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According to section 106c of the law "all contracts between the appropriate
Secretary and Indian tribes shall be limited to a term of one (1) to three (3) years," sometimes making it difficult to achieve longer term goals. The 1975 law also allowed either Secretary to annul a 638 contract or reassume control of a program "if he or she finds that the tribal contractor's performance involves the violations of rights...gross negligence or mismanagement in the handling of contract funds."
403:'s "Message from the President of the United States Transmitting Recommendations for Indian Policy" (8 July 1970) recommended self-determination for Indian tribes as a goal of the federal government. His message said that termination was an incorrect policy. Nixon called for broad-sweeping self-determination legislation. This goal was met in the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act or PL 93-638.
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program (in areas such as resource management, law enforcement, education, childcare, and environmental protection) while meeting federal requirements and guidelines in order to receive funding and support. The duties entailed in contracts between the federal government and the tribes were assigned to implementing agencies, one of which was the
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The BIA at first resisted this change. The process was strictly for approval of funds for tribal use to conduct their own affairs, for instance, to educate their children. Continued efforts by tribal leaders to obtain the grant money and pressure from
Congressional representatives helped bring about
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In the 1950s, some members of
Congress passed legislation to renew the effort to have Native Americans assimilate, and to terminate the special relationship between the federal government and tribal nations. The government sought to terminate the legal standing of numerous tribes, judging their
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Implementation of PL 93-638 created a process known as self-determination contracting, under which "the employees and administrative control of an otherwise federal program are transferred to the tribal government via a "638 contract"." Under these contracts, tribes agree to set up a particular
39:
An Act to provide maximum Indian participation in the government and education of the Indian people; to provide for the full participation of Indian tribes in programs and services conducted by the
Federal Government for Indians and to encourage the development of human resources of the Indian
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Although the 638 contracts provide necessary funding and assistance programs to many tribes, PL 93-638 had significant limitations. For example, tribes did not have the ability to reallocate government funds across different 638-contracted programs to meet shifting needs in their communities.
356:(IRA) of 1934 was an early step in the renewal of tribal self-governance, in the forms of creation of constitutions and employment of counsel. The IRA was somewhat limited, as all tribal actions were subject to review by the Secretary of the Interior (via the
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the focus of government action. The Act reversed a 30-year effort by the federal government under its preceding termination policy to sever treaty relationships with and obligations to Indian tribes. The Act was the result of 15 years of change, influenced by
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The failure of termination policies became obvious with assessment by the late 1960s. Native
Americans and the federal government began to work for a return to greater Indian rights represented by the earlier IRA. The passage of the
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154:
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E. Fletcher McClellan. "Implementation and Policy
Reformulation of Title I of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975–80." Wíčazo Ša Review, Vol. 6, No. 1, (Spring, 1990)
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883:
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Edmund J. Danziger, Jr. "A New
Beginning or the Last Hurrah: American Indian Response to Reform Legislation of the 1970s." American Indian Culture and Research Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4, (1984)
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people; to establish a program of assistance to upgrade Indian education; to support the right of Indian citizens to control their own educational activities; and for other purposes.
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Russel L. Barsh, Ronald L. Trosper. "Title I of the Indian Self-Determination and
Education Assistance Act of 1975." American Indian Law Review, Vol. 3, No. 2. (1995)
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Eric C. Henson. The State of Native
Nations: Conditions Under U.S. Policies of Self-Determination. The Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Policy, 2007.
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Stephen
Cornell, Joseph P. Kalt. "American Indian Self-Determination: The Political Economy of a Successful Policy." JOPNA Working Paper No.1 (November 2010)
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310:. The tribes would have authority for how they administered the funds, which gave them greater control over their welfare. The ISDEAA is codified at
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McClellan. "Implementation and Policy Reformulation of Title I of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975–80." p. 47
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McClellan. "Implementation and Policy Reformulation of Title I of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975–80." p. 46
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Robert J. McCarthy, "The Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Federal Trust Obligation to American Indians," 19 BYU J. PUB. L. 1 (December, 2004)
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Robert J. Havighurst. "Indian Education Since 1960." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences. Vol. 436 (March, 1978)
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515:"Gerald R. Ford: "Statement on Signing the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act.," January 4, 1975"
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Guy B. Senese. Self-Determination and the Social Education of Native Americans. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991.
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members ready to be independent U.S. citizens. More than 100 tribes and communities were terminated under the
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a new way of doing business. The influence of the BIA over tribal affairs slowly lessened. In addition, the
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Amendments have been made by legislators to the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act.
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566:"The State of Native Nations: Conditions Under U.S. Policies of Self-Determination." 2007
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1975 U.S. law allowing federal grants to be made directly to recognized native tribes
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United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
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found that the Federal government was liable for payments under a 638 contract.
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376:(ICRA) was influential. ICRA guaranteed the application of much of the
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List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
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292:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975
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Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975
391:(AIM) and alike, and high-profile demonstrations such as the
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The Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development
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County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
521:. University of California, Santa Barbara. Archived from
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Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
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Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
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The rise of activist groups in the 1960s, such as the
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City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
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Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
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Signed into law on January 4, 1975, the ISDEAA made
318:, beginning at section 5301 (formerly section 450).
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Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
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Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
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481:(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press) pp. 278–279
1356:United States federal Native American legislation
493:Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations
172:on December 19, 1974 (Passed) with amendment
908:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
1234:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
788:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
479:American Indians: Answers to Today's Questions
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8:
892:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
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1366:United States federal education legislation
495:(New York: W.W. Norton and Co.) pp. 180–187
300:Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
828:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
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658:
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488:(St. Paul: West Publishing Co.) pp. 23–33
247:Menominee Tribe of Wis. v. United States
1181:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
644:Self Governance material for downloads
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585:Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma v. Leavitt
427:Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma v. Leavitt
20:
1115:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
932:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
685:Native Americans in the United States
557:Statement by President Gerald R. Ford
334:, and community development based on
7:
1351:Indigenous politics in North America
796:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
1361:United States federal Indian policy
1103:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
764:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
294:(Public Law 93-638) authorized the
155:Senate Interior and Insular Affairs
486:American Indian Law in a Nut Shell
348:Native American self-determination
308:federally recognized Indian tribes
266:Becerra v. San Carlos Apache Tribe
178:on December 19, 1974 (Agreed)
159:House Interior and Insular Affairs
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1273:National Indian Gaming Commission
868:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
732:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
513:Gerhard Peters; John T. Woolley.
820:Menominee Tribe v. United States
395:led by Native American activist
176:Senate agreed to House amendment
27:
1027:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
555:The American Presidency Project
519:The American Presidency Project
374:Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968
228:Salazar v. Ramah Navajo Chapter
1257:In the Courts of the Conqueror
860:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
166:on April 1, 1974 (Passed)
1:
1139:Native American Languages Act
48:Indian Educational Reform Act
1278:Native American civil rights
1133:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
972:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
629:The State of Native Nations
1293:Recognition of sacred sites
1288:Native American Rights Fund
1193:Federally recognized tribes
1073:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
422:United States Supreme Court
197:United States Supreme Court
1387:
1151:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
708:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
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209:Cherokee Nation v. Leavitt
1067:Indian Reorganization Act
994:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
852:United States v. Antelope
366:Indian termination policy
354:Indian Reorganization Act
338:political participation.
296:Secretary of the Interior
203:
124:
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1219:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1121:Indian Child Welfare Act
924:South Dakota v. Bourland
414:Bureau of Indian Affairs
389:American Indian Movement
358:Bureau of Indian Affairs
328:American Indian activism
1268:Long Walk of the Navajo
1198:State recognized tribes
1097:Indian Civil Rights Act
484:William C. Canby, Jr..
151:Committee consideration
1283:Native American gaming
1186:Legal status of Hawaii
1061:Indian Citizenship Act
940:Idaho v. United States
844:Bryan v. Itasca County
780:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
740:Standing Bear v. Crook
393:occupation of Alcatraz
147:) on February 26, 1973
1091:Indian Relocation Act
948:United States v. Lara
724:Fellows v. Blacksmith
346:Further information:
332:Civil Rights Movement
113:ch. 14, subch. II
1371:1975 in American law
716:Worcester v. Georgia
1263:Indian reservations
1224:Cherokee Commission
700:Johnson v. McIntosh
525:on October 31, 2016
491:Charles Wilkinson.
120:Legislative history
23:
1323:Self-determination
1318:Tribal sovereignty
1244:Eagle-bone whistle
1037:Indian Removal Act
1025:Nonintercourse Act
1019:Blood quantum laws
986:McGirt v. Oklahoma
323:self-determination
316:United States Code
188:on January 4, 1975
96:25 U.S.C.: Indians
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1337:
1239:Eagle feather law
1173:State recognition
964:Cobell v. Salazar
876:Solem v. Bartlett
748:Ex parte Crow Dog
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164:Passed the Senate
131:in the Senate as
70:Statutes at Large
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1214:Aboriginal title
1031:Civilization Act
967:(D.C. Cir. 2009)
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87:Codification
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1229:Dawes Rolls
1012:Legislation
598: (2005)
544:answers.com
529:October 30,
261: (2016)
242: (2012)
223: (2005)
186:Gerald Ford
1345:Categories
1303:Survivance
1049:Curtis Act
451:References
443:Amendments
336:grassroots
129:Introduced
58:Public law
36:Long title
1055:Burke Act
1043:Dawes Act
500:Citations
109:25 U.S.C.
53:Citations
45:Nicknames
692:Case law
312:Title 25
75:88
1207:Related
1168:Federal
416:, BIA.
342:History
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1153:(1990)
1147:(1990)
1141:(1990)
1135:(1988)
1129:(1984)
1123:(1978)
1117:(1978)
1111:(1975)
1105:(1971)
1099:(1968)
1093:(1956)
1087:(1953)
1081:(1940)
1075:(1936)
1069:(1934)
1063:(1924)
1057:(1906)
1051:(1898)
1045:(1887)
1039:(1830)
1033:(1819)
997:(2022)
989:(2020)
975:(2013)
959:(2005)
951:(2004)
943:(2001)
935:(1997)
927:(1993)
919:(1990)
911:(1989)
903:(1987)
895:(1986)
887:(1985)
879:(1984)
871:(1982)
863:(1978)
855:(1977)
847:(1976)
839:(1974)
831:(1973)
823:(1968)
815:(1960)
807:(1959)
799:(1955)
791:(1941)
783:(1903)
775:(1896)
767:(1896)
759:(1884)
751:(1883)
735:(1858)
727:(1857)
719:(1832)
711:(1831)
703:(1823)
681:Rights
330:, the
304:grants
298:, the
273:,
271:23-250
269:, No.
103:U.S.C.
79:
62:93-638
591:
277:
254:
235:
216:
199:cases
111:
77:Stat.
593:U.S.
531:2016
352:The
290:The
279:U.S.
256:U.S.
237:U.S.
218:U.S.
81:2203
1170:and
983:and
683:of
596:631
589:543
424:in
380:in
360:).
275:602
259:250
252:577
240:182
233:567
221:631
214:543
153:by
135:by
1347::
587:,
517:.
368:.
314:,
250:,
231:,
212:,
157:,
145:WA
673:e
666:t
659:v
533:.
143:-
141:D
139:(
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