525:
10,000-20,000 are taken from the wild each year and sold around the world. Only around 3,000 of those tortoises are rescued from smugglers and markets. There were over 6,000 Indian star tortoises seized from illegal trade across India, Thailand, and
Bangladesh in 2017. Tortoises can go many days without food and are very quiet, which makes them easier to smuggle. Smugglers will collect a large amount of the tortoises, tape their legs, and put all of them in small containers, bags, and boxes. Even though they are smuggled in large amounts, many of the tortoises end up dying before they even get sold due to the harsh conditions they endure such as stress, suffocation, cracked shells, and not being able to move. The illegal pet trade continues to devastate the populations of these tortoises and could even potentially cause extinction among the species. CITES is broken up into three different appendixes depending on the level of protection needed and is currently protecting over 38,000 species. In 2019, the Indian star tortoises were added to Appendix I of CITES after being listed under Appendix II for many years. This means that the commercial trade of these tortoises or even parts of the tortoises is completely banned. In 2020 and 2021, after being added to Appendix I, the Wildlife Protection Society of India reported that authorities had seized over 3,500 tortoises. Currently they are commonly bred in many countries to be sold as pets.
516:
try to find an area to dig a nest where she will then lay her eggs. Female star tortoises can lay anywhere from one to nine clutches annually, with each clutch containing one to ten eggs. After she lays her eggs, she will cover them back up with the sand and the eggs have to be incubated for 50–180 days. The egg of a star tortoise is a hard but also brittle shell that usually weighs 12-21 grams each. When the eggs are first laid they are a pinkish translucent color, then after 2–3 weeks, the eggs become white. The determination of the sex of the tortoises is temperature-dependent. With temperatures between 28-30 degrees
Celsius, mostly males will hatch. Temperatures between 31-32 degrees Celsius will result in mostly females hatching. Instead of having a distinctive star, the hatchlings' carapace is a black or brown color with yellow rectangular blotches.
507:
found in southeastern India tend to be a bit smaller and have a lighter, more contrasting pattern on their shell compared to the ones found in northern India. The tortoises in Sri Lanka tend to have wider yellow markings and are generally larger than the tortoises found in India. Little used to be known about the phylogeographic differentiation in the Indian star tortoises until a study done by Gaur in 2006. The study revealed that the tortoises from the distribution patches between India and Sri Lanka are indeed distinct. These tortoises are known to widely inhabit many different types of habitats across India, Sri Lanka, and
Pakistan. They have displayed a very high tolerance to areas with seasonally dry and wet habitats. Star tortoises have been found in rainy deciduous forests, dry grasslands, and even semi-desert lands.
426:
the forehead swollen, convex, and covered with rather small and irregular shields; the beak is feebly hooked, bi- or tricuspid; the edges of the jaws are denticulated; the alveolar ridge of the upper jaw is strong. The outer-anterior face of the fore limbs have numerous unequal-sized, large, imbricate, bony, pointed tubercles; the heel has large, more or less spur-like tubercles; a group of large conical or subconical tubercles is found on the hinder side of the thigh. The carapace is black, with yellow areolae from which yellow streaks radiate; these streaks are usually narrow and very numerous. The plastron likewise has black and yellow, radiating streaks. The Indian star tortoise can grow to 10 inches long.
496:
400:
92:
430:
50:
31:
1022:
534:
the transportation of these tortoises under inhumane conditions will increase the risk of diseases and parasites causing a large number of deaths. Many of them caught for the illegal pet trade are at high risk of dying from unexpected diseases and many do not end up making it to a home to even become a pet.
524:
Indian star tortoises are the most transported and illegally sold tortoise and turtle. Although they are native to India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, they are found all over
Southeast Asia, the United States, Europe, and many other countries. There is such a high demand for these tortoises, that roughly
420:
is very convex, with dorsal shields often forming humps; the lateral margins are nearly vertical; the posterior margin is somewhat expanded and strongly serrated. It has no nuchal scute, and the supracaudal is undivided, and curved inward in the male; the shields are strongly striated concentrically.
533:
In addition to the threat of the illegal pet trade and habitat loss, diseases can also be a huge threat to the population of the Indian star tortoises. Star tortoises are extremely susceptible to pneumonia and respiratory diseases, which often lead to fatalities among individuals. Human handling and
515:
Females typically reach sexual maturity around 8–12 years old, while males reach sexual maturity around 6–8 years old. Males will compete for mates and assert dominance by ramming into other males and trying to flip them onto their backs. Around 60–90 days after the female mates, she will search and
486:
that has exactly one unstable balance point and exactly one stable balance point. Just as a bottom-weighted (nonhomogeneous weight distribution) sphere would always return to the same upright position, they found it was possible to construct a shape that behaves the same way. After that, they noted
506:
Indian star tortoises are native to parts of western and southeastern India, the island of Sri Lanka, and southeastern
Pakistan. Although there are no recognized subspecies, there are variations in color and morphology between the tortoises found in the different regions. The Indian star tortoises
425:
is large, truncated or openly notched in front, and deeply notched and bifid behind; the suture between the humerals is much longer than that between the femorals; the suture between the pectorals is very short; the axillary and inguinal sutures are rather small. The head is moderate in size, with
813:
468:
of adult Indian star tortoises is quite apparent. Females are considerably larger than their male counterparts. In addition, the females' plastrons are much flatter than those of the males, which have a concave shape.
4497:
472:
The shape of this creature is presumed to be specially adapted to naturally assist it to return to a stable stance after it has been turned over. Mathematicians Gábor
Domokos of the
4421:
4338:
473:
896:
4377:
4502:
4492:
487:
the similarity to the Indian star tortoise and subsequently tested 30 turtles by turning them upside down. They found many of them to be self-righting.
421:
The first vertebral scute is longer than broad, and the others are broader than long, with the third at least as broad as the corresponding costal. The
396:
found 6,040 were seized globally that were intended to be sold in the pet trade. Currently they are commonly bred in many countries to be sold as pets.
4457:
392:
in 2019 by full consensus among all member states, giving it the highest level of international protection from commercial trade. Conservation group
4312:
4351:
1267:
1456:
1450:
923:
2027:
4482:
746:"Already too late? Massive trade in Indian star tortoises (Geochelone elegans) might have wiped out its phylogeographic differentiation"
380:
since 2016, as the population is thought to comprise more than 10,000 individuals, but with a declining trend. It is threatened by
1078:
393:
4467:
1309:
4487:
4060:
3143:
1438:
1432:
1304:
1063:
686:
4356:
4187:
Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated
Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status
1996:
turtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status
1692:
1507:
4472:
1677:
1667:
1329:
4037:
4185:
1995:
4273:
4196:
2719:
2103:
1817:
1682:
1334:
1071:
744:
Vamberger, Melita; Spitzweg, Cäcilia; de Silva, Anslem; Masroor, Rafaqat; Praschag, Peter; Fritz, Uwe (2020-06-12).
495:
91:
4477:
4382:
2452:
1672:
1278:
916:
4507:
1687:
1444:
1095:
399:
3098:
2020:
1598:
1319:
1288:
1257:
1145:
1354:
1227:
3954:
1967:
1517:
1366:
1360:
4251:
1914:
1908:
1866:
836:"A review of the declining status of the Indian Star Tortoise in India with special reference to Rajasthan"
4213:
3926:
2726:
2684:
2324:
1926:
1872:
1566:
1548:
1324:
1262:
1221:
1197:
1191:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1126:
1056:
4278:
1902:
1572:
1554:
4403:
2670:
2172:
1983:
1977:
1938:
1920:
1884:
1771:
1759:
1728:
1560:
1474:
1407:
1314:
1294:
1209:
1087:
909:
438:
222:
206:
1962:
1944:
1644:
1578:
1542:
1242:
1237:
441:
and breaks the outline of the tortoise as it sits in the shade of grass or vegetation. They are mostly
1896:
635:
4299:
4260:
3912:
2578:
2202:
1932:
1215:
1203:
477:
1890:
1878:
1860:
580:
4462:
3897:
2256:
2013:
1972:
1765:
1649:
1412:
1186:
835:
39:
1345:
3304:
3269:
3136:
2934:
2875:
2845:
1789:
1753:
1733:
1639:
1533:
1252:
373:
231:
86:
54:
4408:
2853:
2607:
4343:
4286:
3847:
2830:
2782:
2773:
2656:
2233:
1794:
1621:
1616:
1384:
1273:
1119:
1114:
857:
765:
465:
4416:
3639:
3027:
3002:
2963:
2911:
2642:
2187:
1840:
1710:
1402:
1282:
1038:
847:
757:
615:
575:
389:
4369:
4265:
717:
4390:
4087:
3735:
3464:
3432:
3069:
2978:
2754:
2340:
2085:
1954:
1822:
1512:
1502:
1497:
1298:
429:
787:
3982:
3972:
3869:
3719:
3559:
3261:
3206:
2948:
2883:
2423:
2414:
2383:
2291:
2180:
2094:
1809:
1589:
1522:
1181:
668:
557:
4451:
4364:
4162:
4045:
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3934:
3905:
3819:
3703:
3687:
3647:
3581:
3491:
3456:
3400:
3384:
3368:
3342:
3330:
3314:
3292:
3284:
3091:
2802:
2635:
2496:
2443:
2391:
1799:
1702:
1048:
981:
603:
566:
377:
163:
59:
4291:
4097:
4022:
3998:
3515:
3392:
3376:
3352:
3253:
3198:
3122:
3038:
3012:
2926:
2837:
2816:
2740:
2705:
2515:
2481:
2348:
2264:
2210:
1832:
1744:
1423:
1137:
987:
381:
482:
30:
4434:
4325:
4245:
4075:
4030:
3876:
3861:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3743:
3623:
3607:
3591:
3507:
3499:
3448:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3276:
3228:
3151:
3076:
2941:
2897:
2823:
2809:
2761:
2618:
2536:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2375:
2317:
2309:
2226:
2218:
2165:
2155:
1781:
1631:
1173:
1106:
500:
852:
745:
4154:
4067:
4053:
4014:
3791:
3711:
3679:
3663:
3631:
3569:
3542:
3523:
3440:
3245:
3165:
3158:
3106:
3083:
2993:
2860:
2592:
2399:
2332:
2249:
2241:
2144:
2135:
1466:
1394:
1030:
975:
969:
761:
183:
153:
4236:
861:
769:
4146:
4006:
3990:
3919:
3883:
3833:
3826:
3751:
3727:
3671:
3615:
3322:
3114:
3062:
3020:
2733:
2691:
2599:
2585:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2522:
2367:
2195:
875:
442:
403:
Engraving of an Indian star tortoise from “The Royal
Natural History” (1896)
369:
280:
103:
4395:
4230:
3961:
3890:
3810:
3799:
3695:
3360:
3237:
3129:
2971:
2956:
2918:
2867:
2793:
2698:
2677:
2663:
2649:
2505:
2432:
2301:
2280:
2272:
2054:
1851:
1720:
1489:
1376:
1007:
951:
932:
620:
422:
413:
385:
365:
354:
173:
123:
4317:
4105:
3854:
3759:
3655:
3599:
3179:
3172:
3054:
2904:
2890:
2747:
2712:
2627:
2529:
2069:
2060:
1659:
1608:
963:
957:
458:
357:
133:
4330:
3840:
3483:
2075:
2048:
2036:
945:
691:
658:
Boulenger, G.A.(1890) Fauna of
British India. Reptilia and Batrachia.
454:
143:
113:
4207:
814:"Pet trade driving disappearance of India's most beautiful tortoise"
681:
372:
where it inhabits dry areas and scrub forest. It has been listed as
4429:
3047:
2114:
901:
494:
450:
446:
428:
398:
361:
76:
70:
2543:
4304:
4211:
2009:
905:
2005:
457:, and leaves of succulent plants, and will occasionally eat
636:"Reptiles and amphibians - Species we work with at TRAFFIC"
461:. In captivity, however, they should never be fed meat.
682:
Mono-monostatic bodies: the answer to Arnold's question
556:
Choudhury, B.C.; de Silva, A.; Shepherd, C. (2020).
4220:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4085:
3971:
3944:
3809:
3579:
3557:
3550:
3541:
3474:
3340:
3302:
3227:
3220:
3189:
3037:
3001:
2992:
2792:
2771:
2617:
2504:
2495:
2442:
2422:
2413:
2358:
2290:
2154:
2143:
2134:
2102:
2093:
2084:
1953:
1849:
1831:
1808:
1780:
1742:
1719:
1701:
1658:
1630:
1607:
1587:
1531:
1488:
1465:
1421:
1393:
1375:
1343:
1236:
1172:
1136:
1105:
1047:
1029:
996:
388:for the illegal wildlife trade. It was upgraded to
437:The patterning, although highly contrasting, is
581:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39430A123815345.en
474:Budapest University of Technology and Economics
4498:Species endangered by agricultural development
4184:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on
2021:
1994:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on
917:
8:
4208:
4134:
4127:
3554:
3547:
3224:
2998:
2501:
2419:
2151:
2140:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2028:
2014:
2006:
1000:
924:
910:
902:
48:
29:
20:
851:
619:
579:
543:
480:designed a homogeneous object called a
1457:Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise
1451:Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise
604:"Checklist of Chelonians of the World"
551:
549:
547:
829:
827:
807:
805:
803:
801:
7:
781:
779:
739:
737:
718:"Geochelone elegans (Star Tortoise)"
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
671:. Interview with Dr. Gabor Domokos.
4503:Taxa named by Johann David Schoepff
4493:Species endangered by the pet trade
567:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
692:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02984701
667:CBC Quirks and Quarks 2007-10-27:
602:Fritz, U. & Havaš, P. (2007).
14:
4458:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1020:
690:, 28 (4) pp 34–38.(2006.)
288:Geochelone (Geochelone) stellata
90:
1439:Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise
1433:Domed Mauritius giant tortoise
1305:Santiago Island giant tortoise
687:The Mathematical Intelligencer
315:Loveridge & Williams, 1957
1:
1258:Chatham Island giant tortoise
680:Varkonyi, P.L., Domokos, G.:
1325:Volcán Darwin giant tortoise
1320:Volcán Alcedo giant tortoise
1310:Pinzón Island giant tortoise
4197:List of Testudines families
1818:Flat-backed spider tortoise
1693:Speke's hinge-back tortoise
1683:Lobatse hinge-back tortoise
1508:Goode's thornscrub tortoise
1335:Western Santa Cruz tortoise
1315:Sierra Negra giant tortoise
1263:Eastern Santa Cruz tortoise
520:Illegal pet trade and CITES
4524:
4483:Reptiles described in 1795
1678:Home's hinge-back tortoise
1673:Forest hinge-back tortoise
1668:Bell's hinge-back tortoise
1330:Volcán Wolf giant tortoise
1279:Hood Island giant tortoise
1268:Fernandina Island tortoise
1018:
853:10.17161/randa.v30i1.18321
834:Sen, Monali (2023-05-25).
320:Geochelone elegans elegans
4180:
2111:
2043:
1992:
1688:Natal hinge-back tortoise
1253:Cerro Azul giant tortoise
1096:Aldabrachelys grandidieri
1003:
940:
840:Reptiles & Amphibians
762:10.1163/15685381-20191215
237:
230:
212:
205:
87:Scientific classification
85:
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1599:Hesperotestudo percrassa
1355:Cheirogaster bacharidisi
1289:Santa Fe Island tortoise
1274:Floreana Island tortoise
1228:Chelonoidis sombrerensis
1146:African spurred tortoise
812:Charles, Krista (2003).
491:Distribution and habitat
1518:Sonoran Desert tortoise
788:"Indian Start Tortoise"
4468:Reptiles of South Asia
1445:Réunion giant tortoise
1367:Cheirogaster schafferi
1361:Cheirogaster gymnesica
1198:Chelonoidis alburyorum
1192:Yellow-footed tortoise
1164:Centrochelys vulcanica
1158:Centrochelys burchardi
1152:Centrochelys atlantica
1127:Astrochelys rogerbouri
1057:Aldabra giant tortoise
786:Bauernfeind, Melissa.
574:: e.T39430A123815345.
511:Reproduction and young
503:
476:and Péter Várkonyi of
434:
408:Anatomy and morphology
404:
4488:Reptiles of Sri Lanka
4404:Paleobiology Database
1978:Spur-thighed tortoise
1915:Stylemys nebrascensis
1909:Stylemys karakolensis
1867:Stylemys calaverensis
1772:Megalochelys sondaari
1760:Megalochelys cautleyi
1729:Asian forest tortoise
1475:Burmese star tortoise
1295:Pinta Island tortoise
1088:Aldabrachelys abrupta
498:
432:
402:
24:Indian star tortoise
4473:Reptiles of Pakistan
1968:Kleinmann's tortoise
1927:Stylemys oregonensis
1873:Stylemys canetotiana
1567:Hadrianus schucherti
1549:Hadrianus majusculus
1480:Indian star tortoise
1222:Chelonoidis sellovii
1216:Chelonoidis monensis
1204:Chelonoidis cubensis
897:Indian Star Tortoise
722:Animal Diversity Web
621:10.3897/vz.57.e30895
478:Princeton University
345:Indian star tortoise
1973:Marginated tortoise
1903:Stylemys frizaciana
1766:Megalochelys margae
1650:Travancore tortoise
1573:Hadrianus utahensis
1555:Hadrianus octonaria
1243:Chelonoidis complex
1187:Red-footed tortoise
880:World Wildlife Fund
304:Peltastes stellatus
40:Conservation status
16:Species of tortoise
4266:Geochelone_elegans
4252:Geochelone elegans
4222:Geochelone elegans
3305:Nanhsiungchelyidae
3270:Macrocephalochelys
1984:Testudo brevitesta
1963:Hermann's tortoise
1939:Stylemys uintensis
1921:Stylemys neglectus
1885:Stylemys conspecta
1790:Geometric tortoise
1754:Megalochelys atlas
1734:Impressed tortoise
1645:Forsten's tortoise
1640:Elongated tortoise
1561:Hadrianus robustus
1238:Galápagos tortoise
1210:Chelonoidis lutzae
608:Vertebrate Zoology
560:Geochelone elegans
504:
435:
405:
353:) is a threatened
350:Geochelone elegans
328:Geochelone elagans
312:Geochelone elegans
265:Testudo actinoides
216:Geochelone elegans
4478:Reptiles of India
4445:
4444:
4214:Taxon identifiers
4205:
4204:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4114:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3216:
3215:
2988:
2987:
2491:
2490:
2409:
2408:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2003:
2002:
1998:. Key: †=extinct.
1945:Stylemys undabuna
1795:Serrated tortoise
1579:Hadrianus vialovi
1543:Hadrianus corsoni
1413:Speckled padloper
1385:Angulate tortoise
1120:Radiated tortoise
1115:Angonoka tortoise
1016:
1015:
750:Amphibia-Reptilia
669:"Turning Turtles"
466:sexual dimorphism
341:
340:
332:
324:
316:
308:
300:
296:Testudo megalopus
292:
277:
273:Testudo actinodes
269:
261:
253:
245:
80:
63:
4515:
4508:Reptiles as pets
4438:
4437:
4425:
4424:
4412:
4411:
4399:
4398:
4386:
4385:
4373:
4372:
4360:
4359:
4347:
4346:
4334:
4333:
4321:
4320:
4308:
4307:
4295:
4294:
4282:
4281:
4269:
4268:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4209:
4135:
4128:
3640:Chupacabrachelys
3555:
3548:
3225:
3003:Carettochelyidae
2999:
2502:
2420:
2152:
2141:
2109:
2100:
2091:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2007:
1897:Stylemys emiliae
1841:Leopard tortoise
1711:Pancake tortoise
1622:Greater padloper
1039:Russian tortoise
1024:
1023:
1001:
926:
919:
912:
903:
884:
883:
872:
866:
865:
855:
831:
822:
821:
809:
796:
795:
783:
774:
773:
741:
732:
731:
729:
728:
716:Bouchard, Kyle.
713:
694:
678:
672:
665:
659:
656:
650:
649:
647:
646:
632:
626:
625:
623:
599:
593:
592:
590:
588:
583:
553:
390:CITES Appendix I
330:
322:
314:
306:
298:
290:
275:
267:
259:
257:Chersine elegans
252:Schweigger, 1812
251:
249:Testudo stellata
243:
218:
95:
94:
74:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4433:
4428:
4420:
4415:
4407:
4402:
4394:
4391:Observation.org
4389:
4381:
4376:
4368:
4363:
4355:
4350:
4342:
4337:
4329:
4324:
4316:
4311:
4303:
4298:
4290:
4285:
4277:
4272:
4264:
4259:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4216:
4206:
4201:
4168:
4111:
4088:Sahonachelyidae
4081:
3967:
3940:
3805:
3736:Phosphatochelys
3575:
3529:
3470:
3465:Terlinguachelys
3433:Pneumatoarthrus
3336:
3298:
3212:
3185:
3033:
2984:
2788:
2767:
2755:Siebenrockiella
2613:
2487:
2438:
2405:
2354:
2341:Mesodermochelys
2286:
2147:
2118:
2080:
2039:
2034:
2004:
1999:
1988:
1949:
1933:Stylemys pygmea
1845:
1827:
1823:Spider tortoise
1804:
1776:
1738:
1715:
1697:
1654:
1626:
1617:Common padloper
1603:
1583:
1527:
1513:Gopher tortoise
1503:Desert tortoise
1498:Bolson tortoise
1484:
1461:
1417:
1389:
1371:
1339:
1299:Lonesome George
1232:
1168:
1132:
1101:
1079:A. g. hololissa
1043:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1005:Species of the
992:
936:
930:
893:
888:
887:
874:
873:
869:
833:
832:
825:
811:
810:
799:
785:
784:
777:
743:
742:
735:
726:
724:
715:
714:
697:
679:
675:
666:
662:
657:
653:
644:
642:
640:www.traffic.org
634:
633:
629:
601:
600:
596:
586:
584:
555:
554:
545:
540:
531:
522:
513:
493:
410:
291:Fitzinger, 1835
241:Testudo elegans
226:
220:
214:
201:
198:G. elegans
89:
81:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4521:
4519:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4450:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4426:
4413:
4400:
4387:
4374:
4361:
4348:
4335:
4322:
4309:
4296:
4283:
4270:
4257:
4242:
4226:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4192:
4191:
4190:. † = extinct.
4181:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4141:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4101:
4092:
4090:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4034:
4026:
4018:
4010:
4002:
3994:
3986:
3983:Albertwoodemys
3977:
3975:
3973:Podocnemididae
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3870:Lomalatachelys
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3720:Labrostochelys
3715:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3586:
3584:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3564:
3562:
3560:Araripemydidae
3552:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3347:
3345:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3309:
3307:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3273:
3265:
3262:Emarginachelys
3257:
3249:
3241:
3233:
3231:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3207:Sinaspideretes
3202:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3095:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3007:
3005:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2960:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2884:Hesperotestudo
2879:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2778:
2776:
2774:Platysternidae
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2510:
2508:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2428:
2426:
2424:Dermatemydidae
2417:
2415:Kinosternoidea
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2384:Procolpochelys
2379:
2371:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2292:Dermochelyidae
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2184:
2181:Carolinochelys
2176:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1891:Stylemys copei
1887:
1881:
1879:Stylemys capax
1875:
1869:
1863:
1861:Stylemys botti
1856:
1854:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1747:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1590:Hesperotestudo
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1523:Texas tortoise
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1408:Karoo padloper
1405:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1291:
1286:
1276:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1182:Chaco tortoise
1178:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1072:A. g. daudinii
1067:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1004:
998:
994:
993:
991:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
941:
938:
937:
931:
929:
928:
921:
914:
906:
900:
899:
892:
891:External links
889:
886:
885:
867:
823:
818:The Third Pole
797:
775:
756:(1): 133–138.
733:
695:
673:
660:
651:
627:
614:(2): 279–368.
594:
542:
541:
539:
536:
530:
527:
521:
518:
512:
509:
492:
489:
409:
406:
339:
338:
337:
336:
325:
317:
309:
301:
293:
285:
270:
262:
254:
246:
244:Schoepff, 1795
235:
234:
228:
227:
221:
210:
209:
203:
202:
195:
193:
189:
188:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
83:
82:
69:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4520:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4165:
4164:
4163:Tacuarembemys
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4098:Sahonachelys
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4061:Peltocephalus
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4046:Lapparentemys
4042:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3946:Pelomedusidae
3943:
3937:
3936:
3935:Yaminuechelys
3931:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3906:Prochelidella
3902:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3820:Acanthochelys
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3704:Kinkonychelys
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3688:Itapecuruemys
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3648:Eotaphrosphys
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3582:Bothremydidae
3578:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3492:Argillochelys
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3457:Santanachelys
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3401:Desmatochelys
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3385:Calcarichelys
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3369:Atlantochelys
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3343:Protostegidae
3339:
3333:
3332:
3331:Jiangxichelys
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3315:Anomalochelys
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3293:Protochelydra
3289:
3287:
3286:
3285:Planiplastron
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3092:Drazinderetes
3088:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3028:Carettochelys
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2912:Malacochersus
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2803:Aldabrachelys
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2685:Leucocephalon
2682:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2636:Banhxeochelys
2632:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Testudinoidea
2494:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2444:Kinosternidae
2441:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2392:Protosphargis
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2148:(Sea turtles)
2146:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2008:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1800:Tent tortoise
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1703:Malacochersus
1700:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:Nama padloper
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1064:A. g. arnoldi
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1049:Aldabrachelys
1046:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1010:
1009:
1002:
999:
995:
989:
985:
983:
982:Testudinoidea
980:Superfamily:
979:
977:
973:
971:
967:
965:
961:
959:
955:
953:
949:
947:
943:
942:
939:
934:
927:
922:
920:
915:
913:
908:
907:
904:
898:
895:
894:
890:
881:
877:
871:
868:
863:
859:
854:
849:
846:(1): e18321.
845:
841:
837:
830:
828:
824:
819:
815:
808:
806:
804:
802:
798:
793:
789:
782:
780:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
740:
738:
734:
723:
719:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
696:
693:
689:
688:
683:
677:
674:
670:
664:
661:
655:
652:
641:
637:
631:
628:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
598:
595:
582:
577:
573:
569:
568:
563:
561:
552:
550:
548:
544:
537:
535:
528:
526:
519:
517:
510:
508:
502:
497:
490:
488:
485:
484:
479:
475:
470:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
431:
427:
424:
419:
415:
407:
401:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:IUCN Red List
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:
352:
351:
346:
335:
329:
326:
321:
318:
313:
310:
305:
302:
297:
294:
289:
286:
284:
282:
274:
271:
266:
263:
258:
255:
250:
247:
242:
239:
238:
236:
233:
229:
224:
219:
217:
211:
208:
207:Binomial name
204:
200:
199:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:Testudinoidea
162:
160:Superfamily:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
93:
88:
84:
78:
72:
67:
61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4221:
4186:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4104:
4096:
4074:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4038:Erymnochelys
4036:
4029:
4023:Cerrejonemys
4021:
4013:
4005:
3999:Brontochelys
3997:
3989:
3981:
3960:
3953:
3933:
3925:
3918:
3913:Pseudemydura
3911:
3904:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3568:
3522:
3516:Prionochelys
3514:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3393:Cratochelone
3391:
3383:
3377:Bouliachelys
3375:
3367:
3359:
3353:Alienochelys
3351:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3254:Chelydropsis
3252:
3244:
3236:
3205:
3199:Basilochelys
3197:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3123:Khunnuchelys
3121:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3090:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3046:
3039:Trionychidae
3026:
3019:
3013:Allaeochelys
3011:
2977:
2970:
2964:Stigmochelys
2962:
2955:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2927:Megalochelys
2925:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2838:Cylindraspis
2836:
2829:
2822:
2817:Centrochelys
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:Testudinidae
2783:Platysternon
2781:
2762:Vijayachelys
2760:
2753:
2746:
2741:Rhinoclemmys
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2706:Melanochelys
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2606:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2516:Acherontemys
2514:
2482:Sternotherus
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2431:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2349:Psephophorus
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2279:
2271:
2265:Pacifichelys
2263:
2255:
2248:
2240:
2234:Lepidochelys
2232:
2225:
2217:
2211:Gigantatypus
2209:
2203:Eretmochelys
2201:
2194:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2164:
2145:Chelonioidea
2113:
2065:
1833:Stigmochelys
1745:Megalochelys
1479:
1424:Cylindraspis
1346:Cheirogaster
1138:Centrochelys
1125:
1094:
1086:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1059:(subspecies:
1006:
988:Testudinidae
879:
870:
843:
839:
817:
791:
753:
749:
725:. Retrieved
721:
685:
676:
663:
654:
643:. Retrieved
639:
630:
611:
607:
597:
585:. Retrieved
571:
565:
559:
532:
523:
514:
505:
481:
471:
463:
445:and feed on
436:
417:
411:
382:habitat loss
349:
348:
344:
342:
333:
331:Sharma, 1998
327:
319:
311:
303:
295:
287:
278:
272:
264:
260:Merrem, 1820
256:
248:
240:
215:
213:
197:
196:
184:
174:Testudinidae
18:
4326:iNaturalist
4246:Wikispecies
4076:Stupendemys
4031:Cordichelys
3877:Mesoclemmys
3862:Hydromedusa
3784:Taphrosphys
3776:Sankuchemys
3768:Rhothonemys
3744:Polysternon
3624:Cearachelys
3608:Azabbaremys
3592:Araiochelys
3508:Ctenochelys
3500:Bashuchelys
3449:Rhinochelys
3425:Ocepechelon
3417:Notochelone
3409:Iserosaurus
3277:Macrochelys
3229:Chelydridae
3152:Palaeoamyda
3077:Cyclanorbis
2942:Psammobates
2935:Oligopherus
2898:Indotestudo
2846:Cymatholcus
2824:Chelonoidis
2810:Astrochelys
2619:Geoemydidae
2537:Deirochelys
2475:Staurotypus
2468:Kinosternon
2461:Hoplochelys
2376:Peritresius
2325:Dermochelys
2318:Cosmochelys
2310:Corsochelys
2227:Itilochelys
2219:Glarichelys
2166:Allopleuron
2156:Cheloniidae
2095:Superfamily
1782:Psammobates
1632:Indotestudo
1174:Chelonoidis
1107:Astrochelys
792:a-z animals
501:Houston Zoo
443:herbivorous
334:(ex errore)
299:Blyth, 1853
4463:Geochelone
4452:Categories
4155:Caririemys
4068:Podocnemis
4054:Latentemys
4015:Carbonemys
3955:Pelomedusa
3792:Ummulisani
3712:Kurmademys
3680:Inaechelys
3664:Galianemys
3632:Chedighaii
3570:Araripemys
3543:Pleurodira
3524:Toxochelys
3441:Protostega
3246:Chelydrops
3166:Pelodiscus
3159:Pelochelys
3107:Gilmoremys
3084:Cycloderma
2994:Trionychia
2861:Geochelone
2854:Floridemys
2720:Notochelys
2608:Wilburemys
2579:Malaclemys
2433:Dermatemys
2400:Puppigerus
2333:Eosphargis
2250:Miocaretta
2242:Mexichelys
2136:Cryptodira
2076:Testudines
2037:Testudines
1467:Geochelone
1395:Chersobius
1031:Agrionemys
976:Cryptodira
974:Suborder:
970:Testudines
962:Subclass:
727:2024-04-03
645:2019-01-10
587:22 January
538:References
439:disruptive
433:Footprints
418:G. elegans
374:Vulnerable
360:native to
323:Obst, 1985
307:Gray, 1870
276:Gray, 1831
268:Bell, 1828
185:Geochelone
154:Cryptodira
150:Suborder:
144:Testudines
73:Appendix I
55:Vulnerable
4195:See also
4147:Caribemys
4007:Caninemys
3991:Bauruemys
3920:Rheodytes
3884:Myuchelys
3827:Chelodina
3752:Puentemys
3728:Nigeremys
3672:Ilatardia
3616:Bothremys
3323:Basilemys
3137:Nilssonia
3115:Hutchemys
3063:Axestemys
3021:Anosteira
2876:Hadrianus
2734:Pangshura
2692:Malayemys
2657:Geoclemys
2600:Trachemys
2593:Terrapene
2586:Pseudemys
2572:Graptemys
2565:Glyptemys
2558:Emydoidea
2551:Actinemys
2523:Chrysemys
2368:Euclastes
2196:Eochelone
2047:Kingdom:
1534:Hadrianus
944:Kingdom:
862:2332-4961
770:0173-5373
499:Adult in
449:, fallen
370:Sri Lanka
281:ex errore
192:Species:
110:Kingdom:
104:Eukaryota
4430:Species+
4344:10351633
4231:Wikidata
3962:Pelusios
3927:Rhinemys
3898:Platemys
3891:Phrynops
3811:Chelidae
3800:Zolhafah
3696:Jainemys
3361:Archelon
3238:Chelydra
3130:Lissemys
2972:Stylemys
2957:Solitudo
2919:Manouria
2868:Gopherus
2831:Chersina
2699:Mauremys
2678:Heosemys
2671:Hardella
2664:Geoemyda
2650:Cyclemys
2506:Emydidae
2453:Claudius
2302:Arabemys
2281:Tasbacka
2273:Syllomus
2188:Chelonia
2086:Suborder
2070:Diapsida
2061:Reptilia
2055:Chordata
2053:Phylum:
2049:Animalia
1852:Stylemys
1721:Manouria
1490:Gopherus
1377:Chersina
1008:tortoise
986:Family:
964:Anapsida
958:Reptilia
952:Chordata
950:Phylum:
946:Animalia
933:Tortoise
423:plastron
414:carapace
386:poaching
366:Pakistan
355:tortoise
232:Synonyms
223:Schoepff
170:Family:
134:Reptilia
124:Chordata
120:Phylum:
114:Animalia
100:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
4422:elegans
4318:2441535
4237:Q846461
4106:Sokatra
3855:Emydura
3760:Rosasia
3656:Foxemys
3600:Arenila
3180:Trionyx
3173:Rafetus
3099:Dogania
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