Knowledge (XXG)

Indigenous land rights in Australia

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516:: a weekday protest meant that union supporters would need to convince others in their workplace about why solidarity with Aboriginal people was an important issue for their movement. Striking would both disrupt the economy and show strong conviction and understanding of the struggle, and the discussion put Black rights into workplaces, staff rooms and classrooms. It was later assessed as one of the most successful and historically significant protests for Aboriginal rights in Australia until this time. Its legacy included the establishments of networks which led to thousands of people defending the Tent Embassy against attempts by police to shut it down, and union funding helped keep the embassy running. The Moratorium showed that non-Indigenous workers could be strong allies in the struggle for Indigenous rights. 674:(ILC) was established by the Federal Government to assist Aboriginal Australians to acquire land and manage Aboriginal held land sustainably and in a manner that provides cultural, social, economic and environmental benefits for themselves and future generations. In February 2019, the ILC became the Indigenous Land and Sea Corporation (ILSC), in recognition of its operations on water. The ILSC is funded by an annual payment from the investment returns of the Australian Government's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Land Account. 183:: "A successful land rights claim usually results in a special grant of freehold title or perpetual lease. A title document for the land is issued. The title is normally held by a community or an organisation, not by individuals. There are usually some restrictions on selling, and dealing with, land that has been granted in a land rights claim. Normally, the land will be passed down to future generations in a way that recognises the community’s traditional connection to that country". 839: 797:. This body holds about 24,000,000 hectares (59,000,000 acres), or 10% of the State's land. There are different types of tenures held by different parts of this land, including reserves, leases and freehold property. There are many remote communities on this land, inhabited by about 12,000 people. Land reform is ongoing, to use the land in a way which benefits the Aboriginal people. 152:, which recognised for the first time that Indigenous people had rights to land sourced from their continuing connection to it and that these rights are recognised under Australian common law. Where these rights had not been extinguished through contradictory Crown grants, native titles continued to exist and could exist alongside certain title, such as crown leases. 984: 937: 818:
videos speaking about “common law”, which incorporate Freemen beliefs. Appealing to other Aboriginal people by partly identifying with the land rights movement, McMurtrie played on their feelings of alienation and lack of trust in the systems which had not served Indigenous people well. Proponents of
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in 1984. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander local governments hold trusteeship of the DOGITs, and land tenure under this type of tenure is held in collective title, held in trust for future generations. From 1 January 2015, some trustees, namely those classified as "urban" or "future urban") are
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established a procedure that transferred almost 50 per cent of land in the Northern Territory (around 600 000 km2) to collective Aboriginal ownership. Following this, some states introduced their own land rights legislation; however, there were significant limitations on the returned lands, or that
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In the 1970s, Indigenous Australians became more politically active, and a powerful movement for the recognition of Indigenous land rights emerged. Also during this decade, the federal government started buying privately-owned land in order to benefit Indigenous communities, and also to create
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groups targeting Indigenous Australians, with groups with names like Tribal Sovereign Parliament of Gondwana Land, the Original Sovereign Tribal Federation (OSTF) and the Original Sovereign Confederation. OSTF Founder Mark McMurtrie, an Aboriginal Australian man, has produced
285:. The measures included the removal of discriminatory legislation and restrictive practices, welfare measures, education and training to assist the involvement of Aboriginal people in the economy, and the education of non-Indigenous Australians about 193:
As of 2020, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ rights and interests in land are formally recognised over around 40 per cent of Australia’s land mass. The recognition of Indigenous rights in land and waters is fundamental to the process of
631:. The land rights legislation was introduced by Premier Don Dunstan in November 1978, several months prior to his resignation from Parliament. An amended bill, following extensive consultation, was passed by the Tonkin Liberal Government, as the 133:
operate in each state and territory is dependent on the history of the land rights arrangements of the particular state or territory. In some jurisdictions, titles to large areas of traditional lands were granted before the Act commenced.
1089: 877: 1012: 693:(see above) provides the basis upon which Aboriginal Australian people in the Northern Territory can claim rights to land based on traditional occupation. The freehold land cannot be sold or transferred, but it can be leased. 2098: 1328: 318:. It allowed for parcels of Aboriginal land previously held by the SA Government, to be handed to the Aboriginal Lands Trust of SA under the Act. The Trust was governed by a Board composed solely of Aboriginal people. 2661: 413:, instead offering 50-year general-purpose leases for Aboriginal people which would be conditional upon their "intention and ability to make reasonable economic and social use of land", while reserving for the Crown 226: 585:, was significant in that it allowed a claim of title if claimants could provide evidence of their traditional association with land. Four Land Councils were established in the Northern Territory under this law. 1190:
Neumann, Klaus; Tavan, Gwenda (2009). "Chapter 4. 'A modern-day concentration camp': using history to make sense of Australian immigration detention centres". In Neumann, Klaus; Tavan, Gwenda (eds.).
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The passing of Aboriginal land rights legislation in Australia in the late 20th century was preceded by a number of important Aboriginal protests. The modern land rights movement started with the
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provide for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander freehold respectively. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander freehold land occupies 5%, or 59,489 square kilometres (22,969 sq mi) of
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Different types of land rights laws exist in Australia, allowing for the renewed ownership of land to Indigenous Australians under various conditions. Land rights schemes are in place in the
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and to that of Torres Strait Islander people, and there has been a long battle to gain legal and moral recognition of ownership of the lands and waters occupied by the many peoples prior to
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title to Indigenous Australians. By contrast, native title arises as a result of the recognition, under Australian common law, of pre-existing Indigenous rights and interests according to
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people in the remote western area of the state. The legislation was proclaimed in January 1985 and was followed by a ceremony in the desert attended by Maralinga Tjarutja leader
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introduced an Aboriginal Land Rights Bill to Parliament; however, this lapsed upon the dismissal of the government in 1975. The succeeding conservative government, led by
2681: 293:. It brought about a more widespread awareness by non-Indigenous people to social justice for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. South Australian Premier Sir 3037: 2641: 2372: 2284: 2194:"Background information on racial issues and Aboriginal land rights, 1971-2018 in the Pilbara region of Western Australia and in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia" 1258: 270:, or Gurundji Strike, started with a protest about working conditions, but grew into a lands right issue, with the people claiming rights to the land which was then a 1234:
Neumann, Klaus, 1958-; Tavan, Gwenda (2009), "Chapter 4. 'A modern-day concentration camp': using history to make sense of Australian immigration detention centres",
2026: 2535: 2357: 1262: 882: 852: 582: 398:, Billy Craigie, Tony Coorey and Bertie Williams (later Kevin "Bert" Johnson, as protest for Indigenous land rights. The embassy was established in response to the 3178: 474:
Absolute ownership, including mineral and forestry rights of all reserves and traditional areas to be vested in the Black communities associated with these areas.
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and teachers, had voted to go on strike for half a day in support of Aboriginal people, and around 2,000 students joined the protest. There were also protests in
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peoples’ rights and interests in land are formally recognised over around 40 per cent of Australia’s land mass, and sea rights have also been asserted in various
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During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the movement of Aboriginal peoples in Australia was controlled by colony- and later state-based laws, such as the
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argued for integration rather than assimilation of Aboriginal people, and others questioned the concept of assimilation, with its paternalistic attitude.
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The colonisation of mainland Australia started in 1211, while the Torres Strait Islands were only taken over by the colony of Queensland in the 1870s.
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In 1961, at the Native Welfare Conference, a meeting of federal and state ministers responsible for Aboriginal welfare, agreed on a policy of
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printed a pamphlet at Sydney University ahead of the protest. Unionists from several trades, including builders' labourers, ship painters,
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s 3: Aboriginal means a person who is a member of the Aboriginal race of Australia....12AAA. Additional grant to Tiwi Land Trust...
1708: 1211: 872: 545: 530:, which was attended by about 2000 people, including an estimated 16% of the Black population. It also had a heavy police presence. 3212: 3146: 2835: 2725: 2671: 2475: 2420: 1915: 887: 556:, made a number of recommendations in favour of recognising Aboriginal Land Rights. Taking up many of these recommendations, the 1695: 2994: 2903: 2555: 2405: 2349: 2270: 2055: 820: 573: 302: 1763: 3222: 3206: 3151: 2623: 1145: 429:
The Black Moratorium refers to protests which took place on 14 July 1972. The Sydney protest was in the form of marches from
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able to convert parts of the collective title to either Aboriginal freehold or Torres Strait Islander freehold title.
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Proviso provides any protection for the rights of Aboriginal People to the occupation or enjoyment of their lands.
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Does history matter?: making and debating citizenship, immigration and refugee policy in Australia and New Zealand
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Does History Matter?: making and debating citizenship, immigration and refugee policy in Australia and New Zealand
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people; the term may also include the struggle for those rights. Connection to the land and waters is vital in
703: 1478: 728:, mainly held by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in remote and regional Queensland, is the 3115: 3052: 3047: 2885: 2830: 2329: 619:
returned 102,650 square kilometres (39,630 sq mi) of land (10.2% of the state's land area) to the
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Fogarty, John; Dwyer, Jacinta (2012). "The First Aboriginal Land Rights Case". In Sykes, Helen (ed.).
2743: 2124: 1678: 1667: 441:, attended by around 6,000 protesters, who included Aboriginal people, students and trade unionists. 221:– the first ever recognition of Aboriginal rights on the continent – but the promise was never kept. 54: 2593: 2500: 862: 714: 368:). In this way, this was the first significant legal case for Aboriginal land rights in Australia. 172: 2219: 3193: 3103: 3032: 3017: 2840: 2753: 2716: 2159: 2031: 1404: 733: 578: 557: 490:
a) An immediate and massive Health program to eliminate the very high Black infant mortality rate
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Attwood, Bain (2000). "The Articulation Of 'Land Rights' In Australia: The Case of Wave Hill".
1365: 1083:"What's the difference between native title and land rights?? – National Native Title Tribunal" 2855: 2825: 2778: 2613: 2410: 2178: 2056:"Freemen, Sovereign Citizens, and the Challenge to Public Order in British Heritage Countries" 1704: 1409: 1252: 1239: 1207: 965: 810: 466: 434: 341: 1656: 1438:"A milestone for Black sovereignty in this country: celebrating 50 years of the Tent Embassy" 721:(RNTBC) can be trustee of this land, who can grant leases of up to 99 years for any purpose. 3217: 2563: 2525: 1610: 1564: 1197: 844: 549: 517: 438: 1825: 2943: 1941:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (31 December 2010).
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could claim rights to land based on traditional occupation. The statute, the first of the
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f) An end to all discrimination and discriminatory legislation (e.g. Queensland Acts.)
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in Australia, and the term is also used to describe the struggle for those rights.
3098: 3005: 2960: 2955: 2860: 2735: 2435: 2139:"Aboriginal peoples finally to be included in SA Constitution - but 'no' to Treaty" 1771: 1734: 775:, the powers of the Trust were reviewed and changed to modernise the Trust and the 659: 616: 604: 130: 2220:"From Milirrpum to Mabo: The High Court, Terra Nullius and Moral Entrepreneurship" 1114: 918: 266:, petitioned the federal government to have their land and rights given back. The 2172: 2000: 16:
Rights and interests of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia
2815: 2490: 1304:"Overview of Indigenous Affairs: Part 1: 1901 to 1991 – Parliament of Australia" 824: 725: 651: 641: 620: 564:, reintroduced a Bill, though not of the same content, and it was signed by the 462: 263: 85: 480:
The right and power of Black communities to control their lives and their land.
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Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders
358:(the "Gove land rights case"), when they sought native title rights over the 3069: 2800: 897: 628: 527: 446: 126: 22: 1141:
Draft of the Order-in-Council Establishing Government 23 February 1836 (UK)
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Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice
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under traditional laws and customs, and recognised in accordance with the
2540: 2530: 1202: 596: 454: 418: 259: 176: 2236:"Walker v State of South Australia (No 2) [2013] FCA 700 (2013)" 2163: 1880:. No. 191, 1976: Compilation No. 41. Australian Government. 4 April 2019 2230:(1): 63 – via Australasian Legal Information Institute (AustLII). 983: 936: 815: 760: 364: 275: 1355:. South Australian Acts (Point-in-Time). Retrieved on 29 January 2012. 2240:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
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Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
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Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
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for "hungry land"). The demands of the protesters were, specifically:
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Indigenous land rights relate to the rights and interests in land of
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His Honour quotes Kirby in Fejo, who dismissed an argument that the
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Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897
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Government of South Australia. Attorney-General's Dept. Legislation
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includes rights and interests relating to land and waters held by
2510: 1115:"Order-in-Council Establishing Government 23 February 1836 (UK)" 1088:. National Native Title Tribunal. September 2007. Archived from 2266: 1425:– via Australasian Legal Information Institute (AustLII). 732:(DOGIT). These were established primarily to administer former 940:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under an
108:. Native title is not a grant or right created by governments. 987:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1735:"Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 (Cth)" 1013:"Land rights and native title in the states and territories" 211:
Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia
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Coming to terms : Aboriginal title in South Australia
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Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981
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established the basis upon which Aboriginal people in the
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on behalf of all "Aborigines" claiming all of Australia.
234:. This often meant that they were confined to living on 88:
and native title. Land rights are rights created by the
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Lawford, Elliana; Zillman, Stephanie (18 August 2016).
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governments. Land rights usually consist of a grant of
1874:"Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976" 759:(1992) cases) is Torres Strait Islander freehold and 483:
Support for all Black struggles, including those for:
2091:"The seriously weird beliefs of Freemen on the land" 1795:"Timeline: From Wave Hill protest to land handbacks" 900:(reclaiming Indigenous jurisdiction – United States) 805:
Since the 2010s, there has been a growing number of
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Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976
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Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)
2692:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations 1405:"The Noongar Settlement: Australia's First Treaty" 793:(ALT) of Western Australia was established by the 778:Aboriginal Lands Trust of South Australia Act 2013 1863:, 3 December 2008, "Hero of the Maralinga People" 1372:. Museum of Australian Democracy. 8 December 1966 1302:Dow, Coral; Gardiner-Garden, John (10 May 2011). 477:Full compensation for all land seized since 1770. 213:of 1836, which were issued during the period of 2255:(1998) 195 CLR 96. (This case is based on s 61 2027:"Freemen movement targets Indigenous Australia" 1403:Hobbs, Harry; Williams, George (1 March 2018). 883:Indigenous Australian traditional custodianship 853:Aboriginal land rights legislation in Australia 512:The moratorium as a tactic was copied from the 471: 314:by any Australian government, and predated the 310:(ALT). This was the first major recognition of 82: 3179:Northern Territory National Emergency Response 2682:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples 2125:"A change is gonna come (Timeline, 1900–2010)" 1817: 1815: 795:Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act 1972 658:, John Bannon and Aboriginal Affairs Minister 603:(1979), attempted (unsuccessfully) to bring a 520:published an article in the November issue of 242:, where they had no rights to land ownership. 2667:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association 2278: 2207:"Aboriginal timeline: Land & land rights" 1579: 1577: 1329:"Changing Policies Towards Aboriginal People" 1166:"Aboriginal timeline: Land & land rights" 1048: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1034: 678:Indigenous land tenure by state and territory 8: 1916:"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander land" 1611:"Demands of the Moratorium for Black Rights" 1257:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 217:, included recognition of the rights of the 188:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people 49:starting in 1788, and the annexation of the 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 2774:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council 2759:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council 2731: 2285: 2271: 2263: 1689: 1687: 1261:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 989:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) 960: 958: 956: 954: 942:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) 493:b) Full employment on at least award wages 84:There are fundamental differences between 1943:"Native Title Resource Guide: Queensland" 1764:"The History of the Central Land Council" 1436:Quinn-Bates, Jennetta (20 January 2022). 1201: 499:d) Black studies and culture in education 819:the original ideas are often related to 33:are the rights and interests in land of 2496:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards 2368:People from politics and public service 2064:International Journal of Cultic Studies 1826:Aboriginal land rights and native title 1697:More or less: democracy & new media 1159: 1157: 1155: 1153: 910: 827:with no authority over free citizens". 647:Maralinga Tjarutja Land Rights Act 1984 346:Supreme Court of the Northern Territory 215:British colonisation of South Australia 163:(including the Torres Strait Islands), 2294:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders 2097:. Australia: Nationwide News Pty Ltd. 1729: 1727: 1366:"Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966 (SA)" 1250: 970:National Indigenous Australians Agency 719:Registered Native Title Body Corporate 394:) 1972, by four Aboriginal activists, 306:(SA) established the South Australian 2025:Glazov, Ramon (6–12 September 2014). 1077: 1075: 278:. The strike lasted for eight years. 258:people from the remote settlement of 219:Aboriginal peoples of South Australia 129:, the way in which the processes for 62:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander 7: 2476:Literature of Indigenous Australians 2005:Original Sovereign Tribal Federation 710:Torres Strait Islander Land Act 1991 337:which would be available for claim. 3251:Aboriginal land rights in Australia 2218:Van Krieken, Robert (1 July 2000). 1513:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1471:Collaborating for Indigenous Rights 2657:Aborigines Progressive Association 1637:McGuiness, Bruce (November 1972). 1503:Bourchier, Dan (25 January 2022). 496:c) Decent housing and no evictions 405:Government's refusal to recognise 274:owned by a large British company, 14: 873:Australian Aboriginal Sovereignty 666:1995: Indigenous Land Corporation 615:In 1981 South Australian Premier 546:Aboriginal Land Rights Commission 461:, all under the rallying cry of " 386:was set up on the front lawns of 2089:Stocken, Shelley (8 July 2016). 1741:. Museum of Australian Democracy 1644:Aboriginal and Islander Identity 1333:Australian Law Reform Commission 982: 935: 888:Indigenous treaties in Australia 837: 801:Freemen/sovereign state movement 523:Aboriginal and Islander Identity 514:campaign against the Vietnam War 2995:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 2101:from the original on 9 May 2017 1878:Federal Register of Legislation 1768:Central Land Council, Australia 1681:. Retrieved on 29 January 2012. 1639:"A moratorium for Black rights" 1565:"A moratorium for black rights" 1353:Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966 773:Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966 644:'s Labor Government passed the 590:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 574:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 535:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 303:Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966 3256:Indigenous Australian politics 3207:Uluru Statement from the Heart 2624:Torres Strait Island languages 1975:"South Australian Legislation" 1624:– via Reason in Revolt. 1584:Gibson, Paddy (24 June 2010). 1308:Home – Parliament of Australia 1146:National Archives of Australia 1119:Museum of Australian Democracy 388:Old Parliament House, Canberra 322:1970s activism and legislation 181:National Native Title Tribunal 1: 2672:Australian Aborigines' League 2652:Aborigines Advancement League 2569:Australian Aboriginal English 1654:– via Reason in Revolt. 923:Attorney-General's Department 763:is Aboriginal freehold land. 566:Governor-General of Australia 502:e) Real equality in education 78:Attorney-General's Department 43:Australian Aboriginal culture 2712:National Reconciliation Week 2205:Korff, Jens (25 July 2020). 2130:National Museum of Australia 1835:, retrieved 30 January 2012. 526:magazine about the march in 246:The struggle for land rights 106:traditional laws and customs 72:Description and distinctions 2764:NSW Aboriginal Land Council 2702:Registered Aboriginal Party 2687:National Indigenous Council 2574:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages 2198:Dr Bill Day, anthropologist 1391:Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd 672:Indigenous Land Corporation 583:Aboriginal land rights acts 355:Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd 3277: 3142:Constitutional recognition 3011:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars 2647:Aboriginal Medical Service 1668:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 868:Always was, always will be 771:In the 2013 Review of the 375: 325: 3261:Indigenous Australian law 2536:Traditional custodianship 2253:Fejo v Northern Territory 2171:Berg, Shaun, ed. (2010). 2054:Kent, Stephen A. (2015). 1475:National Museum Australia 1121:. Documenting a democracy 893:Native title in Australia 411:native title in Australia 328:Native title in Australia 252:1963 Yolngu Bark Petition 141:was passed following the 113:Native title in Australia 47:colonisation of Australia 3001:Australian Frontier Wars 2707:Reconciliation Australia 1673:10 November 2010 at the 1539:The Dictionary of Sydney 704:Aboriginal Land Act 1991 3053:Australian history wars 2914:Contemporary visual art 2330:Torres Strait Islanders 1831:26 January 2012 at the 1752:PDF of original version 1739:Documenting A Democracy 1370:Documenting A Democracy 650:to return lands to the 384:Aboriginal Tent Embassy 378:Aboriginal Tent Embassy 372:Aboriginal Tent Embassy 268:1966 Wave Hill Walk-Off 143:High Court of Australia 2749:Kimberley Land Council 2599:Pama–Nyungan languages 2589:Loanwords into English 2506:Religion and mythology 2459:Torres Strait Islander 2310:Aboriginal Australians 998:12 August 2020 at the 858:Aboriginal land rights 791:Aboriginal Lands Trust 730:Deed of Grant in Trust 510: 407:Aboriginal land rights 312:Aboriginal land rights 308:Aboriginal Lands Trust 117:Indigenous Australians 110: 39:Torres Strait Islander 35:Aboriginal Australians 31:Aboriginal land rights 27:Indigenous land rights 3088:Native Title Act 1993 3023:Cummeragunja walk-off 2769:Northern Land Council 2619:Torres Strait English 2546:Torres Strait Islands 2257:Native Title Act 1993 1860:Sydney Morning Herald 742:Queensland Government 611:1980s South Australia 593:available for claim. 568:on 16 December 1976. 437:and other points, to 326:Further information: 122:Native Title Act 1993 51:Torres Strait Islands 2744:Central Land Council 1774:on 24 September 2020 1679:Central Land Council 1484:on 22 September 2020 1203:10.22459/DHM.09.2009 751:(the subject of the 55:colony of Queensland 2501:Outstation movement 2340:Western Australians 2242:. 17 January 2019. 2177:. Wakefield Press. 2145:. 26 February 2014. 1846:Coe v. Commonwealth 863:Aboriginal reserves 821:far-right movements 807:freemen on the land 749:Mer (Murray) Island 734:Aboriginal reserves 715:northern Queensland 701:In Queensland, the 236:Aboriginal reserves 3194:Stolen Generations 3184:Self-determination 3104:Stolen Generations 3038:Historical figures 3018:Caledon Bay crisis 2841:Fire-stick farming 2754:Maralinga Tjarutja 2373:Performing artists 2032:The Saturday Paper 1922:. 26 February 2016 1703:. Future Leaders. 1534:"Black Moratorium" 1462:McMahon, William. 1393:(1971) 17 FLR 141. 1283:. 10 December 2015 972:. 12 February 2016 966:"Land and Housing" 683:Northern Territory 601:Coe v Commonwealth 579:Northern Territory 558:Whitlam government 415:rights to minerals 348:ruled against the 287:Aboriginal culture 157:Northern Territory 94:state or territory 66:native title cases 3238: 3237: 3121:Western Australia 2856:Possum-skin cloak 2787: 2786: 2779:Tiwi Land Council 2614:Taboo on the dead 2579:Australian Creole 2320:Aboriginal groups 1590:Solidarity Online 1410:Sydney Law Review 1245:978-1-921536-95-3 1095:on 1 October 2009 811:sovereign citizen 785:Western Australia 781:(SA) was passed. 435:Sydney University 342:Richard Blackburn 340:In 1971, Justice 148:Mabo v Queensland 76:According to the 3268: 2732: 2564:Avoidance speech 2526:Smoking ceremony 2287: 2280: 2273: 2264: 2250: 2231: 2224:UNSW Law Journal 2214: 2211:Creative Spirits 2201: 2188: 2167: 2146: 2134: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2060: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2011: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1955:on 26 March 2015 1954: 1948:. Archived from 1947: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1912: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1870: 1864: 1856: 1850: 1842: 1836: 1819: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1770:. Archived from 1760: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1731: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1702: 1691: 1682: 1665: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1615: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1581: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1483: 1477:. 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Strike 3028:Day of Mourning 2980: 2890: 2783: 2730: 2628: 2584:Language groups 2550: 2392: 2344: 2296: 2291: 2234: 2217: 2204: 2191: 2185: 2170: 2149: 2137: 2123: 2120: 2118:Further reading 2115: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2058: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2038: 2036: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2007: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1984: 1982: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1945: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1914: 1913: 1896: 1883: 1881: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1857: 1853: 1843: 1839: 1833:Wayback Machine 1820: 1813: 1803: 1801: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1777: 1775: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1744: 1742: 1733: 1732: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1700: 1693: 1692: 1685: 1675:Wayback Machine 1666: 1662: 1649: 1647: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1594: 1592: 1583: 1582: 1575: 1567: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1544: 1542: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1517: 1515: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1466: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1446: 1444: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1420: 1418: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1389: 1385: 1375: 1373: 1364: 1363: 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3144: 3139: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3101: 3096: 3094:Pilbara strike 3091: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3062: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3008: 2998: 2990: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2871:Spinifex resin 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2797: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2740: 2738: 2729: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2714: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2638: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2609:Sign languages 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 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1120: 1116: 1110: 1107: 1091: 1084: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1060:. 3 June 2015 1059: 1055: 1054:"Land rights" 1049: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1019:. 22 May 2015 1018: 1014: 1008: 1005: 1001: 997: 994: 990: 985: 971: 967: 961: 959: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 938: 924: 920: 914: 911: 904: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 850: 846: 835: 830: 828: 826: 822: 817: 812: 808: 800: 798: 796: 792: 784: 782: 780: 779: 774: 766: 764: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 711: 706: 705: 696: 694: 692: 691: 682: 677: 675: 673: 665: 663: 661: 657: 656:Archie Barton 653: 649: 648: 643: 638: 636: 635: 630: 626: 622: 618: 610: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 591: 586: 584: 580: 576: 575: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 552:, chaired by 551: 547: 543: 536: 533: 531: 529: 525: 524: 519: 515: 504: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 488: 487: 486: 482: 479: 476: 473: 472: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 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Index

Australia
Aboriginal Australians
Torres Strait Islander
Australian Aboriginal culture
colonisation of Australia
Torres Strait Islands
colony of Queensland
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
native title cases
Attorney-General's Department
land rights
Australian
state or territory
freehold
perpetual lease
traditional laws and customs
Native title in Australia
Indigenous Australians
Native Title Act 1993
Australia
native title
High Court of Australia
Mabo v Queensland (No. 2)
Northern Territory
Queensland
New South Wales
South Australia
Victoria
Tasmania
National Native Title Tribunal

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