516:: a weekday protest meant that union supporters would need to convince others in their workplace about why solidarity with Aboriginal people was an important issue for their movement. Striking would both disrupt the economy and show strong conviction and understanding of the struggle, and the discussion put Black rights into workplaces, staff rooms and classrooms. It was later assessed as one of the most successful and historically significant protests for Aboriginal rights in Australia until this time. Its legacy included the establishments of networks which led to thousands of people defending the Tent Embassy against attempts by police to shut it down, and union funding helped keep the embassy running. The Moratorium showed that non-Indigenous workers could be strong allies in the struggle for Indigenous rights.
674:(ILC) was established by the Federal Government to assist Aboriginal Australians to acquire land and manage Aboriginal held land sustainably and in a manner that provides cultural, social, economic and environmental benefits for themselves and future generations. In February 2019, the ILC became the Indigenous Land and Sea Corporation (ILSC), in recognition of its operations on water. The ILSC is funded by an annual payment from the investment returns of the Australian Government's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Land Account.
183:: "A successful land rights claim usually results in a special grant of freehold title or perpetual lease. A title document for the land is issued. The title is normally held by a community or an organisation, not by individuals. There are usually some restrictions on selling, and dealing with, land that has been granted in a land rights claim. Normally, the land will be passed down to future generations in a way that recognises the community’s traditional connection to that country".
839:
797:. This body holds about 24,000,000 hectares (59,000,000 acres), or 10% of the State's land. There are different types of tenures held by different parts of this land, including reserves, leases and freehold property. There are many remote communities on this land, inhabited by about 12,000 people. Land reform is ongoing, to use the land in a way which benefits the Aboriginal people.
152:, which recognised for the first time that Indigenous people had rights to land sourced from their continuing connection to it and that these rights are recognised under Australian common law. Where these rights had not been extinguished through contradictory Crown grants, native titles continued to exist and could exist alongside certain title, such as crown leases.
984:
937:
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videos speaking about “common law”, which incorporate
Freemen beliefs. Appealing to other Aboriginal people by partly identifying with the land rights movement, McMurtrie played on their feelings of alienation and lack of trust in the systems which had not served Indigenous people well. Proponents of
744:
in 1984. Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander local governments hold trusteeship of the DOGITs, and land tenure under this type of tenure is held in collective title, held in trust for future generations. From 1 January 2015, some trustees, namely those classified as "urban" or "future urban") are
592:
established a procedure that transferred almost 50 per cent of land in the
Northern Territory (around 600 000 km2) to collective Aboriginal ownership. Following this, some states introduced their own land rights legislation; however, there were significant limitations on the returned lands, or that
332:
In the 1970s, Indigenous
Australians became more politically active, and a powerful movement for the recognition of Indigenous land rights emerged. Also during this decade, the federal government started buying privately-owned land in order to benefit Indigenous communities, and also to create
1082:
813:
groups targeting
Indigenous Australians, with groups with names like Tribal Sovereign Parliament of Gondwana Land, the Original Sovereign Tribal Federation (OSTF) and the Original Sovereign Confederation. OSTF Founder Mark McMurtrie, an Aboriginal Australian man, has produced
285:. The measures included the removal of discriminatory legislation and restrictive practices, welfare measures, education and training to assist the involvement of Aboriginal people in the economy, and the education of non-Indigenous Australians about
193:
As of 2020, Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander peoples’ rights and interests in land are formally recognised over around 40 per cent of Australia’s land mass. The recognition of Indigenous rights in land and waters is fundamental to the process of
631:. The land rights legislation was introduced by Premier Don Dunstan in November 1978, several months prior to his resignation from Parliament. An amended bill, following extensive consultation, was passed by the Tonkin Liberal Government, as the
133:
operate in each state and territory is dependent on the history of the land rights arrangements of the particular state or territory. In some jurisdictions, titles to large areas of traditional lands were granted before the Act commenced.
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877:
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693:(see above) provides the basis upon which Aboriginal Australian people in the Northern Territory can claim rights to land based on traditional occupation. The freehold land cannot be sold or transferred, but it can be leased.
2098:
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318:. It allowed for parcels of Aboriginal land previously held by the SA Government, to be handed to the Aboriginal Lands Trust of SA under the Act. The Trust was governed by a Board composed solely of Aboriginal people.
2661:
413:, instead offering 50-year general-purpose leases for Aboriginal people which would be conditional upon their "intention and ability to make reasonable economic and social use of land", while reserving for the Crown
226:
585:, was significant in that it allowed a claim of title if claimants could provide evidence of their traditional association with land. Four Land Councils were established in the Northern Territory under this law.
1190:
Neumann, Klaus; Tavan, Gwenda (2009). "Chapter 4. 'A modern-day concentration camp': using history to make sense of
Australian immigration detention centres". In Neumann, Klaus; Tavan, Gwenda (eds.).
2367:
250:
The passing of
Aboriginal land rights legislation in Australia in the late 20th century was preceded by a number of important Aboriginal protests. The modern land rights movement started with the
713:
provide for
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander freehold respectively. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander freehold land occupies 5%, or 59,489 square kilometres (22,969 sq mi) of
2245:
210:
362:. However, Justice Blackburn did acknowledge the claimants' ritual and economic use of the land and that they had an established system of law "a subtle and highly elaborate" system of laws (
155:
Different types of land rights laws exist in
Australia, allowing for the renewed ownership of land to Indigenous Australians under various conditions. Land rights schemes are in place in the
633:
45:
and to that of Torres Strait Islander people, and there has been a long battle to gain legal and moral recognition of ownership of the lands and waters occupied by the many peoples prior to
104:
title to Indigenous Australians. By contrast, native title arises as a result of the recognition, under Australian common law, of pre-existing Indigenous rights and interests according to
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2090:
1942:
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people in the remote western area of the state. The legislation was proclaimed in January 1985 and was followed by a ceremony in the desert attended by Maralinga Tjarutja leader
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3141:
689:
2603:
1821:
179:. The land titles may recognise traditional interest in the land and protect those interests by giving Aboriginal people legal ownership of that land. Also, according to the
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introduced an Aboriginal Land Rights Bill to Parliament; however, this lapsed upon the dismissal of the government in 1975. The succeeding conservative government, led by
2681:
293:. It brought about a more widespread awareness by non-Indigenous people to social justice for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. South Australian Premier Sir
3037:
2641:
2372:
2284:
2194:"Background information on racial issues and Aboriginal land rights, 1971-2018 in the Pilbara region of Western Australia and in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"
1258:
270:, or Gurundji Strike, started with a protest about working conditions, but grew into a lands right issue, with the people claiming rights to the land which was then a
1234:
Neumann, Klaus, 1958-; Tavan, Gwenda (2009), "Chapter 4. 'A modern-day concentration camp': using history to make sense of Australian immigration detention centres",
2026:
2535:
2357:
1262:
882:
852:
582:
398:, Billy Craigie, Tony Coorey and Bertie Williams (later Kevin "Bert" Johnson, as protest for Indigenous land rights. The embassy was established in response to the
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Absolute ownership, including mineral and forestry rights of all reserves and traditional areas to be vested in the Black communities associated with these areas.
449:
and teachers, had voted to go on strike for half a day in support of Aboriginal people, and around 2,000 students joined the protest. There were also protests in
64:
peoples’ rights and interests in land are formally recognised over around 40 per cent of Australia’s land mass, and sea rights have also been asserted in various
224:
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the movement of Aboriginal peoples in Australia was controlled by colony- and later state-based laws, such as the
2938:
2666:
3250:
3108:
2505:
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187:
77:
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argued for integration rather than assimilation of Aboriginal people, and others questioned the concept of assimilation, with its paternalistic attitude.
3173:
2985:
2773:
2758:
2377:
2314:
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The colonisation of mainland Australia started in 1211, while the Torres Strait Islands were only taken over by the colony of Queensland in the 1870s.
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1949:
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In 1961, at the Native Welfare Conference, a meeting of federal and state ministers responsible for Aboriginal welfare, agreed on a policy of
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1243:
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61:
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printed a pamphlet at Sydney University ahead of the protest. Unionists from several trades, including builders' labourers, ship painters,
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1512:
777:
406:
311:
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1464:"Australian Aborigines, Commonwealth policy and achievements statement by the prime minister — The Rt Hon. William McMahon, C.H., M.P."
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2975:
2895:
2656:
2520:
1828:
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2182:
1890:
s 3: Aboriginal means a person who is a member of the Aboriginal race of Australia....12AAA. Additional grant to Tiwi Land Trust...
1708:
1211:
872:
545:
530:, which was attended by about 2000 people, including an estimated 16% of the Black population. It also had a heavy police presence.
3212:
3146:
2835:
2725:
2671:
2475:
2420:
1915:
887:
556:, made a number of recommendations in favour of recognising Aboriginal Land Rights. Taking up many of these recommendations, the
1695:
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2903:
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2405:
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820:
573:
302:
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The Black Moratorium refers to protests which took place on 14 July 1972. The Sydney protest was in the form of marches from
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180:
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42:
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1974:
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able to convert parts of the collective title to either Aboriginal freehold or Torres Strait Islander freehold title.
3188:
3027:
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2701:
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522:
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458:
450:
2248:
Proviso provides any protection for the rights of Aboriginal People to the occupation or enjoyment of their lands.
1236:
Does history matter?: making and debating citizenship, immigration and refugee policy in Australia and New Zealand
1193:
Does History Matter?: making and debating citizenship, immigration and refugee policy in Australia and New Zealand
3166:
3161:
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1474:
892:
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327:
112:
65:
46:
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3000:
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people; the term may also include the struggle for those rights. Connection to the land and waters is vital in
703:
1478:
728:, mainly held by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in remote and regional Queensland, is the
3115:
3052:
3047:
2885:
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2329:
619:
returned 102,650 square kilometres (39,630 sq mi) of land (10.2% of the state's land area) to the
553:
383:
377:
251:
142:
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857:
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38:
34:
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548:(also known as the "Woodward Royal Commission") was established in the Northern Territory in 1973. This
402:
282:
121:
89:
50:
1694:
Fogarty, John; Dwyer, Jacinta (2012). "The First Aboriginal Land Rights Case". In Sykes, Helen (ed.).
2743:
2124:
1678:
1667:
441:, attended by around 6,000 protesters, who included Aboriginal people, students and trade unionists.
221:– the first ever recognition of Aboriginal rights on the continent – but the promise was never kept.
54:
2593:
2500:
862:
714:
368:). In this way, this was the first significant legal case for Aboriginal land rights in Australia.
172:
2219:
3193:
3103:
3032:
3017:
2840:
2753:
2716:
2159:
2031:
1404:
733:
578:
557:
490:
a) An immediate and massive Health program to eliminate the very high Black infant mortality rate
294:
235:
156:
2150:
Attwood, Bain (2000). "The Articulation Of 'Land Rights' In Australia: The Case of Wave Hill".
1365:
1083:"What's the difference between native title and land rights?? – National Native Title Tribunal"
2855:
2825:
2778:
2613:
2410:
2178:
2056:"Freemen, Sovereign Citizens, and the Challenge to Public Order in British Heritage Countries"
1704:
1409:
1252:
1239:
1207:
965:
810:
466:
434:
341:
1656:
1438:"A milestone for Black sovereignty in this country: celebrating 50 years of the Tent Embassy"
721:(RNTBC) can be trustee of this land, who can grant leases of up to 99 years for any purpose.
3217:
2563:
2525:
1610:
1564:
1197:
844:
549:
517:
438:
1825:
2943:
1941:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (31 December 2010).
1845:
1832:
1674:
999:
737:
624:
581:
could claim rights to land based on traditional occupation. The statute, the first of the
267:
239:
168:
164:
101:
2262:
1505:"Aboriginal Tent Embassy - 'the guys who woke up Australia' - marks its 50th anniversary"
1586:"1972 Black Moratorium: How unions walked out for Aboriginal rights – Solidarity Online"
1533:
3198:
3093:
2965:
2870:
561:
359:
271:
97:
1638:
1053:
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f) An end to all discrimination and discriminatory legislation (e.g. Queensland Acts.)
3244:
2908:
2820:
2485:
2425:
1873:
655:
414:
399:
391:
125:(Cth). Although this is federal legislation and therefore applicable to the whole of
190:
in Australia, and the term is also used to describe the struggle for those rights.
3098:
3005:
2960:
2955:
2860:
2735:
2435:
2139:"Aboriginal peoples finally to be included in SA Constitution - but 'no' to Treaty"
1771:
1734:
775:, the powers of the Trust were reviewed and changed to modernise the Trust and the
659:
616:
604:
130:
2220:"From Milirrpum to Mabo: The High Court, Terra Nullius and Moral Entrepreneurship"
1114:
918:
266:, petitioned the federal government to have their land and rights given back. The
2172:
2000:
16:
Rights and interests of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia
2815:
2490:
1304:"Overview of Indigenous Affairs: Part 1: 1901 to 1991 – Parliament of Australia"
824:
725:
651:
641:
620:
564:, reintroduced a Bill, though not of the same content, and it was signed by the
462:
263:
85:
480:
The right and power of Black communities to control their lives and their land.
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2810:
2805:
2480:
2470:
2415:
1560:
988:
941:
834:
442:
334:
231:
160:
2235:
992:
878:
Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders
358:(the "Gove land rights case"), when they sought native title rights over the
3069:
2800:
897:
628:
527:
446:
126:
22:
1141:
Draft of the Order-in-Council Establishing Government 23 February 1836 (UK)
2193:
2152:
Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice
119:
under traditional laws and customs, and recognised in accordance with the
2540:
2530:
1202:
596:
454:
418:
259:
176:
2236:"Walker v State of South Australia (No 2) [2013] FCA 700 (2013)"
2163:
1880:. No. 191, 1976: Compilation No. 41. Australian Government. 4 April 2019
2230:(1): 63 – via Australasian Legal Information Institute (AustLII).
983:
936:
815:
760:
364:
275:
1355:. South Australian Acts (Point-in-Time). Retrieved on 29 January 2012.
2240:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1281:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1058:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
469:
for "hungry land"). The demands of the protesters were, specifically:
349:
255:
186:
Indigenous land rights relate to the rights and interests in land of
2244:
His Honour quotes Kirby in Fejo, who dismissed an argument that the
227:
Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897
1979:
Government of South Australia. Attorney-General's Dept. Legislation
823:, whose core beliefs may be broadly defined as "see the state as a
2880:
2850:
945:
115:
includes rights and interests relating to land and waters held by
2510:
1115:"Order-in-Council Establishing Government 23 February 1836 (UK)"
1088:. National Native Title Tribunal. September 2007. Archived from
2266:
1425:– via Australasian Legal Information Institute (AustLII).
732:(DOGIT). These were established primarily to administer former
940:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under an
108:. Native title is not a grant or right created by governments.
987:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1735:"Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 (Cth)"
1013:"Land rights and native title in the states and territories"
211:
Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia
2174:
Coming to terms : Aboriginal title in South Australia
634:
Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981
577:
established the basis upon which Aboriginal people in the
607:
on behalf of all "Aborigines" claiming all of Australia.
234:. This often meant that they were confined to living on
88:
and native title. Land rights are rights created by the
1793:
Lawford, Elliana; Zillman, Stephanie (18 August 2016).
96:
governments. Land rights usually consist of a grant of
1874:"Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976"
759:(1992) cases) is Torres Strait Islander freehold and
483:
Support for all Black struggles, including those for:
2091:"The seriously weird beliefs of Freemen on the land"
1795:"Timeline: From Wave Hill protest to land handbacks"
900:(reclaiming Indigenous jurisdiction – United States)
805:
Since the 2010s, there has been a growing number of
740:. They came about through legislation passed by the
690:
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976
3129:
2984:
2894:
2791:
2734:
2632:
2554:
2396:
2348:
2300:
1822:
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)
2692:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations
1405:"The Noongar Settlement: Australia's First Treaty"
793:(ALT) of Western Australia was established by the
778:Aboriginal Lands Trust of South Australia Act 2013
1863:, 3 December 2008, "Hero of the Maralinga People"
1372:. Museum of Australian Democracy. 8 December 1966
1302:Dow, Coral; Gardiner-Garden, John (10 May 2011).
477:Full compensation for all land seized since 1770.
213:of 1836, which were issued during the period of
2255:(1998) 195 CLR 96. (This case is based on s 61
2027:"Freemen movement targets Indigenous Australia"
1403:Hobbs, Harry; Williams, George (1 March 2018).
883:Indigenous Australian traditional custodianship
853:Aboriginal land rights legislation in Australia
512:The moratorium as a tactic was copied from the
471:
314:by any Australian government, and predated the
310:(ALT). This was the first major recognition of
82:
3179:Northern Territory National Emergency Response
2682:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
2125:"A change is gonna come (Timeline, 1900–2010)"
1817:
1815:
795:Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act 1972
658:, John Bannon and Aboriginal Affairs Minister
603:(1979), attempted (unsuccessfully) to bring a
520:published an article in the November issue of
242:, where they had no rights to land ownership.
2667:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association
2278:
2207:"Aboriginal timeline: Land & land rights"
1579:
1577:
1329:"Changing Policies Towards Aboriginal People"
1166:"Aboriginal timeline: Land & land rights"
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
678:Indigenous land tenure by state and territory
8:
1916:"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander land"
1611:"Demands of the Moratorium for Black Rights"
1257:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
217:, included recognition of the rights of the
188:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
49:starting in 1788, and the annexation of the
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
2774:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
2759:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council
2731:
2285:
2271:
2263:
1689:
1687:
1261:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
989:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
960:
958:
956:
954:
942:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
493:b) Full employment on at least award wages
84:There are fundamental differences between
1943:"Native Title Resource Guide: Queensland"
1764:"The History of the Central Land Council"
1436:Quinn-Bates, Jennetta (20 January 2022).
1201:
499:d) Black studies and culture in education
819:the original ideas are often related to
33:are the rights and interests in land of
2496:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards
2368:People from politics and public service
2064:International Journal of Cultic Studies
1826:Aboriginal land rights and native title
1697:More or less: democracy & new media
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
910:
827:with no authority over free citizens".
647:Maralinga Tjarutja Land Rights Act 1984
346:Supreme Court of the Northern Territory
215:British colonisation of South Australia
163:(including the Torres Strait Islands),
2294:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders
2097:. Australia: Nationwide News Pty Ltd.
1729:
1727:
1366:"Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966 (SA)"
1250:
970:National Indigenous Australians Agency
719:Registered Native Title Body Corporate
394:) 1972, by four Aboriginal activists,
306:(SA) established the South Australian
2025:Glazov, Ramon (6–12 September 2014).
1077:
1075:
278:. The strike lasted for eight years.
258:people from the remote settlement of
219:Aboriginal peoples of South Australia
129:, the way in which the processes for
62:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
7:
2476:Literature of Indigenous Australians
2005:Original Sovereign Tribal Federation
710:Torres Strait Islander Land Act 1991
337:which would be available for claim.
3251:Aboriginal land rights in Australia
2218:Van Krieken, Robert (1 July 2000).
1513:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1471:Collaborating for Indigenous Rights
2657:Aborigines Progressive Association
1637:McGuiness, Bruce (November 1972).
1503:Bourchier, Dan (25 January 2022).
496:c) Decent housing and no evictions
405:Government's refusal to recognise
274:owned by a large British company,
14:
873:Australian Aboriginal Sovereignty
666:1995: Indigenous Land Corporation
615:In 1981 South Australian Premier
546:Aboriginal Land Rights Commission
461:, all under the rallying cry of "
386:was set up on the front lawns of
2089:Stocken, Shelley (8 July 2016).
1741:. Museum of Australian Democracy
1644:Aboriginal and Islander Identity
1333:Australian Law Reform Commission
982:
935:
888:Indigenous treaties in Australia
837:
801:Freemen/sovereign state movement
523:Aboriginal and Islander Identity
514:campaign against the Vietnam War
2995:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
2101:from the original on 9 May 2017
1878:Federal Register of Legislation
1768:Central Land Council, Australia
1681:. Retrieved on 29 January 2012.
1639:"A moratorium for Black rights"
1565:"A moratorium for black rights"
1353:Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966
773:Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966
644:'s Labor Government passed the
590:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
574:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
535:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
303:Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966
3256:Indigenous Australian politics
3207:Uluru Statement from the Heart
2624:Torres Strait Island languages
1975:"South Australian Legislation"
1624:– via Reason in Revolt.
1584:Gibson, Paddy (24 June 2010).
1308:Home – Parliament of Australia
1146:National Archives of Australia
1119:Museum of Australian Democracy
388:Old Parliament House, Canberra
322:1970s activism and legislation
181:National Native Title Tribunal
1:
2672:Australian Aborigines' League
2652:Aborigines Advancement League
2569:Australian Aboriginal English
1654:– via Reason in Revolt.
923:Attorney-General's Department
763:is Aboriginal freehold land.
566:Governor-General of Australia
502:e) Real equality in education
78:Attorney-General's Department
43:Australian Aboriginal culture
2712:National Reconciliation Week
2205:Korff, Jens (25 July 2020).
2130:National Museum of Australia
1835:, retrieved 30 January 2012.
526:magazine about the march in
246:The struggle for land rights
106:traditional laws and customs
72:Description and distinctions
2764:NSW Aboriginal Land Council
2702:Registered Aboriginal Party
2687:National Indigenous Council
2574:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
2198:Dr Bill Day, anthropologist
1391:Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd
672:Indigenous Land Corporation
583:Aboriginal land rights acts
355:Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd
3277:
3142:Constitutional recognition
3011:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
2647:Aboriginal Medical Service
1668:Aboriginal Land Rights Act
868:Always was, always will be
771:In the 2013 Review of the
375:
325:
3261:Indigenous Australian law
2536:Traditional custodianship
2253:Fejo v Northern Territory
2171:Berg, Shaun, ed. (2010).
2054:Kent, Stephen A. (2015).
1475:National Museum Australia
1121:. Documenting a democracy
893:Native title in Australia
411:native title in Australia
328:Native title in Australia
252:1963 Yolngu Bark Petition
141:was passed following the
113:Native title in Australia
47:colonisation of Australia
3001:Australian Frontier Wars
2707:Reconciliation Australia
1673:10 November 2010 at the
1539:The Dictionary of Sydney
704:Aboriginal Land Act 1991
3053:Australian history wars
2914:Contemporary visual art
2330:Torres Strait Islanders
1831:26 January 2012 at the
1752:PDF of original version
1739:Documenting A Democracy
1370:Documenting A Democracy
650:to return lands to the
384:Aboriginal Tent Embassy
378:Aboriginal Tent Embassy
372:Aboriginal Tent Embassy
268:1966 Wave Hill Walk-Off
143:High Court of Australia
2749:Kimberley Land Council
2599:Pama–Nyungan languages
2589:Loanwords into English
2506:Religion and mythology
2459:Torres Strait Islander
2310:Aboriginal Australians
998:12 August 2020 at the
858:Aboriginal land rights
791:Aboriginal Lands Trust
730:Deed of Grant in Trust
510:
407:Aboriginal land rights
312:Aboriginal land rights
308:Aboriginal Lands Trust
117:Indigenous Australians
110:
39:Torres Strait Islander
35:Aboriginal Australians
31:Aboriginal land rights
27:Indigenous land rights
3088:Native Title Act 1993
3023:Cummeragunja walk-off
2769:Northern Land Council
2619:Torres Strait English
2546:Torres Strait Islands
2257:Native Title Act 1993
1860:Sydney Morning Herald
742:Queensland Government
611:1980s South Australia
593:available for claim.
568:on 16 December 1976.
437:and other points, to
326:Further information:
122:Native Title Act 1993
51:Torres Strait Islands
2744:Central Land Council
1774:on 24 September 2020
1679:Central Land Council
1484:on 22 September 2020
1203:10.22459/DHM.09.2009
751:(the subject of the
55:colony of Queensland
2501:Outstation movement
2340:Western Australians
2242:. 17 January 2019.
2177:. Wakefield Press.
2145:. 26 February 2014.
1846:Coe v. Commonwealth
863:Aboriginal reserves
821:far-right movements
807:freemen on the land
749:Mer (Murray) Island
734:Aboriginal reserves
715:northern Queensland
701:In Queensland, the
236:Aboriginal reserves
3194:Stolen Generations
3184:Self-determination
3104:Stolen Generations
3038:Historical figures
3018:Caledon Bay crisis
2841:Fire-stick farming
2754:Maralinga Tjarutja
2373:Performing artists
2032:The Saturday Paper
1922:. 26 February 2016
1703:. Future Leaders.
1534:"Black Moratorium"
1462:McMahon, William.
1393:(1971) 17 FLR 141.
1283:. 10 December 2015
972:. 12 February 2016
966:"Land and Housing"
683:Northern Territory
601:Coe v Commonwealth
579:Northern Territory
558:Whitlam government
415:rights to minerals
348:ruled against the
287:Aboriginal culture
157:Northern Territory
94:state or territory
66:native title cases
3238:
3237:
3121:Western Australia
2856:Possum-skin cloak
2787:
2786:
2779:Tiwi Land Council
2614:Taboo on the dead
2579:Australian Creole
2320:Aboriginal groups
1590:Solidarity Online
1410:Sydney Law Review
1245:978-1-921536-95-3
1095:on 1 October 2009
811:sovereign citizen
785:Western Australia
781:(SA) was passed.
435:Sydney University
342:Richard Blackburn
340:In 1971, Justice
148:Mabo v Queensland
76:According to the
3268:
2732:
2564:Avoidance speech
2526:Smoking ceremony
2287:
2280:
2273:
2264:
2250:
2231:
2224:UNSW Law Journal
2214:
2211:Creative Spirits
2201:
2188:
2167:
2146:
2134:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2060:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1955:on 26 March 2015
1954:
1948:. Archived from
1947:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1912:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1870:
1864:
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1836:
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1810:
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1790:
1784:
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1779:
1770:. Archived from
1760:
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1530:
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1500:
1494:
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1491:
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1483:
1477:. Archived from
1468:
1459:
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1394:
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1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1205:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1170:Creative Spirits
1161:
1148:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1050:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1009:
1003:
991:licence (as per
986:
981:
979:
977:
962:
949:
944:licence (as per
939:
934:
932:
930:
915:
847:
845:Australia portal
842:
841:
840:
724:A third type of
640:In 1984 Premier
554:Justice Woodward
550:Royal Commission
518:Bruce McGuinness
439:Sydney Town Hall
425:Black Moratorium
396:Michael Anderson
262:, in north-east
240:mission stations
139:Native Title Act
3276:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3174:Media portrayal
3137:1967 Referendum
3125:
3033:Gurindji Strike
3028:Day of Mourning
2980:
2890:
2783:
2730:
2628:
2584:Language groups
2550:
2392:
2344:
2296:
2291:
2234:
2217:
2204:
2191:
2185:
2170:
2149:
2137:
2123:
2120:
2118:Further reading
2115:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2073:
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2058:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
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2024:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1896:
1883:
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1872:
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1867:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1839:
1833:Wayback Machine
1820:
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1675:Wayback Machine
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1000:Wayback Machine
975:
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928:
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912:
907:
843:
838:
836:
833:
803:
787:
769:
767:South Australia
699:
685:
680:
668:
627:people, as the
625:Yankunytjatjara
613:
540:In the wake of
538:
427:
390:on 26 January (
380:
374:
330:
324:
316:1967 Referendum
295:Thomas Playford
248:
204:
169:South Australia
165:New South Wales
102:perpetual lease
74:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3274:
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3215:
3203:
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3201:
3199:Half-Caste Act
3191:
3189:Reconciliation
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3167:Protected Area
3164:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:
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3123:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3096:
3094:Pilbara strike
3091:
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2873:
2871:Spinifex resin
2868:
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2853:
2848:
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2838:
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2823:
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2630:
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2609:Sign languages
2606:
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2571:
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2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
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2394:
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2390:
2385:
2383:Visual artists
2380:
2375:
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2354:
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2343:
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2337:
2332:
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2289:
2282:
2275:
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2246:Letters Patent
2232:
2215:
2202:
2189:
2183:
2168:
2147:
2135:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2081:
2046:
2017:
1992:
1981:. 24 July 2020
1966:
1933:
1894:
1865:
1851:
1837:
1811:
1785:
1755:
1723:
1709:
1683:
1660:
1629:
1602:
1573:
1552:
1525:
1495:
1454:
1428:
1395:
1383:
1357:
1345:
1320:
1294:
1268:
1244:
1226:
1212:
1182:
1149:
1132:
1106:
1071:
1030:
1004:
950:
925:. 8 March 2020
919:"Native title"
909:
908:
906:
903:
902:
901:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
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855:
849:
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832:
829:
802:
799:
786:
783:
768:
765:
698:
695:
684:
681:
679:
676:
667:
664:
612:
609:
562:Malcolm Fraser
537:
532:
509:
508:
507:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
485:
484:
481:
478:
475:
426:
423:
376:Main article:
373:
370:
360:Gove Peninsula
323:
320:
272:cattle station
247:
244:
203:
200:
196:reconciliation
73:
70:
57:in the 1870s.
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3273:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3231:
3230:Voting rights
3228:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3197:
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3168:
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3145:
3143:
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3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3083:
3082:Native police
3080:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3049:
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3044:
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3031:
3029:
3026:
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3019:
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3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
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2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:Bark painting
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
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2864:
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2859:
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2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2821:Bush medicine
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2736:Land councils
2733:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
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2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
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2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2634:Organisations
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
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2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
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2572:
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2567:
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2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2542:
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2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:Message stick
2484:
2482:
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2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2455:
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2447:
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2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:Deadly Awards
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
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2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2184:9781862548671
2180:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
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2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
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1710:9780980332070
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