Information science - Knowledge (XXG)

815:"Information science is that discipline that investigates the properties and behavior of information, the forces governing the flow of information, and the means of processing information for optimum accessibility and usability. It is concerned with that body of knowledge relating to the origination, collection, organization, storage, retrieval, interpretation, transmission, transformation, and utilization of information. This includes the authenticity of information representations in both natural and artificial systems, the use of codes for efficient message transmission, and the study of information processing devices and techniques such as computers and their programming systems. It is an interdisciplinary science derived from and related to such fields as mathematics, logic, linguistics, psychology, computer technology, operations research, the graphic arts, communications, management, and other similar fields. It has both a pure science component, which inquires into the subject without regard to its application, and an applied science component, which develops services and products." ( 100: 1558: 1091: 1809:(among others). Much of this research has drawn on the work done by Leckie, Pettigrew (now Fisher) and Sylvain, who in 1996 conducted an extensive review of the LIS literature (as well as the literature of other academic fields) on professionals' information seeking. The authors proposed an analytic model of professionals' information seeking behaviour, intended to be generalizable across the professions, thus providing a platform for future research in the area. The model was intended to "prompt new insights... and give rise to more refined and applicable theories of information seeking" ( 1528:

enjoy including the people they know in their circle of knowledge. Sharing through social media has become so influential that publishers must "play nice" if they desire to succeed. Although, it is often mutually beneficial for publishers and Facebook to "share, promote and uncover new content" to improve both user base experiences. The impact of popular opinion can spread in unimaginable ways. Social media allows interaction through simple to learn and access tools;

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hierarchical index (which culled information worldwide from diverse sources) and a commercial information retrieval service (which answered written requests by copying relevant information from index cards). Users of this service were even warned if their query was likely to produce more than 50 results per search. By 1937 documentation had formally been institutionalized, as evidenced by the founding of the American Documentation Institute (ADI), later called the

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over the structure, processing and delivery of information. Throughout the 1970s this was largely limited to files, file maintenance, and the life cycle management of paper-based files, other media and records. With the proliferation of information technology starting in the 1970s, the job of information management took on a new light and also began to include the field of data maintenance.

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processing to online modes, from mainframe to mini and microcomputers. Additionally, traditional boundaries among disciplines began to fade and many information science scholars joined with other programs. They further made themselves multidisciplinary by incorporating disciplines in the sciences, humanities and social sciences, as well as other professional programs, such as

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and the academic information subject specialist/librarian have, in general, similar subject background training, but the academic position holder will be required to hold a second advanced degree (MLS/MI/MA in IS, e.g.) in information and library studies in addition to a subject master's. The title also applies to an individual carrying out research in information science.

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potential they provide. "Most news media monitor Twitter for breaking news", as well as news anchors frequently request the audience to tweet pictures of events. The users and viewers of the shared information have earned "opinion-making and agenda-setting power" This channel has been recognized for the usefulness of providing targeted information based on public demand.

1593:. The objectives of information access research are to automate the processing of large and unwieldy amounts of information and to simplify users' access to it. What about assigning privileges and restricting access to unauthorized users? The extent of access should be defined in the level of clearance granted for the information. Applicable technologies include 4044: 3317:, a "professional association that bridges the gap between information science practice and research. ASIS&T members represent the fields of information science, computer science, linguistics, management, librarianship, engineering, data science, information architecture, law, medicine, chemistry, education, and related technology". 1071:

with electronic, visual, audio, and digital materials. Information professionals work in a variety of public, private, non-profit, and academic institutions. Information professionals can also be found within organisational and industrial contexts. Performing roles that include system design and development and system analysis.

730:, the belief that technology "develops by its own laws, that it realizes its own potential, limited only by the material resources available and the creativity of its developers. It must therefore be regarded as an autonomous system controlling and ultimately permeating all other subsystems of society." 1808:

Much library and information science (LIS) research has focused on the information-seeking practices of practitioners within various fields of professional work. Studies have been carried out into the information-seeking behaviors of librarians, academics, medical professionals, engineers and lawyers

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Documentalists emphasized the utilitarian integration of technology and technique toward specific social goals. According to Ronald Day, "As an organized system of techniques and technologies, documentation was understood as a player in the historical development of global organization in modernity –

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An information scientist is an individual, usually with a relevant subject degree or high level of subject knowledge, who provides focused information to scientific and technical research staff in industry or to subject faculty and students in academia. The industry *information specialist/scientist*

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The connections and networks sustained through social media help information providers learn what is important to people. The connections people have throughout the world enable the exchange of information at an unprecedented rate. It is for this reason that these networks have been realized for the

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Information management (IM) is the collection and management of information from one or more sources and the distribution of that information to one or more audiences. This sometimes involves those who have a stake in, or a right to that information. Management means the organization of and control

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maximizing their breadth of audience. Through social media people are directed to, or provided with, information by people they know. The ability to "share, like, and comment on...content" increases the reach farther and wider than traditional methods. People like to interact with information, they

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More specifically, an ontology is a model for describing the world that consists of a set of types, properties, and relationship types. Exactly what is provided around these varies, but they are the essentials of an ontology. There is also generally an expectation that there be a close resemblance

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Social media networks provide an open information environment for the mass of people who have limited time or access to traditional outlets of information diffusion, this is an "increasingly mobile and social world demands...new types of information skills". Social media integration as an access

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that speaks directly to postwar visions of a global "information society". Otlet and Lafontaine established numerous organizations dedicated to standardization, bibliography, international associations, and consequently, international cooperation. These organizations were fundamental for ensuring

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An information professional is an individual who preserves, organizes, and disseminates information. Information professionals are skilled in the organization and retrieval of recorded knowledge. Traditionally, their work has been with print materials, but these skills are being increasingly used

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to respond to the changes. By the end of the decade, special interest groups were available involving non-print media, social sciences, energy and the environment, and community information systems. Today, information science largely examines technical bases, social consequences, and theoretical

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With the 1950s came increasing awareness of the potential of automatic devices for literature searching and information storage and retrieval. As these concepts grew in magnitude and potential, so did the variety of information science interests. By the 1960s and 70s, there was a move from batch

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of how reasoning functions should be applied to the symbols in the KR system. Logic is also used to define how operators can process and reshape the knowledge. Examples of operators and operations include, negation, conjunction, adverbs, adjectives, quantifiers and modal operators. The logic is

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has changed the information landscape in many respects, and creates both new modes of communication and new types of information", changing the interpretation of the definition of dissemination. The nature of social networks allows for faster diffusion of information than through organizational

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Authors such as Ingwersen argue that informatology has problems defining its own boundaries with other disciplines. According to Popper "Information science operates busily on an ocean of commonsense practical applications, which increasingly involve the computer ... and on commonsense views of

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Otlet not only imagined that all the world's knowledge should be interlinked and made available remotely to anyone, but he also proceeded to build a structured document collection. This collection involved standardized paper sheets and cards filed in custom-designed cabinets according to a

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Information society theory discusses the role of information and information technology in society, the question of which key concepts should be used for characterizing contemporary society, and how to define such concepts. It has become a specific branch of contemporary sociology.

1335:, which marks the earliest theoretical foundations of modern information science, emerged in the late part of the 19th century in Europe together with several more scientific indexes whose purpose was to organize scholarly literature. Many information science historians cite 1133:

with the emergence of cultural depositories, what is today known as libraries and archives. Institutionally, information science emerged in the 19th century along with many other social science disciplines. As a science, however, it finds its institutional roots in the

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Most IR systems compute a numeric score on how well each object in the database match the query, and rank the objects according to this value. The top ranking objects are then shown to the user. The process may then be iterated if the user wishes to refine the query.

1270:. In 1860 a congress was held at Karlsruhe Technische Hochschule to discuss the feasibility of establishing a systematic and rational nomenclature for chemistry. The congress did not reach any conclusive results, but several key participants returned home with 1900:

Knowledge Representation (KR) research involves analysis of how to reason accurately and effectively and how best to use a set of symbols to represent a set of facts within a knowledge domain. A symbol vocabulary and a system of logic are combined to enable

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who proposes a model of the information seeking of lawyers. Recent studies in this topic address the concept of information-gathering that "provides a broader perspective that adheres better to professionals' work-related reality and desired skills."

1767:, for example search strings in web search engines. In information retrieval a query does not uniquely identify a single object in the collection. Instead, several objects may match the query, perhaps with different degrees of 840:

and other Soviet authors in the mid-1960s. The Mikhailov school saw informatics as a discipline related to the study of scientific information. Informatics is difficult to precisely define because of the rapidly evolving and

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invented a punched card system to control operations of the cloth weaving loom in France. It was the first use of "memory storage of patterns" system. As chemistry journals emerged throughout the 1820s and 1830s,

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Leckie, Gloria J.; Pettigrew, Karen E.; Sylvain, Christian (1996). "Modeling the information seeking of professionals: A general model derived from research on engineers, health care professionals, and lawyers".

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Rayward, W. B. (1994). International federation for information and documentation. In W. A. Wiegand, & D. G. David Jr. (Eds.), The encyclopedia of library history (pp. 290–294). New York: Garland Publishing,

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Information seeking is the process or activity of attempting to obtain information in both human and technological contexts. Information seeking is related to, but different from, information retrieval (IR).

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Regional differences and international terminology complicate the problem. Some people note that much of what is called "Informatics" today was once called "Information Science" – at least in fields such as

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Reichman, F. (1961). Notched Cards. In R. Shaw (Ed.), The state of the library art (Volume 4, Part 1, pp. 11–55). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, The State University, Graduate School of Library Service

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from the perspective of the stakeholders involved and then applying information and other technologies as needed. In other words, it tackles systemic problems first rather than individual pieces of

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By the 19th century the first signs of information science emerged as separate and distinct from other sciences and social sciences but in conjunction with communication and computation. In 1801,

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goes a step further and offers an independent social app that was downloaded by 19.5 million users in six months, proving how interested people are in the new way of being provided information.

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is its economic counterpart, whereby wealth is created through the economic exploitation of understanding. People who have the means to partake in this form of society are sometimes called

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as the fathers of information science with the founding of the International Institute of Bibliography (IIB) in 1895. A second generation of European Documentalists emerged after the

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language, of communication, of knowledge and Information, computer science is in little better state". Other authors, such as Furner, deny that information science is a true science.

921:, including its dynamics, utilisation and sciences, as well as the elaboration and application of information-theoretic and computational methodologies to its philosophical problems. 2508:

Smith, E. S. (1993). "On the shoulders of giants: From Boole to Shannon to Taube: The origins and development of computerized information from the mid-19th century to the present".

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Many universities have entire colleges, departments or schools devoted to the study of information science, while numerous information-science scholars work in disciplines such as

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Skolnik, H (1976). "Milestones in chemical information science: Award symposium on contributions of the Division of Chemical Literature (Information) to the Chemical Society".

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Solomon, Yosef; Bronstein, Jenny (18 February 2021). "The information-gathering practice of liberal professionals in a workplace setting: More than just seeking information".

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or videos. Often the documents themselves are not kept or stored directly in the IR system, but are instead represented in the system by document surrogates or metadata.

1613:. In discussion, information access is often defined as concerning the insurance of free and closed or public access to information and is brought up in discussions on 571: 2715:

Zhang, B., Semenov, A., Vos, M. and Veijlainen, J. (2014). Understanding fast diffusion of information in the social media environment: A comparison of two cases. In

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nature of the field. Definitions reliant on the nature of the tools used for deriving meaningful information from data are emerging in Informatics academic programs.

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international production in commerce, information, communication and modern economic development, and they later found their global form in such institutions as the

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point is a very useful and mutually beneficial tool for users and providers. All major news providers have visibility and an access point through networks such as

2860:. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing (CollaborateCom'09). Washington, DC: IEEE. 302: 1844:

is a significant economic, political, and cultural activity. The aim of an information society is to gain competitive advantage internationally, through using

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understanding of online databases, widespread use of databases in government, industry, and education, and the development of the Internet and World Wide Web.

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elements, creating new elements of knowledge. The KR can be made to be independent of the underlying knowledge model or knowledge base system (KBS) such as a

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indeed, a major player inasmuch as that organization was dependent on the organization and transmission of information." Otlet and Lafontaine (who won the

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The first known usage of the term "information science" was in 1955. An early definition of Information science (going back to 1968, the year when the

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sources. The internet has changed the way we view, use, create, and store information; now it is time to re-evaluate the way we share and spread it.

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A systems analyst works on creating, designing, and improving information systems for a specific need. Often systems analysts work with one or more

551: 4106: 853:. For example, when library scientists began also to use the phrase "Information Science" to refer to their work, the term "informatics" emerged: 2253: 2371:

Popper, Karl. (1973). [Objective Knowledge: an Evolutionary Approach. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ] Information and Information Science in Context.

1863:, p. 22). As technology has become more advanced over time so too has the way we have adapted in sharing this information with each other. 2231: 1876: 1129:

has origins in the common stock of human knowledge. Information analysis has been carried out by scholars at least as early as the time of the

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The Care Of Books: An Essay On The Development Of Libraries And Their Fittings, From The Earliest Times To The End Of The Eighteenth Century.

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interpretation theory. These elements—symbols, operators, and interpretation theory—are what give sequences of symbols meaning within a KR.

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in Britain as a term for a science of information that studies natural, as well as artificial or engineered, information-processing systems

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Cragin, Melissa H. 2004. “Foster Mohrhardt: Connecting the Traditional World of Libraries and the Emerging World of Information Science.”

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Among the individuals who had distinct opportunities to facilitate interdisciplinary activity targeted at scientific communication was

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developed his "difference engine", the first step towards the modern computer, in 1822 and his "analytical engine" by 1834. By 1843

998: 295: 2752: 1919: 1373: 1160:, the first library owned by a group of public citizens, which quickly expanded beyond the realm of books and became a center of 1476:, were for the first time accessible by individuals from their personal computers. The 1980s also saw the emergence of numerous 1090: 4422: 3984: 3127: 1929: 1565:

articles. Information science includes studying how topics relate to each other, and how readers relate concepts to each other.

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Kuhlthau, C. C.; Tama, S. L. (2001). "Information search process of lawyers: A call for 'just for me' information services".

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Maack, Mary Niles.(2004). The Lady and the Antelope: Suzanne Briet’s Contribution to the French Documentation Movement.”

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Although he lived decades before computers and networks emerged, what he discussed prefigured what ultimately became the

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about the world or some part of it. The creation of domain ontologies is also essential to the definition and use of an

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In theory, an ontology is a "formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualisation". An ontology renders shared

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Mikhailov, A.I.; Chernyl, A.I.; Gilyarevskii, R.S. (1966). "Informatika – novoe nazvanie teorii naučnoj informacii".

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Wilkinson, Margaret A (2001). "Information sources used by lawyers in problem-solving: An empirical exploration".

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Schullian, D. M., & Rogers, F. B. (1958). The National Library of Medicine. I. Library Quarterly, 28(1), 1–17

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in 1913) not only envisioned later technical innovations but also projected a global vision for information and

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to evaluate and implement organizational processes and techniques for accessing information in order to improve

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was granted the first US patent for a practical calculating machine that performs four arithmetic functions.

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In science and information science, an ontology formally represents knowledge as a set of concepts within a

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Davies, K.; Harrison, J. (2007). "The information-seeking behaviour of doctors: A review of the evidence".

4761: 4377: 4313: 4200: 4092: 3956: 3676: 3504: 3384: 3379: 2638: 1700: 1200:), was founded in Philadelphia in 1743. As numerous other scientific journals and societies were founded, 1168:

with a collection of books that the town voted to make available to all free of charge, forming the first

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which models a domain with the definition of objects and/or concepts and their properties and relations.

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Adkinson, B. W. (1976). "Federal government's support of information activities: A historical sketch".

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Information science at the University of California at Berkeley in the 1960s: a memoir of student days

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Digital Library of Information Science and Technology open access archive for the Information Sciences

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has historically been interpreted as unilateral communication of information. With the advent of the

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Basically, an information society is the means of getting information from one place to another (

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in the United States as a response by computer scientists to distinguish their work from that of

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which achieved an international reputation as the most complete catalog of medical literature.

883:, on the other hand, provided a bibliometric investigation describing the relation between two 4950: 4900: 4873: 4801: 4680: 4660: 4503: 4308: 4205: 3921: 3916: 3904: 3899: 3771: 3761: 3681: 3624: 3568: 3256: 3164: 3099: 3002: 2878: 2777: 1849: 1749: 1365: 1340: 1153: 842: 755: 666: 436: 2904:"Information seeking behaviour of physical science librarians: Does research inform practice" 2334: 4960: 4945: 4940: 4920: 4771: 4746: 4710: 4705: 4640: 4574: 4478: 4387: 4382: 4372: 4346: 4293: 4220: 4160: 4135: 3936: 3781: 3756: 3563: 3553: 3543: 3224: 3186: 3156: 3091: 3064: 3029: 2994: 2959: 2915: 2825: 2749: 2689: 2679: 2536: 2398: 2390: 2300: 2211: 2058: 1994: 1894: 1853: 1764: 1745: 1720:

Information retrieval (IR) is the area of study concerned with searching for documents, for

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Visualization of various methodological approaches to gaining insights from meta data areas

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The following areas are some of those that information science investigates and develops.

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generally considered the first scientific journal, in 1665 by the Royal Society (London).

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with the aim of creating, replacing, improving, or understanding the information systems.

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Goodrum, Abby A. (2000). "Image Information Retrieval: An Overview of Current Research".

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Korty, Margaret Barton. "Benjamin Franklin and Eighteenth Century American Libraries."

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within that system. In this respect, one can see information science as a response to

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Robinson, M. A. (2010). "An empirical analysis of engineers' information behaviors".

2998: 2770: 2201:"Information Science and Information Systems: Conjunct Subjects Disjunct Disciplines" 1622: 1494: 1427: 1348: 1302: 1293:. By 1872 Lord Kelvin devised an analogue computer to predict the tides, and by 1875 1289:

in London. In 1868, Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, and S. W. Soule produced the

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about elements in the KR to create new KR sentences. Logic is used to supply formal

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Ontologies are the structural frameworks for organizing information and are used in

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where the creation, distribution, diffusion, uses, integration and manipulation of

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Philosophy of information studies conceptual issues arising at the intersection of

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which is used and applied to activities that require explicit details of complex

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Information architecture (IA) is the art and science of organizing and labelling

1625:. Public libraries need resources to provide knowledge of information assurance. 917:. It includes the investigation of the conceptual nature and basic principles of 4910: 4858: 4796: 4766: 4695: 4620: 4590: 4528: 4483: 3963: 3851: 3776: 3693: 3612: 3605: 3462: 1886: 1841: 1721: 1676: 1598: 1578: 1356: 1240: 1205: 1126: 1106: 1102: 918: 829: 690: 678: 615: 508: 428: 235: 759:), but numerous others besides these also have comprehensive information foci. 622:

in addition to the interaction between people, organizations, and any existing

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about the entities within that domain and may be used to describe the domain.

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invented the telephone and phonograph in 1876 and 1877 respectively, and the

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sent the first public telegraph message. By 1848 William F. Poole begins the

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Emard, J. P. (1976). "An information science chronology in perspective".

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use IR systems to provide access to books, journals and other documents.

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was first issued by the Library of the Surgeon General, U.S. Army, with

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in 1902. The following year the Royal Society began publication of its

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LIBRES – Library and Information Science Research Electronic Journal -

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Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology

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Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology

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Foote, Jonathan (1999). "An overview of audio information retrieval".

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the data objects may be, for example, text documents, images, audio,

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between the real world and the features of the model in an ontology.

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and software to support usability. It is an emerging discipline and

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Academic field concerned with collection and analysis of information

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Hemminger, B. M.; Lu, D.; Vaughan, K. T. L.; Adams, S. J. (2007).

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research aimed at representing knowledge in symbols to facilitate

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who wrote primarily in Latin and French. His fields of study were

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Another term discussed as a synonym for "information studies" is "

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Historically, information science is associated with informatics,

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Ibekwe, Fidelia; Aparac-Jelusic, Tatjana; Abadal, Ernest (2019).

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List of computer science awards § Information science awards

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Information access is an area of research at the intersection of

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Vickery; B. C. (1973). Information Systems. London: Butterworth.

420: 4088: 3393: 2854:

Information Retrieval On Mind Maps – What Could It Be Good For?

2210:, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 1095–1107, archived from 1774:

An object is an entity that is represented by information in a

1281:

began a catalog of current scientific papers, which became the

762:

Within information science, current issues as of 2013 include:

4263: 3580: 3341:

Current Information Science Research at U.S. Geological Survey

2615:. Carbondale, Il.: Southern Illinois University Press, 2001: 7 1443: 746: 674: 55: 1759:

An information retrieval process begins when a user enters a

3320: 2455:. Franklinma.virtualtownhall.net. 2010-06-29. Archived from 46:"Information Sciences" redirects here. For the journal, see 2453:"Town of Franklin – History of the Franklin Public Library" 2381:

Furner, Jonathan (2015). "Information Science Is Neither".

1845: 1464:

By the 1980s, large databases, such as Grateful Med at the

753:. Several institutions have formed an I-School Caucus (see 3330: 1152:

of science occurred throughout the 18th century. In 1731,

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the first general periodical literature index in the US.

887:

fields: "information science" and "information systems".

2556:

Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science

2491:

Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science

3313:

American Society for Information Science and Technology

1987:

Journal of the American Society for Information Science

1413:

American Society for Information Science and Technology

809:

American Society for Information Science and Technology

602:

is an academic field which is primarily concerned with

3147:

Borko, H. (1968). "Information science: What is it?".

2948:"Information seeking behaviour of academic scientists" 2874:

Information Retrieval Data Structures & Algorithms

1810: 2529:

Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences

1983:"Towards a metascience of information: Informatology" 1138:, beginning with publication of the first issues of 4849: 4719: 4583: 4537: 4461: 4360: 4329: 4322: 4229: 4123: 3993: 3977: 3724: 3450: 2851:Beel, Jöran; Gipp, Bela; Stiller, Jan-Olaf (2009). 2131:Borko, H. (1968). Information science: What is it? 2047:"Information Science: Its Past, Present and Future" 3253:Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology 2769: 2748:'What is IA?' Information Architecture Institute. 2440:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 1763:into the system. Queries are formal statements of 794:The ways people generate, use and find information 1117:Information science, in studying the collection, 3368:Chronology of Information Science and Technology 3084:Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 1819: 880: 2772:Information Architecture for the World Wide Web 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2360:Information and Information Science in Context 2013:Information and Information Science in Context 1813:, p. 188). The model has been adapted by 1728:about documents, as well as that of searching 4100: 3405: 2484: 2482: 1514:Impact of social media on people and industry 1485:Information dissemination in the 21st century 879:(1973) placed information systems within IS. 718:Information science focuses on understanding 614:, movement, dissemination, and protection of 572: 296: 75:into multiple articles accessible from a 8: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 1881:Knowledge representation (KR) is an area of 1283:International Catalogue of Scientific Papers 69:It has been suggested that this article be 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2661: 2659: 2429:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1901 2081:. Principia Cibernetica Web. Archived from 1655:focused on bringing together principles of 1317:as librarian, and later the library issues 4326: 4107: 4093: 4085: 3412: 3398: 3390: 3217:Library & Information Science Research 2987:Health Information & Libraries Journal 2768:Morville, Peter; Rosenfeld, Louis (2006). 1543: 579: 565: 330: 314: 303: 289: 106: 2919: 2693: 2683: 2402: 2199:Ellis, D.; Allen, D.; Wilson, T. (1999), 2062: 1814: 1544:Social media's power to facilitate topics 1260:An Investigation into Laws of Thought..., 2229:"What is the Philosophy of Information?" 1419:Transition to modern information science 1243:developed the rotary press, and in 1844 1950: 1848:in a creative and productive way. The 1184:, generally considered to be the first 322: 191: 116: 109: 2641:. Asis.org. 1968-01-01. Archived from 2035:. Berlin, Boston, MA: De Gruyter Saur. 1981:Otten, Klaus; Debons, Anthony (1970). 1877:Knowledge representation and reasoning 1871:Knowledge representation and reasoning 2024:Stock, W.G., & Stock, M. (2013). 1925:Category:Information science journals 1501:, and the explosion in popularity of 1468:, and user-oriented services such as 1309:was founded in Philadelphia. In 1879 816: 7: 4043: 3326:Knowledge Map of Information Science 2510:Information Technology and Libraries 1860: 1811:Leckie, Pettigrew & Sylvain 1996 1534:offers an app through Facebook, and 3346:Introduction to Information Science 2326:Arvidsson, F.; Flycht-Eriksson, A. 2104:"Definition of INFORMATION SCIENCE" 1387:. His vision of a great network of 3251:Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi (2005-03-22). 1430:, a famous information scientist, 1380:'s decimal classification system. 14: 3210:. Allen & Unwin, St Leonards. 2902:Brown, C. M.; Ortega, L. (2007). 2735:Thompson, M. (2012). Share This. 2164:Texas Woman's University (2015). 1940:Outline of information technology 1553:Research sectors and applications 1208:for use in mass printing work in 999:enterprise architecture framework 4066: 4055: 4042: 4031: 4030: 2999:10.1111/j.1471-1842.2007.00713.x 2908:College & Research Libraries 1920:Computer and information science 1374:Universal Decimal Classification 881:Ellis, Allen & Wilson (1999) 805:American Documentation Institute 546: 545: 60: 41:information systems (discipline) 3985:List of social science journals 2928:from the original on 2014-06-12 2717:ICC 2014 Conference Proceedings 2672:Journal of Information Literacy 2613:Modern Invention of Information 2147:Naučno Tehničeskaja Informacija 2114:from the original on 2017-09-25 2026:Handbook of Information Science 1561:This graph shows links between 1262:which lays the foundations for 1249:Index to Periodical Literature, 1158:Library Company of Philadelphia 324:Library and information science 256:Library and information science 3942:Science and technology studies 3331:Journal of Information Science 1935:Outline of information science 1190:American Philosophical Society 931:Ontology (information science) 487:Science and technology studies 178:Science and technology studies 1: 4131:Biological data visualization 3229:10.1016/s0740-8188(01)00082-2 1459:National Agricultural Library 1431: 1182:Memoires pour les Chirurgiens 1056:within the organization (s). 83:on the article's talk page. 3301:Resources in other libraries 2045:Yan, Xue-Shan (2011-07-23). 1836:An information society is a 1820:Solomon & Bronstein 2021 1466:National Library of Medicine 1395:and included the notions of 1307:American Library Association 192:Related fields and subfields 2871:Frakes, William B. (1992). 1683:. These activities include 276:Quantum information science 5013: 4171:Mathematical visualization 2358:Ingwersen, Peter. (1992). 2011:Ingwersen, Peter. (1992). 1874: 1829: 1797: 1724:within documents, and for 1713: 1698: 1667:. Typically it involves a 1632: 1291:first practical typewriter 1162:scientific experimentation 1141:Philosophical Transactions 1078: 1063: 1037: 1022: 928: 894: 767:Human–computer interaction 45: 18: 4166:Information visualization 4151:Educational visualization 4026: 3427: 3296:Resources in your library 2595:52, no. 4 (2004): 719–47. 2442:December vol. 55.9 (1965) 1744:". Many universities and 1266:, which is later used in 1204:developed the concept of 1176:. Academie de Chirurgia ( 1121:, manipulation, storage, 1095:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 897:Philosophy of information 891:Philosophy of information 728:technological determinism 610:, manipulation, storage, 4342:Charles-René de Fourcroy 4191:Scientific visualization 4118:of technical information 3255:. Idea Group Reference. 3096:10.1177/0961000621992810 3069:10.1108/EUM0000000007076 3057:Journal of Documentation 1635:Information architecture 1629:Information architecture 1361:information technologies 1066:Information professional 1060:Information professional 995:knowledge representation 991:information architecture 451:Interdisciplinary fields 19:Not to be confused with 3630:international relations 3206:Wark, McKenzie (1997). 2776:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. 2252:Garshol, L. M. (2004). 2108:www.merriam-webster.com 1883:artificial intelligence 1581:, Information Science, 1531:The Wall Street Journal 1478:special interest groups 1279:Smithsonian Institution 963:artificial intelligence 25:information engineering 4762:Christopher R. Johnson 4314:Technical illustration 4201:Software visualization 3957:Quantum social science 3385:Shared decision-making 3161:10.1002/asi.5090190103 3149:American Documentation 2877:. Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2305:10.1006/knac.1993.1008 2133:American Documentation 1999:10.1002/asi.4630210115 1701:Information management 1695:Information management 1566: 1438: 1325:European documentation 1227: 1114: 1005:Science or discipline? 987:enterprise bookmarking 979:biomedical informatics 911:information technology 873:Brian Campbell Vickery 807:renamed itself as the 784:Value sensitive design 395:Information management 383:Collections management 241:Information technology 163:Knowledge organization 104: 4656:Lawrence J. Rosenblum 4469:Edward Walter Maunder 4393:Charles Joseph Minard 4211:User interface design 4186:Product visualization 3994:Other categorizations 3847:International studies 3832:History of technology 3767:Communication studies 3650:public administration 2830:10.1007/s005300050106 2395:10.1353/lib.2015.0009 2362:Libri, 42(2): 99-135. 2292:Knowledge Acquisition 2015:Libri, 42(2): 99-135. 1752:are the most visible 1716:Information retrieval 1710:Information retrieval 1653:community of practice 1595:information retrieval 1560: 1450:in their curriculum. 1426: 1403:, remote access, and 1372:. Otlet designed the 1332:documentation science 1299:Alexander Graham Bell 1295:Frank Stephen Baldwin 1268:information retrieval 1232:Joseph Marie Jacquard 1225:Joseph Marie Jacquard 1223: 1125:and dissemination of 1093: 1025:Information scientist 1019:Information scientist 659:intelligence agencies 647:documentation science 471:Documentation science 459:Communication studies 251:Intellectual property 221:Computer data storage 102: 4936:Scientific modelling 4911:Information graphics 4651:Clifford A. Pickover 4601:William S. Cleveland 4509:Henry Norris Russell 4494:Howard G. Funkhouser 4438:Florence Nightingale 4403:Francis Amasa Walker 4299:Statistical graphics 4221:Volume visualization 4196:Social visualization 3827:Historical sociology 3208:The Virtual Republic 2921:10.5860/crl.66.3.231 2425:Clark, John Willis. 1742:information overload 1734:relational databases 1583:Information Security 1272:Stanislao Cannizzaro 1150:institutionalization 975:software engineering 403:Knowledge management 246:Intellectual freedom 49:Information Sciences 4987:Information science 4916:Information science 4879:in computer science 4671:Sheelagh Carpendale 4606:George G. Robertson 4443:Karl Wilhelm Pohlke 4378:André-Michel Guerry 4254:Graph of a function 4249:Engineering drawing 4007:Geisteswissenschaft 4001:Behavioral sciences 3927:Political sociology 3842:Information science 3787:Development studies 3358:The Nitecki Trilogy 3282:Information science 2541:10.1021/ci60008a001 2340:on 17 December 2008 2064:10.3390/info2030510 1832:Information society 1826:Information society 1800:Information seeking 1794:Information seeking 1681:information systems 1611:text categorisation 1607:machine translation 1587:Language Technology 1537:The Washington Post 1490:Changing definition 1461:from 1954 to 1968. 1455:Foster E. Mohrhardt 1287:Catalogue of Papers 1192:, patterned on the 1081:Information history 971:systems engineering 877:Information Systems 869:information systems 851:Medical Informatics 834:information science 624:information systems 592:Information science 483:Information science 379:Archives management 318:Part of a series on 111:Information science 77:disambiguation page 4956:Volume cartography 4720:Early 21st century 4616:Catherine Plaisant 4611:Bruce H. McCormick 4565:Mary Eleanor Spear 4555:Arthur H. Robinson 4489:Arthur Lyon Bowley 4462:Early 20th century 4309:Technical drawings 4181:Molecular graphics 4156:Flow visualization 4146:Data visualization 4062:Society portal 3549:auxiliary sciences 3373:2011-05-14 at the 3351:2021-05-13 at the 3130:2012-03-26 at the 3090:(1). SAGE: 54–68. 2818:Multimedia Systems 2755:2007-07-26 at the 2666:Miller, R (2012). 2264:on 17 October 2008 2242:, 2002, (33), 1/2. 2234:2012-03-16 at the 2031:2023-05-10 at the 1750:Web search engines 1730:structured storage 1649:online communities 1573:Information access 1567: 1503:online communities 1457:, director of the 1439: 1329:The discipline of 1315:John Shaw Billings 1228: 1136:history of science 1115: 714:Scope and approach 407:Library management 105: 21:information theory 4974: 4973: 4951:Visual perception 4901:Graphic organizer 4874:Computer graphics 4845: 4844: 4827:Martin Wattenberg 4802:Hanspeter Pfister 4757:Martin Krzywinski 4681:Jock D. Mackinlay 4661:Thomas A. DeFanti 4584:Late 20th century 4504:Ejnar Hertzsprung 4206:Technical drawing 4082: 4081: 3922:Political economy 3917:Political ecology 3772:Community studies 3762:Cognitive science 3725:Interdisciplinary 3625:Political science 3277:Library resources 3262:978-1-59140-553-5 3179:Library Quarterly 3155:(1). Wiley: 3–5. 3034:10.1002/asi.21290 2964:10.1002/asi.20686 2958:(14): 2205–2225. 2884:978-0-13-463837-9 2799:Informing Science 2783:978-0-596-52734-1 2685:10.11645/6.2.1718 2409:Project MUSE 2287:Gruber, Thomas R. 2227:Luciano Floridi, 1850:knowledge economy 1765:information needs 1665:digital landscape 1366:League of Nations 1341:Henri La Fontaine 1154:Benjamin Franklin 843:interdisciplinary 832:as a synonym for 828:Some authors use 756:List of I-Schools 667:cognitive science 589: 588: 313: 312: 97: 96: 5004: 4961:Volume rendering 4946:Visual analytics 4941:Spatial analysis 4921:Misleading graph 4772:David McCandless 4747:Gordon Kindlmann 4711:Alfred Inselberg 4706:Leland Wilkinson 4641:Michael Friendly 4575:Howard T. Fisher 4538:Mid 20th century 4479:W. E. B. Du Bois 4383:William Playfair 4373:Adolphe Quetelet 4347:Joseph Priestley 4330:Pre-19th century 4327: 4294:Skeletal formula 4161:Geovisualization 4136:Chemical imaging 4109: 4102: 4095: 4086: 4070: 4060: 4059: 4046: 4045: 4034: 4033: 3937:Regional science 3782:Cultural studies 3757:Business studies 3414: 3407: 3400: 3391: 3316: 3315: 3266: 3240: 3211: 3202: 3172: 3135: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3017: 3011: 3010: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2923: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2887:. 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257–276. 3212: 3203: 3191:10.1086/602864 3185:(2): 161–193. 3173: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3136: 3117: 3074: 3047: 3028:(4): 640–658. 3012: 2977: 2938: 2914:(3): 231–247. 2894: 2891:on 2013-09-28. 2883: 2863: 2843: 2808: 2789: 2782: 2760: 2741: 2721: 2701: 2655: 2630: 2626:Library Trends 2617: 2597: 2593:Library Trends 2584: 2574: 2565: 2546: 2535:(4): 187–193. 2519: 2500: 2478: 2469: 2444: 2431: 2418: 2389:(3): 362–377. 2383:Library Trends 2373: 2364: 2351: 2328:"Ontologies I" 2318: 2299:(2): 199–220. 2278: 2244: 2240:Metaphilosophy 2220: 2191: 2182: 2156: 2137: 2124: 2095: 2070: 2057:(3): 510–527. 2037: 2017: 2004: 1973: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1915: 1912: 1875:Main article: 1872: 1869: 1830:Main article: 1827: 1824: 1798:Main article: 1795: 1792: 1738:World Wide Web 1714:Main article: 1711: 1708: 1699:Main article: 1696: 1693: 1633:Main article: 1630: 1627: 1574: 1571: 1554: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1515: 1512: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1420: 1417: 1401:search engines 1385:World Wide Web 1378:Melville Dewey 1370:United Nations 1326: 1323: 1217: 1214: 1170:public library 1119:classification 1087: 1084: 1076: 1073: 1064:Main article: 1061: 1058: 1038:Main article: 1035: 1032: 1023:Main article: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1006: 1003: 929:Main article: 926: 923: 895:Main article: 892: 889: 865: 864: 861: 825: 822: 821: 820: 800: 797: 796: 795: 792: 786: 781: 775: 770: 715: 712: 710: 707: 608:classification 606:, collection, 587: 586: 584: 583: 576: 569: 561: 558: 557: 556: 555: 542: 534: 533: 499: 496: 495: 492: 491: 453: 450: 449: 446: 445: 419: 416: 415: 412: 411: 377: 374: 373: 370: 369: 359: 356: 355: 352: 351: 350: 349: 344: 336: 335: 327: 326: 320: 319: 311: 310: 308: 307: 300: 293: 285: 282: 281: 279: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 216:Classification 213: 208: 206:Categorization 203: 197: 194: 193: 189: 188: 186: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 124: 121: 120: 114: 113: 95: 94: 68: 66: 59: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5009: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4891:Graph drawing 4889: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4848: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4812:Claudio Silva 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4777:Mauro Martino 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4701:Michael Maltz 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4666:George Furnas 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4646:Howard Wainer 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4550:Rudolf Modley 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4514:Max O. Lorenz 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4423:Charles Booth 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4398:Luigi Perozzo 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4388:August Kekulé 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4368:Charles Dupin 4366: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4352:Gaspard Monge 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4337:Edmond Halley 4335: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4141:Crime mapping 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4116:Visualization 4110: 4105: 4103: 4098: 4096: 4091: 4090: 4087: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4013:Human science 4011: 4009: 4008: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3969:Vegan studies 3967: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3932:Public health 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3866:Philosophies 3865: 3863: 3862:Media studies 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3837:Human ecology 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3747:Anthrozoology 3745: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3672:developmental 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3645:public policy 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3596:legal systems 3594: 3592: 3591:legal history 3589: 3587: 3586:jurisprudence 3584: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3403: 3401: 3396: 3395: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3016: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2939: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2867: 2864: 2856: 2855: 2847: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2790: 2785: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2678:(2): 97–109. 2677: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2645:on 2012-10-18 2644: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2611:Day, Ronald. 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2585: 2578: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2520: 2516:(2): 217–226. 2515: 2511: 2504: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2459:on 2011-07-24 2458: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2374: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2336: 2329: 2322: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2263: 2258: 2257: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2217:on 2012-04-25 2213: 2209: 2202: 2195: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2172:on 2016-02-24 2171: 2167: 2166:"Informatics" 2160: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2085:on 2011-11-12 2084: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2008: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1977: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1833: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1801: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1709: 1707: 1702: 1694: 1692: 1691:development. 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1636: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1623:public domain 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1572: 1570: 1564: 1559: 1552: 1550: 1541: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1526: 1522: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1495:Dissemination 1489: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1429: 1428:Vannevar Bush 1425: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1350: 1349:Suzanne Briet 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311:Index Medicus 1308: 1304: 1303:Thomas Edison 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277:By 1865, the 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1226: 1222: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1194:Royal Society 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1174:United States 1171: 1167: 1166:Massachusetts 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1085: 1082: 1074: 1072: 1067: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1041: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1004: 1002: 1000: 996: 993:as a form of 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 959: 957: 953: 948: 944: 942: 938: 932: 924: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 898: 890: 888: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 862: 860: 856: 855: 854: 852: 846: 844: 839: 835: 831: 824:Related terms 823: 819:, p. 3). 818: 814: 813: 812: 810: 806: 798: 793: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 776: 774: 771: 768: 765: 764: 763: 760: 758: 757: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 735:communication 731: 729: 725: 721: 713: 708: 706: 704: 700: 699:public policy 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 627: 625: 621: 620:organizations 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 600:informatology 597: 596:documentology 593: 582: 577: 575: 570: 568: 563: 562: 560: 559: 553: 543: 541: 538: 537: 536: 535: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 494: 493: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 448: 447: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 414: 413: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 372: 371: 366: 362: 354: 353: 348: 345: 343: 340: 339: 338: 337: 333: 329: 328: 325: 321: 317: 316: 306: 301: 299: 294: 292: 287: 286: 284: 283: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 231:Data modeling 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 201:Bibliometrics 199: 198: 196: 195: 190: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 123: 122: 119: 115: 112: 108: 101: 91: 82: 78: 74: 73: 67: 58: 57: 52: 50: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 4926:Neuroimaging 4915: 4886:CPK coloring 4869:Color coding 4807:Hans Rosling 4787:Miriah Meyer 4752:Aaron Koblin 4737:Jeffrey Heer 4631:Edward Tufte 4626:Pat Hanrahan 4596:Nigel Holmes 4474:Otto Neurath 4413:Oliver Byrne 4361:19th century 4071: 4047: 4035: 4005: 3841: 3812:Food studies 3752:Area studies 3505:mathematical 3500:econometrics 3458:Anthropology 3291:Online books 3281: 3252: 3220: 3216: 3207: 3182: 3178: 3152: 3148: 3120: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3063:(1): 25–43. 3060: 3056: 3050: 3025: 3021: 3015: 2993:(2): 78–94. 2990: 2986: 2980: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2930:. 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