History of the World Wide Web

1508: 103: 1379: 1089:, it became the first commonly used hypertext interface to the Internet. While Gopher menu items were examples of hypertext, they were not commonly perceived in that way. In less than a year, there were hundreds of Gopher servers. It offered a viable alternative to the World Wide Web in the early 1990s and the consensus was that Gopher would be the primary way that people would interact with the Internet. However, in 1993, the University of Minnesota declared that Gopher was proprietary and would have to be licensed. 1041:. In 1992, the first tests between browsers on different platforms were concluded successfully between buildings 513 and 31 in CERN, between browsers on the NexT station and the X11-ported Mosaic browser. ViolaWWW became the recommended browser at CERN. To encourage use within CERN, Bernd Pollermann put the CERN telephone directory on the web—previously users had to log onto the mainframe in order to look up phone numbers. The Web was successful at CERN and spread to other scientific and academic institutions. 2697: 2711: 47: 725: 753: 2600:. As Internet connectivity becomes ubiquitous, manufacturers have started to leverage the expanded computing power of their devices to enhance their usability and capability. Through Internet connectivity, manufacturers are now able to interact with the devices they have sold and shipped to their customers, and customers are able to interact with the manufacturer (and other providers) to access a lot of new content. 380: 745: 2683: 2331:. The popularity of these sites, combined with developments in the technology that enabled them, and the increasing availability and affordability of high-speed connections made video content far more common on all kinds of websites. This new media-rich model for information exchange, featuring user-generated and user-edited websites, was dubbed 884:

was about a month from completing its first successful test. Berners-Lee's proposal estimated that a read-only Web would be developed within three months and that it would take six months to achieve "the creation of new links and new material by readers, authorship becomes universal" as well as "the

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Web pages were initially conceived as structured documents based upon HTML. They could include images, video, and other content, although the use of media was initially relatively limited and the content was mainly static. By the mid-2000s, new approaches to sharing and exchanging content, such as

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into the public domain. This made it possible to develop servers and clients independently and to add extensions without licensing restrictions. Coming two months after the announcement that the server implementation of the Gopher protocol was no longer free to use, this spurred the development of

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Berners-Lee's contract in 1980 was from June to December, but in 1984 he returned to CERN in a permanent role, and considered its problems of information management: physicists from around the world needed to share data, yet they lacked common machines and any shared presentation software. Shortly

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revenue. While most of these portals offered a search engine, they were not interested in encouraging users to find other websites and leave the portal and instead concentrated on "sticky" content. In contrast, Google was a stripped-down search engine that delivered superior results. It was a hit

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This phenomenon has led to the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT), where modern devices are connected through sensors, software, and other technologies that exchange information with other devices and systems on the Internet. This creates an environment where data can be collected and analyzed

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W3C comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web. Berners-Lee made the Web available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The W3C decided that its standards must be based on royalty-free technology, so they can be

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The World Wide Web had several differences from other hypertext systems available at the time. The Web required only unidirectional links rather than bidirectional ones, making it possible for someone to link to another resource without action by the owner of that resource. It also significantly

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protocols were installed on Unix machines at the institution, turning it into the largest Internet site in Europe. In 1988, the first direct IP connection between Europe and North America was established and Berners-Lee began to openly discuss the possibility of a web-like system at CERN. He was

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among other concepts. According to the European Union, Web 4.0 is "the expected fourth generation of the World Wide Web. Using advanced artificial and ambient intelligence, the internet of things, trusted blockchain transactions, virtual worlds and XR capabilities, digital and real objects and

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possible. Web pages could run JavaScript and respond to user input, but they could not interact with the network. Browsers could submit data to servers via forms and receive new pages, but this was slow compared to traditional desktop applications. Developers that wanted to offer sophisticated

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became frustrated with the inefficiencies and difficulties posed by finding information stored on different computers. On 12 March 1989, he submitted a memorandum, titled "Information Management: A Proposal", to the management at CERN. The proposal used the term "web" and was based on "a large

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In 1992 the Computing and Networking Department of CERN, headed by David Williams, withdrew support of Berners-Lee's work. A two-page email sent by Williams stated that the work of Berners-Lee, with the goal of creating a facility to exchange information such as results and comments from CERN

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launched the concept of user-generated content. As new technologies made it easier to create websites that behaved dynamically, the Web attained greater ease of use and gained a sense of interactivity which ushered in a period of rapid popularization. This new era also brought into existence

489:), being particularly easy to use and install, and often credited with sparking the Internet boom of the 1990s. It was a graphical browser which ran on several popular office and home computers, bringing multimedia content to non-technical users by including images and text on the same page. 1132:

After 1993 the World Wide Web saw many advances to indexing and ease of access through search engines, which often neglected Gopher and Gopherspace. As its popularity increased through ease of use, incentives for commercial investment in the Web also grew. By the middle of 1994, the Web was

827:, he explains that he had repeatedly suggested to members of both technical communities that a marriage between the two technologies was possible. But, when no one took up his invitation, he finally assumed the project himself. In the process, he developed three essential technologies: 2596:(sometimes called Web 3.0). This involved using machine-readable information and interoperability standards to enable context-understanding programs to intelligently select information for users. Continued extension of the Web has focused on connecting devices to the Internet, coined 2216:"move from personal websites to blogs and blog site aggregation, from publishing to participation, from web content as the outcome of large up-front investment to an ongoing and interactive process, and from content management systems to links based on "tagging" website content using 643:

When Berners-Lee built ENQUIRE, the ideas developed by Bush, Engelbart, and Nelson did not influence his work, since he was not aware of them. However, as Berners-Lee began to refine his ideas, the work of these predecessors would later help to confirm the legitimacy of his concept.

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instantly, providing better insights and improving the decision-making process. Additionally, the integration of AI with IoT devices continues to improve their capabilities, allowing them to predict customer needs and perform tasks, increasing efficiency and user satisfaction.

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files. Early Web users would navigate either by bookmarking popular directory pages or by consulting updated lists such as the NCSA "What's New" page. Some sites were also indexed by WAIS, enabling users to submit full-text searches similar to the capability later provided by

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browser, many public companies began to develop a Web presence. At first, people mainly anticipated the possibilities of free publishing and instant worldwide information. By the late 1990s, the directory model had given way to search engines, corresponding with the rise of

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for dynamic content. Both the client and server were free to use with no restrictions. Mosaic was an immediate hit; its graphical user interface allowed the Web to become by far the most popular protocol on the Internet. Within a year, web traffic surpassed Gopher's.

2446:(WHATWG), dedicated to improving HTML while maintaining backward compatibility. For the next several years, websites did not transition their content to XHTML; browser vendors did not adopt XHTML2; and developers eschewed XML in favor of 1476:, giving designers more control over the appearance of web pages without the need for additional HTML tags. The W3C could not enforce compliance so none of the browsers were fully compliant. This frustrated web designers who formed the 1344:

The rate of web site deployment increased sharply around the world, and fostered development of international standards for protocols and content formatting. Berners-Lee continued to stay involved in guiding web standards, such as the

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who began to promote the proposed system throughout CERN. Berners-Lee and Cailliau pitched Berners-Lee's ideas to the European Conference on Hypertext Technology in September 1990, but found no vendors who could appreciate his vision.

2450:. By 2007, the W3C conceded and announced they were restarting work on HTML and in 2009, they officially abandoned XHTML. In 2019, the W3C ceded control of the HTML specification, now called the HTML Living Standard, to WHATWG. 877:. The Dynatext system, licensed by CERN, was considered too expensive and had an inappropriate licensing policy for use in the general high energy physics community, namely a fee for each document and each document alteration. 5757: 1212:

The World Wide Web enabled the spread of information over the Internet through an easy-to-use and flexible format. It thus played an important role in popularising use of the Internet. Although the two terms are sometimes

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of the thing to which they referred, so that while reading this document, you could skip to them with a click of the mouse." Such a system, he explained, could be referred to using one of the existing meanings of the word

773:, the database and software project he had built in 1980, with a more elaborate information management system based on links embedded as text: "Imagine, then, the references in this document all being associated with the 1182:

Before the release of Mosaic in 1993, graphics were not commonly mixed with text in web pages, and the Web was less popular than older protocols such as Gopher and WAIS. Mosaic could display inline images and submit

1179:, and the authors' rapid response to user bug reports and recommendations for new features. Historians generally agree that the 1993 introduction of the Mosaic web browser was a turning point for the World Wide Web. 4662: 6341: 2030:'s evolution, from roughly 1989 to 2004. According to Graham Cormode and Balachander Krishnamurthy, "content creators were few in Web 1.0 with the vast majority of users simply acting as consumers of content". 464:

in 1989. He proposed a "universal linked information system" using several concepts and technologies, the most fundamental of which was the connections that existed between information. He developed the first

1052:, to access the web in 1992. Lynx was available on Unix and DOS, and some web designers, unimpressed with glossy graphical websites, held that a website not accessible through Lynx was not worth visiting. 3201: 2533:

in 2007 with a full-featured browser. Other companies followed suit and in 2011, smartphone sales overtook PCs. Since 2016, most visitors access websites with mobile devices which led to the adoption of

1646:, displaying products on hypertext webpages, were added into the Web. Over the next 5 years, over a trillion dollars was raised to fund thousands of startups consisting of little more than a website. 1429:(W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in September/October 1994 in order to create open standards for the Web. It was founded at the 4184: 1175:. Andreessen and Bina released a Unix version of the browser in February 1993; Mac and Windows versions followed in August 1993. The browser gained popularity due to its strong support of integrated 2541:

Apple, Mozilla, and Google have taken different approaches to integrating smartphones with modern web apps. Apple initially promoted web apps for the iPhone, but then encouraged developers to make

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Historiography of the Web poses specific challenges, including disposable data, missing links, lost content and archived websites, which have consequences for web historians. Sites such as the

4600: 1938:. Chrome overtook IE to become the dominant desktop browser in four years, and overtook Safari to become the dominant mobile browser in two. At the same time, Google open sourced Chrome's 4861: 1744:. Apache quickly became the dominant server on the Web. After adding support for modules, Apache was able to allow developers to handle web requests with a variety of languages including 102: 6257: 1917:

setting the stage for the Web 2.0 revolution. By 1998, IE was able to capture the majority of the desktop browser market. It would be the dominant browser for the next fourteen years.

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experiments to the scientific community, was not the core activity of CERN and was a misallocation of CERN's IT resources. Following this decision, Tim Berners-Lee left CERN for the

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client that performed as well as a desktop application. Ajax apps were revolutionary. Web pages evolved beyond static documents to full-blown applications. Websites began offering

5805: 4543: 870: 640:, as a personal database of people and software models, but also as a way to experiment with hypertext; each new page of information in ENQUIRE had to be linked to another page. 3232: 6368: 5858: 4654: 2659:

environments are fully integrated and communicate with each other, enabling truly intuitive, immersive experiences, seamlessly blending the physical and digital worlds".

126: 6337: 2925: 1081:(WAIS), and the FTP Archive list attempted to create ways to organize distributed data. Gopher was a document browsing system for the Internet, released in 1991 by the 5578: 5275: 2197:

would launch and attempt to send an email containing the form's details. The popularity and complications of the mailto protocol led browser developers to incorporate

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were influential websites that promoted good design and adherence to standards. Nevertheless, AOL halted development of Netscape and Microsoft was slow to update IE.

477:(HTML). After publishing the markup language in 1991, and releasing the browser source code for public use in 1993, many other web browsers were soon developed, with 1148: 1152: 960:

In January 1991, the first web servers outside CERN were switched on. On 6 August 1991, Berners-Lee published a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the

6737: 409: 3321: 3193: 784:, a term that he says was coined in the 1950s. Berners-Lee notes the possibility of multimedia documents that include graphics, speech and video, which he terms 6652: 5001: 4830: 2815: 4914: 793:

Although the proposal attracted little interest, Berners-Lee was encouraged by his manager, Mike Sendall, to begin implementing his system on a newly acquired

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With the bursting of the dot-com bubble, many web portals either scaled back operations, floundered, or shut down entirely. AOL disbanded Netscape in 2003.

1779: 539:, becoming common-place in the 2010s, allowed users to compose multimedia content without programming skills, making the Web ubiquitous in every-day life. 500:. Following the complete removal of commercial restrictions on Internet use by 1995, commercialization of the Web amidst macroeconomic factors led to the 322: 304: 121: 5788:

With recent phenomena like blogs and wikis, the Web is beginning to develop the kind of collaborative nature that its inventor envisaged from the start.

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which precipitated a rapid shift away from Gopher. By releasing Berners-Lee's invention for public use, CERN encouraged and enabled its widespread use.

6395: 1909:. At this point, Microsoft began bundling IE with Windows. IE3 managed to increase Microsoft's share of the browser market from under 10% to over 20%. 3668: 1434: 1248:

In keeping with its origins at CERN, early adopters of the Web were primarily university-based scientific departments or physics laboratories such as

4592: 1696: 1271:, due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of uncompressed media. Following the introduction of the Web, several media formats based on 299: 274: 159: 6422: 1709:. The first web servers supported only static files, such as HTML (and images), but now they commonly allow embedding of server side applications. 6230: 5966: 997:

reduced the difficulty of implementing web servers and browsers (in comparison to earlier systems), but in turn, presented the chronic problem of

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to provide legal information, since access to Windows was more widespread amongst lawyers than access to Unix. Cello was released in June 1993.

4887: 2339:. The Web 2.0 boom drew investment from companies worldwide and saw many new service-oriented startups catering to a newly "democratized" Web. 1891: 1168: 492:

Websites for use by the general public began to emerge in 1993–94. This spurred competition in server and browser software, highlighted in the

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The next generation of the Web is often termed Web 4.0, but its definition is not clear. According to some sources, it is a Web that involves

993:-HEP database and display SLAC's catalog of online documents. This was the first web server outside of Europe and the first in North America. 6713: 6534: 6482: 6455: 6209: 6182: 5949: 5733: 5706: 4977: 4385: 3580: 3009: 2749: 1549:(AOL) offered their users a connection to the Internet via their own internal browser, using a dial-up Internet connection. In January 1994, 1430: 1318: 1256:. By January 1993 there were fifty web servers across the world. By October 1993 there were over five hundred servers online, including some 294: 4325: 5248: 5164: 3091: 2754: 1257: 862: 202: 4516: 3754: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 6280: 3840: 3488: 3065: 667:

grew through the 1980s, many people realized the increasing need to be able to find and organize files and use information. By 1985, the

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declared that Mosaic made non-Internet online services obsolete, and the Web became the preferred interface for accessing the Internet.

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a system of globally unique identifiers for resources on the Web and elsewhere, the universal document identifier (UDI), later known as

6621: 5801: 4539: 4069: 3780: 5474: 3224: 1963:, which allowed JavaScript code to be used on servers as well as browsers. This led to the development of new software stacks such as 1700: 1302: 1172: 974: 402: 177: 6364: 438:. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, just as 6781: 6754: 6686: 4358: 3611: 3435: 1823: 1692: 1628: 1018: 5023: 4232:

Catalano, Charles S. (15 October 2007). "Megaphones to the Internet and the World: The Role of Blogs in Corporate Communications".

4038: 3636: 2899: 2545:. Mozilla announced Web APIs in 2011 to allow webapps to access hardware features such as audio, camera or GPS. Frameworks such as 1577:, launched the same year, was the first popular search engine on the World Wide Web. Yahoo! became the quintessential example of a 1029:, which included advanced features such as embedded graphics, scripting, and animation. ViolaWWW was originally an application for 5854: 4100: 3993: 1538:

were created to index pages and allow people to find things. Commercial use restrictions on the Internet were lifted in 1995 when

1378: 6875: 977:(SLAC) visited CERN in September 1991, and was captivated by the Web. He brought the NeXT software back to SLAC, where librarian 197: 182: 4800: 3421: 5671: 4631: 4436: 3398: 2386: 574: 289: 223: 207: 6314: 4748: 3550: 1092:

In response, on 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone, with no fees due, and released

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to Internet Explorer in 1999, which enabled a web page to communicate with the server while remaining visible. Developers at

1772: 1535: 690: 284: 6116: 5570: 5271: 3264: 3121: 6082: 5885: 5444: 5362: 5191: 3892: 2853: 1717:(CMS) were developed to organize and facilitate collaborative content creation. Many of them were built on top of separate 6880: 5633: 5057: 4000: 2597: 2522: 2104: 1968: 1412: 1078: 395: 383: 243: 6059: 2400:

Browser vendors improved the performance of their JavaScript engines and dropped support for Flash and Java. Traditional

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Netscape had a very successful IPO valuing the company at $ 2.9 billion despite the lack of profits and triggering the

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With help from Cailliau he published a more formal proposal on 12 November 1990 to build a "hypertext project" called

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offered Chromebooks. Chromebooks outsold MacOS devices in 2020 to become the second most popular OS in the world.

1237:, identified by their URIs. It is implemented as both client and server software using Internet protocols such as 4294: 4034: 3810: 2427: 2390: 2217: 2035: 1953: 1835: 1714: 1426: 1402: 1390: 1272: 1013:

operating system. This shortcoming was discussed in January 1992, and alleviated in April 1992 by the release of

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Almeida, F. (2017). Concept and dimensions of web 4.0. International journal of computers and technology, 16(7).

4405: 5390:"From Web 1.0 to Web 2.0 and beyond: Reviewing usability heuristic criteria taking music sites as case studies" 3940: 3346: 2565: 2119: 2084: 2043: 1928: 1839: 1192: 832: 675:

is built) came into being. Many small, self-contained hypertext systems were created, such as Apple Computer's

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on the Web has become ubiquitous in everyday life. The 2010s also saw the rise of streaming services, such as

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in the belief that such a website would best be able to attract a large audience that in turn would attract

1518: 1465:). Finally, in 1995, Netscape and Microsoft came to their senses and agreed to abide by the W3C's standard. 1298: 1082: 696: 660: 548: 447: 233: 6001: 3664: 6254:"More websites were viewed on mobile devices and tablets than desktops for the first time ever this month" 2288: 1943: 1935: 1855: 1765: 708: 652: 614: 512: 248: 6338:"Mozilla's Boot To Gecko Becomes Firefox OS, Scores Support From Sprint, Deutsche Telekom, ZTE, And More" 4967: 3368: 1826:

in April 1994 to develop the Mosaic Netscape browser commercially. The company later changed its name to

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AOL bought Netscape in 1998. In spite of their early success, Netscape was unable to fend off Microsoft.

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By December 1990, Berners-Lee and his work team had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the

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later the same year. IE2 added features pioneered at Netscape such as cookies, SSL, and JavaScript. The

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The features of HTML evolved over time, leading to HTML version 2 in 1995, HTML3 and HTML4 in 1997, and

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Technologies and Protocols for the Future of Internet Design: Reinventing the Web: Reinventing the Web

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Weaving the Web : the original design and ultimate destiny of the World Wide Web by its inventor

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and Cliff Skolnick created a mailing list to coordinate efforts to fix bugs and make improvements to

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automatic notification of a reader when new material of interest to him/her has become available".

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Flew believed these factors formed the trends that resulted in the onset of the Web 2.0 "craze".

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on the Web. SSL became the standard method to encrypt web traffic. Navigator 1.0 also introduced

1831: 1741: 1677: 1658: 1607: 1362: 1333: 1275:(DCT) were introduced for practical media distribution and streaming over the Web, including the 1049: 668: 524: 486: 238: 6498: 6174:

Media in History: An Introduction to the Meanings and Transformations of Communication Over Time

5244: 3863:"Where Have all the Gophers Gone? Why the Web beat Gopher in the Battle for Protocol Mind Share" 3099: 2710: 2193:

forms were used. A user would fill in a form, and upon clicking the form's submit button, their

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and tables to position and align elements on a page. These were often used in combination with

1631:. Directory features, while still commonly available, became after-thoughts to search engines. 880:

At this point HTML and HTTP had already been in development for about two months and the first

813:. Berners-Lee found an enthusiastic supporter in his colleague and fellow hypertext enthusiast 6787: 6777: 6760: 6750: 6719: 6709: 6692: 6682: 6605: 6530: 6478: 6472: 6451: 6445: 6205: 6178: 6172: 5945: 5729: 5702: 5663: 5532: 5116: 5100: 4973: 4566: 4381: 4375: 4354: 3832: 3727: 3711: 3607: 3484: 3431: 3005: 2921: 2611: 2328: 2142: 2031: 1931: 1878: 1670: 1619: 1416: 1353:(sometimes known as Web 3.0) based around machine-readability and interoperability standards. 1325: 1290: 1230: 1109: 1074: 1064: 944: 924:

that described the project itself was published on 20 December 1990. The browser could access

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The extension of the Web to facilitate data exchange was explored as an approach to create a

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to optimize web pages for mobile devices; and PWAs are web pages that, with a combination of

1301:. JPEG became the most widely used image format for the World Wide Web. A DCT variation, the 748:

The corridor where the World Wide Web was born, on the ground floor of building No. 1 at CERN

6597: 6549: 5939: 5524: 5092: 4348: 4241: 4061: 3776: 3703: 3194:"Happy 30th birthday, World Wide Web. Inventor outlines plan to combat hacking, hate speech" 2891: 2729: 2668: 2256: 2167: 1972: 1819: 1733: 1588: 1566: 1268: 1086: 874: 648: 168: 6585: 5828: 5466: 2517:

Early attempts to allow wireless devices to access the Web used simplified formats such as

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became a competition for dominance when Explorer was bundled with Windows. This led to the

5422: 3325: 3289: 3285: 2702: 2439: 2405: 2346: 2248: 2088: 2001: 1643: 1584: 1462: 1446: 1386: 1382: 1372: 1346: 1294: 1264: 1156: 1034: 857:(abbreviated "W3") as a "web" of "hypertext documents" to be viewed by "browsers" using a 823: 814: 774: 769:

hypertext database with typed links". It described a system called "Mesh" that referenced

765: 733: 724: 629: 606: 570: 478: 457: 154: 65: 54: 6140:"Microsoft confirms Edge rewrite based on Google's Chromium for 'improved compatibility'" 1610:

superseded Mosaic in popularity, holding the position for some time. Bill Gates outlined

5027: 4154: 4030: 3632: 2879: 1971:, developers can bundle up node applications as standalone desktop applications such as 4774: 4092: 4004: 3329: 2688: 2627: 2619: 2573: 2546: 2508: 2474: 2454: 2362: 2027: 1956: 1874: 1815: 1650: 1635: 1600: 1546: 1513: 1485: 1126: 752: 581: 562: 423: 5024:"NETSCAPE COMMUNICATIONS SHIPS RELEASE 1.0 OF NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR AND NETSCAPE SERVERS" 2999: 1638:. Increasing familiarity with the Web led to the growth of direct Web-based commerce ( 1614:

strategy to dominate the Internet in his Tidal Wave memo in 1995. With the release of

1437:(DARPA), which had pioneered the Internet. A year later, a second site was founded at 6864: 6820: 4253: 2966: 2655: 2623: 2581: 2457:

in 2021 to use Chromium as its code base in order to be more compatible with Chrome.

2316: 2264: 2186: 2134: 1924: 1725: 1710: 1624: 1574: 1570: 1531: 1458: 1406: 986: 940: 933: 729: 656: 592: 6617: 5655: 5513:"Social Networks and the Diffusion of User-Generated Content: Evidence from YouTube" 4623: 4428: 3058:

From Diversity to Convergence: British Computer Networks and the Internet, 1970–1995

2477:. Nonetheless, the 2010s saw the emergence of various controversial trends, such as 6306: 4740: 2781: 2776: 2716: 2593: 2416: 2268: 2198: 2194: 2062: 1914: 1886: 1791: 1481: 1454: 1350: 1286: 1234: 1026: 901: 536: 501: 493: 4478: 3546: 3025: 6392:"Introducing the Accelerated Mobile Pages Project, for a faster, open mobile web" 6108: 5112: 4267: 3723: 3254: 3128: 5436: 3394: 2845: 2486: 2351: 2171: 2163: 2138: 2069: 1859: 1847: 1776: 1184: 1117: 905: 897: 744: 470: 427: 6055: 5881: 5625: 5049: 1680:

connections replaced many dial-up connections from the beginning of the 2000s.

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Berners-Lee's breakthrough was to marry hypertext to the Internet. In his book

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in addition to webpages. Developers created a plethora of Ajax apps including

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In these earliest browsers, images opened in a separate "helper" application.

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was used by Berners-Lee as the web server and also to write the web browser.

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Viswanathan, Ganesh; Dutt Mathur, Punit; Yammiyavar, Pradeep (March 2010).

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during this period. To provide a feedback mechanism for web site visitors,

5080: 4685: 3914: 3691: 5138: 3502: 2300: 2115: 2023: 1983: 1939: 1850:, but Netscape did not publicize this feature. Netscape followed up with 1827: 1745: 1253: 1022: 1010: 998: 921: 917: 866: 664: 435: 431: 135: 6201:

Cybercrime and Espionage: An Analysis of Subversive Multi-Vector Threats

5544: 5512: 4593:"20 YEARS ON: WHY NETSCAPE'S IPO WAS THE "BIG BANG" OF THE INTERNET ERA" 4207: 3837:

The Early World Wide Web at SLAC: Documentation of the Early Web at SLAC

2335:, a term coined in 1999 by Darcy DiNucci and popularized in 2004 at the 565:

paradigm originated in projects in the 1960s, from research such as the

5779: 5096: 4711:"The Evolution of Google AdWords – A $ 38 Billion Advertising Platform" 3707: 2810: 2771: 2759: 2420: 2394: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2355: 2332: 2304: 2296: 2283: 2242: 1997: 1994: 1960: 1902: 1867: 1497: 1489: 1222: 1159:, a student at UIUC, was shown ViolaWWW in late 1992, he began work on 770: 699:

existed before the creation of the World Wide Web, such as for example

637: 532: 6586:"Web historiography and Internet Studies: Challenges and perspectives" 6526:

Blockchain and Web 3.0: Social, Economic, and Technological Challenges

4290: 3802: 6831: 6706:

Web 25 : histories from the first 25 years of the World Wide Web

6571:"The Commission wants the EU to lead on 'Web 4.0' — whatever that is" 4401: 2895: 2800: 2518: 2443: 2350:

applications over the Web used Java or nonstandard solutions such as

2308: 2190: 1920: 1550: 1539: 1453:

easily adopted by anyone. Netscape and Microsoft, in the middle of a

1238: 1133:

outcompeting Gopher and the other browsing systems for the Internet.

1098: 1093: 1014: 990: 982: 925: 704: 684: 443: 5165:"Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 Is World's Fastest-Growing Browser" 4155:"22 April 1993: Mosaic Browser Lights Up Web With Color, Creativity" 3889:"Mosaic Web Browser History – NCSA, Marc Andreessen, Eric Bina" 3342: 2878:

Berners-Lee, T.; Cailliau, R.; Groff, J.-F.; Pollermann, B. (1992).

1834:, which soon became the dominant web client. They also released the 1480:(WaSP) in 1998 with the goal of cajoling compliance with standards. 1332:, written by Thomas R. Bruce for the Legal Information Institute at 5723: 5389: 625:

has also been named as an early 20th-century precursor of the Web.

32:"Web history" redirects here. For the feature of web browsers, see 6826: 6444:

Virgilio, Roberto de; Giunchiglia, Fausto; Tanca, Letizia (2010).

4775:"28 September 1998: Internet Explorer Leaves Netscape in Its Wake" 4624:"Portal Sites Reap the Rewards Of Strategies for Getting 'Sticky'" 2795: 2466: 2431: 2282:, rapidly gained acceptance on the Web. The video-sharing website 2178: 2159: 2073: 1761: 1757: 1737: 1662:

with users who switched from portals to Google. Furthermore, with

1506: 1496:

both released browsers that aimed to be more standards compliant (

1438: 1420: 1377: 1375:, was held at CERN; the conference has been held every year since. 751: 743: 723: 610: 601: 508: 439: 6810: 6365:"Mozilla Will Stop Developing And Selling Firefox OS Smartphones" 4854:"Disney, in Retreat From Internet, to Abandon Go.com Portal Site" 4801:"Once Upon a Time, Yahoo Was the Most Important Internet Company" 3528: 454:

date back significantly further than that of the World Wide Web.

5993: 5909:"The Web Just Became More Secure: Google Drops Support for Java" 4969:

History of the Internet : a chronology, 1843 to the present

2607: 2584:, can be saved to a mobile device and opened like a native app. 2447: 2324: 2275: 2130: 2096: 1596: 1469: 1445:; and in 1996, a third continental site was created in Japan at 1441:(a French national computer research lab) with support from the 1433:

Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the

1283: 1276: 1249: 1242: 1121: 1105: 1038: 794: 761: 737: 633: 474: 461: 5500:(3rd ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 19. 4350:

Media, Society, World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice

2572:(PWA) in 2015. AMPs use a combination of HTML, JavaScript, and 2561:

designed to run web apps in 2012, but discontinued it in 2015.

1705:

Web server software was developed to allow computers to act as

1673:

and a variety of other browsers almost completely replaced it.

527:

delivered dynamic content to users, which sparked a new era in

511:

in 2014. The language was extended with advanced formatting in

6814: 6447:

Semantic Web Information Management: A Model-Based Perspective

4655:"How Google Came To Dominate Search And What The Future Holds" 3606:. Harlow, England; Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley. p. 21. 3293: 2785: 2435: 2279: 2155: 2100: 1906: 1749: 1473: 1306: 929: 4540:"Inside the Excruciatingly Slow Death of Internet Explorer 6" 3319:

He Created the Web. Now He’s Out to Remake the Digital World

3225:"The World Wide Web – not the Internet – turns 30 years old" 1986:

capable of running web apps, in 2011. Over the next decade,

1866:. In 1998, Netscape made Navigator open source and launched 1309:, which was introduced in 1991 and became the first popular 101: 45: 6811:"A Little History of the World Wide Web: from 1945 to 1995" 6747:

How the Web was born : the story of the World Wide Web

6499:"What is Internet of Things? Internet of Things Definition" 5882:"Gone in a flash: Adobe Flash removed from online browsers" 5219:"5 Reasons Why Android Is So Much More Popular Than iPhone" 5192:"Chrome beats Internet Explorer in global Web browser race" 2212:

described the differences between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 as a

1457:, ignored the W3C and added elements to HTML ad hoc (e.g., 1713:

software enabled building and deploying web applications.

1504:), but were unable to dislodge IE as the dominant browser. 1187:

for Windows, Macintosh and X-Windows. NCSA also developed

591:(NLS). Both Nelson and Engelbart were in turn inspired by 27:

Information system running in the Internet and its history

6550:

https://www.rsisinternational.org/IJRSI/Issue31/75-78.pdf

6177:. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 142. 5297:

Balachander Krishnamurthy, Graham Cormode (2 June 2008).

2610:(sometimes also referred to as Web 3.0) is an idea for a 2034:

were common, consisting mainly of static pages hosted on

1642:) and instantaneous group communications worldwide. Many 5079:

Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D (2013).

3690:

Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D (2013).

2315:

which gained users rapidly and became a central part of

1169:

High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative

496:

which was initially dominated by Netscape Navigator and

3777:"Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software" 2057:

Some common design elements of a Web 1.0 site include:

1349:

to compose web pages, and he advocated his vision of a

6854: 6450:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 481. 4377:

The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution

3602:

Raggett, Dave; Jenny Lam; Ian Alexander (April 1996).

3064:(Computer Science thesis). The University of Warwick. 3004:. Internet Archive. HarperSanFrancisco. pp. 5–6. 6474:

Internet Economics: Models, Mechanisms and Management

5571:"Victim Of Knowledge: Microsoft To Shut Down Encarta" 5081:"The History of the Internet: The Missing Narratives" 3692:"The History of the Internet: The Missing Narratives" 2426:

In spite of the success of Web 2.0 applications, the

2072:

rather than a relational database management system (

1155:(UIUC) established a website in November 1992. After 871:

Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship

6109:"Memorandum of Understanding Between W3C and WHATWG" 5802:"There's nothing odd about the slickness of Oddpost" 4911:"On This Day in 2003, Netscape Went Offline Forever" 1901:, released in 1996, added support for Java applets, 1069:

In the early 1990s, Internet-based projects such as

943:

developed the first cross-platform web browser, the

797:

workstation. He considered several names, including

6774:

The World Wide Web and contemporary cultural theory

5780:"Tim Berners-Lee's original World Wide Web browser" 3941:"Vice President Al Gore's ENIAC Anniversary Speech" 3604:

HTML 3: Electronic Publishing on the World Wide Web

1526:

Commercialization, dot-com boom and bust, aftermath

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As the 6821:"The World Wide Web: Past, Present and Future" 2369:used this feature in 2002 to create the first 1952:used Chromium's V8 engine in 2009 to power an 1293:made JPEG a good format for compensating slow 1267:over the Web was made possible by advances in 426:("WWW", "W3" or simply "the Web") is a global 6645:"The Importance of Historiography on the Web" 5299:"Key differences between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0" 3459:"Short summary of the World Wide Web project" 3420:Hempstead, C.; Worthington, W., eds. 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Microsoft Corporation 1775:was founded in 1999 and produced many 1740:. They called their version of HTTPd, 861:. The proposal was modelled after the 160:Free software and open-source software 6681:. 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One of these standards was the 25: 6398:from the original on 17 June 2021 6390:Besbris, David (7 October 2015). 6004:from the original on 8 March 2022 5695:"14.2.1 AJAX: The Key to Web 2.0" 5581:from the original on 12 July 2022 5551:from the original on 12 July 2022 5477:from the original on 17 June 2015 5085:Journal of Information Technology 4994:"December 1996 Web Server Survey" 4852:Hansell, Saul (30 January 2001). 4460:"Group Out to Set A New Standard" 4324:. The World Wide Web Consortium. 4268:"WWW (World Wide Web) Definition" 4187:from the original on 13 June 2020 4153:Calore, Michael (22 April 2010). 3696:Journal of Information Technology 3401:from the original on 21 July 2009 3332:, by Steve Lohr, 10 January 2021. 2884:Electron. Netw. Res. Appl. Policy 2856:from the original on 1 April 2010 2852:. 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Archived from 2566:Accelerated Mobile Pages 2453:Microsoft rewrote their 2133:extensions, such as the 2085:Common Gateway Interface 1982:, cheap laptops running 1842:requests, thus enabling 1519:State Department Library 1472:in 1997, which included 1193:Common Gateway Interface 985:operating system on the 838:the publishing language 833:uniform resource locator 673:Uniform Resource Locator 567:Hypertext Editing System 229:Graphical user interface 6876:History of the Internet 6832:Web Development History 6776:. 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Analysts called it 2183:server side scripting 1879:Internet Explorer 1.0 1780:web software projects 1691:Further information: 1510: 1478:Web Standards Project 1381: 1195:to process forms and 1116:menus presented as a 1108:web protocol and the 989:as a way to host the 755: 747: 727: 573:at Brown University, 314:Timeline of computing 198:Programming languages 183:Compiler construction 105: 49: 6881:History of computing 5496:Flew, Terry (2008). 5443:. January 28, 2008. 5247:. 2 September 2008. 4515:. 29 December 2007. 4318:"History of the Web" 3807:CERN Document Server 3292:(12 November 1990). 2735:History of hypertext 2652:ubiquitous computing 2261:Rich web application 2201:into their browsers. 2177:HTML forms sent via 2081:Server Side Includes 2050:and the now-defunct 1854:in 1995 introducing 1806:List of web browsers 1591:'s shopping site by 1197:Server Side Includes 1143:Mosaic (web browser) 1120:rather than through 1046:University of Kansas 803:The Information Mine 688:inspired by a book, 553:History of hypertext 452:history of hypertext 224:General-purpose CPUs 208:Software engineering 122:Hardware before 1960 95:History of computing 34:Web browsing history 6857:, the first website 6031:. Sinclair Target. 5660:Wall Street Journal 4686:"I'm Feeling Lucky" 4628:Wall Street Journal 4591:McCullough, Brian. 4542:. Popular Science. 3260:Lemelson Foundation 3134:on 17 November 2015 3102:on 18 November 2018 2932:on 24 November 2005 2648:pervasive computing 2479:internet censorship 2325:user-edited content 2162:in size) promoting 2087:(CGI) instead of a 1895:antitrust lawsuit. 1838:which could handle 1687:Web server software 1563:Stanford University 1561:, then students at 1443:European Commission 981:adapted it for the 904:, which was also a 807:Mine of Information 586:Douglas Engelbart's 41: 6023:Target, Sinclair. 5626:"What Is Web 2.0?" 5097:10.1057/jit.2013.4 5030:on 27 October 1996 4029:Berners-Lee, Tim. 4010:on August 24, 2014 3708:10.1057/jit.2013.4 2922:Engelbart, Douglas 2844:Berners-Lee, Tim. 2644:internet of things 2481:and the growth of 2337:Web 2.0 Conference 2079:Pages built using 2032:Personal web pages 1832:Netscape Navigator 1678:broadband internet 1659:online advertising 1608:Netscape Navigator 1523: 1394: 1363:The Web Conference 1334:Cornell Law School 896:(HTML), the first 758: 750: 742: 715:1989–1991: Origins 669:Domain Name System 487:Netscape Navigator 244:Personal computers 203:Prominent pioneers 107: 75:12 March 1989 51: 6715:978-1-4331-3269-8 6536:978-0-429-63920-3 6484:978-1-68108-546-3 6457:978-3-642-04329-1 6211:978-1-59749-614-8 6184:978-1-352-00596-7 6029:twobithistory.org 5951:978-1-4666-0204-5 5735:978-1-136-99606-1 5722:Han, Sam (2012). 5708:978-1-4398-2868-7 5365:. 23 April 2009. 4979:978-1-57607-118-2 4387:978-0-521-76645-6 3369:"First Web pages" 3011:978-0-06-251586-5 2971:"As We May Think" 2612:decentralized Web 2404:were replaced by 2389:and new types of 2329:Microsoft Encarta 2168:operating systems 2143:first browser war 1932:JavaScript engine 1822:, met and formed 1671:Internet Explorer 1644:dot-com companies 1629:relevancy ranking 1620:Internet Explorer 1417:Browser extension 1367:In May 1994, the 1326:Microsoft Windows 1291:image compression 1231:information space 1065:Gopher (protocol) 945:Line Mode Browser 932:files as well. A 809:, but settled on 760:While working at 498:Internet Explorer 434:connected to the 420: 419: 193:Operating systems 89: 88: 16:(Redirected from 6888: 6813:, Dan Connolly, 6795: 6768: 6741: 6735: 6727: 6708:. New York, NY. 6700: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6643:Craig, William. 6640: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6567: 6561: 6558: 6552: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5973:on 28 April 2019 5969:. 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Network Word. 5797: 5791: 5790: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5662:. 19 July 2007. 5652: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5420: 5415: 5413: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4941:httpd.apache.org 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4913:. Mental Floss. 4906: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4770: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4270:. TechDictionary 4264: 4258: 4257: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4099:. Brian Wilson. 4097:Index D O T Html 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4009: 4003:. 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Archived from 3126: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3098:. Archived from 3087: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3070: 3063: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3022: 3016: 3015: 2995: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2896:10.1108/eb047254 2875: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2841: 2730:History of email 2719: 2714: 2713: 2705: 2700: 2699: 2691: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2669:Internet Archive 2614:based on public 2588:Web 3.0 and Web3 2347:web applications 2257:Dynamic web page 1820:Silicon Graphics 1818:, former CEO of 1756:. Together with 1734:Brian Behlendorf 1618:and the popular 1567:Yahoo! Directory 1347:markup languages 1282:in 1991 and the 1269:data compression 1258:notable websites 1229:. The Web is an 1217:in popular use, 1099:various browsers 1087:Mark P. McCahill 1044:Students at the 1021:, and in May by 916:) and the first 912:(later known as 875:Brown University 799:Information Mesh 671:(upon which the 525:AJAX programming 412: 405: 398: 382: 381: 169:Computer science 91: 85: 83: 78: 42: 21: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6885: 6861: 6860: 6839:, Brian Kardell 6802: 6784: 6771: 6757: 6744: 6728: 6716: 6703: 6689: 6676: 6673: 6671:Further reading 6668: 6658: 6656: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6627: 6625: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6573:. 11 July 2023. 6569: 6568: 6564: 6559: 6555: 6548: 6544: 6537: 6522: 6521: 6517: 6507: 6505: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6485: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6458: 6443: 6442: 6438: 6428: 6426: 6416: 6415: 6411: 6401: 6399: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6374: 6372: 6362: 6361: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6335: 6334: 6330: 6320: 6318: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6263: 6261: 6251: 6250: 6246: 6236: 6234: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6197: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6155: 6153: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6122: 6120: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6092: 6090: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6065: 6063: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6038: 6036: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6007: 6005: 5991: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5974: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5952: 5937: 5936: 5932: 5922: 5920: 5906: 5905: 5901: 5891: 5889: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5864: 5862: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5811: 5809: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5639: 5637: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5554: 5552: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5450: 5448: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5416: 5406: 5399: 5397: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5372: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5346: 5344: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5316: 5314: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5281: 5279: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5174: 5172: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5022: 5021: 5017: 5007: 5005: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4950: 4948: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4867: 4865: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4783: 4781: 4772: 4771: 4764: 4754: 4752: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4668: 4666: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4575: 4573: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4549: 4547: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4520: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4485:. Jay Hoffman. 4476: 4475: 4471: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4435:. Jay Hoffman. 4426: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4122:Clarke, Roger. 4121: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4091:Wilson, Brian. 4090: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4011: 4007: 3996: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3865:. Ils.unc.edu. 3861: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3786: 3784: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3753:. Jay Hoffman. 3744: 3743: 3739: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3662: 3661: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3621: 3614: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3468: 3466: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3430:. p. 905. 3419: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3326:Wayback Machine 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3270: 3268: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3001:Weaving the Web 2997: 2996: 2989: 2979: 2977: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2935: 2933: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2877: 2876: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2843: 2842: 2833: 2829: 2768: 2715: 2708: 2703:Internet portal 2701: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2665: 2636: 2628:digital wallets 2620:smart contracts 2590: 2515: 2505: 2499: 2463: 2373:application, a 2354:or Microsoft's 2271: 2249:Web application 2245: 2239: 2234: 2139:<marquee> 2089:web application 2020: 1923:released their 1812: 1798: 1790:Main articles: 1788: 1703: 1689: 1603:the same year. 1585:Online shopping 1553:was founded by 1542:was shut down. 1532:web directories 1528: 1447:Keio University 1423: 1409: 1401:Main articles: 1399: 1387:Tim Berners-Lee 1383:Robert Cailliau 1373:Robert Cailliau 1371:, organized by 1365: 1359: 1342: 1295:Internet access 1265:streaming media 1210: 1157:Marc Andreessen 1145: 1139: 1110:Gopher protocol 1067: 1061: 1035:X Window System 1007: 958: 953: 928:newsgroups and 824:Weaving The Web 815:Robert Cailliau 775:network address 766:Tim Berners-Lee 734:Tim Berners-Lee 722: 717: 697:online services 649:packet-switched 630:Tim Berners-Lee 607:As We May Think 571:Andries van Dam 555: 545: 515:(CSS) and with 479:Marc Andreessen 458:Tim Berners-Lee 416: 216:Modern concepts 81: 79: 76: 66:Tim Berners-Lee 57: 55:Robert Cailliau 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6894: 6892: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6871:World Wide Web 6863: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6818: 6808: 6801: 6800:External links 6798: 6797: 6796: 6782: 6769: 6755: 6742: 6714: 6701: 6687: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6635: 6596:(5): 752–764. 6576: 6562: 6553: 6542: 6535: 6515: 6490: 6483: 6463: 6456: 6436: 6421:. Google Inc. 6409: 6382: 6367:. TechCrunch. 6355: 6340:. TechCrunch. 6328: 6298: 6271: 6244: 6217: 6210: 6190: 6183: 6163: 6130: 6100: 6073: 6046: 6015: 5992:Hickson, Ian. 5984: 5957: 5950: 5930: 5899: 5884:. The Tartan. 5872: 5845: 5819: 5792: 5771: 5741: 5734: 5714: 5707: 5685: 5647: 5632:. 1 May 2008. 5617: 5592: 5562: 5503: 5488: 5458: 5428: 5419:|journal= 5380: 5354: 5324: 5289: 5262: 5236: 5209: 5182: 5156: 5126: 5071: 5041: 5015: 4998:Netcraft.co.uk 4985: 4978: 4958: 4928: 4901: 4875: 4858:New York Times 4844: 4817: 4791: 4762: 4732: 4702: 4684:Bayers, Chip. 4676: 4645: 4614: 4583: 4557: 4530: 4513:New York Times 4500: 4469: 4450: 4419: 4393: 4386: 4366: 4359: 4339: 4316:Hopgood, Bob. 4308: 4281: 4259: 4240:(4): 247–262. 4224: 4198: 4171: 4145: 4114: 4083: 4052: 4021: 3984: 3958: 3932: 3906: 3880: 3854: 3824: 3794: 3768: 3737: 3682: 3650: 3619: 3612: 3594: 3564: 3538: 3520: 3503:"About SPIRES" 3494: 3476: 3465:on 29 May 2013 3450: 3436: 3412: 3386: 3360: 3334: 3330:New York Times 3311: 3277: 3246: 3215: 3184: 3159: 3145: 3113: 3082: 3047: 3017: 3010: 2987: 2967:Bush, Vannevar 2958: 2943: 2913: 2867: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2706: 2692: 2689:History portal 2676: 2673: 2664: 2663:Historiography 2661: 2635: 2634:Beyond Web 3.0 2632: 2624:digital tokens 2589: 2586: 2582:manifest files 2574:Web Components 2509:Mobile browser 2501:Main article: 2498: 2495: 2475:online banking 2462: 2459: 2363:XMLHttpRequest 2241:Main article: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2203: 2202: 2187:shared servers 2181:. Support for 2175: 2153: 2146: 2127: 2112: 2077: 2066: 2028:World Wide Web 2019: 2016: 1988:more companies 1957:runtime system 1925:Chrome browser 1881:that year and 1787: 1784: 1688: 1685: 1636:dot-com bubble 1601:Pierre Omidyar 1547:America Online 1536:search engines 1534:and primitive 1527: 1524: 1514:State Magazine 1486:CSS Zen Garden 1398: 1395: 1361:Main article: 1358: 1355: 1341: 1338: 1219:World Wide Web 1209: 1206: 1151:(NCSA) at the 1141:Main article: 1138: 1135: 1127:search engines 1085:. Invented by 1063:Main article: 1060: 1057: 1006: 1005:Early browsers 1003: 957: 956:Initial launch 954: 952: 949: 865:(SGML) reader 855:World Wide Web 851: 850: 843: 836: 811:World Wide Web 721: 718: 716: 713: 589:oN-Line System 582:Project Xanadu 563:user interface 544: 541: 519:capability by 424:World Wide Web 418: 417: 415: 414: 407: 400: 392: 389: 388: 387: 386: 373: 372: 366: 365: 364: 363: 359:more timelines 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 317: 316: 310: 309: 308: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 269: 268: 264: 263: 262: 261: 256: 254:World Wide Web 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 218: 217: 213: 212: 211: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 172: 171: 165: 164: 163: 162: 157: 152: 147: 139: 138: 132: 131: 130: 129: 124: 116: 115: 109: 108: 98: 97: 87: 86: 73: 69: 68: 63: 59: 58: 52: 40:World Wide Web 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6893: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6799: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6783:0-415-92501-0 6779: 6775: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6756:0-19-286207-3 6752: 6748: 6743: 6739: 6733: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6711: 6707: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6688:0-06-251586-1 6684: 6680: 6675: 6674: 6670: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6639: 6636: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6577: 6572: 6566: 6563: 6557: 6554: 6551: 6546: 6543: 6538: 6532: 6529:. 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