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namely simple visual stimuli, are present in the visual field; however, when complicated objects are put in place, this initiates a response in the single-cell neurons of the IT cortex. This provides evidence that not only are the single-cell neurons of the IT cortex related in having a unique specific response to visual stimuli but rather that each individual single-cell neuron has a specific response to a specific stimuli. The same study also reveals how the magnitude of the response of these single-cell neurons of the IT cortex do not change due to color and size but are only influenced by the shape. This led to even more interesting observations where specific IT neurons have been linked to the recognition of faces and hands. This is very interesting as to the possibility of relating to neurological disorders of prosopagnosia and explaining the complexity and interest in the human hand. Additional research from this study goes into more depth on the role of "face neurons" and "hand neurons" involved in the IT cortex.
592:
to highlight the parts of the brain that are important in achromatopsia in monkeys, however, it obviously sheds light on the areas of the brain related to achromatopsia in humans. In the study, one group of monkeys (group AT) received lesions in the temporal lobe anterior to V4 and the other group (group MOT) received lesions to the occipito-temporal area that corresponds in cranial location to the lesion that produces cerebral achromatopsia in humans. The study concluded that group MOT had no impairment of their color vision while the subjects in group AT all had severe impairments to their color vision, consistent with humans diagnosed with cerebral achromatopsia. This study shows that temporal lobe areas anterior to V4, which includes the inferior temporal gyrus, play a large role in patients with
Cerebral Achromatopsia.
552:, are characterized by a patient's inability to integrate semantic memories, which results in patients being unable to form new memories, lacking awareness of time period, as well as lacking other important cognitive processes. Chan et al 2001 conducted a study that used volumetric magnetic resonance imaging to quantify the global and temporal lobe atrophy in semantic dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The subjects were selected and confirmed to be in the middle of the spectrum of their respective disorders clinically, and then further confirmation came from a series of neuropsychological tests given to the subjects. The study treated the inferior temporal cortex and the middle temporal cortex as one and the same, because of the, "often indistinct," border between the gyri.
519:, also called face blindness, is a disorder that results in the inability to recognize or discriminate between faces. It can often be associated with other forms of recognition impairment, such as place, car, or emotional recognition. A study conducted by Gross et al. in 1969 found that certain cells were selective for the shape of a monkey hand, and they observed that as the stimulus they provided began to further resemble a monkey hand, those cells became more active. A few years later, in 1972, Gross et al. discovered that certain IT cells were selective for faces. Although it is not conclusive,
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discriminate between faces, or even recognize faces that were familiar to him before the accident. L.H. and other patients with prosopagnosia are often able to live relatively normal and productive lives despite their deficit. L.H. was still able to recognize common objects, subtle differences in shapes, and even age, sex, and "likeability" of faces. However, they use non-facial cues, such as height, hair color, and voice to differentiate between people. Non-invasive brain imaging revealed that L.H.'s prosopagnosia was a result of damage to the
385:, among others. These cellular connections have recently been found to explain unique elements of memory, suggesting that unique single-cells can be linked to specific unique types and even specific memories. Research into the single-cell understanding of the IT cortex reveals many compelling characteristics of these cells: single-cells with similar selectivity of memory are clustered together across the cortical layers of the IT cortex; the temporal lobe neurons have recently been shown to display learning behaviors and possibly relate to
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29:
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499:, in order to create an array of understanding of the physical world. The hippocampus is key for storing the memory of what an object is/what it looks like for future use so that it can be compared and contrasted with other objects. Correctly being able to recognize an object is highly dependent on this organized network of brain areas that process, share, and store information. In a study by Denys et al., functional magnetic resonance imaging (
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352:
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503:) was used to compare the processing of visual shape between humans and macaques. They found, amongst other things, that there was a degree of overlap between shape and motion sensitive regions of the cortex, but that the overlap was more distinct in humans. This would suggest that the human brain is better evolved for a high level of functioning in a distinct, three-dimensional, visual world.
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221:. This region processes the color and form of the object in the visual field and is responsible for producing the "what" from this visual stimuli, or in other words identifying the object based on the color and form of the object and comparing that processed information to stored memories of objects to identify that object.
286:
the fusiform gyrus by the occipital-temporal sulcus. This human inferior temporal cortex is much more complex than that of other primates: non-human primates have an inferior temporal cortex that is not divided into unique regions such as humans' inferior temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, or middle temporal gyrus.
41:
591:
is characterized the same way, however it is genetic, while
Cerebral Achromatopsia occurs as a result of damage to certain parts of the brain. One part of the brain that is particularly integral to color discrimination is the inferior temporal gyrus. A 1995 study conducted by Heywood et al. was meant
523:
are assumed to play a large role in facial recognition in monkeys. After the extensive research into the result of damage to the IT cortex in monkeys, it is theorized that lesions in the IT gyrus in humans result in prosopagnosia. Rubens and Benson's 1971 study of a subject in life with prosopagnosia
430:
and often extend across the midline to unite the two visual half fields for the first time. IT neurons are selective for shape and/or color of stimulus and are usually more responsive to complex shapes as opposed to simple ones. A small percentage of them are selective for specific parts of the face.
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The significance of the single-cell function in the IT cortex is that it is another pathway in addition to the lateral geniculate pathway that processes most visual system: this raises questions about how does it benefit our visual information processing in addition to normal visual pathways and what
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and tectopulvinar pathways are radiated to the IT cortex via the ventral stream: visual information specifically related to the color and form of the visual stimuli. Through comparative research between primates – humans and non-human primates – results indicate that the IT cortex plays a significant
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located underneath the central temporal sulcus. The primary function of the occipital temporal gyrus – otherwise referenced as IT cortex – is associated with visual stimuli processing, namely visual object recognition, and has been suggested by recent experimental results as the final location of the
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was prominent in the
Alzheimer's inflicted subjects of the study. With respect to semantic dementia, the study concluded that "the middle and inferior temporal gyri may play a key role" in semantic memory, and as a result, unfortunately, when these anterior temporal lobe structures are injured, the
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of visual processing occurs in the lower portion of the superior temporal gyrus closest to the superior temporal sulcus. The medial and ventral view of the brain – meaning looking at the medial surface from below the brain, facing upwards – reveals that the inferior temporal gyrus is separated from
392:
Further research of the single-cells of the IT cortex suggests that these cells not only have a direct link to the visual system pathway but also are deliberate in the visual stimuli they respond to: in certain cases, the single-cell IT cortex neurons do not initiate responses when spots or slits,
372:
The understanding at the single-cell level of the IT cortex and its role of utilizing memory to identify objects and or process the visual field based on color and form visual information is a relatively recent in neuroscience. Early research indicated that the cellular connections of the temporal
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This region of the brain corresponds to the inferior temporal cortex and is responsible for visual object recognition and receives processed visual information. The inferior temporal cortex in primates has specific regions dedicated to processing different visual stimuli processed and organized by
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A more in depth observation can be seen with the example of patient L.H. in the study conducted by N.L. Etcoff and colleagues in 1991. This 40-year-old man was involved in an automobile accident when he was 18, which resulted in severe brain injury. Upon recovery, L.H. was unable to recognize or
344:). One stream travels ventrally to the inferior temporal cortex (from V1 to V2 then through V4 to ITC) while the other travels dorsally to the posterior parietal cortex. They are labeled the "what" and "where" streams, respectively. The Inferior Temporal Cortex receives information from the
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subject is left with semantic dementia. This information shows how, despite often being grouped in the same category, Alzheimer's disease and semantic dementia are very different diseases, and are characterized by marked differences in the subcortical structures they are associated with.
277:. When looking at the brain laterally – that is from the side and looking at the surface of the temporal lobe – the inferior temporal gyrus is along the bottom portion of the temporal lobe, and is separated from the middle temporal gyrus located directly above by the
213:
ventral cortical visual system. The IT cortex in humans is also known as the
Inferior Temporal Gyrus since it has been located to a specific region of the human temporal lobe. The IT processes visual stimuli of objects in our
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There are a number of regions that work together within the ITC for processing and recognizing the information of "what" something is. In fact, discrete categories of objects are even associated with different regions.
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reveals that the patient is able to name common objects on visual presentation flawlessly, however she cannot recognize faces. Upon necropsy conducted by Benson et al., it was apparent that a discrete lesion in the
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The IT cortex's neurological significance is not just its contribution to the processing of visual stimuli in object recognition but also has been found to be a vital area with regards to simple processing of the
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in the ITC have several unique properties that offer an explanation as to why this area is essential in recognizing patterns. They only respond to visual stimuli and their receptive fields always include the
431:
Faces and likely other complex shapes are seemingly coded by a sequence of activity across a group of cells, and IT cells can display both short or long-term memory for visual stimuli based on experience.
217:, and is involved with memory and memory recall to identify that object; it is involved with the processing and perception created by visual stimuli amplified in the V1, V2, V3, and V4 regions of the
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of visual processing, associated with the representation of objects, places, faces, and colors. It may also be involved in face perception, and in the recognition of numbers and words.
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269:. In humans, the IT cortex is more complex than their relative primate counterparts. The human inferior temporal cortex consists of the inferior temporal gyrus, the
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to the parietal and temporal lobes via two distinct anatomical streams. These two cortical visual systems were classified by
Ungerleider and Mishkin (1982, see
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1392:
389:; and, cortical memory within the IT cortex is likely to be enhanced over time thanks to the influence of the afferent-neurons of the medial-temporal region.
413:. The neurons in the inferior temporal cortex, also called the inferior temporal visual association cortex, process this information from the P-cells. The
1104:
555:
The study concluded that in
Alzheimer's disease, deficits in inferior temporal structures were not the main source of the disease. Rather, atrophy in the
985:
Pessoa L, Tootell R, Ungerleider LG, Squire LR, Bloom FE, McConnel SK, Roberts JL, Spitzer NC, Zigmond MJ, eds. (2008). "Visual
Perception of Objects".
859:
Haxby indicates that a few studies have found face perception in the inferior temporal sulcus, with the majority of sites elsewhere in the brain: p.2,
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249:. Lateral view (left) and medial view (right). In both images, inferior temporal gyrus labeled at bottom. The areas colored green represent
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is a medical disorder characterized by the inability to perceive color and to achieve satisfactory visual acuity in high light levels.
45:
Drawing of a cast to illustrate the relations of the brain to the skull. (Inferior temporal gyrus labeled at center, in green section.)
409:, so they are sensitive to differences in form and color, as opposed to the M-cells that receive information about motion mainly from
1321:"The Processing of Visual Shape in the Cerebral Cortex of Human and Nonhuman Primates: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study"
1002:"The Processing of Visual Shape in the Cerebral Cortex of Human and Nonhuman Primates: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study"
156:
2675:
1203:
2263:
1955:
1000:
Denys, Katrien; Wim
Vanduffel; Denis Fize; Koen Nelissen; Hendrik Peuskens; David Van Essen; Guy A. Orban (10 March 2004).
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The light energy that comes from the rays bouncing off of an object is converted into chemical energy by the cells in the
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Lateral surface of left cerebral hemisphere, viewed from the side. (Inferior temporal gyrus shown in orange.)
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348:, understandably so, as it is known to be a region essential in recognizing patterns, faces, and objects.
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of the eye. This chemical energy is then converted into action potentials that are transferred through the
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422:, which is one of the densest areas of the retina and is responsible for acute central vision. These
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233:, and the location of unique single cells that possibly explain the IT cortex's relation to memory.
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813:"Parallel, multi-stage processing of colors, faces and shapes in macaque inferior temporal cortex"
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The information for color and form comes from P-cells that receive their information mainly from
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1531:(April 2001). "Patterns of temporal lobe atrophy in semantic dementia and Alzheimer's disease".
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528:, a part of the inferior temporal gyrus, was one of the main causes of the subject's symptoms.
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data collected by researchers comparing this neurological process between humans and macaques.
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role in visual shape processing. This is supported by functional magnetic resonance imaging
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Cerebrum. Lateral view. Deep dissection. Inferior temporal gyrus labeled at bottom center.
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And the lateral occipital complex (LOC) is used to determine shapes vs. scrambled stimuli.
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Chan, D; Fox NC; Crum WR; Whitwell JL; Leschziner G; Rossor AM; Stevens JM; Cipolotti L;
1272:"Location and spatial profile of category-specific regions in human extrastriate cortex"
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Diagram depicting different regions of the left cerebral hemisphere, fusiform in orange.
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other functional units are involved in additional visual information processing.
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Haxby, et al. (2000) "The distributed human neural system for face perception"
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281:. Additionally, some processing of the visual field that corresponds to the
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Gross, C. G. (2007). "Single Neuron
Studies of Inferior Temporal Cortex".
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Inferior temporal gyrus highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images
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and extra-striate cortex. The information from the V1 –V5 regions of the
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Inferior temporal gyrus highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images
452:(FFA) deals more with facial and body recognition rather than objects.
241:
2371:
1499:"Lesions in the Temporal Association Cortex: Deficits in Recognition"
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Inferior temporal gyrus highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images
317:
66:
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40:
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1105:"Defining the cortical visual systems: "What", "Where", and "How""
575:
472:
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350:
83:
1497:
Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al., eds. (2001).
500:
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lobe to other memory associated areas of the brain – namely the
178:
1653:
1393:"Representation of Visual Stimuli in Inferior Temporal Cortex"
580:
An example of vision in a person with cerebral achromatopsia.
332:
of the thalamus. From there the information is sent to the
881:"Scientists pinpoint brain's area for numeral recognition"
336:, region V1. It then travels from the visual areas in the
208:
The inferior temporal gyrus is the anterior region of the
1053:(Fourth ed.). New York, NY: Worth. pp. 282–312.
933:(Fourth ed.). New York, NY: Worth. pp. 282–312.
495:
These areas must all work together, as well as with the
486:(EBA) helps differentiate body parts from other objects.
477:
Same as above, but parahippocampal gyrus now in orange.
811:
ROSA LAFER-SOUSA and BEVIL CONWAY (October 20, 2013).
722:
Neural processing for individual categories of objects
469:(PPA) helps differentiate between scenes and objects.
901:
Poggio, Tomaso; Anselmi, Fabio (23 September 2016).
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2644:
2635:
2600:
2569:
2558:
2475:
2405:
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2240:
2185:
2113:
2104:
2029:
1995:
1856:
1849:
1822:
1708:
1701:
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712:
Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition
609:
Position of inferior temporal gyrus (shown in red).
368:
Single-cell function in the inferior temporal gyrus
143:
131:
119:
106:
94:
82:
77:
65:
55:
50:
21:
16:
One of three gyri of the temporal lobe of the brain
2890:Some categorizations are approximations, and some
1454:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1204:"Chapter 15: Visual Processing: Cortical Pathways"
1064:Mishkin, Mortimer; Ungerleider, Leslie G. (1982).
363:(purple) originating in the primary visual cortex.
633:Lateral view of a human brain, main gyri labeled.
201:. This region is one of the higher levels of the
1270:Spiridon, M.; Fischl, B.; Kanwisher, N. (2006).
1400:Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences
1372:. The President and Fellows of Harvard College
536:, which contains the inferior temporal gyrus.
1665:
1103:Creem, Sarah H.; Proffitt, Dennis R. (2001).
748:"Neural Mechanisms of Object-Based Attention"
8:
2641:
2566:
2402:
2301:
2110:
1853:
1705:
1698:
1672:
1658:
1650:
657:Inferior temporal gyrus, right hemisphere.
39:
27:
1584:Heywood, C.A.; Gaffan D; Cowey A (1995).
1544:
1473:
1344:
1295:
1254:
1025:
969:
836:
771:
229:, difficulties with perceptual tasks and
746:Baldauf, D.; Desimone, R. (2014-04-25).
240:
1450:"The anatomical basis of prosopagnosia"
738:
599:
1173:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.009
1085:
1074:
197:, where it is limited by the inferior
160:
18:
1319:Denys; et al. (March 10, 2004).
1051:An Introduction to Brain and Behavior
1049:Kolb, Bryan; Whishaw, Ian Q. (2014).
931:An Introduction to Brain and Behavior
328:, where it is first processed by the
7:
426:tend to be larger than those in the
2582:Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)
1586:"Cerebral Achromatopsia in Monkeys"
1605:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01093.x
1391:Gross, Charles (29 January 1992).
14:
1593:European Journal of Neuroscience
1012:(24(10): 2551–2565): 2551–2565.
929:Kolb, B; Whishaw, I. Q. (2014).
879:BRUCE GOLDMAN (April 16, 2013).
686:
674:
662:
650:
638:
626:
614:
602:
521:'face-selective' IT cortex cells
157:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
2676:Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
2618:Collateral (temporal+occipital)
1402:. Processing the Facial Image.
903:Visual Cortex and Deep Networks
265:The temporal lobe is unique to
2264:Secondary somatosensory cortex
1956:Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
1337:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3569-03.2004
1018:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3569-03.2004
1:
2879:Poles of cerebral hemispheres
2613:Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)
1124:10.1016/s0001-6918(01)00021-x
1066:"Two Cortical Visual Systems"
905:. MIT Press. pp. 45–51.
883:. Stanford School of Medicine
2252:Primary somatosensory cortex
863:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
290:the different layers of the
189:, connected behind with the
2344:Transverse occipital sulcus
1645:Image at University of Utah
1325:The Journal of Neuroscience
1006:The Journal of Neuroscience
621:Basal view of a human brain
544:Certain disorders, such as
540:Deficits in semantic memory
2934:
2756:Isthmus of cingulate gyrus
2577:Central (frontal+parietal)
2312:Occipital pole of cerebrum
1231:"Inferior temporal cortex"
946:"Inferior temporal cortex"
702:
467:parahippocampal place area
330:lateral geniculate nucleus
2887:
2413:Transverse temporal gyrus
2276:Posterior parietal cortex
1256:10.4249/scholarpedia.7294
971:10.4249/scholarpedia.7294
185:and is located below the
155:
89:gyrus temporalis inferior
38:
26:
2534:Inferior temporal sulcus
2455:Superior temporal sulcus
2138:Inferior parietal lobule
2121:Superior parietal lobule
2061:Supplementary motor area
1370:"Prosopagnosia Research"
987:Fundamental Neuroscience
589:Congenital achromatopsia
279:inferior temporal sulcus
191:inferior occipital gyrus
2539:Inferior temporal gyrus
2483:Occipitotemporal sulcus
2429:Superior temporal gyrus
2322:Lateral occipital gyrus
2073:Supplementary eye field
1814:Inferior frontal sulcus
1809:Superior frontal sulcus
1229:Gross, Charles (2008).
773:10.1126/science.1247003
175:inferior temporal gyrus
22:Inferior temporal gyrus
2800:Fimbria of hippocampus
1866:Superior frontal gyrus
1764:Inferior frontal gyrus
1718:Superior frontal gyrus
1448:Meadows, J.C. (1974).
1412:10.1098/rstb.1992.0001
1084:Cite journal requires
705:anatomical terminology
585:Cerebral achromatopsia
581:
572:Cerebral achromatopsia
484:extrastriate body area
478:
461:
401:Information processing
364:
342:two-streams hypothesis
262:
2787:Hippocampal formation
2646:Parahippocampal gyrus
2460:Middle temporal gyrus
1466:10.1136/jnnp.37.5.489
944:Gross, C. G. (2008).
579:
507:Clinical significance
476:
459:
354:
334:primary visual cortex
312:Receiving information
271:middle temporal gyrus
244:
187:middle temporal gyrus
2760:Retrosplenial cortex
2608:Longitudinal fissure
2500:Medial temporal lobe
2177:Intraparietal sulcus
2037:Primary motor cortex
1934:Orbitofrontal cortex
1883:Medial frontal gyrus
1740:Middle frontal gyrus
868:(6) June 2000, 11pp.
526:right fusiform gyrus
2737:Posterior cingulate
2147:Supramarginal gyrus
1533:Annals of Neurology
1429:on 25 December 2013
1276:Human Brain Mapping
1247:2008SchpJ...3.7294G
962:2008SchpJ...3.7294G
817:Nature Neuroscience
764:2014Sci...344..424B
546:Alzheimer's disease
534:right temporal lobe
247:cerebral hemisphere
2795:Hippocampal sulcus
2715:Anterior cingulate
2592:Preoccipital notch
2193:Paracentral lobule
2163:Parietal operculum
2085:Frontal eye fields
2017:Paracentral sulcus
2005:Paracentral lobule
1906:Paraolfactory area
1902:Paraterminal gyrus
1202:Dragoi, Valentin.
703:This article uses
582:
479:
462:
450:fusiform face area
435:Object recognition
365:
263:
72:Posterior cerebral
2900:
2899:
2844:
2843:
2669:Postrhinal cortex
2664:Perirhinal cortex
2659:Entorhinal cortex
2631:
2630:
2587:Parieto-occipital
2554:
2553:
2392:
2391:
2291:
2290:
2248:Postcentral gyrus
2100:
2099:
2025:
2024:
1845:
1844:
1837:Precentral sulcus
1800:Pars triangularis
1331:(10): 2551–2565.
1288:10.1002/hbm.20169
1112:Acta Psychologica
989:(Third ed.).
912:978-0-262-03472-2
823:(12): 1870–1878.
758:(6182): 424–427.
596:Additional images
557:entorhinal cortex
550:semantic dementia
383:prefrontal cortex
231:spatial awareness
171:
170:
166:
2925:
2826:Indusium griseum
2691:Cingulate cortex
2681:Prepyriform area
2642:
2567:
2447:Planum temporale
2403:
2384:Calcarine sulcus
2302:
2111:
1982:Olfactory sulcus
1968:Subcallosal area
1854:
1832:Precentral gyrus
1791:Pars opercularis
1706:
1699:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1651:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1599:(5): 1064–1073.
1590:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1548:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1422:. Archived from
1397:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1206:. Archived from
1199:
1193:
1192:
1161:Neuropsychologia
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1134:. Archived from
1109:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1071:. The MIT Press.
1070:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1029:
997:
991:
990:
982:
976:
975:
973:
941:
935:
934:
926:
917:
916:
898:
892:
891:
889:
888:
876:
870:
857:
851:
850:
840:
808:
802:
801:
775:
743:
690:
678:
666:
654:
642:
630:
618:
606:
424:receptive fields
387:long-term memory
177:is one of three
163:edit on Wikidata
43:
31:
19:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2883:
2862:
2840:
2814:
2781:
2685:
2627:
2623:Callosal sulcus
2601:Medial/inferior
2596:
2561:
2550:
2476:Medial/inferior
2471:
2443:Wernicke's area
2417:Auditory cortex
2388:
2353:Medial/inferior
2348:
2287:
2236:
2232:Marginal sulcus
2186:Medial/inferior
2181:
2096:
2049:Premotor cortex
2021:
1991:
1850:Medial/inferior
1841:
1818:
1688:
1682:cerebral cortex
1680:Anatomy of the
1678:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1546:10.1.1.569.8292
1526:
1525:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1368:Nakayama, Ken.
1367:
1366:
1362:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1210:on 9 April 2014
1201:
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1097:
1083:
1073:
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1062:
1058:
1048:
1047:
1043:
999:
998:
994:
984:
983:
979:
943:
942:
938:
928:
927:
920:
913:
900:
899:
895:
886:
884:
878:
877:
873:
858:
854:
829:10.1038/nn.3555
810:
809:
805:
745:
744:
740:
735:
717:Face perception
708:
701:
694:
691:
682:
679:
670:
667:
658:
655:
646:
643:
634:
631:
622:
619:
610:
607:
598:
574:
542:
514:
509:
437:
403:
370:
324:and across the
314:
309:
239:
215:field of vision
167:
46:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2931:
2929:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2892:Brodmann areas
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2858:Insular cortex
2854:
2852:
2850:Insular cortex
2846:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2752:
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2750:
2749:
2744:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2703:Subgenual area
2699:
2697:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2650:
2648:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2564:
2562:sulci/fissures
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2488:Fusiform gyrus
2485:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2436:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2409:
2407:
2400:
2394:
2393:
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2389:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2319:
2317:Occipital gyri
2314:
2308:
2306:
2299:
2297:Occipital lobe
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2149:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2117:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1987:Orbital sulcus
1984:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1918:Straight gyrus
1915:
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1913:
1898:
1897:
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1895:
1890:
1880:
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1878:
1873:
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1820:
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1804:
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1802:
1793:
1779:
1777:Pars orbitalis
1770:
1760:
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1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
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1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1714:
1712:
1703:
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1669:
1662:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1639:External links
1637:
1634:
1633:
1576:
1555:10.1002/ana.92
1516:
1505:(2nd ed.)
1489:
1460:(5): 489–501.
1440:
1406:(1273): 3–10.
1383:
1360:
1311:
1262:
1221:
1194:
1167:(3): 841–852.
1151:
1118:(1–3): 43–68.
1095:
1086:|journal=
1056:
1041:
992:
977:
936:
918:
911:
893:
871:
852:
803:
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734:
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729:
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623:
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608:
601:
597:
594:
573:
570:
541:
538:
513:
510:
508:
505:
491:
490:
487:
471:
470:
454:
453:
446:fusiform gyrus
436:
433:
428:striate cortex
402:
399:
369:
366:
361:ventral stream
346:ventral stream
338:occipital lobe
313:
310:
308:
305:
292:striate cortex
283:ventral stream
275:fusiform gyrus
261:respectively.)
257:and purple is
238:
235:
219:occipital lobe
203:ventral stream
169:
168:
159:
153:
152:
147:
141:
140:
135:
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123:
117:
116:
111:
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80:
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74:
69:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
48:
47:
44:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2930:
2919:
2918:Temporal lobe
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2895:
2893:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2810:Rhinal sulcus
2808:
2806:
2805:Dentate gyrus
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:Superolateral
2568:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:Superolateral
2404:
2401:
2399:
2398:Temporal lobe
2395:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:Lingual gyrus
2375:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2360:Visual cortex
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Lunate sulcus
2337:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:Superolateral
2303:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2156:Angular gyrus
2153:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:Superolateral
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:Parietal lobe
2103:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1702:Superolateral
1700:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1539:(4): 433–42.
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
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1417:
1413:
1409:
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1394:
1387:
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1371:
1364:
1361:
1356:
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1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
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1312:
1307:
1303:
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1293:
1289:
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1277:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1252:
1248:
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1240:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1141:on 2013-11-12
1137:
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1019:
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1007:
1003:
996:
993:
988:
981:
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963:
959:
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951:
947:
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937:
932:
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923:
919:
914:
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904:
897:
894:
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875:
872:
869:
867:
864:
856:
853:
848:
844:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
739:
732:
728:
727:Visual cortex
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
706:
698:
689:
684:
677:
672:
665:
660:
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648:
641:
636:
629:
624:
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612:
605:
600:
595:
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586:
578:
571:
569:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
539:
537:
535:
529:
527:
522:
518:
517:Prosopagnosia
512:Prosopagnosia
511:
506:
504:
502:
498:
493:
488:
485:
481:
480:
475:
468:
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463:
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1930:Orbital gyri
1782:Broca's area
1694:Frontal lobe
1624:. Retrieved
1596:
1592:
1579:
1536:
1532:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:Neuroscience
1502:
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1431:. Retrieved
1424:the original
1403:
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1374:. Retrieved
1363:
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1282:(1): 77–89.
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1238:
1235:Scholarpedia
1234:
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1212:. Retrieved
1208:the original
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1136:the original
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1077:cite journal
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359:(green) and
326:optic chiasm
315:
288:
264:
253:. (Brown is
245:Human right
227:visual field
223:
207:
174:
172:
126:A14.1.09.148
114:birnlex_1577
88:
2637:Limbic lobe
1686:human brain
1626:11 November
1509:11 November
1214:12 November
565:hippocampus
497:hippocampus
375:hippocampus
322:optic nerve
78:Identifiers
2907:Categories
2894:span gyri.
2560:Interlobar
2257:3, 1 and 2
1997:Precentral
1858:Prefrontal
1824:Precentral
1710:Prefrontal
1433:9 November
1376:9 November
1145:2013-11-12
887:2013-04-30
733:References
296:geniculate
273:, and the
96:NeuroNames
2874:Operculum
2422:41 and 42
2220:Precuneus
1541:CiteSeerX
1529:Rossor MN
782:0036-8075
255:occipital
237:Structure
2836:Amygdala
2654:anterior
1621:25787249
1571:41627534
1563:11310620
1355:15014131
1306:15966002
1189:16008718
1181:18155735
1132:11388142
1036:15014131
847:24141314
798:34728448
790:24763592
699:See also
561:amygdala
379:amygdala
307:Function
267:primates
108:NeuroLex
2867:General
1684:of the
1613:7613611
1484:4209556
1420:1348134
1346:6729498
1297:3264054
1243:Bibcode
1027:6729498
958:Bibcode
838:3957328
760:Bibcode
752:Science
415:neurons
181:of the
56:Part of
51:Details
2372:Cuneus
1619:
1611:
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1475:494693
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563:, and
381:, the
377:, the
318:retina
301:(fMRI)
259:limbic
199:sulcus
67:Artery
2831:Uncus
2819:Other
2695:gyrus
1617:S2CID
1589:(PDF)
1567:S2CID
1427:(PDF)
1396:(PDF)
1185:S2CID
1139:(PDF)
1108:(PDF)
1069:(PDF)
794:S2CID
420:fovea
407:cones
161:[
150:61907
84:Latin
2913:Gyri
2241:Both
2030:Both
1628:2013
1609:PMID
1559:PMID
1511:2013
1480:PMID
1435:2013
1416:PMID
1378:2013
1351:PMID
1302:PMID
1216:2013
1177:PMID
1128:PMID
1090:help
1032:PMID
907:ISBN
843:PMID
786:PMID
778:ISSN
548:and
501:FMRI
482:The
465:The
444:The
411:rods
355:The
179:gyri
173:The
138:5497
121:TA98
1601:doi
1551:doi
1470:PMC
1462:doi
1408:doi
1404:335
1341:PMC
1333:doi
1292:PMC
1284:doi
1251:doi
1169:doi
1120:doi
1116:107
1022:PMC
1014:doi
966:doi
833:PMC
825:doi
768:doi
756:344
448:or
145:FMA
133:TA2
101:138
2909::
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2758::
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1973:25
1961:10
1949:12
1944:11
1939:10
1923:11
1911:12
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