52:. However, certain manufacturers such as Volkswagen, Toyota and Ford have developed a 'dual injection' system, combining direct injectors with port (indirect) injectors, combining the benefits of both types of fuel injection. Direct injection allows the fuel to be precisely metered into the combustion chamber under high pressure which can lead to greater power and fuel efficiency. The issue with direct injection is that it typically leads to greater amounts of
117:, by contrast, uses slow-moving air and fast-moving fuel; both the design and manufacture of the injectors is more difficult. The optimisation of the in-cylinder air flow is much more difficult than designing a prechamber. There is much more integration between the design of the injector and the engine. It is for this reason that car diesel engines were almost all indirect injection until the ready availability of powerful
156:
chamber and combustion begins. Pressure increases and the fuel droplets are forced through the small holes into the main cylinder, resulting in a very good mix of the fuel and air. The bulk of the combustion actually takes place in the main cylinder. This type of combustion chamber has multi-fuel capability because the temperature of the prechamber vaporizes the fuel before the main combustion event occurs.
135:
165:
172:
The air cell is a small cylindrical chamber with a hole in one end. It is mounted more or less coaxially with the injector, said axis being parallel to the piston crown, with the injector firing across a small cavity which is open to the cylinder into the hole in the end of the air cell. The air cell
142:
Swirl chambers are spherical cavities located in the cylinder head and separated from the engine cylinder by a tangential throat. About 50% of the air enters the swirl chamber during the compression stroke of the engine, producing a swirl. After combustion, the products return through the same throat
56:
and with the fuel no longer contacting the intake valves, carbon can accumulate on the intake valves over time. Adding indirect injection keeps fuel spraying on the intake valves, reducing or eliminating the carbon accumulation on intake valves and in low load conditions, indirect injection allows
176:
When the injector fires, the jet of fuel enters the air cell and ignites. This results in a jet of flame shooting back out of the air cell directly into the jet of fuel still issuing from the injector. The heat and turbulence give excellent fuel vaporisation and mixing properties. Also, since the
155:
This chamber is located at the cylinder head and is connected to the engine cylinder by small holes. It occupies 40% of the total cylinder volume. During the compression stroke, air from the main cylinder enters the precombustion chamber. At this moment, fuel is injected into the precombustion
143:
to the main cylinder at much higher velocity, so more heat is lost to the walls of the passage. This type of chamber finds application in engines in which fuel control and engine stability are more important than fuel economy. These are also called
Ricardo chambers, named after the inventor,
70:
delivers fuel into a chamber off the combustion chamber, either a prechamber or swirl chamber, where combustion begins and then spreads into the main combustion chamber. The prechamber is carefully designed to ensure adequate mixing of the atomized fuel with the compression-heated air.
112:
for starting. In an indirect injection system the air moves fast, mixing the fuel and air. This simplifies engine (piston crown, head, valves, injector, prechamber, etc.) design and allows the use of less tightly toleranced designs which are simpler to manufacture and more reliable.
107:
The purpose of the divided combustion chamber is to speed the combustion process, and to increase power output by increasing engine speed. The addition of a prechamber increases heat loss to the cooling system and thereby lowers engine efficiency. The engine requires
315:
crown causes uneven expansion which can lead to cracking, distortion, or other damage, although advancements in manufacturing techniques have allowed manufacturers to largely mitigate the effects of uneven expansion, allowing for indirect injection diesels to use
285:
with diesel engines is lower than with direct injection as the larger exposed areas tend to dissipate more heat and the air moving through the ports tending to increase pressure drops. However, using higher compression ratios will somewhat negate this
214:
Indirect injection is much simpler to design and manufacture, especially for gasoline engines. Less injector development is required and the injection pressures are low (1500 psi/100 bar versus 5000 psi/345 bar and higher for direct
180:
Air cell injection can be considered as a compromise between indirect and direct injection, gaining some of the efficiency advantages of direct injection while retaining the simplicity and ease of development of indirect injection.
173:
is mounted so as to minimise thermal contact with the mass of the head. A pintle injector with a narrow spray pattern is used. At its top dead centre (TDC) the majority of the charge mass is contained in the cavity and air cell.
177:
majority of the combustion takes place outside the air cell in the cavity, which communicates directly with the cylinder, there is less heat loss involved in transferring the burning charge into the cylinder.
184:
Air cell chambers are commonly named Lanova air chambers. The Lanova combustion system was developed by the Lanova company, which was founded in 1929 by Franz Lang, Gotthard
Wielich and Albert Wielich.
268:
are less likely to damage the fuel system in an indirect-injection diesel engine, as high injection pressures are not needed. In direct-injection engines (especially modern engines using high-pressure
322:
Starting fluid ("ether") often cannot be used in an indirect injection diesel engine as the glow plugs greatly increase the risk of preignition compared to direct injection diesels.
645:
272:
fuel systems), keeping fuel filters in good condition is more critical as debris can damage the pumps and injectors when waste vegetable oil or waste engine oil are used.
638:
534:
292:
are needed for a cold engine start on diesel engines; many indirect injection diesel engines cannot start at all in cold weather without glow plugs.
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457:
222:
and indirect injection diesel versions of the same basic engine. At best such types differed only in the cylinder head and the need to fit a
254:
4-cylinder types. Such designs allow petrol and diesel versions of the same vehicle to be built with minimal design changes between them.
631:
79:
An advantage of indirect injection gasoline engines versus direct injection gasoline engines is that deposits on intake valves from the
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473:
578:
544:
510:
1302:
601:
830:
1127:
711:
118:
80:
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for better fuel-air mixing. This system is mainly used in higher cost models due to the added expense and complexity.
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23:
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1074:
982:
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109:
49:
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The lower stresses that indirect injection imposes on internal components mean that it is possible to produce
90:
Indirect injection using pre-combustion chambers are also used in high performance engines, such as those in
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855:
389:
363:
972:
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300:
311:, or tuning) than direct injection diesels. The increased temperature and pressure on one part of the
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refers to the spraying of the fuel onto the back of the intake valve, which speeds its evaporation.
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745:
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as it exits the precombustion chamber or swirl chamber, such engines are less suited to high
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are washed by the fuel. Indirect injection engines also tend to produce lower amounts of
1109:
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701:
342:
231:
114:
27:
168:
Acro-type injection system, the predecessor of the Lanova, also designed by Franz Lang
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Because the heat and pressure of combustion is applied to a very small area on the
87:
compared to direct injection engines as the fuel and air are more uniformly mixed.
53:
45:
319:
Indirect engines are often much noisier than direct injection common-rail engines.
94:, where they can allow the engine to produce more power with greater efficiency.
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Higher engine speeds can be reached, since burning continues in the prechamber.
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The injection pressure required is low, so the injector is cheaper to produce.
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426:
Stone, Richard. "An introduction to ICE", Palgrace
Macmillan, 1999, p. 224
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1222:
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825:
750:
716:
405:
390:"Formation of Intake Valve Deposits in Gasoline Direct Injection Engines"
452:. Macmillan International Higher Education. 18 June 1971. pp. 21–.
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simulation systems made the adoption of direct injection practical.
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163:
133:
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627:
192:. An example is the Mack-Lanova ED diesel engine fitted to the
665:
200:
Advantages of indirect injection combustion chambers
40:
equipped with indirect injection systems, wherein a
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1024:
1006:
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907:
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394:SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants
449:Electromechanical Prime Movers: Electric Motors
388:Smith, Scott; Guinther, Gregory (2016-10-17).
211:The injection direction is of less importance.
125:Classification of indirect combustion chambers
639:
30:where fuel is not directly injected into the
8:
570:Troubleshooting and Repairing Diesel Engines
536:Troubleshooting and Repair of Diesel Engines
502:Troubleshooting and Repairing Diesel Engines
44:delivers the fuel at some point before the
646:
632:
624:
188:In the US, the Lanova system was used by
712:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
238:to the diesel. Examples include the BMC
230:in the petrol version whilst fitting an
354:
48:, have mostly fallen out of favor to
7:
14:
205:Smaller diesels can be produced.
814:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
476:. oldengine.org. Archived from
602:"The Lanova Combustion System"
1:
539:. McGraw Hill Professional.
81:crankcase ventilation system
364:"Direct vs. port injection"
138:Ricardo Comet swirl chamber
16:Engine fuel delivery method
1319:
655:Internal combustion engine
573:. TAB Books. p. 128.
505:. TAB Books. p. 127.
24:internal combustion engine
1272:
1123:Diesel particulate filter
1075:Idle air control actuator
1016:Engine control unit (ECU)
661:
1188:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
1100:Throttle position sensor
809:Overhead camshaft layout
727:Core plug (freeze plug)
260:Alternative fuels like
1303:Fuel injection systems
533:Dempsey, Paul (2007).
169:
139:
66:An indirect injection
167:
151:Precombustion chamber
137:
968:Compression ignition
606:The Commercial Motor
567:Dempsey, P. (1995).
499:Dempsey, P. (1995).
406:10.4271/2016-01-2252
368:The Chronicle Herald
1118:Catalytic converter
474:"Sir Harry Ricardo"
266:waste vegetable oil
1244:Knocking / pinging
836:Combustion chamber
480:on 17 October 2010
170:
140:
85:particulate matter
54:particulate matter
32:combustion chamber
20:Indirect injection
1290:
1289:
1259:Stratified charge
1026:Electrical system
1008:Engine management
841:Compression ratio
781:Starter ring gear
680:rotating assembly
459:978-1-349-01182-7
436:Two-stroke engine
303:outputs (such as
145:Sir Harry Ricardo
1310:
1133:Exhaust manifold
998:Spark plug wires
884:Boost controller
871:Forced induction
648:
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608:. 6 January 1933
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338:Prosper L'Orange
246:engines and the
160:Air cell chamber
115:Direct injection
75:Gasoline engines
50:direct injection
38:Gasoline engines
1318:
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1264:Top dead centre
1232:
1192:
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1002:
949:
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821:Tappet / lifter
804:Flathead layout
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283:Fuel efficiency
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1153:Cooling system
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1110:Exhaust system
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1080:Inlet manifold
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935:Fuel injection
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702:Connecting rod
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579:
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491:
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400:(3): 558–566.
380:
353:
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350:
347:
346:
345:
343:Premixed flame
340:
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328:
325:
324:
323:
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317:
316:turbocharging.
301:specific power
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258:
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232:injection pump
216:
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104:
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98:Diesel engines
96:
76:
73:
61:Port injection
28:fuel injection
15:
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10:
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1166:Water cooling
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1143:Oxygen sensor
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1058:Intake system
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1049:Starter motor
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1031:
1029:
1023:
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1005:
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988:Ignition coil
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920:Petrol engine
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915:Diesel engine
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879:Blowoff valve
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796:Cylinder head
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687:Balance shaft
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629:
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580:9780070163485
576:
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546:9780071595186
542:
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512:9780070163485
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333:Harry Ricardo
331:
330:
326:
321:
318:
314:
310:
309:supercharging
306:
305:turbocharging
302:
298:
294:
291:
288:
286:inefficiency.
284:
281:
280:
277:Disadvantages
276:
271:
267:
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130:Swirl chamber
129:
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116:
111:
102:
97:
95:
93:
88:
86:
82:
74:
72:
69:
68:diesel engine
64:
62:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:fuel injector
39:
35:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1173:Electric fan
973:Coil-on-plug
899:Turbocharger
894:Supercharger
766:Main bearing
756:Firing order
746:Displacement
692:Block heater
676:Engine block
664:Part of the
663:
610:. Retrieved
605:
596:
584:. Retrieved
569:
562:
550:. Retrieved
535:
528:
516:. Retrieved
501:
494:
482:. Retrieved
478:the original
468:
448:
442:
431:
422:
397:
393:
383:
371:. Retrieved
367:
357:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
154:
141:
106:
89:
78:
65:
60:
59:
46:intake valve
36:
19:
18:
1197:Lubrication
1161:Air cooling
978:Distributor
930:Fuel filter
908:Fuel system
889:Intercooler
856:Timing belt
846:Head gasket
776:Piston ring
612:11 November
362:Kerr, Jim.
270:common rail
228:spark plugs
224:distributor
190:Mack Trucks
1249:Power band
1209:Oil filter
1183:Thermostat
1128:EGT sensor
1090:MAF sensor
1085:MAP sensor
1070:Air filter
1034:Alternator
993:Spark plug
925:Carburetor
851:Rocker arm
791:Valvetrain
722:Crankshaft
666:Automobile
552:2 December
349:References
290:Glow plugs
262:bio-diesel
248:Land Rover
215:injection)
110:glow plugs
983:Glow plug
945:Fuel tank
940:Fuel pump
707:Crankcase
586:8 January
518:8 January
484:8 January
414:1946-3960
250:2.25/2.5-
236:injectors
92:Formula 1
1297:Category
1282:Category
1227:Dry sump
1223:Wet sump
1214:Oil pump
1178:Radiator
1095:Throttle
955:Ignition
826:Camshaft
751:Flywheel
732:Cylinder
717:Crankpin
327:See also
244:B-Series
240:A-Series
103:Overview
1254:Redline
1138:Muffler
1039:Battery
963:Magneto
373:28 June
196:truck.
194:Mack NR
1277:Portal
1065:Airbox
1044:Dynamo
771:Piston
761:Stroke
740:layout
668:series
577:
543:
509:
456:
412:
313:piston
297:piston
220:petrol
22:in an
1237:Other
861:Valve
831:Chest
252:litre
1219:Sump
736:bank
697:Bore
614:2017
588:2017
575:ISBN
554:2017
541:ISBN
520:2017
507:ISBN
486:2017
454:ISBN
410:ISSN
375:2016
264:and
242:and
234:and
226:and
1204:Oil
793:and
678:and
402:doi
119:CFD
34:.
26:is
1299::
1225:,
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