:
1557:
1536:Mark MacDonald
1472:
1469:
1430:Stephen Harper
1427:Prime Minister
1415:Glen Coulthard
1407:
1404:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1327:
1312:
1304:
1293:
1279:
1271:
1248:
1224:
1214:United Nations
1210:
1195:
1188:
1184:
1142:
1141:CBC assessment
1139:
1133:
1130:
1126:own assessment
1113:
1112:Implementation
1110:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:Youth programs
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1048:
1047:Reconciliation
1045:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1015:
1008:
996:Child welfare:
988:
985:
979:
976:
963:
960:
948:Sicangu Lakota
901:
898:
894:reconciliation
885:reconciliation
866:
863:
853:
850:
846:David Johnston
819:Stephen Harper
759:
756:
702:
701:
699:
698:
691:
684:
676:
673:
672:
648:
647:
644:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
599:
598:
596:Inuit religion
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
481:
480:
475:
467:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
334:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
305:Indigenous law
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
287:Reconciliation
284:
283:
282:
277:
272:
262:
261:
260:
250:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
235:
234:
227:
220:
210:
209:
201:
200:
188:
187:
176:
172:
171:
169:
168:
162:
160:
156:
155:
153:
152:
145:
143:
139:
138:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
101:
100:
94:
92:
88:
87:
77:
73:
72:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5167:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5038:Rustic Oracle
5035:
5033:
5031:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5022:Quiet Killing
5019:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4861:
4858:
4852:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:and inquiries
4782:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4760:Red handprint
4758:
4754:
4753:Red Dress Day
4751:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4630:Amber Tuccaro
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4595:Tina Fontaine
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:Child poverty
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4486:
4483:
4477:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4461:Indian agents
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4411:Sixties Scoop
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4313:
4308:
4306:
4301:
4299:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4017:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3959:
3951:September 25,
3947:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3930:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3908:
3896:
3895:National Post
3892:
3885:
3882:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3856:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3796:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3752:
3749:
3736:
3735:National Post
3732:
3725:
3722:
3709:
3708:National Post
3705:
3698:
3695:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3635:
3634:National Post
3631:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3591:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3554:
3552:9780988127425
3548:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3527:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3486:9780816679652
3482:
3478:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3241:September 25,
3237:
3233:
3226:
3223:
3215:September 25,
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3190:September 24,
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3165:September 25,
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3118:
3110:September 25,
3106:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2909:September 23,
2905:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2880:September 24,
2876:
2872:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2833:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2799:September 23,
2795:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2487:
2485:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2346:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2316:9780660019833
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2195:September 27,
2191:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1803:September 27,
1799:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1543:Helen Andrews
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1434:Mohawk Nation
1431:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1245:KAIROS Canada
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1095:Commemoration
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1002:
997:
994:
993:
992:
986:
984:
977:
975:
973:
969:
961:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
919:
915:
906:
900:Commissioners
899:
897:
895:
891:
886:
882:
878:
877:Chile in 1990
872:
864:
862:
858:
851:
849:
847:
844:
840:
836:
832:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
803:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
778:
774:
769:
765:
757:
755:
753:
749:
745:
739:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
697:
692:
690:
685:
683:
678:
677:
675:
674:
671:
660:
650:
649:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
626:First Nations
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
607:
606:
597:
594:
593:
592:
589:
588:
582:
581:
574:
573:Inuit grammar
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
529:
528:
521:
520:Pacific Coast
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
468:
466:
463:
462:
456:
455:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
418:
417:
410:
407:
405:
404:Organizations
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
389:Treaty rights
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
354:Land defender
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
339:
335:
333:
332:
328:
326:
323:
321:
320:Health Policy
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
296:
295:
288:
285:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
266:
263:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
239:
238:
233:
232:
228:
226:
225:
221:
219:
218:
217:First Nations
214:
213:
212:
211:
207:
203:
202:
199:
193:
185:
177:
173:
167:
164:
163:
161:
157:
150:
147:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
99:
96:
95:
93:
89:
78:
74:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4987:Foster Child
4985:
4980:Finding Dawn
4978:
4838:
4826:
4797:
4733:History wars
4610:Serena McKay
4499:Birth alerts
4456:Potlatch ban
4392: /
4354:
4342:
4196:South Africa
4186:Sierra Leone
4070:
3971:
3961:
3949:. Retrieved
3939:
3929:
3920:
3910:
3898:. Retrieved
3894:
3884:
3872:. Retrieved
3868:
3858:
3846:. Retrieved
3843:Toronto Star
3842:
3817:. Retrieved
3808:
3798:
3786:. Retrieved
3783:Toronto Star
3782:
3772:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3739:. Retrieved
3737:. Post Media
3734:
3724:
3712:. Retrieved
3710:. Post Media
3707:
3697:
3685:. Retrieved
3675:
3663:. Retrieved
3659:
3650:
3638:. Retrieved
3633:
3624:
3607:
3603:
3593:
3583:February 18,
3581:. Retrieved
3568:
3558:February 18,
3556:. Retrieved
3542:
3529:
3519:February 19,
3517:. Retrieved
3512:
3508:
3476:
3449:. Retrieved
3445:
3405:
3401:
3391:
3358:
3354:
3345:
3333:. Retrieved
3321:
3294:. Retrieved
3289:
3264:. Retrieved
3260:
3251:
3239:. Retrieved
3235:
3225:
3213:. Retrieved
3209:
3200:
3188:. Retrieved
3184:
3175:
3163:. Retrieved
3159:
3150:
3138:. Retrieved
3120:
3108:. Retrieved
3104:
3078:. Retrieved
3068:
3056:. Retrieved
3052:
3043:
3031:. Retrieved
3027:
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
3001:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2955:
2949:
2937:. Retrieved
2919:
2907:. Retrieved
2903:
2878:. Retrieved
2874:
2849:. Retrieved
2835:
2823:. Retrieved
2818:
2809:
2797:. Retrieved
2793:
2783:
2771:. Retrieved
2758:
2749:
2740:
2728:. Retrieved
2724:
2700:. Retrieved
2696:
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2670:
2661:
2649:. Retrieved
2645:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2592:
2585:. Retrieved
2572:
2560:. Retrieved
2556:
2547:
2537:December 13,
2535:. Retrieved
2524:
2515:
2489:. Retrieved
2482:
2472:
2461:, retrieved
2451:
2445:
2435:February 19,
2433:. Retrieved
2428:
2424:
2392:. Retrieved
2382:
2370:. Retrieved
2360:
2306:
2301:
2268:
2264:
2236:
2230:
2211:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2189:
2159:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2106:. Retrieved
2099:
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2068:
2058:
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2032:
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
2005:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1979:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1953:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1910:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1884:
1857:. Retrieved
1853:
1831:September 8,
1829:. Retrieved
1823:
1813:
1801:. Retrieved
1797:
1767:. Retrieved
1758:
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1699:
1690:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1634:
1586:Saami people
1583:
1568:
1562:
1552:
1540:
1495:
1489:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1412:
1409:
1392:
1385:
1381:
1345:
1342:Final report
1331:Sport Canada
1300:
1287:
1240:Presbyterian
1191:
1180:
1165:MĂ©lanie Joly
1155:
1150:
1149:established
1145:In 2018 the
1144:
1135:
1115:
1050:
1038:
1031:
1017:
1010:
995:
990:
981:
967:
965:
956:South Dakota
942:
930:Marie Wilson
923:
911:
893:
884:
874:
859:
855:
827:
810:
808:
804:
789:
782:
776:
740:
732:
711:
707:
705:
459:Demographics
442:Country food
329:
325:Idle No More
286:
229:
222:
215:
159:Key document
127:Headquarters
117:Jurisdiction
29:
5045:Secret Path
4868:land claims
4784:Commissions
4531:Foster care
4451:Pass system
4446:Stereotypes
4201:South Korea
4176:Philippines
4111:El Salvador
3266:October 24,
2846:Global News
2764:"Beyond 94"
2463:October 20,
2394:October 26,
2372:October 26,
2341:|work=
1545:writing in
1528:free speech
1524:Tom Mulcair
1451:Unlike the
1423:colonialism
852:Testimonies
839:Rideau Hall
823:governments
568:Chinuk pipa
548:Chinuk Wawa
532:Linguistics
515:Territories
485:Atlantic CA
349:Land claims
5104:Categories
5052:This River
4936:Oka Crisis
4864:Indigenous
4385:gravesites
4356:Indian Act
4327:Background
4244:Greensboro
4056:Bangladesh
3766:(2): 9–18.
3515:(2): 59–61
3335:January 6,
3261:www.trc.ca
3080:October 4,
3058:October 4,
3033:October 4,
3008:October 4,
2135:(7): 755.
2012:January 7,
1986:January 7,
1960:January 7,
1917:January 7,
1891:January 6,
1682:References
1648:Indigenous
1639:Indigenous
1532:Fred Hiltz
1498:Lynn Beyak
1413:Professor
1406:Criticisms
1347:sections:
1262:(September
1187:Languages.
1175:, and the
1120:) and the
1011:Education:
762:See also:
758:Background
621:Indigenous
359:Land title
331:Indian Act
83:2015-12-18
68:2008-06-02
4891:Land Back
4721:Responses
4224:2005–2008
4219:2001–2005
4206:Sri Lanka
4151:Mauritius
4131:Guatemala
4099:2003–2011
4094:1990–1991
4051:Argentina
3972:Bloomberg
3687:March 28,
3665:March 28,
3640:March 28,
3616:1929-8692
3451:March 15,
3424:1462-3528
3375:1462-3528
3296:March 28,
2730:March 19,
2676:March 16,
2651:March 16,
2562:April 12,
2501:cite news
2343:ignored (
2333:cite book
2325:907968278
2293:155303705
2285:0898-9575
2151:1799-2591
2040:March 15,
1859:March 15,
1735:April 30,
1708:April 30,
1221:Bill C-15
1151:Beyond 94
585:Religions
344:Land Back
198:in Canada
76:Dissolved
5015:Pig Girl
4479:Specific
4372:Genocide
4081:Colombia
3813:Archived
3741:June 29,
3714:June 29,
3383:74512843
3326:Archived
3290:CBC News
3140:June 26,
3131:CBC News
2939:June 26,
2929:CBC News
2851:June 26,
2773:June 26,
2768:CBC News
2587:June 14,
2531:Archived
2526:CBC News
2457:archived
2108:June 17,
2080:June 11,
1854:CBC News
1763:Archived
1729:Archived
1668:Survivor
1656:Canadian
1652:European
1596:See also
1465:subpoena
1322:and the
1232:Anglican
1039:Justice:
912:Justice
890:settlers
722:) was a
409:Politics
399:Case law
394:Genocide
299:Politics
270:Genocide
258:Genetics
248:Timeline
137:, Canada
135:Manitoba
131:Winnipeg
4854:Related
4803:Holiday
4728:AmINext
4679:Inquiry
4236:Ukraine
4231:Tunisia
4156:Morocco
4146:Liberia
4121:Germany
4106:Ecuador
4061:Bolivia
4043:Country
3446:CTVNews
3210:aptn.ca
2825:July 8,
2702:July 8,
2491:May 31,
1504:of the
1032:Health:
916:of the
421:Culture
242:History
175:Website
81: (
66: (
4856:topics
4481:issues
4438:Racism
4211:Taiwan
4181:Rwanda
4166:Panama
4090:Chile
4071:Canada
4066:Brazil
3900:May 7,
3874:May 7,
3848:May 7,
3819:May 7,
3788:May 7,
3614:
3549:
3483:
3422:
3381:
3373:
2962:
2904:cbc.ca
2794:cbc.ca
2323:
2313:
2291:
2283:
2243:
2218:
2149:
1887:. 2006
1769:May 7,
1559:Legacy
1506:Senate
1266:30) a
1264:
1256:
1238:, and
1236:United
1171:, the
1022:UNESCO
987:Legacy
746:. The
716:French
61:Formed
5059:Taken
4960:Media
4905:
4866:
4819:Legal
4793:IRSSA
4647:
4563:
4490:
4161:Nepal
4141:Kenya
4136:Haiti
4126:Ghana
3610:(1).
3577:(PDF)
3539:(PDF)
3379:S2CID
3329:(PDF)
3318:(PDF)
3292:. CBC
3236:gcnws
2581:(PDF)
2421:(PDF)
2289:S2CID
1881:(PDF)
1626:Notes
1311:Fame.
1301:TAKEN
841:with
641:Stubs
636:MĂ©tis
631:Inuit
610:Index
478:MĂ©tis
447:Music
231:MĂ©tis
224:Inuit
4972:list
4662:2020
4390:list
4171:Peru
4116:Fiji
4076:Chad
3953:2018
3902:2017
3876:2017
3850:2017
3821:2017
3790:2017
3743:2015
3716:2015
3689:2022
3667:2022
3642:2022
3612:ISSN
3585:2017
3560:2017
3547:ISBN
3521:2017
3481:ISBN
3453:2018
3420:ISSN
3371:ISSN
3337:2019
3298:2017
3268:2019
3243:2019
3217:2019
3192:2019
3167:2019
3142:2021
3112:2019
3082:2019
3060:2019
3035:2019
3010:2019
2960:ISBN
2941:2021
2911:2019
2882:2019
2853:2021
2827:2021
2801:2019
2775:2021
2732:2018
2704:2021
2678:2018
2653:2018
2589:2015
2564:2024
2539:2020
2507:link
2493:2017
2465:2008
2437:2017
2396:2016
2374:2016
2352:link
2345:help
2321:OCLC
2311:ISBN
2281:ISSN
2241:ISBN
2216:ISBN
2197:2019
2147:ISSN
2110:2015
2082:2011
2042:2018
2014:2019
1988:2019
1962:2019
1919:2019
1893:2019
1861:2018
1833:2019
1805:2019
1771:2017
1737:2017
1710:2017
1534:and
1500:, a
1393:The
946:, a
879:and
766:and
706:The
558:NAPA
182:.trc
107:Type
4903:and
3410:doi
3363:doi
2750:CBC
2725:CBC
2671:CBC
2431:(2)
2273:doi
2137:doi
1654:or
1128:.
712:TRC
469:AB
427:Art
184:.ca
180:www
5106::
3970:.
3944:.
3938:.
3919:.
3893:.
3867:.
3841:.
3829:^
3811:.
3807:.
3781:.
3764:10
3762:.
3733:.
3706:.
3658:.
3632:.
3606:.
3602:.
3511:.
3507:.
3495:^
3461:^
3444:.
3432:^
3418:.
3406:17
3404:.
3400:.
3377:.
3369:.
3359:17
3357:.
3320:.
3306:^
3288:.
3276:^
3259:.
3234:.
3208:.
3183:.
3158:.
3133:.
3129:.
3103:.
3090:^
3051:.
3026:.
3000:.
2982:.
2931:.
2927:.
2902:.
2890:^
2873:.
2861:^
2844:.
2817:.
2792:.
2766:.
2748:.
2723:.
2712:^
2695:.
2669:.
2644:.
2591:.
2555:.
2523:.
2503:}}
2499:{{
2481:.
2429:46
2427:.
2423:.
2404:^
2337::
2335:}}
2331:{{
2319:.
2287:.
2279:.
2269:30
2267:.
2255:^
2188:.
2173:^
2145:.
2131:.
2127:.
2098:.
2057:,
2031:.
2004:.
1978:.
1952:.
1941:^
1909:.
1883:.
1869:^
1852:.
1841:^
1822:.
1796:.
1779:^
1761:.
1757:.
1698:.
1234:,
1219::
954:,
848:.
730:.
718::
714:;
510:SK
505:QC
500:ON
495:MB
490:BC
473:FN
133:,
4311:e
4304:t
4297:v
4027:e
4020:t
4013:v
3974:.
3955:.
3923:.
3904:.
3878:.
3852:.
3823:.
3792:.
3745:.
3718:.
3691:.
3669:.
3644:.
3618:.
3608:1
3587:.
3562:.
3523:.
3513:2
3489:.
3455:.
3426:.
3412::
3385:.
3365::
3339:.
3300:.
3270:.
3245:.
3219:.
3194:.
3169:.
3144:.
3114:.
3084:.
3062:.
3037:.
3012:.
2986:.
2968:.
2943:.
2913:.
2884:.
2855:.
2829:.
2803:.
2777:.
2734:.
2706:.
2680:.
2655:.
2566:.
2541:.
2509:)
2495:.
2439:.
2398:.
2376:.
2354:)
2347:)
2327:.
2295:.
2275::
2249:.
2224:.
2199:.
2153:.
2139::
2133:9
2112:.
2084:.
2044:.
2016:.
1990:.
1964:.
1935:.
1921:.
1895:.
1863:.
1835:.
1807:.
1773:.
1739:.
1712:.
1326:.
1270:.
710:(
695:e
688:t
681:v
85:)
70:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.