356:, the government released a press statement which said, "Protecting free speech in India is not the prerogative of only a private, for-profit, foreign entity like Twitter, but it is the commitment of the worldâs largest democracy and its robust institutions. Twitterâs statement is an attempt to dictate its terms to the world's largest democracy. Through its actions and deliberate defiance, Twitter seeks to undermine India's legal system. Furthermore, Twitter refuses to comply with those very regulations in the Intermediary Guidelines on the basis of which it is claiming a safe harbour protection from any criminal liability in India." On 5 July 2021, the government released a statement claiming Twitter has lost its liability protection concerning user-generated content. This was brought on by Twitter's failure to comply with the new rules with a filing stating that the company failed to appoint executives to govern user content on the platform. In July 2021,
40:
201:
the burden of responsibility of identification of unlawful content from a government/ judiciary to intermediaries." A total of 171 comments were received by MeitY; all of the comments were published for counter comments. On 21 October 2019, MeitY asked the court for three monthsâ time for finalisation of the
Intermediary Rules, 2018.
309:
Amit Khare, Secretary, Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting has called the rules as a "progressive institutional mechanism". Immediately following the publication of the rules, a number of platforms advised creators of caution on the basis of the new rules. Petitions have been filed challenging
200:
MeitY had invited comments on proposed amendments early in 2019. The amendments were seen by many to "overstep the aforesaid intention sparking concerns of violating free speech and privacy rights of individuals." It is seen that "the guidelines suffer with excessive delegation of powers and shift
165:
provided that intermediaries are protected liabilities in some cases. The draft 2018 Rules sought to elaborate the liabilities and responsibilities of the intermediaries in a better way. Further the draft Rules have been made "in order to prevent spreading of fake news, curb obscene information on
218:
Rule 4(2) covers the "identification of the first originator of the information". The extent of the first originator is limited to Indiaâ "Provided further that where the first originator of any information on the computer resource of an intermediary is located outside the territory of India, the
160:
on âMisuse of social media platforms and spreading of fake newsâ was admitted. The
Minister of Electronics and Information Technology accordingly made a detailed statement of the "resolve of the Government to strengthen the legal framework and make the social media platforms accountable under the
177:
case, on 11 December 2018, the
Supreme Court of India observed that "the Government of India may frame the necessary Guidelines / SOP and implement them within two weeks so as to eliminate child pornography, rape and gang rape imageries, videos and sites in content hosting platforms and other
421:
The IT Act elaborates that intermediaries must observe due diligence while discharging their duties, and also observe such other guidelines as prescribed by the
Central Government. Accordingly, the Information Technology (Intermediaries Guidelines) Rules, 2011 came into
264:
has raised concerns with the draft rules and has asked for changes such as that draft Rule 3(2), Rule 3(4), Rule 3(5), Rule 3(10) be completely deleted. A joint letter written by a group of experts from research, academia, and media, including
209:
Rules to be administered by MeitY include the due diligence required of intermediaries and the grievance redressal mechanism. Rules to be administered by MIB include a code of ethics, a self-classification system and an oversight mechanism.
751:
1572:
432:
1557:
1098:
1540:
Towards a Safer Social Media â Submissions to the
Ministry of Information and Technology, Government of India, on the Draft Information Technology Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules, 2018
1581:
900:
181:
On 5 January 2019 a government open house was held to discuss the Rules. Further, ten days were given for counter comments, until 28 January. On 21 September 2019 the Centre informed the
1376:
665:
1582:
Counter
Comments On The Submissions Received By Ministry Of Electronics And Information Technology On âThe Information Technology Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules, 2018â
901:
Counter
Comments On The Submissions Received By Ministry Of Electronics And Information Technology On âThe Information Technology Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules, 2018â
565:
1512:
352:
sued the
Government of India over the rules. The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, described the action as "clear act of defiance". After a statement made by
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916:
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134:
639:
1298:
138:
1429:
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1324:
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Rule 4 (1)(a),(b), & (c) of the guidelines require the appointment of a Chief
Compliance Officer, a nodal contact person and a Resident Grievance Officer.
1195:
248:
called these rules, "substantively harmful to our fundamental right". Questions raised included if "intermediaries" include online media portals, raised by
1019:
616:
475:
380:
843:
244:, requirements such as automatic identification and removal of content, and lack of elaboration on how the five million users will be calculated. The
1632:
809:
538:
1533:
1517:
1430:""Rules usher in an era of surveillance, fear:" Press Trust of India to Delhi High Court in challenge to Constitutional validity of IT Rules 2021"
1153:
261:
1455:
640:"Analysis Of The Information Technology [Intermediaries Guidelines (Amendment) Rules] 2018 - Media, Telecoms, IT, Entertainment - India"
1565:
1637:
500:
1044:
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1402:
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878:
397:
301:, pointed out various issues the Rules could cause such as the traceability requirements interfering with the privacy rights of citizens.
943:
1657:
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17:
1221:
385:
1005:
1588:
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wrote to MeitY to "exclude enterprise cloud service providers" from the scope of the Rules and to remove the filtering obligations.
111:
1500:
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872:
456:
219:
first originator of that information within the territory of India shall be deemed to be the first originator of the information."
166:
the internet, prevent misuse of social-media platforms and to provide security to the users." The move followed a notice issued to
1527:
1149:
982:
72:
617:"Comments / suggestions invited on Draft of "The Information Technology [Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules] 2018"
391:
375:
162:
157:
119:
286:
249:
161:
law". MeitY then prepared the draft Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules 2018 to replace the 2022 rules. The
1485:
1627:
591:"WhatsApp moves Delhi High Court against IT Intermediary Rules 2021 mandating it to trace first originator of information"
1642:
1607:
1647:
1127:
294:
257:
245:
130:
525:
1612:
719:
123:
1617:
1049:
780:
694:"Government notifies Information Technology (IntermediaryGuidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021"
366:, "there is judicial consensus that they lack statutory backing and harm freedom of speech and expression.".
539:"Analysis of the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021"
178:
applications." Further a parliamentary report laid in 2020 studied the effect of pornography on children.
1622:
1553:
AIC Submits Comments on Indiaâs Information Technology Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules 2018
476:"Explainer: Why India's new rules for social media, news sites are anti-democratic, unconstitutional"
358:
310:
the rules with respect to the digital news media. The Foundation for Independent Journalism editor
153:
566:"Information Technology (Guidelines For Intermediaries And Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021"
1299:"In another challenge to the new IT Rules 2021, Kannada News Portal 'Pratidhvani' files petition"
344:
1002:
Information Technology (Guidelines for Intermediaries and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021
752:"Government to hold open house on intermediary guidelines on January 5; publish comments online"
311:
170:
in July 2018, warning it against helping to spread fake news and look on as a "mute spectator".
348:
have challenged the rules in court. On 25 May 2021, the last day for intermediaries to comply,
1001:
817:
713:
241:
186:
182:
332:
972:"Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021"
327:
315:
844:"Liability, Not Encryption, Is What India's New Intermediary Regulations Are Trying to Fix"
60:
Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2024
1561:
322:
278:
266:
118:'s Intermediary Guidelines Rules 2011. The 2021 rules have stemmed from section 87 of the
108:
Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021
1494:"Deep dive : How the intermediaries rules are anti-democratic and unconstitutional."
1045:"Draft Information Technology [Intermediaries Guidelines (Amendment) Rules] 2018"
693:
1493:
971:
1601:
1020:"Amid Twitter tussle, next up: deadline by govt to it, Facebook, to appoint officers"
194:
1167:"Draft Information Technology rules: Experts write to MeitY, highlight key concerns"
917:"Stricter social media regulations in India to be finalised in three months: MeitY"
859:
Author is a Senior Resident Fellow at the Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, New Delhi.
501:"Latest Draft Intermediary Rules: Fixing big tech, by breaking our digital rights?"
274:
270:
1191:
363:
281:
and professors from IIM Bangalore and IIT Bombay, and organisations including
51:
39:
1352:"WhatsApp's refusal to comply with new rules a clear act of defiance: Centre"
821:
666:"Unclear understanding of 'unlawful content' may end up curbing free speech"
338:
240:
Various issues have been pointed out with the rules such as restriction of
27:
2021 rules stemming from section 87 of the Information Technology Act, 2000
1546:
528:. Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India.
1505:
873:"Under India's New Intermediary Rules, Fundamental Rights Take Backstage"
733:
349:
190:
174:
167:
1072:
981:. Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. 25 February 2021.
621:
Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India
353:
253:
18:
Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules) 2018
1325:"WhatsApp sues India govt, says new rules mean end to privacy: Report"
122:
and are a combination of the draft Intermediaries Rules, 2018 and the
1543:
1377:"Twitter seeking to undermine India's legal system, government says"
1247:"Delhi HC seeks Centre's response on plea challenging new IT Rules"
1523:
1145:
298:
115:
1273:"Delhi HC Issues Notice in The Wire's Challenge to New IT Rules"
1073:"MEITY must withdraw proposed changes to the Intermediary rules"
189:
that deliberations on the Draft Rules 2018 had been completed.
144:
Intermediaries had until 25 May 2021 to comply with the rules.
988:
from the original on 26 February 2021 – via archive.org.
1403:"Twitter loses immunity over user-generated content in India"
1099:"Do 'intermediaries' include online media portals, asks FSMI"
734:"Prajwala Letter Suo Moto Writ Petition (CRL) No(s). 3/2015"
1590:
Fake News: Misguided Policymaking To Counter Misinformation
664:
Sonkar, Siddharth; Tarafder, Agnidipto (26 December 2018).
1529:
Response to the Draft of The Information Technology 2018
1487:
Explained Ideas: What ails with the Centreâs new IT rules
1150:
Response to the Draft of The Information Technology 2018
810:"Draft rules to regulate social media ready: Government"
457:"Indian govt announces new social media(IT) rules, 2021"
362:
moved the Delhi High Court over the rules. According to
141:(MIB) have coordinated in the development of the rules.
1513:
Rethinking the intermediary liability regime in India
33:
Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code
1133:
BSA Submission on Draft Information Technology 2018
700:. Ministry of Electronics & IT. 25 February 2021
256:(Firefox), also raised issues with the draft Rules.
1574:
Response to the Draft Information Technology , 2018
86:
78:
68:
32:
135:Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
90:Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
1456:"The IT Rules fail the test of constitutionality"
474:Foundation, Internet Freedom (27 February 2021).
126:Regulation and Code of Ethics for Digital Media.
698:Press Information Bureau, Government of India
8:
1492:Internet Freedom Foundation (Feb 27, 2021).
330:filed the first case challenging the rules.
1550:Asia Internet Coalition (28 January 2019) "
808:S, Mohamed Imranullah (21 September 2019).
431:Say the rights to privacy enshrined in the
193:wrote a plea to transfer the matter to the
1196:"Doubts about new IT rules are groundless"
381:Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023
38:
1580:Consumer Unity and Trust Society (2019) "
899:Consumer Unity and Trust Society (2019) "
433:Puttaswamy judgement of the Supreme Court
139:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
1587:Yesha Tshering Paul (14 January 2019) "
1534:Centre for Internet and Society (India)
1518:Centre for Internet and Society (India)
1154:Centre for Internet and Society (India)
944:"Resurrecting the marketplace of ideas"
842:T., Prashant Reddy (28 December 2018).
448:
414:
57:
871:Kittane, Purushotham (15 March 2019).
711:
29:
1222:"OTTs tread cautiously, cancel shows"
997:
995:
966:
964:
942:Basu, Arindrajit (19 February 2019).
911:
909:
803:
801:
775:
773:
688:
686:
634:
632:
630:
7:
1165:Khetarpal, Sonal (6 February 2019).
879:Faculty of Law, University of Oxford
398:2021 Indian social media regulations
112:secondary or subordinate legislation
283:Free Software Foundation Tamil Nadu
1501:Opinion | Knowledge must stay open
1105:. 14 February 2019. Archived from
564:Dalmia, Vijay Pal (4 March 2021).
386:Personal Data Protection Bill 2019
214:Tracking the origin of information
25:
1538:Joshi, Divij (January 31, 2019).
1510:Torsha Sarkar (12 August 2019). "
1350:Bhardwaj, Deeksha (26 May 2021).
526:The Information Technology 2018
392:Shreya Singhal v. Union of India
376:Information Technology Act, 2000
291:Free Software Movement Karnataka
163:Information Technology Act, 2000
120:Information Technology Act, 2000
1633:Information technology in India
1571:Esya Centre (30 January 2019) "
1484:Indian Express (Feb 26, 2021).
287:Free Software Movement of India
262:Centre for Internet and Society
250:Free Software Movement of India
1454:Gupta, Apar (1 October 2021).
1428:Suryam, Shagun (9 July 2021).
1018:Aryan, Aashish (25 May 2021).
781:"Legal 'hole' in online draft"
152:During Monsoon session of the
1:
1638:Internet censorship in India
236:Concerns over the 2018 draft
1653:Medical privacy legislation
1077:Internet Freedom Foundation
505:Internet Freedom Foundation
295:Software Freedom Law Centre
258:BSA (The Software Alliance)
246:Internet Freedom Foundation
131:Central Government of India
1674:
1658:Computer security in India
1220:Jha, Lata (8 March 2021).
1128:BSA The Software Alliance
94:
46:
37:
1050:PRS Legislative Research
223:Additional due diligence
73:via The Gazette of India
948:The Hindu @businessline
670:Business Standard India
1560:12 August 2020 at the
1331:. Reuters. 26 May 2021
1103:The New Indian Express
718:: CS1 maint: others (
1628:Computing legislation
1542:. Available at SSRN:
979:The Gazette of India
359:Press Trust of India
185:bench under Justice
1643:Modi administration
1608:Information privacy
1526:(31 January 2019).
1253:. PTI. 9 March 2021
1148:(31 January 2019).
1130:(31 January 2019).
1109:on 15 February 2019
173:In relation to the
1648:2018 in Indian law
1460:The Indian Express
1381:The Economic Times
1251:The Times of India
1200:The Indian Express
1079:. 16 February 2019
1024:The Indian Express
756:The Economic Times
545:. 27 February 2021
507:. 25 February 2021
1613:Data laws of Asia
1593:". BloombergQuint
1522:Gurshabad Grover
1144:Gurshabad Grover
1053:. 30 January 2019
923:. 21 October 2019
187:M Sathyanarayanan
183:Madras High Court
102:
101:
16:(Redirected from
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1498:(30 Dec 2019). "
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1008:on 4 March 2021.
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328:Dhanya Rajendran
137:(MeitY) and the
114:that suppresses
82:25 February 2024
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1305:. 31 March 2021
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1279:. 9 March 2021
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