1617:
892:
Government. The members of the
National Voice would be chosen by the Local and Regional Voice for each area. The parliament would be "obliged" to consult the national voice on a limited number of matters that overwhelmingly affect Indigenous Australians and "expec" to consult the National Voice on other matters that "significantly affect" Indigenous Australians. The report did not cover changing the Constitution (as this was outside its terms of reference) and these bodies would be created via legislation rather than through a constitutional amendment. While the government announced that the report would be considered in Parliament as soon as possible, no legislation was passed by the election of May 2022.
40:
634:, and was heavily criticised after being released. Indigenous leaders specifically objected to their failure to be consulted and the reference only to the prior occupancy of Indigenous peoples and not their continuing custodianship. A continuing lack of consultation in the creation of the final draft led to Indigenous leaders calling for the preamble question to be dropped. Debate on the preamble question was limited, with much of the focus on the other republic question and the question was eventually defeated, with only 39.34% of Australians voting yes.
494:(ATSIC) was established by the Hawke government on 5 March 1990 as an elected body which had responsibility for administering Indigenous programs and service delivery. It was successful in some areas as being a combined deliverer of services; however, low voter turnout for ATSIC elections, allegations of corruption and a lack of government support led to the demise of the organisation. A 2003 review recommended various reforms, including more control of the organisation by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people at a regional level. The
444:(DAA) and the Minister on issues of concern to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Its members were elected by Indigenous people, who had a turnout of 78% of the 36,338 people on its electoral roll, in November 1973. While it maintained a good relationship with Bryant, it had strong detractors in the DAA. The NACC saw itself as a legislative body, while the government expected them to be purely advisory, and this, along with other conflicts over the name, funding levels and control led to the end of the organisation. The
1371:, namely that the meaning of the words is unclear and may be interpreted by the High Court in a way unexpected and unable to be modified later by legislation. He also expressed concerns with the preambular statement "In recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples as the First Peoples of Australia:" as its judicial interpretation is unclear. However, despite these concerns, Leeser stated he would vote yes and continued to campaign for a successful referendum, after resigning from
4500:
4458:
2263:
522:(NIC), following a proposal earlier in the year. A government inquiry into the demise of ATSIC recommended in March 2005 "that the NIC be a temporary body, to exist only until a proper national, elected representative body is in place". The same inquiry found that, although the members were respected, there was absolutely no support for the institution; only the government regarded it as legitimate. In early 2008, the NIC was disbanded.
1501:, criticised the No campaign's legal arguments and other campaign tactics in a speech at the National Press Club, refuting the argument that it would have an effect on executive decision-making. He also said that the Voice would be unable to " effectively in terms of representation with the processes of government unless you have the executive government in there", and that this was not a mistake.
176:
810:
710:. Indigenous advocates demanded more than just symbolic recognition in any change and had coalesced around a constitutional prohibition against racial discrimination. This reflected the view that, according to Megan Davis, Indigenous people do not seek inclusion in the Constitution to be recognised, that campaign being "a state-conceived project salvaged from the ashes of the failed
901:
1595:
1582:
1569:
1881:
291:, delivered at the First Nations National Constitutional Convention in 2017. The statement formally petitioned the people of Australia to support a voice to parliament in order to address First Nations disadvantage through giving those communities a greater influence on laws and policies that affect them. The concept was rejected at the time by the
1299:, the prime minister said that the referendum would be held within a year, with the date eventually set for 14 October 2023. An official pamphlet, containing details of the proposed change to the constitution and two essays written by the yes and no campaigns, was posted to every household before the vote and was also available on the
282:
national level. It remains legally possible however for the Voice (or alternative proposals) to be introduced by legislation rather than by amendment to the
Constitution. However, the current government stated before the referendum they would not legislate a Voice in the event of a No vote and have subsequently stuck to this position.
774:, which outlined the various proposals to date, including that of an Indigenous voice. The council then engaged in a consultation process with Indigenous Australians, eventually meeting with over 1,200 people. This led to the First Nations National Constitutional Convention on 26 May 2017, whose delegates collectively composed the
1020:
successful, another process would be established to work on the final design, with a subsequent government produced information pamphlet stating that this process would involve
Indigenous Australian communities, the Parliament and the broader community, with any legislation going through normal parliamentary scrutiny procedures.
1410:
constitutional status as the
Parliament, executive and the High Court. In October 2023 a paper by Aroney and lawyer Peter Congdon highlighted that the proposed alteration to the Constitution had the potential to significantly expand the powers of the Commonwealth over the states, citing the examples of raising the
1476:
advised that the Voice would "not fetter or impede the exercise of existing powers of
Parliament... and is not just compatible with the system of representative and responsible government prescribed by the Constitution, but an enhancement of that system". He also advised that the Voice would help in
795:
In
October 2017, the Turnbull government the major recommendations of the report, arguing that the constitutional proposal was neither "desirable or capable of winning acceptance at referendum" and that the body "would inevitably become seen as a third chamber of parliament". Instead, the government
783:
On 13 June 2017, the
Referendum Council released their final report, which recommended that a referendum for a constitutional voice be held. It stated that the body would recognise Indigenous Australians as "the first peoples of Australia" and that it should be tasked with "monitoring the use of the
655:
Incoming prime minister Tony Abbott was opposed to substantive constitutional change, arguing in his 2014 Neville Bonner oration that the goal is to "acknowledge
Aboriginal people in the Constitution without otherwise changing it". However, in 2015 over 40 Indigenous leaders presented the Kirribilli
646:
While the Rudd government also endorsed constitutional recognition, formal consultation with
Indigenous leaders on a new proposal did not begin again until 2012 under the Gillard government. This resulted in the creation of an expert panel, which recommended, amongst other things, the insertion of a
1409:
In May 2023 constitutional law professors
Nicholas Aroney and Peter Gerangelos highlighted what they believed were a number of issues with the proposed constitutional amendment in a submission to the Joint Select Committee, suggesting that the Voice may be seen by the High Court as having a similar
375:
giving the Parliament the power to make laws with respect to "the people of any race, other than the aboriginal race in any State". This exclusion, along with another provision that prevented the counting of Indigenous Australians in the population for constitutional purposes, was deleted following
1532:
Both the Liberal and National parties, however, opposed the voice, arguing in the official No referendum pamphlet that the Voice is legally risky, divisive and far too broad in its scope. Peter Dutton instead argued for a more symbolic inclusion change in the Constitution as a form of recognition,
281:
Under the government-endorsed design principles of the First Nations Referendum Working Group (aka Referendum Working Group, or RWG), the membership of the Voice would have been selected by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities across the country, with an enforced gender balance at the
1524:
The Anthony Albanese led Labor government supported the Voice, arguing in the official Yes referendum pamphlet that the Voice will recognise Indigenous Australians in the constitution in the way they requested, improve government decision making through listening to advice on matters that affect
887:
the enactment of such laws, or force changes to government policies. The Voice would comprise either 16 or 18 members, who would either be elected directly or come from the regional and local voice bodies. On the same day, Wyatt announced a second stage of co-design meetings lasting four months,
874:
An interim report by the Senior Advisory Group led by Langton and Calma was delivered to the government in November 2020, and officially published on 9 January 2021. It included proposals that the government would be obliged to consult the Voice prior to passing new legislation relating to race,
800:
delegates, Referendum Council, and the two earlier constitutional recommendation bodies. Its final report, published in November 2018, included four recommendations, the first of which was to "initiate a process of co-design with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples". It stated that the
1019:
endorsed a set of design principles that would be used in the design of the Voice in the event the referendum is successful, with Prime Minister Anthony Albanese stating that these principles would "underpin the shape and function of the Voice". Additionally he stated that if the referendum is
891:
In July 2021 the Indigenous Voice Co-design Process panel released its final report. It proposed a series of Local and Regional voices, able to provide advice to all levels of government, and a National Voice, made up of a smaller number of members, able to provide advice to both Parliament and
626:, almost unanimously supported the proposal that a preamble containing a recognition of Indigenous Australians as the original inhabitants and custodians of Australia be inserted into the constitution. This, along with the convention's endorsement of an Australian Republic, was voted on in the
737:
Arguing that conservative support was required for any referendum to succeed, the proposal envisioned a duty for Parliament to consult with Indigenous communities, but with no duty to follow this advice, thereby retaining parliamentary sovereignty. Additionally, it was argued that through the
637:
The government otherwise opposed what it called "symbolic" recognition, until during the 2007 election, Howard committed to hold a referendum on constitutional recognition. All subsequent prime ministers have endorsed this position; however no proposal prior to the Voice was taken to vote.
801:
delegates at the 2017 Convention "understood that the primary purpose of The Voice was to ensure that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander voices were heard whenever the Commonwealth Parliament exercised its powers to make laws under section 51(xxvi) and section 122 of the Constitution".
606:. However, the government originally intended to pass that act as a part of a broader social and justice reform package, which would entail negotiations with Indigenous leaders to develop a mutually acceptable form of constitutional recognition. This did not eventuate however, with the
866:; instead, in his government's model, the voice would be enshrined in legislation. The government also said it would run a referendum during its present term about recognising Indigenous people in the Constitution "should a consensus be reached and should it be likely to succeed".
1234:, included a broad cross-section of representatives from First Nations communities across Australia. Their remit was to provide advice to the government on how best to ensure a successful referendum, focused on the key questions that need to be considered, including:
753:
While receiving broad academic support, some noted that if the design of the body is wholly left to Parliament, it may not have sufficient political power to negotiate with government and that the body may not be able to provide advice early enough to be effective.
4084:
325:
pledged that a referendum on a constitutionally enshrined Voice would be held within his term of office. In March 2023, the prime minister released the design principles of the Voice and confirmed that a referendum would occur in 2023. The process was overseen by
5091:
1488:
Certainly it is impossible to predict exactly what the High Court might say in the future; this is the case for all constitutional and legal provisions. But we know that the vast majority of expert legal opinion agrees that this amendment is not constitutionally
1339:
and public servants. Opponents argued that it makes it possible that the whole of the federal government, including its agencies, would be under an obligation to consult the Voice, and that the wording could allow judges to make rulings about its nature. However
1541:
gained government. Following the defeat of the proposal, Dutton stated that his party's prior commitment to symbolic constitutional recognition would be reviewed and that "it's clear the Australian public is probably over the referendum process for some time".
4789:, but if you're not talking to Humphrey, Sir Humphrey, you're going to get nowhere. You've got to talk to the bureaucrats. They're the ones who affect our lives. And so having a voice to the bureaucrats, to the Executive Government is extremely important.
1330:
One sticking point among experts was the inclusion of the phrase "executive government". In Australia, "executive government" comprises ministers as well as the departments they oversee. It is a broad term, which covers a wide range of people from the
1939:
1477:"overcoming barriers that have historically impeded effective participation by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in political discussions and decisions that affect them" and would also "rectify a distortion in the existing system".
703:, "A Rightful Place: Race, Recognition and a More Complete Commonwealth" and was submitted by the Cape York Institute to the Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in January 2015.
2454:
473:
into the NAC in 1983, which found that the body was not held in high regard by the Aboriginal community. After being starved of funds, some financial irregularities were found (attributed to inexperienced staff). The NAC was abolished by the
660:
A minimalist approach that provides recognition in the Constitution’s preamble, removes section 25 and moderates the race power section 51(xxvi) does not go far enough, and would not be acceptable to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
2879:
206:
1312:
4080:
1450:, and Asmi Wood) were unanimous in their opinion that the Voice would not have veto powers over legislation. Other constitutional experts backed the proposal as a "safe and sensible" legal option. Former High Court judge
1159:
In the referendum, voters were presented with the following question for them to approve or disapprove. If the referendum was successful, the following proposed amendment would have been inserted into the constitution.
888:
involving more consultation with Indigenous people. Calma reported in March 2021 that about 25 to 35 regional groups would be created, with a mechanism for individuals to pass ideas up the chain from local to regional.
697:'s Expert Panel on Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution, which had been rejected by constitutional conservatives. The proposal was first publicly raised by Pearson in his 2014
738:
proposal being proactive, Indigenous people would be involved as "participants in Australia's democratic and parliamentary processes, rather than as litigants". The proposal was described as Pearson and Morris as a "
1097:
The Voice would consult with grassroots communities and regional entities to ensure its representations are informed by their experience, including the experience of those who have been historically excluded from
3270:
1552:
123:
1205:
The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws with respect to matters relating to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice, including its composition, functions, powers and
1004:
The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws with respect to matters relating to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice, including its composition, functions, powers and
1202:
The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice may make representations to the Parliament and the Executive Government of the Commonwealth on matters relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples;
1001:
The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice may make representations to the Parliament and the Executive Government of the Commonwealth on matters relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples;
945:
in July, Albanese spoke in more detail of the government's plans for a Voice to Parliament. He proposed the following three lines to the Constitution as a "starting point" in disscussions about the amendment:
718:" but instead in order to "ameliorate the unintended (or intended) consequences of the drafting of the 1967 amendment" such as the continuing ability for the government to racially discriminate as seen in the
3582:
3053:
2394:
5315:
1421:
Vice-president of the Rule of Law Institute of Australia Chris Merritt suggested that the proposal would "clearly restrict the sovereign power of the Commonwealth in a way that nobody has even considered".
1272:, and a number of other respected leaders and community members. The REG included those on the RWG as well as other Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander representatives from across the country, including
5042:
3329:
647:
prohibition on racial discrimination. The report was not acted on by the government and was criticised by the opposition. Debate continued to stall for the reminder of Labor's time in office until 2014.
5067:
1519:
452:
review of the body, which concluded that it had not functioned as a consultative committee nor been effective in providing advice to government or making its activities known to most Aboriginal people.
199:
128:
746:" solution that synthesised progressive concerns that any constitutional recognition must involve structural reform and not "mere symbolism" with conservative concerns that any change must not limit
1719:
4885:
2979:
3674:
957:
The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws with respect to the composition, functions, powers and procedures of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice.
5192:
796:
established the Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in March 2018. It was tasked with reviewing the findings of the
4785:
The words Executive Government were in there and by the way, let me just explain the importance of the Executive Government bit. It's like, yes, you want to be able to talk to Jim Hacker on
3770:
1172:
A Proposed Law: To alter the Constitution to recognise the First Peoples of Australia by establishing an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice. Do you approve this proposed alteration?
976:
A Proposed Law: to alter the Constitution to recognise the First Peoples of Australia by establishing an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice. Do you approve this proposed alteration?
192:
133:
3981:
3028:
1913:
2900:
1573:
2125:
4146:
3160:
954:
The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice may make representations to Parliament and the Executive Government on matters relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples.
3469:
3130:
934:. In his victory speech, Albanese said that a referendum to decide the Indigenous Voice to Parliament would be held within his term of office, with Minister for Indigenous Australians
581:
restructured the body in early 2017, reducing its size to six members, and abolishing the role of chair. It was later given a pair of co-chairs. It held its last meeting in early 2019.
4669:
3510:, 2GB Sydney, 8 Sep 2023. " name came later, but the function of an advisory committee was developed with Professor Craven and other constitutional conservatives, including Professor
4386:
3921:
2346:
962:
He also proposed that the actioning referendum ask the question:"Do you support an alteration to the Constitution that establishes an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice?"
1061:
To ensure cultural legitimacy, the way that members of the Voice are chosen would suit the wishes of local communities and would be determined through the post-referendum process.
4643:
4571:
4044:
3658:
3633:
3611:
707:
591:
384:
263:
88:
1616:
1661:
4043:
Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia. Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (November 2018).
3412:
2002:...according to constitutional law expert Professor Anne Twomey. "The parliament could still legislate, if it wanted to do so, to establish an Indigenous advisory body... "
546:
cut off its main funding stream in 2013. It went into voluntary administration in June 2019, before ceasing completely in October 2019. Calls for a new voice came from the
3352:
5267:
3043:
785:
542:
in November 2009, and was established as a body independent of government. Fewer than 10,000 Indigenous people signed up as members to elect congress delegates, and the
539:
372:
5406:
2041:
5587:
1656:
491:
160:
3391:"Statement Presented By Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Attendees At A Meeting Held With The Prime Minister And Opposition Leader On Constitutional Recognition"
835:, announced the commencement of a "co-design process" aimed at providing an Indigenous voice to government. A Senior Advisory Group (SAG) was co-chaired by Professor
2819:
1537:, indicated that his party did not support this legislated regional and local voices model either, creating doubts as to whether this policy could be enacted if the
502:
as Aboriginal Affairs Minister) decided not to implement these reforms however, instead abolishing ATSIC on 24 March 2005, with the support of the Labor party under
1967:
1112:
562:
310:
committed to implementing the recommendations of the report, no legislation was passed between the release of the report in July 2021 and the election in May 2022.
3890:
726:. A racial discrimination clause was unacceptable to constitutional conservatives however, who feared that such a clause would be widely interpreted by so called "
5166:
4194:
3319:
5486:
5463:
965:
On 23 March 2023, the Australian Government released a proposed question and amendment for consideration by the Australian Parliament, following advice from the
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1645:
4068:
4829:
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789:
416:) was appointed by the federal government. Other state and territory Indigenous advisory bodies have also been established in some jurisdictions since 2008.
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1515:
1217:
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251:
116:
31:
2975:
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2015:
1033:
The Voice would make representations to the Parliament and the Executive Government on matters relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
851:, and comprising 20 leaders and experts from across the country. The body was described as a "voice to government", rather than a "voice to parliament".
425:
2916:
2486:
278:. The government would then have designed the specific form of the Voice, which would then have been implemented via legislation passed by Parliament.
1714:
1702:
619:
2721:
2379:
1045:
The Parliament and Executive Government should seek representations in writing from the Voice early in the development of proposed laws and policies.
465:(NAC). Changes included a move to indirect voting of members through regional representatives, a lower budget and a more explicit advisory role. The
383:
Additionally, since 1973 various Indigenous advisory bodies have been created in response to activist lobbying. Additionally, in 1992, calls for the
5441:
715:
377:
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1993:
1840:
4106:
3972:
3024:
351:
5226:
4990:"The Voice Referendum and the Federal Division of Powers: A New Head of Commonwealth Legislative Power to Implement the Voice's Representations?"
4815:
2191:
1902:
4368:
4169:
2849:
302:
discussed an "Indigenous voice to government" which would be legislated but not enshrined in the Constitution. A co-design process organised by
4540:
4488:
4476:
4136:
3999:
3655:
Submission No. 38.2 to the Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples:Supplemental 2
3630:
Submission No. 38.1 to the Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples:Supplemental 1
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3213:
2107:
942:
357:
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2705:
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437:
405:
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5292:
630:, with both questions being defeated. The first draft of the preamble voted on was written by Prime Minister John Howard, along with poet
3209:
2423:
1430:
The Constitutional Expert Group appointed by the government to provide advice about constitutional law relating to the Voice (comprising
1138:
The Voice would be able to make representations about improving programs and services, but it would not manage money or deliver services.
4780:
2887:
1708:
1292:
were included in this larger group. They provided advice on building community understanding, awareness and support for the referendum.
908:
828:
723:
711:
627:
331:
255:
5539:
1398:, suggested that the changes could have unintended effects and would introduce inequality of citizenship into the Constitution. Former
1055:
Members of the Voice would be selected by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, not appointed by the Executive Government.
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This statement resulted in the created of the bi-partisan creation of the Referendum Council by new prime minister Malcolm Turnbull.
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103:
81:
39:
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The Voice would have specific remote representatives as well as representation for the mainland Torres Strait Islander population.
5092:"A submission about implications of the Voice to Parliament by two 'well-respected' legal experts has been labelled 'terrifying'"
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1368:
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98:
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780:. This statement included the request, "We call for the establishment of a First Nations Voice enshrined in the Constitution."
719:
4021:
3771:"Friday essay: how an unholy alliance of the separatist left and reactionary right rejected the Voice's 'sensible middle way'"
3608:
Submission No. 38 to the Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
254:
to establish the Voice was held on 14 October 2023. It was unsuccessful, with a majority of voters both nationwide and in all
5509:"Anthony Albanese says surveys show between 80 and 90 per cent of Indigenous Australians support the Voice. Is that correct?"
1470:
1411:
776:
287:
154:
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412:
Since 1973, there have been five national Indigenous bodies advising Australian governments. Four were elected and one (the
2301:
30:
This article is about the body as proposed and its conceptual development. For the referendum and its broader outcome, see
2823:
1459:
1332:
371:
Prior to 1967, the federal government did not have the power to create laws specifically for Indigenous Australians, with
342:
federal Opposition announced their opposition to a national Voice, whether legislatively or constitutionally implemented.
3239:
2535:"An ancient people struggling to find a modern voice – Experiences of Australia's Indigenous people with advisory bodies"
5582:
3882:
3001:
1690:
1066:
The Voice will be representative of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, gender balanced and include youth
462:
4369:"Prime Minister to announce Australia's first referendum in 20 years at Garma Festival. Here's what you might be asked"
1585:
1108:
The Voice would be subject to standard governance and reporting requirements to ensure transparency and accountability.
5502:
5500:
4920:
4617:
3271:"Former Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australian Government representative and advisory bodies: a quick guide"
931:
519:
413:
93:
1367:
outlined his concerns about the words "executive government" in proposed sub-clause 129(ii) during an address at the
1322:
Legal opinion in Australia was divided over the suitability of the wording of the proposed constitutional amendment.
706:
The proposal was made in part to bridge the gap between Indigenous advocates and constitutional conservatives in the
1039:
The Voice would be able to respond to requests for representations from the Parliament and the Executive Government.
4141:
1494:
1058:
Members would serve on the Voice for a fixed period of time, to ensure regular accountability to their communities.
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with local and regional voices to be legislated (without a national Voice). However, the leader of the Nationals,
1071:
Members of the Voice would be Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander, according to the standard three-part test.
5143:
4766:
4702:
3324:
2926:
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2753:
The role of the National Aboriginal Conference: report to the Hon. Clyde Holding, Minister for Aboriginal Affairs
2496:
2347:"90 years ago, Yorta Yorta leader William Cooper petitioned the king for Aboriginal representation in parliament"
2143:
1635:
1050:
The Voice will be chosen by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people based on the wishes of local communities
876:
747:
731:
603:
4018:"Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition Relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples"
3293:
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2078:
1651:
1598:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1223:
966:
5227:"More than 70 university law professors say Voice 'not constitutionally risky' in letter to Australian public"
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1399:
1345:
863:
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271:
259:
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academics and judges voiced concerns about the introductory words to the proposed new section 129. Retired
5193:"PM says solicitor general's advice on Indigenous voice refutes 'absolute nonsense' from Dutton and Joyce"
4391:
3511:
3413:"Constitutional recognition for Indigenous Australians must involve structural change, not mere symbolism"
2725:
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1443:
1431:
1341:
1296:
923:
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682:
570:
275:
244:
240:
5567:
5442:"'Not focused on hypotheticals': PM not considering other forms of Indigenous recognition if Voice fails"
5407:"Dutton condemns Voice as symptom of 'identity politics', as Burney says it will bring 'better outcomes'"
4967:"Submission to the Joint Select Committee on the Aboriginal and torres Strait islander Voice Referendum"
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issues affecting farmers and Indigenous people. They wrote that neither side had mentioned this issue.
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Members of the Voice would be expected to connect with – and reflect the wishes of – their communities.
681:(assisted by the Institute's senior constitutional advisor Shireen Morris) in discussion with academic
1767:
4567:
4372:
4253:
4173:
3515:
3294:"With hope in God, the Prime Minister and the poet: lessons from the 1999 Referendum on the Preamble"
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1997:
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762:
On 7 December 2015 the 16 members of the Referendum Council were appointed by Liberal prime minister
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3650:
3625:
3603:
3533:
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1994:"What is the Indigenous Voice to Parliament? Here's how it would work and who's for and against it"
1841:"What is the Indigenous Voice to Parliament? Here's how it would work and who's for and against it"
1265:
1195:
In recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Peoples of Australia:
994:
In recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Peoples of Australia:
912:
832:
817:
678:
623:
547:
318:
307:
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was completed in July 2021 proposing for local and regional voices and a National Voice. While the
299:
292:
4670:"Indigenous voice a 'safe and sensible' legal option that will not impede parliament, experts say"
3002:"Readings 15: National Congress of Australia's First Peoples: Working with Indigenous Australians"
5167:"Solicitor-general confirms Voice model is legally sound, will not 'fetter or impede' parliament"
5095:
5007:
4925:
4724:
Legal experts worry the words 'executive government' could lead to Voice referendum court battles
4313:"Review of the The Indigenous Voice Co-design Process: Final Report to the Australian Government"
4170:"Minister Ken Wyatt wants Indigenous voice to government to pass parliament before next election"
3460:
3048:
2616:
2562:
2534:
2458:
1379:
1336:
1042:
The Voice would have its own resources to allow it to research, develop and make representations.
1016:
694:
429:
388:
4442:
4387:"Anthony Albanese reveals 'simple and clear' wording of referendum question on Indigenous voice"
2247:
4541:"'Momentum is growing': Anthony Albanese promises to deliver Voice referendum by December 2023"
3914:
Discussion Paper on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
3859:
Constitutional recognition of First Peoples in Australia: theories and comparative perspectives
3273:. Research Paper Series, 2022–23. Department of Parliamentary Services, Parliament of Australia
772:
Discussion Paper on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
364:
for the inclusion of a member of parliament to represent Indigenous people. In 1967, the first
5200:
5019:
5015:
4989:
4316:
4291:
4050:
3862:
3836:
3823:
3803:
3790:
3749:
3726:
3716:
3537:
3488:
2930:
2792:
2757:
2701:
2651:
2641:
2608:
2554:
2500:
2117:
2086:
2049:
1797:"Australians reject Indigenous recognition via Voice to Parliament, referendum set for defeat"
1695:
1674:
1534:
673:
The proposal for a Voice to Parliament was initially conceived in 2014 by Aboriginal advocate
631:
607:
543:
515:
495:
479:
445:
17:
1480:
In early October 2023, 71 constitutional and public law teachers and professors published an
4999:
4741:"Legal experts weigh in on the Voice's two most controversial words: 'executive government'"
4438:
4132:
3156:
2784:
2722:"History of National Representative Bodies | National Congress of Australia's First Peoples"
2600:
2546:
1473:
1391:
1277:
927:
763:
743:
578:
475:
466:
322:
180:
4417:
3044:"Closure of Aboriginal organisation means loss of First People's voice: former co-chairman"
2670:"Building a sustainable National Indigenous Representative Body – Issues for consideration"
2216:
4586:
4504:
4499:
4462:
4457:
3115:
2267:
2262:
2042:"Labor won't try to legislate Indigenous voice if referendum fails, Anthony Albanese says"
1526:
1439:
1415:
1348:
rulings have found that the term extends to ministers and government departments, but not
1089:
The Voice will be empowering, community-led, inclusive, respectful and culturally informed
727:
699:
499:
365:
4564:"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice to Parliament referendum set for October 14"
3390:
2589:"Australian Aboriginal Policy: Aboriginal Pressure Groups or Government Advisory Bodies?"
5043:"Indigenous voice to parliament: The legal analysis the Yes camp won't want you to read"
4948:"Inquiry into the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice Referendum: Submission 71"
4868:"Inquiry into the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice Referendum: Submission 56"
4849:"Inquiry into the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice Referendum: Submission 31"
4503: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
4461: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
3373:
2843:
2841:
2266: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
883:, where it would affect Indigenous Australians. However, the Voice would not be able to
4274:
3680:
3588:
3465:
2604:
1940:"What is the Indigenous voice to parliament, how would it work, and what happens next?"
1849:
The actual structure would depend on legislation after a "yes vote" in the referendum.
1383:
1372:
1357:
1349:
1289:
1253:
1231:
855:
844:
574:
3559:"Noel Pearson proposes changing constitution to create Indigenous representative body"
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
573:
and non-Indigenous, who would meet three times each year. It was initially chaired by
5576:
5268:"Former chief justice slams no campaign's core argument against voice as 'resentful'"
5252:
5011:
4816:
Liberal Party to discuss Voice to Parliament position at party room meeting this week
4518:
4345:
3430:
2777:
Levin, Michael D. (31 December 1993). "9. Ethnicity and Aboriginality: Conclusions".
2566:
2192:"Debate over Indigenous Voice to Parliament may define Anthony Albanese's government"
1498:
1451:
1435:
1364:
1230:
on 29 September 2022. The RWG, co-chaired by minister Linda Burney and special envoy
690:
433:
392:
4480:
2820:"Barunga Statement presented to Prime Minister Bob Hawke in 1988 | australia.gov.au"
1199:
There shall be a body, to be called the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice;
998:
There shall be a body, to be called the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice;
951:
There shall be a body, to be called the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice.
5487:"Days after Voice vote, Peter Dutton waters down Indigenous recognition commitment"
5144:"The Voice and the High Court challenge: analysis of a misrepresented legal debate"
4786:
4776:
4762:
4674:
4639:
4250:"Indigenous Voice to Parliament to include regional voices to address local issues"
4199:
4017:
3106:
2747:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2112:
1944:
1403:
1353:
1316:
1273:
1257:
935:
904:
767:
674:
551:
538:
to develop a new elected Indigenous representative body. This was announced as the
470:
449:
335:
327:
5464:"Nationals leader rejects call for legislated Voice model despite Liberal backing"
3188:"Malcolm Turnbull dissolves Indigenous Advisory Council, but 'commitment remains'"
2976:"2009 Media Release: New National Congress of Australia's First Peoples announced"
2874:
2872:
4886:"'Wrong in principle': Top jurist the latest leader to slam voice to parliament"
3854:
3702:
3369:
2477:
2475:
2074:
1481:
1249:
809:
566:
503:
285:
The proposal for the Voice was formally endorsed by Indigenous leaders with the
3353:"Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution"
2778:
1123:
The Voice will work alongside existing organisations and traditional structures
1118:
Voice members would be able to be sanctioned or removed for serious misconduct.
5342:"Voice to parliament: Robert French, former chief justice, lashes No campaign"
5293:"Retired Australian top judge and lawyers rebut opponents of Indigenous Voice"
4284:
Indigenous Voice Co-design Process – Final Report to the Australian Government
4223:"Indigenous Voice to parliament will get no veto power under interim proposal"
3507:
2788:
2751:
2695:
2550:
1885:
1867:"First meetings of Referendum Working Group & Referendum Engagement Group"
1281:
1269:
1168:
The question that was put to the Australian people at the 2023 referendum was:
267:
5204:
4137:"Proposed Indigenous 'voice' will be to government rather than to parliament"
3840:
3807:
3730:
3483:
Morris, Shireen (2 July 2018). "Chapter 6: In Search of the Radical Centre".
2915:. Select Committee on the Administration of Indigenous Affairs (March 2005).
2655:
2612:
2558:
2485:. Select Committee on the Administration of Indigenous Affairs (March 2005).
2448:
2446:
2444:
2121:
2053:
1739:
1711:, several bodies representing Sámi peoples in the Nordic countries and Russia
4698:"Indigenous Voice to Parliament: Mark Dreyfus dismisses High Court concerns"
4644:"Barristers battle over Voice proposal amid racism claims [Opinion]"
4278:
2850:"Voice to Parliament: A look back at Australia's trial of political failure"
1968:"The government is being asked for detail on the Voice. Here's what we know"
1285:
836:
824:
813:
739:
303:
5368:"The Voice was supposed to unify Australians. Where has the optimism gone?"
2948:
2946:
5068:"Indigenous voice to parliament: Laws pose threat to powers of the states"
4195:"Indigenous voice to parliament to have no veto power under interim plans"
3824:"Indigenous constitutional recognition : the concept of consultation"
2320:"Former MP Ken Wyatt quits Liberals after party decides not to back Voice"
2283:"Liberal Party confirms it will oppose the Indigenous Voice to Parliament"
900:
5003:
4647:
4226:
2455:"Voice will fail like four previous attempts at national Aboriginal body"
2424:"The Voice: what is it, where did it come from, and what can it achieve?"
1344:, argued that there is no such obligation in the proposal, and that past
1227:
1084:
The Voice will have balanced gender representation at the national level.
361:
2620:
2588:
1311:
693:. Their discussion arose in response to the 2012 recommendations of the
356:
Indigenous Australians have long called for better representation, with
4830:"Julian Leeser resigns from shadow cabinet over Liberals' voice stance"
1880:
1743:
1186:
Chapter IX Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
1028:
The Voice will give independent advice to the Parliament and Government
985:
Chapter IX Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
4481:"Design Principles of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice"
3111:"A Rightful Place: Race, recognition and a more complete commonwealth"
2880:"The end of ATSIC and the future administration of Indigenous affairs"
2395:"Indigenous Constitutional Recognition: The 1967 Referendum and Today"
1903:"Design Principles of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice"
1780:
Members of the Voice would be Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander
2635:
1074:
Members would be chosen from each of the states, territories and the
5065:
Albrechtson, Janet; Taylor, Paige; Down, Rhiannon (7 October 2023).
4613:"Indigenous Voice to Parliament splits Australian High Court judges"
3530:
A Rightful Place: Race, Recognition and a More Complete Commonwealth
3084:
3025:"Australia's largest Indigenous organisation forced to shut up shop"
2083:
Everything You Need to Know About the Uluru Statement from the Heart
1818:"Next Step Towards Voice Referendum: Constitutional Alteration Bill"
1268:, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner
3292:
Williams, George; Mckenna, Mark; Simpson, Amelia (1 January 2001).
3157:"First Meeting of the Prime Minister's Indigenous Advisory Council"
1553:
Opinion polling for the 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum
1454:
wrote that the Voice would not obstruct the government's function.
1884:
Text has been copied from this source, which is available under a
1310:
1244:
The information on the Voice necessary for a successful referendum
3857:(2016). Young, Simon; Nielsen, Jennifer; Patrick, Jeremy (eds.).
2756:. Australia. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
2168:"There'll be a lot more talk before we hear the Indigenous Voice"
4994:
3374:"Neville Bonner Oration: Prime Minister The Hon. Tony Abbott MP"
1971:
1181:
The proposed amendment to be inserted into the Constitution was:
884:
406:
Australian Indigenous advisory bodies § Past Commonwealth bodies
1520:
Endorsements in the 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum
3791:"An Indigenous advisory body : some questions of design"
1720:
List of Indigenous Australians in politics and public service
1226:(RWG) and the Referendum Engagement Group (REG) were held in
74:
Indigenous advisory body to represent Indigenous communities.
2016:"Voice fallout: support for treaty plunges after referendum"
1525:
Indigenous Australian lives, and make practical progress in
1516:
2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum § Positions
1414:
to reduce rates of Indigenous incarceration, or legislating
1036:
The Voice would be able to make representations proactively.
247:
people, to represent the views of Indigenous communities.
1241:
Refining the proposed constitutional amendment and question
1128:
The Voice would respect the work of existing organisations.
486:
1990–2005: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission
380:
in which over 90% of Australians voted yes to the changes.
4000:"Indigenous voice proposal 'not desirable', says Turnbull"
3920:. Australia: Commonwealth of Australia. 2017. p. 11.
2697:
The role of the National Aboriginal Consultative Committee
2108:"Indigenous voice proposal 'not desirable', says Turnbull"
4109:. Ministers Media Centre. 30 October 2019. Archived from
3861:. Annandale, N.S.W: The Federation Press. pp. 76–9.
2637:
Rob Riley : An Aboriginal leader's quest for justice
656:
Statement. It rejected non-substantive changes, stating:
526:
2009–2019: National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
385:
recognition of Indigenous Australians in the Constitution
2978:. Australian Human Rights Commission. 22 November 2009.
1705:, body representing indigenous groups in the Philippines
270:
the Voice, which would have made representations to the
1248:
The RWG included Ken Wyatt, Tom Calma, Marcia Langton,
569:
on 25 September 2013. It consisted of 12 members, both
558:
2013–2019: Prime Minister's Indigenous Advisory Council
4416:. Australian Government. 24 March 2023. Archived from
2700:. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
43:
Polling booth in Brisbane on the day of the referendum
5427:
5392:
420:
1973–1976: National Aboriginal Consultative Committee
3883:"Commissioner Gooda appointed to Referendum Council"
2302:"Nationals to oppose Indigenous Voice to Parliament"
592:
Constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians
89:
Constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians
5249:"A letter from public law teachers about The Voice"
4988:Aroney, Nicholas; Congdon, Peter (2 October 2023).
4734:
4732:
3508:
The Voice dissected by Noel Pearson and Ben Fordham
1662:
First Nations Voice to Parliament (South Australia)
1561:
1133:
The Voice will not have a program delivery function
669:
Development of a constitutional voice to Parliament
258:voting against the proposal. Had it succeeded, the
5066:
5041:
4913:
3822:
3789:
3706:
3673:
3581:
2539:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights
2422:Synot, Eddie; Appleby, Gabrielle (28 March 2023).
4443:"Press Conference – Parliament House: Transcript"
3210:"Terms of Reference: Indigenous Advisory Council"
2783:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 168–180.
2144:"Indigenous Voice Co-design Process Final Report"
1466:supported the model, calling it a "modest step".
1111:Voice members would fall within the scope of the
758:Further developments under the Referendum Council
624:whether or not Australia should become a republic
264:recognised Indigenous Australians in the document
4915:"The Voice is an undercooked thought experiment"
1869:. Prime Minister of Australia. 29 September 2022
1657:Australian state and territory Indigenous voices
492:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission
274:and executive government on matters relating to
3980:. Commonwealth of Australia. 2017. p. 15.
3708:"A rightful place: Correspondence: Megan Davis"
2085:. Australia: NewSouth Publishing. p. 145.
1486:
1462:agreed, calling the proposal a modest one. The
1406:had said that the changes were legally unsafe.
1356:also stressed the importance of talking to the
1191:129 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice
1170:
990:129 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice
948:
658:
3240:"Prime Minister's Indigenous Advisory Council"
3131:"Prime Minister's Indigenous Advisory Council"
2374:National Museum of Australia (13 April 2018).
2185:
2183:
2181:
540:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
4611:Pelly, Michael; McIlroy, Tom (3 March 2023).
4606:
4604:
3320:"What is the Uluru Statement from the Heart?"
1646:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association
1360:as well as politicians in effecting change.
1238:The timing to conduct a successful referendum
1103:The Voice will be accountable and transparent
862:for a voice to parliament to be put into the
482:called for a new elected body to be created.
200:
8:
4329:
3748:. La Trobe University Press. p. 28–32.
3161:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
1648:, the first Aboriginal activist organisation
770:. In October 2016, the Council released the
563:Prime Minister's Indigenous Advisory Council
399:Previous national Indigenous advisory bodies
4485:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice
4414:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice
2221:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice
2142:Senior Advisory Group (16 September 2022).
1910:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice
1861:
1859:
1857:
1218:2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum
1155:2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum
651:Kirribilli statement and Referendum Council
557:
440:. Its principal function was to advise the
428:(NACC) was created in February 1973 by the
221:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice
32:2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum
5568:Archived official government Voice website
5540:"Your Official Yes/No Referendum Pamphlet"
5316:"Aussies 'better than' No campaign slogan"
4290:. National Indigenous Australians Agency.
3081:Aboriginal and Torre Strait Islander Voice
1886:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
596:The Keating government in 1993 passed the
461:The NACC was reconstituted in 1977 as the
426:National Aboriginal Consultative Committee
207:
193:
46:
5440:Williams, Carly; Speers (6 August 2023).
4907:
4905:
4903:
4315:. Australian Policy and History Network,
3528:Pearson, Noel (2014). Feik, Chris (ed.).
3301:University of New South Wales Law Journal
2376:"Defining Moments: Indigenous referendum"
2040:Canales, Sarah Basford (8 October 2023).
1715:List of Indigenous Australian politicians
1703:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
1363:On 3 April 2023, shadow attorney-general
816:, Minister for Indigenous Affairs in the
620:1998 Australian Constitutional Convention
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4404:
4402:
3580:Karvelas, Patricia (18 September 2014).
3557:Gregory, Katherine (11 September 2014).
3075:National Indigenous Australians Agency.
2848:Fitzsimmons, Caitlin (21 January 2023).
1652:Bureau of Indian Affairs (United States)
1606:
1484:to the Australian public, stating that:
1280:and community-controlled organisations.
899:
808:
38:
5588:Constitutional referendums in Australia
4574:from the original on 15 September 2023.
3675:"Pearson's Shift on Recognise Campaign"
3661:from the original on 10 September 2023.
2300:Worthington, Brett (28 November 2022).
1759:
1731:
457:1977–1985: National Aboriginal Congress
352:Voting rights of Indigenous Australians
58:
52:This article is part of a series on the
5538:Members of Parliament (18 July 2023).
5123:. Australian Government. 9 August 2022
4495:from the original on 4 September 2023.
4489:National Indigenous Australians Agency
4477:First Nations Referendum Working Group
3974:Final Report of the Referendum Council
3645:
3643:
3244:National Indigenous Australians Agency
3214:National Indigenous Australians Agency
3186:Karvelas, Patricia (1 February 2017).
2694:Australia; Hiatt, L. R., eds. (1976).
2533:De Villiers, Bertus (30 August 2019).
2417:
2415:
2369:
2367:
2166:Grattan, Michelle (17 December 2021).
1795:Worthington, Brett (14 October 2023).
1770:. Australian Government. 9 August 2022
1558:
943:Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures
618:During this Coalition government, the
510:2004–2008: National Indigenous Council
5040:Albrechtsen, Janet (7 October 2023).
4965:Aroney, Nicholas; Gerangelos, Peter.
4562:Worthington, Brett (30 August 2023).
4367:Ella Archibald-Binge (29 July 2022).
4340:
4338:
4087:from the original on 14 December 2022
3927:from the original on 17 February 2017
3893:from the original on 30 November 2022
3614:from the original on 27 January 2023.
3318:Chrysanthos, Natassia (27 May 2019).
3042:Cassandra, Morgan (17 October 2019).
3031:from the original on 1 November 2020.
3004:. Working with Indigenous Australians
2982:from the original on 30 November 2020
2248:"Press Conference – Parliament House"
2242:
2240:
2238:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2137:
2135:
2128:from the original on 29 October 2017.
1896:
1894:
1352:, which are distinct legal entities.
7:
4803:"Address to the National Press Club"
4739:Worthington, Brett (16 April 2023).
4149:from the original on 30 October 2019
4107:"A voice for Indigenous Australians"
4081:"2. Designing a First Nations Voice"
3998:Wahlquist, Calla (26 October 2017).
3056:from the original on 9 February 2023
2956:. Australian Human Rights Commission
2922:After ATSIC: Life in the mainstream?
2492:After ATSIC: Life in the mainstream?
2345:Attwood, Bain Munro (2 March 2023).
2106:Wahlquist, Calla (26 October 2017).
1812:
1810:
1790:
1788:
1572:Nick Evershed and Josh Nicholas for
1143:The Voice will not have a veto power
920:May 2022 Australian federal election
432:'s Minister for Aboriginal Affairs,
300:Liberal-National Morrison government
293:Liberal-National Turnbull government
4866:Hasluck, Nicholas (16 April 2023).
4781:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
4696:Visentin, Lisa (28 February 2023).
4248:Lysaght, Gary-Jon (24 March 2021).
4168:Doran, Matthew (15 November 2020).
3987:from the original on 14 March 2018.
3456:"The making of the Uluru statement"
3443:from the original on 24 April 2024.
2453:Mundine, Warren (1 February 2023).
2014:Visentin, Lisa (18 November 2023).
1919:from the original on 20 August 2023
1901:Australian Government (June 2023).
1113:National Anti-Corruption Commission
909:Minister for Indigenous Australians
829:Minister for Indigenous Australians
724:Hindmarsh Island bridge controversy
332:Minister for Indigenous Australians
27:Proposed advisory body in Australia
5295:. Associated Press. 6 October 2023
4587:"Your official referendum booklet"
3887:Australian Human Rights Commission
3769:Morris, Shireen (23 August 2024).
3636:from the original on 7 April 2023.
3583:"Pearson, Craven unite on reforms"
2674:Australian Human Rights Commission
2605:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1983.tb02014.x
1636:Assembly of First Nations (Canada)
1608:Graphical summary – binary choice
896:Development under Labor government
870:2021 Senior Advisory Group reports
750:and "minimise legal uncertainty".
565:was established by prime minister
536:Australian Human Rights Commission
25:
5545:. Australian Electoral Commission
5405:Grattan, Michelle (22 May 2023).
5340:Pelly, Michael (5 October 2023).
5314:Ransley, Ellen (6 October 2023).
5090:Hannaford, Patrick (2 May 2023).
4589:. Australian Electoral Commission
4585:Australian Electoral Commission.
3953:from the original on 6 March 2019
3715:(56). Schwartz Publishing: 77–8.
3454:Middleton, Karen (10 June 2017).
3411:Davis, Megan (17 February 2020).
2382:from the original on 9 June 2023.
1641:Australian Aboriginal sovereignty
1023:The design principles were that:
1011:Structure and powers of the Voice
685:and constitutional conservatives
360:seeking in 1933 to petition King
104:Australian Indigenous sovereignty
5485:McHugh, Finn (16 October 2023).
5225:Chwasta, Madi (6 October 2023).
4847:Jackson, David (11 April 2023).
4498:
4456:
4024:from the original on 12 May 2019
3947:"Uluru Statement from the Heart"
3788:Appleby, Gabrielle (July 2015).
3472:from the original on 8 May 2018.
3332:from the original on 5 July 2019
3269:Haughton, James (16 June 2023).
2378:. National Museum of Australia.
2261:
2190:Brennan, Bridget (22 May 2022).
1992:Silva, Angelica (16 May 2023) .
1879:
1839:Silva, Angelica (16 May 2023) .
1709:Sámi parliament (disambiguation)
1670:Indigenous treaties in Australia
1615:
1601:, University of Sydney professor
1593:
1580:
1567:
1551:This section is an excerpt from
1426:Support for the proposed wording
442:Department of Aboriginal Affairs
404:This section is an excerpt from
174:
99:Indigenous treaties in Australia
5507:Martino, Matt (2 August 2023).
5366:Tingle, Laura (5 August 2023).
5142:Thomas, Sonam (16 April 2023).
4946:Callinan, Ian (20 April 2023).
4801:Lesser, Julian (3 April 2023).
4767:"Cape York Leader Noel Pearson"
3672:Martin, Sarah (13 April 2015).
3436:Address to the Sydney Institute
3163:(Press release). Tony Abbott .
3023:Coggan, Maggie (29 July 2019).
2886:. 9 August 2004. Archived from
2724:. 14 April 2019. Archived from
2281:Hitch, Georgia (5 April 2023).
1966:Butler, Dan (3 February 2023).
1938:Allam, Lorena (23 March 2023).
1301:Australian Electoral Commission
720:Northern Territory Intervention
5191:Butler, Josh (21 April 2023).
4668:Butler, Josh (24 March 2023).
3821:Saunders, Cheryl (July 2015).
3532:. Quarterly Essay. Australia:
3487:. Melbourne University Press.
2822:. 31 July 2016. Archived from
1686:Māori wards and constituencies
1471:Solicitor-General of Australia
1412:age of criminal responsibility
777:Uluru Statement from the Heart
602:as a statutory recognition of
387:emerged in the context of the
288:Uluru Statement from the Heart
225:Indigenous Voice to Parliament
155:Uluru Statement from the Heart
18:Indigenous voice to government
1:
5266:Karp, Paul (5 October 2023).
5165:Hobbs, Harry (18 July 2023).
5117:"Constitutional Expert Group"
4969:. Australian Parliament House
4521:. Prime Minister of Australia
4445:. Prime Minister of Australia
4348:. Prime Minister of Australia
4049:. Commonwealth of Australia.
3351:Expert Panel (January 2012).
2250:. Prime Minister of Australia
1820:. Prime Minister of Australia
1460:University of New South Wales
858:rejected the proposal in the
614:Howard government (1996-2007)
525:
4912:Clegg, Louise (5 May 2023).
4828:Karp, Paul (11 April 2023).
4726:; abc.net.au, 24 March, 2023
4543:. ABC News. 28 December 2022
2640:. Aboriginal Studies Press.
980:The proposed amendment was:
926:government was elected with
642:Rudd and Gillard governments
463:National Aboriginal Congress
235:, was a proposed Australian
63:Torres Strait Islander Voice
5346:Australian Financial Review
4921:Australian Financial Review
4618:Australian Financial Review
4410:"Voice principles released"
4346:"Address to Garma Festival"
4311:Tim Rowse (10 March 2022).
4083:. Parliament of Australia.
4020:. Parliament of Australia.
3518:and that was done in 2014."
2917:"Chapter 4: Representation"
2780:Ethnicity and Aboriginality
2634:Quentin, Beresford (2007).
2487:"Chapter 4: Representation"
2217:"Voice principles released"
1295:On 28 December 2022 at the
932:Prime Minister of Australia
847:, associate provost at the
610:coming to office in 1996.
520:National Indigenous Council
414:National Indigenous Council
94:Reconciliation in Australia
5604:
5428:Members of Parliament 2023
5393:Members of Parliament 2023
4818:; abc.net.au, 3 April 2023
1562:External poll aggregations
1550:
1513:
1495:Chief Justice of Australia
1315:Former High Court Justice
1222:The first meetings of the
1215:
1152:
1149:Legislation and referendum
972:The proposed question was:
589:
586:Constitutional recognition
403:
349:
239:advisory body to comprise
161:State and territory voices
29:
4703:The Sydney Morning Herald
3325:The Sydney Morning Herald
2954:"Our Future in Our Hands"
2927:Commonwealth of Australia
2855:The Sydney Morning Herald
2789:10.3138/9781442623187-012
2587:Weaver, Sally M. (1983).
2551:10.1163/15718115-02604004
2497:Commonwealth of Australia
2020:The Sydney Morning Herald
1691:New Zealand Māori Council
1592:
1579:
1566:
748:parliamentary sovereignty
732:parliamentary sovereignty
730:" and unacceptably limit
708:debate around recognition
561:The government appointed
330:, who succeeded Wyatt as
319:Albanese Labor government
4775:(video). Interviewed by
4519:"Woodford Folk Festival"
4330:Langton & Calma 2021
3744:Morris, Shireen (2024).
1464:Law Council of Australia
1224:Referendum Working Group
967:Referendum Working Group
938:overseeing the process.
321:elected, Prime Minister
4872:Parliament of Australia
4853:Parliament of Australia
3829:Indigenous Law Bulletin
3796:Indigenous Law Bulletin
2913:Parliament of Australia
2884:Parliament of Australia
2483:Parliament of Australia
2399:Parliament of Australia
1664:, the first state Voice
1458:, law professor at the
864:Australian Constitution
849:University of Melbourne
272:Parliament of Australia
260:Australian Constitution
4834:The Guardian Australia
4392:The Guardian Australia
3949:. Referendum Council.
3027:. Pro Bono Australia.
1740:Proof of Aboriginality
1491:
1319:
1297:Woodford Folk Festival
1212:Referendum preparation
1209:
1174:
1146:
1008:
978:
960:
915:
841:University of Canberra
820:
805:Co-design of the Voice
663:
530:In December 2008, the
478:in 1985. In 1988, the
448:commissioned the 1976
334:. Both parties in the
276:Indigenous Australians
245:Torres Strait Islander
44:
4952:Australian Parliament
4765:(10 September 2023).
3843:– via Informit.
3810:– via Informit.
3733:– via Informit.
3248:Australian Government
3218:Australian Government
3165:Australian Government
3135:Australian Government
2672:. Issues Paper 2008.
1314:
1183:
1076:Torres Strait Islands
1025:
1015:On 23 March 2023 the
982:
974:
903:
881:racial discrimination
812:
714:and arguably already
689:, Damien Freeman and
514:In November 2004 the
366:Indigenous referendum
298:In October 2019, the
42:
5004:10.2139/ssrn.4589764
3516:University of Sydney
3372:(28 November 2014).
2748:Coombs, Herbert Cole
2324:ABC News (Australia)
1505:Stances and opinions
839:, chancellor of the
823:On 30 October 2019,
622:, called to discuss
554:, in 2012 and 2015.
389:Keating Government's
223:, also known as the
181:Australia portal
70:Proposed Australian
5583:Albanese government
4894:News Corp Australia
4135:(29 October 2019).
3889:. 7 December 2015.
3651:Cape York Institute
3626:Cape York Institute
3604:Cape York Institute
2890:on 18 November 2022
1609:
1588:, electoral analyst
1369:National Press Club
1266:Galarrwuy Yunupingu
913:Albanese government
833:Morrison government
818:Morrison government
679:Cape York Institute
548:Cape York Institute
436:, with the help of
308:Morrison government
229:First Nations Voice
5409:. The Conversation
5096:Sky News Australia
4926:Nine Entertainment
3461:The Saturday Paper
3439:(Speech). Sydney.
3433:(3 October 2023).
3109:(September 2014).
3049:The Canberra Times
2459:Sky News Australia
1768:"Voice Principles"
1607:
1386:judges, including
1380:constitutional law
1320:
1177:Proposed amendment
1017:Australian Cabinet
916:
821:
784:heads of power in
695:Gillard Government
430:Whitlam government
45:
5146:. RMIT University
4783:. at 11 minutes.
4642:(13 March 2023).
4439:Albanese, Anthony
4420:on 24 March 2023.
4317:Deakin University
4297:978-1-925364-72-9
4133:Grattan, Michelle
4056:978-1-74366-926-6
3868:978-1-76002-078-1
3755:978-1-76064-520-5
3705:(November 2014).
3250:. 8 February 2017
3167:. 5 December 2013
2763:978-0-644-03387-9
2707:978-0-642-02649-1
2647:978-0-85575-502-7
2393:Taylor, Russell.
1681:Māori electorates
1677:, in New Zealand
1625:
1624:
1605:
1604:
1535:David Littleproud
1510:Political parties
1278:local governments
608:Howard government
577:. Prime minister
544:Abbott government
516:Howard government
496:Howard government
480:Barunga Statement
469:commissioned the
446:Fraser government
217:
216:
16:(Redirected from
5595:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5544:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5504:
5495:
5494:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5437:
5431:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5402:
5396:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5171:The Conversation
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5071:. The Australian
5070:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5046:. The Australian
5045:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4917:
4909:
4898:
4897:
4896:. 26 April 2023.
4882:
4876:
4875:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4805:. Julian Lesser.
4798:
4792:
4791:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4736:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4515:
4509:
4502:
4496:
4479:(3 April 2023).
4473:
4467:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4435:
4422:
4421:
4406:
4397:
4396:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4342:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4289:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4229:. 9 January 2021
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4203:. 9 January 2021
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4142:The Conversation
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4077:
4071:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3979:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3919:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3826:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3793:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3775:The Conversation
3766:
3760:
3759:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3710:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3677:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3653:(January 2015).
3647:
3638:
3637:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3606:(October 2014).
3600:
3594:
3593:
3585:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3525:
3519:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3417:The Conversation
3408:
3402:
3401:
3395:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3083:. Archived from
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2728:on 14 April 2019
2718:
2712:
2711:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2584:
2571:
2570:
2530:
2511:
2510:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2450:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2428:The Conversation
2419:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2351:The Conversation
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2278:
2272:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2244:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2187:
2176:
2175:
2172:The Conversation
2163:
2152:
2151:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2079:Williams, George
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1863:
1852:
1851:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1764:
1747:
1736:
1619:
1610:
1597:
1596:
1584:
1583:
1571:
1570:
1559:
1474:Stephen Donaghue
1438:, Noel Pearson,
1392:Nicholas Hasluck
1350:statutory bodies
1333:governor-general
1307:Legal commentary
928:Anthony Albanese
786:section 51(xxvi)
764:Malcolm Turnbull
744:radical centrist
716:achieved in 1967
599:Native Title Act
579:Malcolm Turnbull
518:established the
476:Hawke government
467:Hawke government
391:response to the
373:section 51(xxvi)
340:Liberal-National
323:Anthony Albanese
209:
202:
195:
179:
178:
177:
148:
64:
53:
47:
21:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5573:
5572:
5562:
5557:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5527:
5517:
5515:
5506:
5505:
5498:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5469:
5467:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5447:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5426:
5422:
5412:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5391:
5387:
5377:
5375:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5350:
5348:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5324:
5322:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5298:
5296:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5276:
5274:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5232:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5207:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5175:
5173:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5149:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5126:
5124:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5100:
5098:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5074:
5072:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5049:
5047:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5024:
5022:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4972:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4930:
4928:
4911:
4910:
4901:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4814:
4810:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4746:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4730:
4722:
4718:
4708:
4706:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4680:
4678:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4652:
4650:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4623:
4621:
4610:
4609:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4546:
4544:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4524:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4448:
4446:
4437:
4436:
4425:
4408:
4407:
4400:
4395:. 29 July 2022.
4385:
4384:
4380:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4336:
4328:
4324:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4287:
4275:Langton, Marcia
4273:
4272:
4268:
4258:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4230:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4204:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4152:
4150:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4116:
4114:
4113:on 7 March 2020
4105:
4104:
4100:
4090:
4088:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4025:
4016:
4015:
4011:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3984:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3956:
3954:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3723:
3713:Quarterly Essay
3701:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3649:
3648:
3641:
3628:(August 2014).
3624:
3623:
3619:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3333:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3116:Quarterly Essay
3105:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3087:on 16 June 2020
3074:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2893:
2891:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2826:on 31 July 2016
2818:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2648:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2586:
2585:
2574:
2532:
2531:
2514:
2507:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2223:. 9 August 2022
2215:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2179:
2165:
2164:
2155:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2105:
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2013:
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2008:
1991:
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1527:closing the gap
1522:
1514:Main articles:
1512:
1507:
1456:George Williams
1448:George Williams
1440:Cheryl Saunders
1434:, Megan Davis,
1428:
1416:land management
1328:
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860:Uluru Statement
854:Prime Minister
807:
798:Uluru Statement
760:
728:activist judges
712:1999 referendum
700:Quarterly Essay
671:
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628:1999 referendum
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583:
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532:Rudd government
528:
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500:Amanda Vanstone
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450:Hiatt Committee
438:Charles Perkins
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378:1967 referendum
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124:Opinion polling
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3589:The Australian
3572:
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3536:. p. 67.
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3466:Schwartz Media
3446:
3431:Lesser, Julian
3422:
3403:
3400:. 6 July 2015.
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3220:. 26 July 2016
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845:Marcia Langton
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3137:. 25 May 2017
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