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green-red-blue. The green colour symbolises the goal to be achieved, namely prosperity, the red colour symbolises the spirit of the party's courage, and the blue colour symbolises the indier's loyalty to his homeland. The Indies was a national home for all people of
Bumiputera, Dutch, Chinese, Arab and other descent who recognised the Indies as their homeland and nationality. This understanding emulsified into what was known as Indisch Nationalism, which later through the
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rejected in a decision letter dated 11 March 1913 on the grounds that although the wording of article 2 was changed, it did not in any way intend to change the basis and spirit of the organisation. On 13 March, Dekker tried a third time but was still rejected. At that time Dekker questioned whether the future government would grant independence to the colonies. Idenburg shook his head and stated that the issue of independence for the Dutch East Indies did not matter.
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986:. Initially 18 August 1913 on domestic exile, and then changed to foreign exile on 27 August, to the Netherlands. With the exile of the Indische Partij leaders, the Indische Partij's work in Indonesia ended. Van Deventer likened the organisation to a stillborn baby, meaning that the Indische Partij could not prove its greatness amidst the national movement organisations because the Dutch East Indies government had already dissolved it.
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7,000 members and around 1,000 of them were
Bumiputera. Indische Partij also had 30 branches throughout the Dutch East Indies. Not only that, Indische Partij also accepted members of Chinese, Arab and other descent. Under the slogan of “Indie voor Indiers” membership was opened to Indo-Europeans, Dutch permanent settlers, Indo-Chinese natives and all indigenous peoples. Inspired by the leading role Eurasian
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964:"... If I were a Dutchman, I would protest the commemoration that would be held. I would warn my fellow colonisers that it was actually very dangerous at that time to celebrate the independence anniversary. I would warn all Dutch people not to offend the civilisation of the Indonesian people who are just waking up and becoming brave. I will protest as loudly as I can..."
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about this racial superiority they must take care not to become guilty themselves of the same sin with respect to the indigenous natives. They must realize that artificially inculcated ideas of belonging to the ruling classes do by no means give them the right to look down on a class of (indigenous) Indiers with whom they are bound together with unbreakable chains
934:, which was based in Semarang. The date 6 September, when the Indische Partij was formed, is celebrated as Indische Partij Day. Although the government's strict measures resulted in many Indische Partij members losing their nerve, De Expres continued to survive. In 1914, business cards, papers and the like with Indische Partij colours were still advertised in
569:. Suwardi was of the view that the domination of the Dutch totok group over Indo and Bumiputera people must end because it was based on the arbitrariness of the colonial government. In his writings, Suwardi pressed on the importance of Indies nationalism in every political struggle so as to end the exploitation carried out by the government. Meanwhile,
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609:(1907). Both organisations aimed to elevate the status of Indo-Europeans in the socio-economic field and forge an alliance with the Netherlands without separating from the mother country. This was, of course, the opposite of Dekker's thinking. In his speech to the members of the Indische Bond on 12 December 1911 entitled ‘
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Committee of Seven held a meeting under Dekker's leadership in
Bandung and the result was the formation of a new association called the Indische Partij. On 15 September 1912, three important figures of the Indische Partij (E. V. E. Douwes Dekker, J van der Poel, and J. D. Brunveld van Hulten) moved to the cities of
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The exile of E.F.E. Douwes Dekker was lifted in August 1917, Suwardi
Suryaningrat in July 1918, and Dr Tjipto Mangunkusumo in July 1914. They were able to remain politically active and eventually return to the Dutch East Indies. Upon arrival in the Dutch East Indies, Dr Tjipto Mangunkusumo engaged in
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in
Bandung, Dekker said that the founding of the Indische Partij was a declaration of war: light against darkness; civilisation against tyranny; good against evil; colonial tax-paying slaves against the tax-collecting state, the Netherlands. His passionate speeches easily attracted large crowds. At a
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newspaper. According to him, Javanese society was difficult to progress because it was confined by feudalism and society as a whole experienced excessive exploitation. This led to so much poverty and backwardness that he thought colonialism had to end. According to him, the way to end colonialism was
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Due to the great enthusiasm of the people of the Dutch East Indies for the
Indische Partij, within four months it had 25 branches with 5,775 members. The Surabaya branch of Indische Partij at that time had 827 members, Semarang 1,375, Jakarta 809, and Bandung 740. Indische Partij could attract up to
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Its influence as the first multi-racial political party that clearly stated the, at the time radical, notion of independence was far reaching. The IP's aim was to unite all native peoples of the Indies in a struggle for an independent nation. When the IP was banned and its leadership exiled, members
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After learning of the rejection decision, on 5 March, Dekker and the other board members held a discussion about the next step. The meeting resulted in a decision to change the wording of article 2 regarding the purpose of the
Indische Partij. After that, Dekker went back to Idenburg, but was again
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In 1912 the removal of the
Batavia school for Civil Servants from the Dutch East Indies and the ban on establishing a Medical school for Indo-Europeans and Indo-Chinese had contributed to a strong undercurrent of dissatisfaction and the IP membership numbers were rising speedily. Within a month the
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colonial policy and its colonial morality are rotten. This is of course what the
Indische Partij aims at in its struggle against racial superiority and racial discrimination It will give the final push to make the tree of racial discrimination crash to earth But when Indos of mixed blood complain
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According to Dekker, if Indo's wanted to change their fate, then they had to work together with the
Bumiputera to bring about change. The Indies were not just for the full-blooded Dutch, but for everyone who felt they were an Indies (Hindia or Indian). This view became the basis of the nationalist
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to form the Committee of Seven, which was tasked with preparing the formation of a new organisation. The Committee of Seven consisted of J. R. Agerbeek, J. D. Brunveld van Hulten, G. P. Charli, E. C. I. Couvreur, E. V. E. Douwes Dekker, J van der Poel, and R. H. Teuscher. On 6 September 1912, the
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to gain recognition from the Dutch East Indies government. This was important so that the Indische Partij would not be considered a wild and unsettling association. Upon seeing Dekker's application for legal recognition of the Indische Partij, the government assigned its advisor on indigenous
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were welcome in the Indische Partij; non-Muslims who were reluctant to join Sarekat Islam could move freely in the Indische Partij; progressives of Budi Utomo who were dissatisfied with the organisation could easily find political satisfaction in the Indische Partij; and revolutionary Sarekat
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The black flag was used as the party flag. Some interpreted the black colour as identical to the colour of Indier skin. There are also those who interpret it as the colour of mourning because the country has not yet become independent. In the right corner, there is a tri-colour strip of
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and banned it only one year after its foundation. Having been designated a banned organisation, the party leadership decided to dissolve the Indische Partij on 31 March 1913. With heavy heart, Dekker's final message to his members was that they should join the government-recognised
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Criticism of colonial life dates back to the early 20th century. Suwardi Suryaningrat criticised the Dutch East Indies government in his writings. Various writings containing his views on the unequal life of colonial society were published in newspapers and magazines such as
549:’ (Association of doctors) in September 1912. In the bulletin, the native Dutch doctors denounced the government's intention to establish a second Medical School (NIAS) in Surabaya that was open to all nations. They considered the lowly Indo people unfit to become doctors.
613:’ (The union of white and brown skin), Dekker stirred up the spirit of the Indo people to rebel and break away from the colonial government. And because of the small number of Indo's, they had to fight together with the Bumiputera with the Indo's being the pioneers.
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Cipto Mangunkusumo joined Surabaya with 70 other people. He travelled all the way from Malang to meet his old friend because he saw the similarity in his political vision with Dekker. Meanwhile, Suwardi joined because Dekker was impressed by his writings in
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After the end of the propaganda journey, on 25 December 1912 a meeting of Indische Partij representatives was held. In this meeting, the Articles of Association and the party's management were drawn up. The composition of the board was as follows:
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Explicitly and vigorously opposing widespread racial discrimination by the colonial elite of expatriate Dutchmen and advocating total independence from the Netherlands, the colonial government hastened to brand the political organisation as
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affairs, Dr G.H.J Hazeu, to investigate Dekker. On 13 January 1913, a report on Dekker containing his personal background, ideas and ideals as well as the influence of his propaganda on the people of the Dutch East Indies was submitted to
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Then Tjipto Mangunkusumo also wrote an article entitled Kracht of Vrees? which means ‘Power or Fear?’. As a result, they were both arrested by the Dutch and exiled. Later Dekker protested against the arrest of his two friends and wrote
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and demanded that the House of Representatives elected by the Dutch East Indies government be balanced, between foreigners and natives. Some of the Bandung branch of the Islamic Union such as Soewardi Surjaningrat,
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he died in 1943. After Indonesia's declaration of independence in 1945 Douwes Dekker, now named Danoedirdja Setiaboeddhi to sound Indonesian, became minister of state in the cabinet of Indonesian prime minister
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was an insult to the national movement. It was certain that it would defend the colonisers and ignore the interests of the people. Therefore, the Koloniale Raad was naturally opposed by the nationalists. The
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The activities of the committee initiated by this triumvirate were considered dangerous by the government so that based on article 48 of the R.R, Governor-General Idenburg sentenced them to
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Revolutionary action enables people to achieve their objectives quickly. Surely this is not immoral The Indische Party can safely be called revolutionary. Such a word does not frighten us
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Indische Party members: (seated from left) Dr Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, Dr E.F.E. Douwes Dekker, R.M. Soewardi Soerjaningrat; (standing from left): F. Berding, G.L. Topée, and J. Vermaesen.
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or Government Regulation of 1854. The use of the article itself surprised the Indische Partij board because the Dutch East Indies government had long intended to abandon the article.
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953:' in July 1913 headed by Tjipto. This committee later congratulated the queen and asked her to revoke article 111 of the R.R. and immediately convene an Indies Parliament.
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On 4 March 1913, Governor-General Idenburg officially rejected the Indische Partij board's application to obtain legal entity status by referring to article 111 of the
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who were actively involved in the Indische Partij and might influence the native population to fight the colonisers so the government had to be careful.
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school, which meant strengthening the ranks of private schools that had been pioneered by the Muhammadiyah school. Tjipto became future president
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in Semarang on 18 September 1912, around 300 people came to listen to Dekker's speech. Those who could not join Budi Utomo because they were not
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or Council of the Colonies. Neither the name nor the composition of the council was approved by the ‘Bumi Putra’ committee because the name
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government. The position and fate of the Indo were not much different from the Bumiputera. Destitute Indo's were found in Jakarta (
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Douwes Dekker however also warned the Indo community not to carry on the racist notions indoctrinated by the colonial system.
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732:, the IP envisioned a similar uniting role for the Indo Eurasians in the Indies. Over 5,000 of its 7,000 members were Indos.
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The Indische Partij made several efforts to create co-operation between Indo and Bumiputera people. These efforts included:
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945:. For example, when the Dutch East Indies government wanted to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Dutch independence from
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of the IP founded the equally radical Insulinde. In Bandung, there have long been Indo-European organisations such as the
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In 1913, the government announced plans to establish a representative council in the Dutch East Indies under the name
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The coloured rejected by his white father, is the ideal foreman in the final liberation of his indigenous relatives.
1015:. Soewardi became Indonesian minister of education in 1949, having changed his name to Ki Hadjar Dewantara in 1922.
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Party's magazine had a 1,000 paying subscribers. In fear of a Malay language edition and collaboration with the ‘
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Meanwhile, Suwardi Suryaningrat wrote an article satirising the Dutch East Indies government entitled
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In teaching, aim for the economic interests of the Indies and strengthen the economy of the weak.
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Dutch viewed the Indo's as inferior to them. This view was expressed in the newsletter of the ‘
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1261:"Perjuangan Ernest Francois Eugene Douwes Dekker Dari Politik Menuju Pendidikan 1913-1941"
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979:(Our Heroes: Tjipto Mangunkusumo and R.M. Suwardi Suryaningrat). He to was arrested.
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657:. In each city visited, meetings were held attended by various associations such as
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449:) was a short-lived but influential political organisation founded in 1912 by the
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in the Dutch East Indies by collecting money from the people, they formed the ‘
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The triumvirate continued to voice their criticism of the government through
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through political struggle. This is what caused Tjipto Mangunkusumo to leave
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E. F. E. Douwes Dekker: The Indies Party, its nature and objectives, 1913
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with the spirit of the Indische Partij. Its activities were continued by
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Kesadaran Nasional ; Dari Kolonialisme Sampai Kemerdekaan (Jilid 1)
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to attract the masses and this was new in the Dutch East Indies. At the
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Indonesia: Selected documents on colonialism and nationalism, 1830-1942
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or ‘If I were a Dutchman’. The contents of Suwardi's writing include:
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Islamists had their wishes fulfilled by joining the Indische Partij.
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1340:. Translated by Pender, Chr. L. M. University of Queensland Press.
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Eradicating various efforts that resulted in inter-religious hatred
1321:. Sporen van een Indisch verleden (1600-1942). Vol. 2. COMT.
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Onze Helden: Tjipto Mangunkusumo en R.M. Suwardi Suryaningrat
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On 25 December 1912, the Indische Partij leaders went to the
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Proyek Penelitian dan Pencatatan Kebudayaan Daerah. (1977).
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1110:. Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI. Archived from
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who did not share his views. Then he met with Dekker and
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Sumatera Barat: Yudhistira Ghalia Indonesia. Hal 37-38.
1084:. Jawa Timur: Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. Hal 57-65.
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who were members of various organisations rejected the
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Eradicating social arrogance in relationships, both in
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1006:'s second political mentor, after an imprisonment in
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who were like-minded and formed the Indische Partij.
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it inspired several later organisations such as the
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Karel Zaalberg, journalist en strijder voor de Indo
1266:. AVATARA, e-Journal Pendidikan Sejarah. 2013-01-28
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1286:‘’Hindia Belanda dan Perang Dunia 1, 1914 – 1918’’
1532:Parties represented only in regional legislatures
832:Helpers: J.R Agerbeek and J.D Brunveld van Hulten
799:Increasing pro-Indies influence in the government
573:criticised it through his writings published in
1991:League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence
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728:had played in the independence struggle in the
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1081:Sejarah Kebangkitan Nasional Daerah Jawa Timur
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673:associations and established party branches.
178:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
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2377:1912 establishments in the Dutch East Indies
1247:Yogyakarta: Lkis Pelangi Aksara. Hal 97-98.
89:introducing citations to additional sources
2150:Indonesian National Populist Fortress Party
481:(I.E.V.) in 1919. Its direct successor was
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2362:Political parties in the Dutch East Indies
1884:
1770:
1612:
1441:
1427:
1419:
1366:. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker. pp. 22–25.
990:politics and later became a member of the
624:His speech influenced some members of the
553:ideology espoused by the Indische Partij.
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241:
223:
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209:Learn how and when to remove this message
2372:Political parties disestablished in 1913
1317:Nomes, J.M. (1994). Willems, Wim (ed.).
1105:"Kaum nasionalis dalam dunia pergerakan"
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79:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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2138:Indonesian Democratic Party of Devotion
1661:Concern for the Nation Functional Party
1474:Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
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2352:Defunct political parties in Indonesia
1667:Indonesian Workers and Employers Party
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2367:Political parties established in 1912
2019:Party of the People of Free Indonesia
1300:
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1217:
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1053:
169:too many or overly lengthy quotations
7:
2144:Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party
1691:Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party
1685:Indonesian National Party Marhaenism
2062:Indonesian Irian Independence Party
1907:Chinese Indonesian Democratic Party
1727:Justice and Prosperous People Party
845:became Indonesisch Nationalism or
525:(indigenous) social status by the
14:
1943:Indonesian Marhaen People's Union
1364:In Indië geworteld. De 20ste eeuw
778:Absorbing the national ideals of
611:Aansluiting tussen blank en bruin
31:This article has multiple issues.
2357:Nationalist parties in Indonesia
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2317:
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1961:Islamic Education Movement Party
1733:Indonesian People's Da'wah Party
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1336:Pender, Chr. L. M., ed. (1977).
247:The emblem of the Indische Party
221:Political party in Indonesia
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72:relies largely or entirely on a
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20:
2168:National People's Concern Party
1838:Indonesian Political Federation
1679:New Indonesia Party of Struggle
39:or discuss these issues on the
2245:Ulema National Awakening Party
1937:Indonesian Islamic Union Party
1822:Indonesian Islamic Union Party
1697:Alliance of Independent People
1645:Prosperous and Safe Aceh Party
1457:Political parties in Indonesia
820:Deputy: dr Tjipto Mangunkusumo
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2387:Indonesian National Awakening
817:Chairman: E.F.E Douwes Dekker
2239:Peace and Safe Islamic Party
2133:Functional Party of Struggle
2031:Socialist Party of Indonesia
2025:Socialist Party of Indonesia
1967:Islamic Tharikah Unity Party
1913:Communist Party of Indonesia
1802:Communist Party of Indonesia
1578:Parties represented only in
881:Akhmad Hassan Wignjadisastra
457:and the Javanese physicians
2116:Democratic Nationhood Party
2085:Indonesian Democratic Party
1925:Great Indonesia Unity Party
1559:Indonesian Solidarity Party
958:Als ik eens nederlander Was
521:(native), Indo (mixed) and
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2191:Prosperous Indonesia Party
2110:Archipelago Republic Party
1931:Indonesian Christian Party
1751:People's Sovereignty Party
1414:Indonesian online article.
2268:List of political parties
2258:
2179:People's Democratic Party
2091:Muslim Party of Indonesia
1985:Labour Party of Indonesia
1955:Indonesian Peasants Party
1949:Indonesian National Party
1859:Partai Tionghoa Indonesia
1827:Indonesian National Party
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1745:Indonesian Students Party
1739:Nusantara Awakening Party
1611:
1564:People's Conscience Party
1402:Indonesian online article
843:Indonesian National Party
408:
399:
240:
2122:Democratic Renewal Party
2037:Socialist People's Party
1833:Indonesian Fascist Party
1817:Indonesian Islamic Party
1709:Green Party of Indonesia
1522:United Development Party
1510:Prosperous Justice Party
1498:National Awakening Party
1241:Slamet Muljana (2008) ‘’
690:Dekker gave speeches at
471:Nationaal Indische Party
451:Indo-European (Eurasian)
176:summarize the quotations
2013:National People's Party
1617:Non-legislature parties
1554:Justice and Unity Party
1464:Parties represented in
1284:Kees Van Dijk (2020) ‘’
659:Insulinde Sarekat Islam
479:Indo Europeesch Verbond
374:Political position
2203:Prosperous Peace Party
2162:Indonesian Youth Party
2156:Indonesian Unity Party
2043:Village People's Union
1516:National Mandate Party
1195:Slamet Muljana (2007)
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847:Indonesian Nationalism
839:Indonesian Association
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744:
715:
621:
510:
499:Soerjadi Soerjaningrat
463:Soewardi Soerjaningrat
459:Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo
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275:Soewardi Soerjaningrat
271:Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo
2273:Politics of Indonesia
1973:Islamic Victory Force
1381:Postma, Ulbe (1997).
1362:Meijer, Hans (2004).
928:Insulinde association
853:Struggle for legality
829:Treasurer: G.P Charli
619:
547:Bond van geneesheeren
496:
413:Politics of Indonesia
2215:Regional Unity Party
1757:Masyumi Reborn Party
1673:National Front Party
1466:national legislature
1103:Kanumoyoso, Bondan.
969:Suwardi Suryaningrat
951:Bumiputera Committee
802:Seek rights for all
770:Programs and beliefs
586:Suwardi Suryaningrat
503:E.F.E. Douwes Dekker
455:E.F.E. Douwes Dekker
268:Ernest Douwes Dekker
259:Ernest Douwes Dekker
85:improve this article
1635:Aceh People's Party
1603:Nanggroe Aceh Party
1544:Crescent Star Party
905:Regerings-Reglement
671:Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan
571:Tjipto Mangunkusumo
507:Tjipto Mangunkusumo
2221:National Sun Party
1849:Paguyuban Pasundan
1407:2010-11-08 at the
1319:De Indische Partij
1181:, p. 228-232.
1157:. jurnal.ugm.ac.id
996:Ksatrian Instituut
947:Napoleon Bonaparte
897:Alexander Idenburg
622:
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389:Indie voor Indiers
358:Indies nationalism
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2209:Reform Star Party
2197:Sovereignty Party
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1919:Dayak Unity Party
1783:Pre-independence
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1630:Atjeh Green Party
1347:978-0-7022-1029-7
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998:’ school and the
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165:This article
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74:single source
70:This article
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53:
51:
44:
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38:
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32:
27:
18:
17:
2233:United Party
2227:Labour Party
2112:(RepublikaN)
1979:Labour Party
1811:
1715:Gelora Party
1703:Labour Party
1549:Garuda Party
1492:NasDem Party
1480:Golkar Party
1382:
1363:
1337:
1318:
1296:
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1255:
1243:
1237:
1225:
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1159:. Retrieved
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1112:the original
1079:
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888:Bogor Palace
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877:Abdoel Moeis
871:
868:nationalists
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667:Mangunhardjo
663:Kartini Club
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595:
574:
565:
558:
555:
551:
546:
535:Karangbidara
512:
477:in 1919 and
474:
473:(N.I.P.) or
470:
439:Indies Party
438:
434:
432:
388:
368:Independence
332:
315:Headquarters
229:Indies Party
205:
189:
174:Please help
166:
138:
128:
121:
114:
107:
95:
71:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
2382:Indo people
2312:Netherlands
2002:Murba Party
1897:Acoma Party
1888:Independent
1721:Ummah Party
1311:Works cited
1179:Pender 1977
1161:15 February
1121:15 February
1025:P.F. Dahler
1000:Taman Siswa
825:J.G van Ham
823:Committee:
793:and society
730:Philippines
701:vergadering
696:vergadering
692:vergadering
603:(1898) and
539:Kerambangan
519:Dutch totok
453:journalist
365:nationalism
341:Membership
2346:Categories
2102:Reform era
1963:(PI Perti)
1933:(Parkindo)
1598:Aceh Party
1593:SIRA Party
1301:Nomes 1994
1230:Nomes 1994
1218:Nomes 1994
1136:Nomes 1994
1054:Nomes 1994
1036:References
923:subversive
791:government
780:the Indies
726:Ilustrados
647:Pekalongan
631:Yogyakarta
592:Foundation
582:Budi Utomo
523:Bumiputera
489:Background
443:Indonesian
395:Party flag
333:De Express
184:Wikisource
111:newspapers
36:improve it
2300:Indonesia
2187:(Pelopor)
2093:(Parmusi)
2077:New Order
1890:Indonesia
1844:Insulinde
1041:Citations
943:De Expres
936:De Expres
932:Insulinde
784:Indonesia
679:De Expres
606:Insulinde
566:De Expres
531:Kemayoran
483:Insulinde
423:Elections
329:Newspaper
309:Insulinde
289:Dissolved
192:June 2022
180:Wikiquote
167:contains
141:June 2022
81:talk page
42:talk page
2324:Politics
2241:(Idaman)
2152:(PNBK-I)
2039:(Parsas)
1945:(Permai)
1864:Partindo
1854:Parindra
1717:(Gelora)
1675:(Barnas)
1654:National
1623:Regional
1405:Archived
1019:See also
967:—
841:and the
754:—
739:—
705:Javanese
643:Semarang
639:Surabaya
437:(IP) or
379:Big tent
353:Ideology
319:Bandoeng
265:Founders
254:Chairman
2286:Portals
2033:(Parsi)
1879:Sukarno
1807:Gerindo
1785:parties
1776:Defunct
1729:(PRIMA)
1723:(Ummat)
1693:(PPNUI)
1687:(PNI-M)
1270:3 March
1198:Sejarah
1013:Sjahrir
1004:Sukarno
916:Banning
804:Indiers
655:Cirebon
541:). The
281:Founded
125:scholar
2247:(PKNU)
2170:(PPRN)
2146:(PPDI)
2140:(PKDI)
2064:(PKII)
2021:(PRIM)
1993:(IPKI)
1975:(AKUI)
1969:(PPTI)
1939:(PSII)
1909:(PDTI)
1840:(GAPI)
1735:(PDRI)
1681:(PPIB)
1669:(PPPI)
1663:(PKPB)
1370:
1344:
1325:
879:, and
669:, and
653:, and
635:Madiun
513:As an
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127:
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2124:(PDP)
2118:(PDK)
2087:(PDI)
2045:(PRD)
2027:(PSI)
2015:(PRN)
1987:(PBI)
1957:(PTI)
1951:(PNI)
1927:(PIR)
1921:(PPD)
1915:(PKI)
1869:PPPKI
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1741:(PKN)
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118:books
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1524:(19)
1518:(44)
1512:(50)
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1500:(58)
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1488:(78)
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1368:ISBN
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433:The
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292:1913
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