42:
336:
around the vehicle. If the dog alerted to the presence of narcotics, the vehicle would be searched by the police. A predetermined number of vehicles were stopped at each roadblock, and each stop was to take five minutes or less. Checkpoints were operated during daylight hours, and marked with lighted
332:. The location of these roadblocks were chosen weeks in advance based on an area's crime rate and the road's general traffic flow. On written directions from the chief of police, one officer was to approach each stopped vehicle and conduct an "open-view" search of the vehicle, while another walked a
295:
was conducting warrantless searches of vehicles, without individualized suspicion, for the purpose of "general crime control". Previous
Supreme Court decisions had given the police power to create roadblocks for the purposes of border security
152:
Police may not conduct roadblocks "whose primary purpose is to detect evidence of ordinary criminal wrongdoing." Such roadblocks must have a specific primary purpose, such as keeping roadways safe from impaired drivers, or enforcing border
337:
signs that read, "NARCOTICS CHECKPOINT __ MILE AHEAD, NARCOTICS K-9 IN USE, BE PREPARED TO STOP." Between August and
November, the police stopped 1,161 motorists, and arrested 104, of which 55 were charged with drug-related crimes.
1484:
3042:
2318:
308:), but in this decision, the Court limited police power, holding that the search can only occur if it was designed to serve special needs, beyond the normal need for law enforcement.
127:
1444:
625:
449:
402:
135:
83:
3067:
702:
263:
1378:
1057:
344:
against the city, representing "any and all persons driving vehicles who have been stopped at the drug interdiction roadblocks maintained by the City of
Indianapolis."
3047:
3057:
2224:
2216:
813:
2165:
304:
3037:
2264:
1605:
2671:
693:
3062:
2361:
416:
2232:
2136:
1889:
3052:
2903:
2877:
2828:
277:
46:
2404:
941:
821:
470:
2120:
2104:
408:
298:
2144:
1290:
2532:
2248:
2128:
978:
317:
292:
497:
2729:
2412:
1241:
853:
2326:
829:
686:
2256:
1906:
1041:
741:
2559:
2021:
994:
765:
2788:
1954:
1930:
1922:
1898:
1760:
1707:
1632:
1559:
1540:
1185:
1169:
749:
2721:
2075:
1805:
1715:
1201:
1089:
97:
8084; 69 U.S.L.W. 4009; 2000 Cal. Daily Op. Service 9549; 2000 Colo. J. C.A.R. 6401; 14 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 9
280:
case in which the Court held, 6–3, that police may not conduct vehicle searches, specifically ones involving
3072:
2971:
2748:
2380:
2272:
2095:
1989:
1796:
1739:
1476:
1402:
1394:
1370:
1322:
1065:
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906:
898:
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781:
679:
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2478:
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2112:
1784:
1656:
1346:
1330:
1209:
1097:
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789:
353:
184:
2847:
2713:
2551:
2029:
1853:
1829:
1723:
1505:
1132:
1081:
933:
914:
797:
773:
757:
733:
629:
453:
139:
75:
2208:
2963:
2760:
2704:
2497:
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1914:
1837:
1776:
1699:
1468:
1262:
961:
889:
845:
288:
2683:
2604:
2580:
2516:
2462:
2181:
2083:
2005:
1970:
1877:
1861:
1821:
1813:
1751:
1731:
1680:
1354:
1225:
1217:
861:
424:
369:
212:
636:
2815:
2396:
2388:
2240:
2067:
1938:
1648:
1640:
1580:
1571:
1496:
1460:
1452:
1386:
1314:
1298:
1073:
532:
475:
325:
559:
527:
528:"City of Indianapolis v. Edmond: The Supreme Court Takes a Detour to Avoid Roadblock Precedent"
2998:
2692:
2647:
2420:
2310:
2156:
1845:
1672:
1233:
1193:
1124:
986:
379:
357:
176:
168:
3006:
2955:
2612:
2588:
2470:
2353:
2048:
2013:
1869:
1768:
1664:
1624:
1521:
1410:
1362:
1338:
1177:
1105:
1049:
949:
869:
2885:
2839:
2796:
2769:
2596:
2524:
2345:
1962:
1946:
877:
671:
383:
361:
208:
196:
340:
James Edmond and Joell Palmer were both stopped at one of these checkpoints, and filed a
2909:
1997:
1513:
1306:
1157:
1025:
387:
373:
220:
188:
645:
560:"Indianapolis v. Edmond: Roadblock to Fourth Amendment Erosion of Individual Security"
456:
17:
3031:
1431:
1282:
1033:
333:
281:
2979:
2571:
365:
341:
321:
200:
78:
600:
115:
1266:
571:
541:
505:
284:
131:
94:
604:
119:
90:
663:
1270:
329:
320:
set up six roadblocks on roads and highways in and out of the city of
498:"City of Indianapolis v. Edmond - 531 U.S. 32, 121 S. Ct. 447 (2000)"
123:
2936:
2635:
2443:
1603:
1429:
1260:
1155:
714:
675:
41:
237:
O'Connor, joined by
Stevens, Kennedy, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer
3043:
United States
Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
471:"Justices Uphold Roadblocks As a Way to Find Witnesses"
245:
Rehnquist, joined by Thomas; Scalia (only as to Part I)
403:
List of United States
Supreme Court cases, volume 531
65:
2990:
2947:
2896:
2869:
2862:
2826:
2807:
2780:
2759:
2740:
2703:
2682:
2655:
2646:
2570:
2543:
2508:
2489:
2454:
2372:
2337:
2302:
2283:
2192:
2155:
2094:
2059:
2040:
1981:
1888:
1795:
1750:
1691:
1616:
1570:
1551:
1532:
1495:
1116:
1009:
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888:
725:
257:
249:
241:
233:
228:
157:
146:
107:
102:
70:
60:
53:
34:
1379:Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada
393:Justice Thomas also filed a separate dissent.
2225:National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab
687:
8:
302:) and removing drunk drivers from the road (
2166:Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz
2944:
2933:
2866:
2652:
2643:
2632:
2451:
2440:
2265:Safford Unified School District v. Redding
1613:
1600:
1492:
1426:
1257:
1152:
885:
722:
711:
694:
680:
672:
31:
3068:American Civil Liberties Union litigation
2217:Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n
814:Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n
382:delivered a dissenting opinion, in which
2672:Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States
3048:United States Fourth Amendment case law
2362:Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders
438:
287:, at a checkpoint or roadblock without
469:Greenhouse, Linda (January 14, 2004).
417:Michigan Dept. of State Police v. Sitz
3058:Federal court cases involving Indiana
2284:Property of probationers and parolees
2233:Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton
2137:United States v. Montoya De Hernandez
352:The opinion was delivered by Justice
29:2000 United States Supreme Court case
7:
2490:Seizure of premises awaiting warrant
553:
551:
2878:Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents
1552:Warrants directed at third parties
47:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
3038:United States Supreme Court cases
2405:County of Riverside v. McLaughlin
2193:Students, employees, and patients
1982:Breathalyzers, blood samples, DNA
1606:Exceptions to warrant requirement
942:Dow Chemical Co. v. United States
822:United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez
324:in an effort to disrupt unlawful
2455:Distinguishing stops and arrests
2121:United States v. Martinez-Fuerte
2105:Almeida-Sanchez v. United States
632:32 (2000) is available from:
409:United States v. Martinez-Fuerte
299:United States v. Martinez-Fuerte
40:
2948:Unreasonable search and seizure
2145:United States v. Flores-Montano
1533:Neutral and detached magistrate
1291:United States v. Brignoni-Ponce
3063:2000 in United States case law
2249:Ferguson v. City of Charleston
2174:City of Indianapolis v. Edmond
1485:Los Angeles County v. Rettelle
703:United States Fourth Amendment
622:City of Indianapolis v. Edmond
585:City of Indianapolis v. Edmond
446:City of Indianapolis v. Edmond
318:Indianapolis Police Department
293:Indianapolis Police Department
273:City of Indianapolis v. Edmond
35:City of Indianapolis v. Edmond
1:
2544:Detention during vehicle stop
2413:Atwater v. City of Lago Vista
2338:Searches in jails and prisons
1242:District of Columbia v. Wesby
716:Scope of the Fourth Amendment
558:Bateman, Samuel (Fall 2002).
2938:Incorporation against States
2509:Detention incident to search
2327:City of Los Angeles v. Patel
526:Reeder, Doug (Summer 2003).
276:, 531 U.S. 32 (2000), was a
2257:Board of Education v. Earls
1907:United States v. Rabinowitz
1890:Searches incident to arrest
1042:United States v. Mendenhall
278:United States Supreme Court
3089:
3053:Government of Indianapolis
2560:Rodriguez v. United States
2303:Administrative inspections
2022:Birchfield v. North Dakota
995:Carpenter v. United States
766:Silverman v. United States
664:Oyez (oral argument audio)
2943:
2932:
2789:Wong Sun v. United States
2642:
2631:
2450:
2439:
2319:Camara v. Municipal Court
1955:Thornton v. United States
1931:United States v. Chadwick
1923:United States v. Robinson
1899:Trupiano v. United States
1761:Coolidge v. New Hampshire
1708:Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
1633:United States v. Chadwick
1612:
1599:
1560:Zurcher v. Stanford Daily
1541:Coolidge v. New Hampshire
1439:
1425:
1277:
1256:
1186:Spinelli v. United States
1170:Brinegar v. United States
1164:
1151:
1117:Fourth Amendment standing
750:Olmstead v. United States
721:
710:
570:(3): 654–674 – via
540:(2): 577–608 – via
262:
162:
151:
56:Decided November 28, 2000
39:
2722:Herring v. United States
2076:South Dakota v. Opperman
1806:Carroll v. United States
1716:United States v. Matlock
1445:Johnson v. United States
1267:Investigative detentions
1202:Ornelas v. United States
1090:United States v. Drayton
2972:Elkins v. United States
2749:Murray v. United States
2533:Bailey v. United States
2381:United States v. Watson
2273:City of Ontario v. Quon
2129:United States v. Ramsey
1990:Schmerber v. California
1740:Fernandez v. California
1477:United States v. Grubbs
1403:Heien v. North Carolina
1395:Navarette v. California
1371:United States v. Arvizu
1323:United States v. Cortez
1066:California v. Hodari D.
1018:Counselman v. Hitchcock
979:United States v. Miller
907:Oliver v. United States
899:Hester v. United States
806:California v. Greenwood
782:United States v. Knotts
380:Chief Justice Rehnquist
2730:Davis v. United States
2664:Weeks v. United States
2479:United States v. Place
2201:New Jersey v. T. L. O.
2113:United States v. Ortiz
1785:Minnesota v. Dickerson
1657:Brigham City v. Stuart
1347:Minnesota v. Dickerson
1331:United States v. Place
1210:Whren v. United States
1098:Brendlin v. California
971:United States v. White
854:United States v. Jones
838:Kyllo v. United States
790:United States v. Place
334:narcotics-sniffing dog
54:Argued October 3, 2000
18:Indianapolis v. Edmond
2848:Kimmelman v. Morrison
2714:United States v. Leon
2684:Impeachment exception
2552:Pennsylvania v. Mimms
2030:Mitchell v. Wisconsin
1854:California v. Acevedo
1830:United States v. Ross
1724:Illinois v. Rodriguez
1617:Exigent circumstances
1506:Boyd v. United States
1133:Byrd v. United States
1082:Soldal v. Cook County
1010:Definition of seizure
934:California v. Ciraolo
915:United States v. Dunn
830:Bond v. United States
798:United States v. Karo
774:Katz v. United States
758:Abel v. United States
734:Boyd v. United States
502:Law School Case Brief
390:joined as to part I.
356:, joined by Justices
264:U.S. Const. amend. IV
122:1998), reversed, 183
2991:Warrant requirements
2964:Rochin v. California
2761:Inevitable discovery
2705:Good-faith exception
2498:Illinois v. McArthur
2292:Samson v. California
1915:Chimel v. California
1838:California v. Carney
1777:Horton v. California
1700:Stoner v. California
1469:Maryland v. Garrison
1263:Reasonable suspicion
962:Third-party doctrine
890:Open-fields doctrine
846:Illinois v. Caballes
742:United States v. Lee
726:Definition of search
587:, 531 U.S. at 35-36.
348:Opinion of the Court
342:class action lawsuit
316:In August 1998, the
289:reasonable suspicion
89:121 S. Ct. 447; 148
2605:Plumhoff v. Rickard
2581:Tennessee v. Garner
2517:Michigan v. Summers
2463:Dunaway v. New York
2373:Warrantless arrests
2182:Illinois v. Lidster
2084:Colorado v. Bertine
2006:Missouri v. McNeely
1971:Riley v. California
1878:Collins v. Virginia
1862:Wyoming v. Houghton
1822:Arkansas v. Sanders
1814:Chambers v. Maroney
1732:Georgia v. Randolph
1681:Lange v. California
1355:Illinois v. Wardlow
1226:Devenpeck v. Alford
1218:Maryland v. Pringle
926:Aerial surveillance
862:Florida v. Jardines
655:Library of Congress
425:Illinois v. Lidster
291:. In the case, the
213:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
185:Sandra Day O'Connor
112:Edmond v. Goldsmith
2816:Hudson v. Michigan
2741:Independent source
2397:Welsh v. Wisconsin
2389:Payton v. New York
2241:Chandler v. Miller
2209:O'Connor v. Ortega
2068:Cady v. Dombrowski
2060:Inventory searches
1939:New York v. Belton
1649:Welsh v. Wisconsin
1641:Payton v. New York
1581:Wilson v. Arkansas
1572:Knock-and-announce
1497:Mere evidence rule
1461:Ybarra v. Illinois
1453:Franks v. Delaware
1387:Arizona v. Johnson
1315:Ybarra v. Illinois
1299:Delaware v. Prouse
1074:Florida v. Bostick
564:Nevada Law Journal
533:Houston Law Review
476:The New York Times
173:Associate Justices
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
2999:Ker v. California
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2858:
2857:
2808:No-knock searches
2693:James v. Illinois
2648:Exclusionary rule
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2421:Virginia v. Moore
2311:Frank v. Maryland
2041:Protective sweeps
1846:Florida v. Jimeno
1673:Caniglia v. Strom
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1421:
1420:
1252:
1251:
1234:Florida v. Harris
1194:Illinois v. Gates
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1125:Rakas v. Illinois
1005:
1004:
987:Smith v. Maryland
269:
268:
169:William Rehnquist
16:(Redirected from
3080:
3007:Aguilar v. Texas
2956:Wolf v. Colorado
2945:
2934:
2904:42 U.S.C. § 1983
2867:
2653:
2644:
2633:
2613:Mullenix v. Luna
2589:Graham v. Connor
2471:Florida v. Royer
2452:
2441:
2354:Hudson v. Palmer
2049:Maryland v. Buie
2014:Maryland v. King
1870:Florida v. White
1797:Vehicle searches
1769:Arizona v. Hicks
1692:Consent searches
1665:Kentucky v. King
1625:Warden v. Hayden
1614:
1601:
1522:Warden v. Hayden
1493:
1427:
1411:Kansas v. Glover
1363:Florida v. J. L.
1339:Michigan v. Long
1258:
1178:Aguilar v. Texas
1153:
1106:Torres v. Madrid
1050:Florida v. Royer
950:Florida v. Riley
886:
870:Klayman v. Obama
723:
712:
696:
689:
682:
673:
668:
662:
659:
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650:
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641:
635:
608:
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588:
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545:
523:
517:
516:
514:
512:
494:
488:
487:
485:
483:
466:
460:
443:
158:Court membership
142:1153 (2000).
44:
43:
32:
21:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3013:
2986:
2939:
2916:
2892:
2886:Egbert v. Boule
2854:
2840:Stone v. Powell
2822:
2803:
2797:Utah v. Strieff
2776:
2770:Nix v. Williams
2755:
2736:
2699:
2678:
2638:
2619:
2597:Scott v. Harris
2572:Excessive force
2566:
2539:
2525:Muehler v. Mena
2504:
2485:
2446:
2427:
2368:
2346:Bell v. Wolfish
2333:
2298:
2279:
2188:
2151:
2096:Border searches
2090:
2055:
2036:
1977:
1963:Arizona v. Gant
1947:Knowles v. Iowa
1884:
1791:
1746:
1687:
1608:
1587:
1566:
1547:
1528:
1491:
1435:
1417:
1273:
1248:
1160:
1139:
1112:
1001:
956:
921:
884:
878:ACLU v. Clapper
717:
706:
700:
666:
660:
657:
651:
648:
642:
639:
633:
617:
612:
611:
595:
591:
583:
579:
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495:
491:
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468:
467:
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444:
440:
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399:
350:
314:
211:
209:Clarence Thomas
199:
197:Anthony Kennedy
187:
177:John P. Stevens
98:
55:
49:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3086:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3073:Detection dogs
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3003:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2951:
2949:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:Monroe v. Pape
2906:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2882:
2873:
2871:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2835:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2659:
2657:
2650:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2567:
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2564:
2556:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2409:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1998:Cupp v. Murphy
1994:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1894:
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1514:Hale v. Henkel
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1307:Brown v. Texas
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1158:Probable cause
1156:
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1129:
1120:
1118:
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1094:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1058:INS v. Delgado
1054:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1026:Hale v. Henkel
1022:
1013:
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637:Google Scholar
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615:External links
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607:1998) at 1020.
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388:Justice Scalia
384:Justice Thomas
349:
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305:Police v. Sitz
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189:Antonin Scalia
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1283:Terry v. Ohio
1280:
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1276:
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1060:
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1047:
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1039:
1036:
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1034:Terry v. Ohio
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
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1019:
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1008:
997:
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917:
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904:
901:
900:
896:
895:
893:
891:
887:
881:(D.D.C. 2013)
880:
879:
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873:(D.D.C. 2013)
872:
871:
867:
864:
863:
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856:
855:
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848:
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839:
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331:
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319:
311:
309:
307:
306:
301:
300:
294:
290:
286:
283:
282:drug-sniffing
279:
275:
274:
265:
261:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:Case opinions
227:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:Chief Justice
164:
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156:
150:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
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117:
113:
110:
106:
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77:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
52:
48:
38:
33:
27:
19:
3005:
2997:
2980:Mapp v. Ohio
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2908:
2884:
2876:
2846:
2838:
2827:
2814:
2795:
2787:
2768:
2747:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2691:
2670:
2662:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2558:
2550:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2496:
2477:
2469:
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2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2290:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2180:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2047:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
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1783:
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1579:
1558:
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1483:
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1369:
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1192:
1184:
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1131:
1123:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
993:
985:
977:
969:
948:
940:
932:
913:
905:
897:
876:
868:
860:
852:
844:
836:
828:
820:
812:
804:
796:
788:
780:
772:
764:
756:
748:
740:
732:
621:
596:
592:
584:
580:
567:
563:
537:
531:
521:
509:. Retrieved
501:
492:
480:. Retrieved
474:
464:
459: (2000).
445:
441:
423:
415:
407:
392:
386:joined, and
378:
351:
339:
322:Indianapolis
315:
303:
297:
272:
271:
270:
258:Laws applied
216:
204:
201:David Souter
192:
180:
111:
103:Case history
82:
64:
26:
2781:Attenuation
2157:Checkpoints
1434:requirement
601:F. Supp. 2d
328:of illegal
326:trafficking
285:police dogs
116:F. Supp. 2d
3032:Categories
2863:Civil suit
1752:Plain view
597:Goldsmith,
572:HeinOnline
542:HeinOnline
506:LexisNexis
433:References
312:Background
95:U.S. LEXIS
93:333; 2000
605:S.D. Ind.
330:narcotics
153:security.
134:granted,
120:S.D. Ind.
91:L. Ed. 2d
71:Citations
2637:Remedies
2445:Seizures
705:case law
620:Text of
511:June 21,
482:June 21,
397:See also
370:Ginsburg
354:O'Connor
234:Majority
128:7th Cir.
2870:Federal
2656:Origins
1432:Warrant
362:Kennedy
358:Stevens
250:Dissent
242:Dissent
147:Holding
130:1999);
3010:(1964)
3002:(1963)
2983:(1961)
2975:(1960)
2967:(1952)
2959:(1949)
2913:(1961)
2889:(2022)
2881:(1971)
2851:(1986)
2843:(1976)
2832:review
2819:(2006)
2800:(2016)
2792:(1963)
2773:(1984)
2752:(1988)
2733:(2011)
2725:(2009)
2717:(1984)
2696:(1990)
2675:(1920)
2667:(1914)
2616:(2015)
2608:(2014)
2600:(2007)
2592:(1989)
2584:(1985)
2563:(2015)
2555:(1977)
2536:(2013)
2528:(2005)
2520:(1981)
2501:(2001)
2482:(1983)
2474:(1983)
2466:(1979)
2424:(2008)
2416:(2001)
2408:(1991)
2400:(1983)
2392:(1980)
2384:(1976)
2365:(2012)
2357:(1984)
2349:(1979)
2330:(2015)
2322:(1967)
2314:(1959)
2295:(2006)
2276:(2010)
2268:(2009)
2260:(2002)
2252:(2001)
2244:(1997)
2236:(1995)
2228:(1989)
2220:(1989)
2212:(1987)
2204:(1985)
2185:(2004)
2177:(2000)
2169:(1990)
2148:(2004)
2140:(1985)
2132:(1977)
2124:(1976)
2116:(1975)
2108:(1973)
2087:(1987)
2079:(1976)
2071:(1973)
2052:(1990)
2033:(2019)
2025:(2016)
2017:(2013)
2009:(2013)
2001:(1973)
1993:(1966)
1974:(2014)
1966:(2009)
1958:(2004)
1950:(1998)
1942:(1981)
1934:(1977)
1926:(1973)
1918:(1969)
1910:(1950)
1902:(1948)
1881:(2018)
1873:(1999)
1865:(1999)
1857:(1991)
1849:(1991)
1841:(1985)
1833:(1982)
1825:(1979)
1817:(1970)
1809:(1925)
1788:(1993)
1780:(1990)
1772:(1987)
1764:(1971)
1743:(2014)
1735:(2006)
1727:(1990)
1719:(1974)
1711:(1973)
1703:(1968)
1684:(2021)
1676:(2021)
1668:(2011)
1660:(2006)
1652:(1986)
1644:(1980)
1636:(1977)
1628:(1967)
1584:(1995)
1563:(1978)
1544:(1971)
1525:(1967)
1517:(1906)
1509:(1886)
1488:(2006)
1480:(2006)
1472:(1987)
1464:(1979)
1456:(1978)
1448:(1948)
1414:(2020)
1406:(2014)
1398:(2014)
1390:(2009)
1382:(2004)
1374:(2002)
1366:(2000)
1358:(2000)
1350:(1996)
1342:(1983)
1334:(1983)
1326:(1981)
1318:(1979)
1310:(1979)
1302:(1979)
1294:(1975)
1286:(1968)
1271:frisks
1245:(2018)
1237:(2013)
1229:(2004)
1221:(2003)
1213:(1996)
1205:(1996)
1197:(1983)
1189:(1969)
1181:(1964)
1173:(1949)
1136:(2018)
1128:(1978)
1109:(2021)
1101:(2007)
1093:(2002)
1085:(1992)
1077:(1991)
1069:(1991)
1061:(1984)
1053:(1983)
1045:(1980)
1037:(1968)
1029:(1906)
1021:(1892)
998:(2018)
990:(1979)
982:(1976)
974:(1971)
953:(1989)
945:(1986)
937:(1986)
918:(1987)
910:(1984)
902:(1924)
865:(2013)
857:(2012)
849:(2005)
841:(2001)
833:(2000)
825:(1990)
817:(1989)
809:(1988)
801:(1984)
793:(1983)
785:(1983)
777:(1967)
769:(1961)
761:(1960)
753:(1928)
745:(1927)
737:(1886)
667:
661:
658:
652:
649:
646:Justia
643:
640:
634:
624:,
448:,
428:(2004)
420:(1990)
412:(1976)
374:Breyer
372:, and
366:Souter
253:Thomas
219:
217:·
215:
207:
205:·
203:
195:
193:·
191:
183:
181:·
179:
118:1016 (
2897:State
628:
452:
138:
132:cert.
126:659 (
114:, 38
108:Prior
1269:and
630:U.S.
513:2022
484:2022
454:U.S.
140:U.S.
124:F.3d
84:more
76:U.S.
74:531
626:531
599:38
450:531
136:528
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550:^
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457:32
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368:,
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360:,
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688:t
681:v
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574:.
568:2
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87:)
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