36:è¡æ¿æå°) is a principal instrument of enforcement used extensively throughout the Japanese government to support a wide range of policies. Influence, prestige, advice, and persuasion are used to encourage both corporations and individuals to work in directions judged desirable. The persuasion is exerted and the advice is given by public officials, who often have the power to provide or to withhold
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government and industry throughout most of the twentieth century. Government and business leaders generally agree that the composition of Japan's output must continually shift if living standards are to rise. Government plays an active role in making these shifts, often anticipating economic developments rather than reacting to them.
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economies of the advanced nations became more integrated, as the result of the growth of international trade and international corporations. In the late 1980s, knowledge-intensive and high-technology industries became prominent. The government showed little inclination to promote such booming parts of the economy as
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development projects in computers and robotics were started. At the same time, government promoted the managed decline of competitively troubled industries, including textiles, shipbuilding, and chemical fertilizers through such measures as tax breaks for corporations that retrained workers to work at other tasks.
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and depends on massive imports of raw materials. It must export to pay for its imports, and manufacturing and the sales of its services, such as banking and finance, were its principal means of doing so. For these reasons, the careful development of the producing sector has been a key concern of both
28:
and especially in the 1950s and 1960s. The goal was to promote industrial development by co-operating closely with private firms. The objective of industrial policy was to shift resources to specific industries in order to gain international competitive advantage for Japan. The policies and methods
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in the 1970s and 1980s, thinking began to change. Government seemed to intervene less and become more respectful of price mechanisms in guiding future development. During this period, trade and direct foreign investment were liberalized, tariff and nontariff trade barriers were lowered, and the
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Mechanisms used by the
Japanese government to affect the economy typically relate to trade, labor markets, competition, and tax incentives. They include a broad range of trade protection measures, subsidies, de jure and de facto exemptions from antitrust statutes, labor market adjustments, and
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and, in the 1980s, such industries as computers and semiconductors. Since the late 1970s, the government has strongly encouraged the development of knowledge-intensive industries. Government support for research and development grew rapidly in the 1980s, and large joint government-industry
80:. Rather than producing a broad range of goods, the Japanese selected a few areas in which they could develop high-quality goods to produce in vast quantities at competitive prices. A good example is the camera industry, which since the 1960s has been dominated by Japan.
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Historically, there have been three main elements in
Japanese industrial development. The first was the development of a highly competitive manufacturing sector. The second was the deliberate restructuring of industry toward higher
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144:. The question at the end of the 1980s was whether the government would become involved in such new developments or whether it would let them progress on their own.
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arrangements. The
Japanese use administrative guidance to buffer market swings, anticipate market developments, and enhance market competition.
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were used primarily to increase the productivity of inputs and to influence, directly or indirectly, industrial investment.
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After World War II, the initial industries that policy makers and the general public felt Japan should have were
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88:, high productivity industries. In the late 1980s, these were mainly knowledge-intensive
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92:. The third element was aggressive domestic and international business strategies.
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in general, heavy electrical equipment, and chemicals. Later, they added the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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166:: retired bureaucrats joining the ranks of Japanese companies
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Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and
Tourism
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industry-specific assistance to enhance the use of new
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Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan
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127:Although industrial policy remained important in
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699:Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
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694:Japan Association of Corporate Executives
518:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
20:was a complicated system devised by the
462:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
725:Government-business relations in Japan
159:Government-business relations in Japan
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564:List of Japan natural gas companies
311:Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan
621:Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
260:Agriculture in the Empire of Japan
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740:Research and development in Japan
452:Japan External Trade Organization
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745:Science and technology in Japan
590:International rankings of Japan
574:List of power stations in Japan
285:JapanâSouth Korea trade dispute
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605:Prefectures by GDP per capita
347:Banknotes of the Japanese yen
755:Standard of living in Japan
720:Economic relations of Japan
498:Japanese management culture
414:Financial services in Japan
275:Japanese asset price bubble
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316:Industrial policy of Japan
18:industrial policy of Japan
704:Japan Business Federation
595:List of largest companies
503:Japanese work environment
447:Financial Services Agency
437:Development Bank of Japan
419:Japanese financial system
372:Scrip of Edo period Japan
270:Japanese economic miracle
250:Economic history of Japan
194:Federal Research Division
32:Administrative guidance (
730:List of exports of Japan
362:National Printing Bureau
111:, the merchant marine,
791:Public policy in Japan
735:National debt of Japan
409:Capital flows in Japan
119:, petrochemicals, and
442:Fair Trade Commission
321:Trade policy of Japan
142:management consulting
554:Solar power in Japan
404:Tokyo Stock Exchange
265:Income Doubling Plan
58:government contracts
668:Public corporations
493:Japanese labour law
472:National Tax Agency
467:Ministry of Finance
429:Government agencies
117:automobile industry
90:tertiary industries
22:Japanese government
663:Private enterprise
600:Prefectures by GDP
113:machine industries
68:, and approval of
796:Industry in Japan
786:Industrial policy
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97:natural resources
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781:Economy of Japan
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367:Tokugawa coinage
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154:Economy of Japan
66:foreign exchange
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134:fashion design
105:iron and steel
95:Japan has few
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183:public domain
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713:Other topics
687:Associations
638:Construction
528:Nenko System
523:ShÅ«shin koyÅ
513:Labor unions
508:Labor market
486:Labor market
357:Japanese yen
315:
280:Lost Decades
188:
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109:shipbuilding
102:
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34:gyÅsei shidÅ
33:
31:
26:World War II
17:
15:
648:Electronics
138:advertising
86:value-added
775:Categories
626:Automotive
394:Nikkei 225
352:Japan Mint
171:References
78:technology
760:Amakudari
750:Nemawashi
673:Transport
533:Salaryman
164:Amakudari
64:permits,
46:subsidies
614:Industry
583:Rankings
335:Currency
326:Taxation
295:Keiretsu
290:Zaibatsu
148:See also
50:licenses
678:Whaling
643:Defense
386:finance
382:Banking
243:History
658:Mining
542:Energy
304:Policy
185:.
140:, and
70:cartel
62:import
42:grants
24:after
200:Japan
129:Japan
38:loans
384:and
16:The
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136:,
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