258:, medical professionals were educating more people, learning more from their research, and gaining access to information from other professionals in the field due to the use of printers like Gutenberg and the mass production of medical books. These books, now in the hands of many, included observations of infectious diseases. Such as syphilis, malaria, and smallpox. In the late 18th century we start to see vaccinations forming and the first vaccination for smallpox was established. Although there were records of individual infectious diseases spread out over medical documents, a combined perception of infectious disease as an area of medicine did not exist at that time.
1768:
1798:
1808:
186:). Once the cause is known, an ID specialist can then run various tests to determine the best drug to treat the disease. While infectious diseases have always been around, the infectious disease specialty did not exist until the late 1900s after scientists and physicians in the 19th century paved the way with research on the sources of infectious disease and the development of vaccines.
1788:
40:
1778:
203:
infection and by recommending appropriate management such as prescribing antibiotics to treat bacterial infections. For certain types of infections, involvement of specialists in infectious diseases may improve patient outcomes. In clinics, specialists in infectious diseases can provide long-term care to patients with chronic infections such as HIV/AIDS.
324:
is a method of testing that uses a special dye to change the color of pathogens and a microscope to view them. The change in color helps doctors distinguish the pathogen from its surrounding and identify what it is. This method is only successful with large and plentiful pathogens present. Therefore,
361:
Infectious diseases specialists employ a variety of antimicrobial agents to help treat infections. The type of antimicrobial depends on the organism that is causing the infection. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections; antiviral agents treat viral infections; and antifungal agents treat
280:
to practice methods during surgery that reduce the growth of pathogens that cause infectious disease. Although infectious disease started to become a more collective concept in the 19th-century it was not considered a medical specialty until the 1970s due to a number of newly discovered diseases and
198:
and other forms of immunodeficiency. Although many common infections are treated by physicians without formal expertise in infectious diseases, specialists may be consulted for cases where an infection is difficult to diagnose or manage. They may also be asked to help determine the cause of a fever
342:
are done by ID specialists to discover which antimicrobial drug would be most effective at killing the pathogen. Cultures can also be used as a form of susceptibility testing by adding the drug to the cultured pathogens and observing whether or not it kills the pathogen and how much of the drug is
335:
are done when there is not enough of the pathogen to be seen through other tests. ID specialists will grow the pathogen in the lab until they have enough to work with. Although cultures work on some pathogens, such as the bacteria that causes strep throat, it is ineffective on many others, such as
289:
When diagnosing, a medical professional must first determine if a patient has an infectious disease or another condition not caused by infection but exhibits similar symptoms. Once the illness is confirmed to be caused by an infection, Infectious diseases specialists employ a variety of diagnostic
202:
Specialists in infectious diseases can practice both in hospitals (inpatient) and clinics (outpatient). In hospitals, specialists in infectious diseases help ensure the timely diagnosis and treatment of acute infections by recommending the appropriate diagnostic tests to identify the source of the
244:. Included in this collection of 70 documents was a text that contained illness-causing infectious diseases. This text, called the Epidemiai volumes, played a key role in forming the western approach to infectious disease. A physician during the Roman empire,
318:. Seeing as samples of bodily fluid or tissue are used in these tests, a specialist will have to distinguish between the non-disease-causing bacteria and disease-causing bacteria inhabiting the body to effectively identify and treat the infection.
490:), then undergo additional fellowship training (for at least two, or three years, respectively). The exam has been given as a subspecialty of internal medicine since 1972 and as a subspecialty of pediatrics since 1994.
325:
this method is unsuccessful with viruses because they can not be viewed under a microscope due to their small size. Staining has more of an effect on bacteria where a violet colored stain is used, this is called
353:, a type of nucleic acid-base test, is similar to culture tests in that genes from the pathogen are duplicated. This method is mainly used when a specific pathogen is suspected.
240:
Western innovations for treating infectious diseases originated in
Ancient Greece, and before infectious disease was even conceptualized, a Greek Physician named Hippocrates formed the
1844:
804:
887:
1837:
757:
1297:
182:) infections or community-acquired infections. An ID specialist investigates and determines the cause of a disease (bacteria, virus, parasite, fungus or
835:
1638:
433:
891:
1830:
194:
Infectious diseases specialists typically serve as consultants to other physicians in cases of complex infections, and often manage patients with
349:
are used to detect genetic material. For pathogens that can't be cultured, ID specialists can identify them by looking for specific DNA or RNA.
2031:
562:
771:
248:, also made great impacts on the western perception of infectious disease with his multiple treatises. These treatises gave insight into the
1537:
475:
268:, a German physician who studied pathogens, discovered three major pathogens that were the cause of Anthrax, Tuberculosis, and Cholera.
1673:
1015:
212:
178:
dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of infections. An infectious diseases specialist's practice consists of managing nosocomial (
812:
1984:
895:
1791:
1663:
1097:
426:
272:
was a pioneer in the creation of vaccines for infectious diseases, one being a vaccine for
Anthrax. He also developed the
2062:
1643:
479:
1287:
44:
Gram stain of bacteria: a test frequently performed in infectiology to distinguish between different types of bacteria.
179:
1267:
839:
590:
2041:
1696:
315:
133:
2004:
1913:
1488:
1410:
1405:
1325:
1085:
909:
753:
117:
96:
1918:
1908:
1468:
1442:
1060:
1008:
329:. If the bacteria appears blue it is considered gram positive and if it appears red it is gram negative.
1711:
1597:
1570:
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1144:
2036:
1974:
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1282:
1134:
155:
1903:
1898:
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1395:
1112:
336:
syphilis. A test to identify the pathogen, such as staining, would take place after culture tests.
1797:
778:
1883:
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1868:
1701:
1658:
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1437:
1390:
1357:
1352:
1102:
1080:
420:
241:
474:. In order to "sit" for the infectious diseases' board certification test (administered by the
2010:
1934:
1888:
1771:
1653:
1623:
1602:
1565:
1548:
1463:
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1312:
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1065:
1032:
1001:
968:
707:
653:
539:
483:
467:
391:
245:
234:
175:
264:, modern medicine began to develop and the sources of infectious diseases became more clear.
1964:
1939:
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1335:
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958:
948:
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due to periodic outbreaks ravaging countries, especially in the cities before the advent of
1801:
1746:
1607:
1592:
1575:
1515:
1510:
1454:
1432:
1129:
1075:
1055:
249:
230:
137:
237:, as many diseases acquired in tropical and subtropical areas are infectious in nature.
1633:
1587:
1400:
1330:
1149:
963:
937:"A survey of current and past Pediatric Infectious Diseases fellows regarding training"
936:
702:
675:
648:
621:
534:
507:
290:
tests to help identify the pathogen that is causing an infection. Common tests include
121:
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1954:
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1362:
1302:
1205:
295:
277:
269:
113:
68:
506:
Mehta Y, Gupta A, Todi S, Myatra S, Samaddar DP, Patil V, et al. (March 2014).
1781:
1721:
1706:
1532:
1257:
1107:
1092:
1038:
222:
100:
76:
252:
which we now recognize as smallpox based on the description in Galen's treatises.
1822:
27:
Medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis, control and treatment of infections
1998:
1992:
1949:
1580:
1525:
1422:
1277:
1252:
1070:
862:
273:
265:
1668:
1959:
1553:
1520:
1292:
1242:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1200:
1190:
638:
487:
471:
326:
311:
307:
226:
129:
64:
524:
1969:
1741:
1483:
1478:
1342:
1320:
1195:
1159:
953:
92:
88:
72:
17:
972:
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39:
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1024:
728:
692:
449:
403:
303:
291:
195:
125:
84:
80:
1726:
1186:
1154:
1047:
218:
935:
Douvoyiannis M, Litman N, Belamarich PF, Goldman DL (September 2011).
453:
183:
1826:
997:
466:
In the United States, infectious diseases is a subspecialty of
777:. American Board of Medical Specialties. 2015. Archived from
988:
147:
Infectious diseases specialist, Infectiologist, Infectionist
993:
508:"Guidelines for prevention of hospital acquired infections"
381:
Doctor, Medical
Specialist, Infectious diseases Consultant
591:"A Day in the Life of an Infectious Disease Specialist"
482:), physicians must have completed their residency (in
217:
Infectious diseases are historically associated with
2024:
1983:
1927:
1861:
1684:
1622:
1383:
1311:
1266:
1175:
1046:
1031:
441:
414:
409:
397:
385:
377:
372:
151:
143:
106:
57:
49:
834:Joint Royal Colleges Postgraduate Training Board.
622:"The History of Infectious Diseases and Medicine"
805:"The Value of an Infectious Diseases Specialist"
723:
721:
563:"Diagnosis of Infectious Disease – Infections"
2014:
1838:
1009:
989:IDSA - Infectious Diseases Society of America
8:
32:
754:"Infectious Diseases Specialty Description"
1845:
1831:
1823:
1298:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
1043:
1016:
1002:
994:
38:
1639:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
962:
952:
701:
691:
676:"Louis Pasteur: Between Myth and Reality"
647:
637:
533:
523:
434:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
892:Association of American Medical Colleges
512:Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine
276:of infectious diseases which influenced
888:"Infectious Disease, Internal Medicine"
498:
2032:Discovery of disease-causing pathogens
760:from the original on 16 November 2020.
729:"IDSA : What is an ID Specialist"
369:
31:
916:. American Board of Internal Medicine
674:Cavaillon JM, Legout S (April 2022).
669:
667:
615:
613:
611:
585:
583:
557:
555:
553:
427:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.)
53:Infectiology, infectious medicine, ID
7:
1777:
1538:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
620:Sakai T, Morimoto Y (October 2022).
1787:
803:Schmitt, Steven (25 October 2013).
772:"ABMS Guide to Medical Specialties"
476:American Board of Internal Medicine
256:Between the 16th and 18th centuries
1674:Medical Scientist Training Program
213:1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
25:
91:, also public health issues e.g.
1806:
1796:
1786:
1776:
1767:
1766:
756:. American Medical Association.
1807:
351:Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
134:polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
1664:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1098:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
567:Merck Manuals Consumer Version
1:
910:"Exam Administration History"
1644:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
1411:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
480:American Board of Pediatrics
2079:
867:World History Encyclopedia
809:CDC's Safe Healthcare Blog
210:
2042:Social history of viruses
1762:
639:10.3390/pathogens11101147
421:Doctor of Medicine (M.D.)
316:polymerase chain reaction
37:
1598:Transplantation medicine
1489:Clinical neurophysiology
1406:Obstetric anesthesiology
1326:Interventional radiology
1086:Digestive system surgery
525:10.4103/0972-5229.128705
118:microbiological cultures
97:antimicrobial resistance
1469:Intensive care medicine
1443:Mass gathering medicine
1288:Maternal–fetal medicine
954:10.1186/1472-6920-11-72
347:Nucleic acid-base tests
262:During the 19th century
1061:Cardiothoracic surgery
312:nucleic acid-base test
1712:Personalized medicine
1571:Reproductive medicine
1496:Occupational medicine
1450:Evolutionary medicine
941:BMC Medical Education
836:"Infectious Diseases"
2037:Smallpox eradication
1975:Israel Jacob Kligler
1732:Traditional medicine
1692:Alternative medicine
1559:Addiction psychiatry
1373:Transfusion medicine
1368:Medical microbiology
1283:Gynecologic oncology
1135:Reproductive surgery
693:10.3390/biom12040596
340:Susceptibility tests
304:susceptibility tests
156:Glossary of medicine
2063:Infectious diseases
1862:Individual diseases
1855:infectious diseases
1754:History of medicine
1737:Veterinary medicine
1544:Preventive medicine
1396:Adolescent medicine
1238:Infectious diseases
898:on 6 February 2015.
842:on 12 December 2013
815:on 17 November 2015
784:on 17 November 2015
362:fungal infections.
343:needed to kill it.
199:of unknown origin.
180:healthcare-acquired
164:Infectious diseases
34:
33:Infectious diseases
1702:Molecular oncology
1659:Doctor of Medicine
1649:Master of Medicine
1566:Radiation oncology
1438:Emergency medicine
1391:Addiction medicine
1358:Clinical chemistry
1353:Clinical pathology
1145:Transplant surgery
1103:Orthopedic surgery
1081:Colorectal surgery
416:Education required
242:Hippocratic Corpus
2050:
2049:
2011:COVID-19 pandemic
2005:HIV/AIDS pandemic
1935:Alexander Fleming
1820:
1819:
1654:Master of Surgery
1618:
1617:
1603:Tropical medicine
1549:Prison healthcare
1464:Hospital medicine
1428:Disaster medicine
1418:Aviation medicine
1233:Hospital medicine
1140:Surgical oncology
1125:Pediatric surgery
1119:
1066:Endocrine surgery
863:"Antonine Plague"
484:internal medicine
468:internal medicine
459:
458:
300:serological tests
246:Galen of Pergamon
235:tropical medicine
176:medical specialty
170:), also known as
161:
160:
126:serological tests
16:(Redirected from
2070:
2016:
1965:Ignaz Semmelweis
1940:Maurice Hilleman
1847:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1810:
1809:
1800:
1790:
1789:
1780:
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1770:
1769:
1474:Medical genetics
1459:General practice
1336:Nuclear medicine
1211:Gastroenterology
1167:Vascular surgery
1117:
1044:
1018:
1011:
1004:
995:
977:
976:
966:
956:
932:
926:
925:
923:
921:
906:
900:
899:
894:. Archived from
884:
878:
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858:
852:
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849:
847:
838:. Archived from
831:
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824:
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811:. Archived from
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437:(M.B.B.S./MBChB)
436:
429:
399:Activity sectors
370:
229:, but also with
110:
61:
42:
35:
21:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2071:
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2067:
2053:
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2046:
2020:
1985:Major epidemics
1979:
1923:
1857:
1851:
1821:
1816:
1758:
1747:Chief physician
1680:
1625:
1614:
1608:Travel medicine
1593:Sports medicine
1576:Sexual medicine
1516:Palliative care
1511:Pain management
1455:Family medicine
1433:Diving medicine
1379:
1307:
1269:
1262:
1178:
1171:
1130:Plastic surgery
1076:General surgery
1056:Cardiac surgery
1037:
1035:
1027:
1022:
985:
980:
934:
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417:
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388:
387:Occupation type
368:
359:
287:
250:Antonine Plague
231:travel medicine
215:
209:
192:
138:medical imaging
108:
59:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2076:
2074:
2066:
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2055:
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2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2008:
2007:(1981–present)
2002:
1996:
1989:
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1150:Trauma surgery
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1113:Otolaryngology
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983:External links
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518:(3): 149–163.
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2013:(2019–present
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333:Culture tests
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296:culture tests
293:
284:
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278:Joseph Lister
275:
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270:Louis Pasteur
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1919:Yellow fever
1909:Tuberculosis
1854:
1722:Rural health
1707:Nanomedicine
1258:Rheumatology
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1093:Neurosurgery
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107:Significant
101:bioterrorism
77:tuberculosis
58:Significant
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18:Infectiology
2001:(1918–1920)
1999:Spanish flu
1995:(1346–1353)
1993:Black Death
1950:Robert Koch
1853:History of
1792:Wikiproject
1581:Venereology
1526:Neonatology
1423:Dermatology
1278:Gynaecology
1270:gynaecology
1253:Pulmonology
1071:Eye surgery
1033:Specialties
846:12 December
819:14 November
788:14 November
410:Description
274:germ theory
266:Robert Koch
120:(including
1960:Jonas Salk
1554:Psychiatry
1540:(PM&R)
1533:Phlebology
1521:Pediatrics
1348:Anatomical
1313:Diagnostic
1293:Obstetrics
1243:Nephrology
1228:Hematology
1223:Geriatrics
1216:Hepatology
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1191:Immunology
861:Horgan J.
738:27 October
686:(4): 596.
494:References
488:pediatrics
472:pediatrics
445:employment
373:Occupation
357:Treatments
308:genotyping
281:vaccines.
227:sanitation
211:See also:
144:Specialist
130:genotyping
65:Infections
1970:John Snow
1742:Physician
1626:education
1484:Neurology
1479:Narcology
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1321:Radiology
1196:Angiology
1160:Andrology
626:Pathogens
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450:Hospitals
443:Fields of
392:Specialty
93:epidemics
89:influenza
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1772:Category
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1179:medicine
1177:Internal
1025:Medicine
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758:Archived
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404:Medicine
366:Training
322:Staining
292:staining
196:HIV/AIDS
152:Glossary
85:HIV/AIDS
81:COVID-19
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1884:Malaria
1879:Leprosy
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