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320:. This cytokine has been identified in many organs such as the lungs, adipose tissue, muscle, and brain. The concentration of this cytokine is usually very low or non-detectable in young adults though levels increase in old age and are very high in the elderly. Moreover, elevated IL-6 has also been associated with disability and mortality in older adults. High serum levels are associated with cognitive impairment, low locomotion, and depression.
324:
80:. It is an integral part of the healing process, though prolonged inflammation can be detrimental. The network dynamics of inflammation change with age, and factors such as genes, lifestyle, and environment contribute to these changes. Current research studying inflammaging is focused on understanding the interaction of dynamic molecular pathways underlying both aging and inflammation and how they change with chronological age.
410:
210:(SASP). Cells with the SASP are characterized by being in cell cycle arrest, releasing inflammatory factors, and possessing a particular morphology. These cells promote tissue degeneration and are able to spread to other regions by way of the inflammatory secretory molecules released. This contributes to inflammaging as inflammatory secretion contributes to innate immune activation and exhaustion.
495:, chronic, low-grade inflammation and immunosenescence may be aggravated by a viral infection, worsening the aging phenotype and contributing to the development of neurodegenerative disease. For example, neuroinflammation has been shown to contribute greatly to the severity and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Infection by the
380:. TNF-alpha exerts its effects by binding to various membrane receptors that belong to the TNF Receptor superfamily. With age, TNF-alpha serum levels negatively correlate with T cell function. Additionally, elevated TNF-alpha levels are associated with increased systemic inflammation and contribute to inflammatory diseases like
123:
287:
are currently used as biomarkers of inflammaging as they are indicative of inflammation and play a large role in the regulation of pro and anti-inflammatory immune regulation. Cytokines are small proteins that are secreted by many cell types that are very relevant in the study of aging and longevity.
405:
changes and a reduction in food intake occurs. This is to decrease the likelihood of ingesting another pathogen as well as preserving receptors critical for pathogen sensing, from sensing pathogenic nutrients instead. Perhaps, this is another reason calorie restriction is beneficial in the treatment
230:
and accumulation of damaged mitochondria that produce large quantities of reactive oxygen species. A loss of effective autophagic processes leads to aggregation of damaged proteins. As inflammasome precision declines with age, these aggregates, normally degraded, can be recognizes as a pathogen and
426:
is readily available. While inflammatory adaptations have evolved to promote survival in times of food deprivation, it does not appear that such adaptations have evolved in periods of over-nutrition. In current times, natural selection does not favor those who are spared from inflammaging, as this
33:
60:
that develops with advanced age, in the absence of overt infection, and may contribute to clinical manifestations of other age-related pathologies. Inflammaging is thought to be caused by a loss of control over systemic inflammation resulting in chronic overstimulation of the
288:
Aging studies show that a healthy balance of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion is associated with successful aging whereas dysregulation of this system results in inflammaging, poor aging phenotypes, and other aging-related diseases. Currently, levels of
1628:
Pedersen M, Bruunsgaard H, Weis N, Hendel HW, Andreassen BU, Eldrup E, Dela F, Pedersen BK (April 2003). "Circulating levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6-relation to truncal fat mass and muscle mass in healthy elderly individuals and in patients with type-2 diabetes".
482:
of infected patients which displayed severe neurological symptoms. Viral infection is capable of inducing neuroinflammation through neuro-immune interactions. While aging is the most significant risk factor in the development of neurodegenerative diseases like
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Fine control and modulation of the immune system response becomes fragile and less precise with age, as seen with other bodily systems. Remodeling of the immune system in the elderly is thought to be characterized by an inability to control
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In prehistoric times, starvation and infection by a pathogen pose as severe risks to survival. Inflammation may have served a protective role in human survival when food and water were scarce and highly contaminated. This explains
307:
ratios as well as the SASP phenotype. Altogether, these biomarkers may not be translationally relevant to clinical outcomes. The generation of more reliable biomarkers of inflammation and aging is of interest in current research.
392:
While inflammation is capable of having negative implications, evolutionarily insight explains how inflammation has served as a layer of protection. It has been proposed that immune, metabolic, and endocrine systems co-evolved.
105:
exhibits immunomodulatory effects and serves as a driver in inflammaging-related diseases. All together, this contribues to a less efficient immune system response to pathogens and chronic, systemic inflammatory phenotypes.
195:. This results in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, which contributes to low grade, chronic inflammation in the absence of pathogen or damage, but rather in response to damaged self molecules like oxidized nucleotides.
143:
which cleave cytokines and result in an inflammatory signaling response. Receptors present on the cell surface act as sensors for the detection of damage and pathogens. When activated, this system can go on to elicit
629:
Fulop, T., Larbi, A., Pawelec, G., Khalil, A., Cohen, A. A., Hirokawa, K., ... & Franceschi, C. (2021). Immunology of aging: the birth of inflammaging. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 1-14.
1726:
Brábek, Jan; Jakubek, Milan; Vellieux, FrĂ©deric; NovotnĂ˝, JiĹ™Ă; Kolář, Michal; Lacina, Lukáš; Szabo, Pavol; Strnadová, KarolĂna; Rösel, Daniel; Dvořánková, Barbora; Smetana, Karel (26 October 2020).
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and the virus was confirmed present in the capillaries and neuronal cells of the frontal lobe of COVID-19 patients. This is corroborated with evidence demonstrating that SARS-CoV2 was present in
167:, whose promiscuity allows for many different signals to lead to activation and consequently to inflammation. Examples of stimuli that act as PAMPS include viral and bacterial infection, such as
418:
Infection by SARS-COV 2 leads to COVID-19 Infection resulting in activation of inflammatory phenotypes by cell types in both the central nervous system and within the immune system network
101:
declines, innate immune mechanisms become overactive and less precise, leading to an increase in pro-inflammatory phenotypes that contributes to "inflammaging." The secretome of senescent
349:. IL-1B is one of the most prominent mediators of inflammation and its secretion is tightly regulated given its potent nature. IL-1B starts in an inactive form and is induced first by
139:
is one mechanism contributing to inflammaging. The inflammasome is a multi-protein complex consisting of a sensor, an adapter, and an effector, that when activated, modulates
443:
510:
Inflammaging has been linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases and has been increasingly recognized as a determinant of cardiovascular outcome.
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can be used as inflammatory biomarkers that indicate frailty, an altered immune system, functional decline and mortality associated with inflammaging .
341:
The interleukin 1 family consists of both pro and anti inflammatory mediators and there are 9 genes that encode different forms of interleukin 1, like
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Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Parini P, Giuliani C, Santoro A (October 2018). "Inflammaging: a new immune-metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases".
207:
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Inflammaging and COVID-19 infection may lead to worse outcomes and contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disease in aged individuals.
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939:
442:, which both increase with advanced chronological age, renders the elderly population more vulnerable to adverse, long term effects of viral
152:
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that, in combination with viral infection by SARS-CoV2, may exhaust immune system function, contributing to worse outcomes when fighting
372:(TNF-alpha) is an inflammatory cytokine produced upon acute inflammation and is an important signaling molecule responsible for inducing
156:
384:. TNF-alpha signaling is thought to be up-regulated during inflammaging and contributes to cellular senescence and immune exhaustion.
231:
lead to an inflammatory response. This contributes to inflammaging and is also involved in many neurodegenerative diseases as well.
557:
Alberro, Ainhoa; Iribarren-Lopez, Andrea; Sáenz-Cuesta, MatĂas; Matheu, Ander; Vergara, Itziar; Otaegui, David (23 February 2021).
854:
Lyamina, S.; Baranovskii, D.; Kozhevnikova, E.; Ivanova, T.; Kalish, S.; Sadekov, T.; Klabukov, I.; Maev, I.; Govorun, V. (2023).
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Puspitasari, Yustina M.; Ministrini, Stefano; Schwarz, Lena; Karch, Caroline; Liberale, Luca; Camici, Giovanni G. (18 May 2022).
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Bartleson, Juliet M.; Radenkovic, Dina; Covarrubias, Anthony J.; Furman, David; Winer, Daniel A.; Verdin, Eric (September 2021).
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Rea, Irene Maeve; Gibson, David S.; McGilligan, Victoria; McNerlan, Susan E.; Alexander, H. Denis; Ross, Owen A. (9 April 2018).
41:
Aging leads to perturbations in cellular homeostasis leading to inflammaging that results in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion.
660:
Dugan, B., Conway, J., & Duggal, N. A. (2023). Inflammaging as a target for healthy ageing. Age and Ageing, 52(2), afac328.
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IL-6 is pro-inflammatory in nature and can be produced by many cells of the immune system as well as non-immune cells, like
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occurring in any stage of the individual's life. Cytokines with inflammatory properties can also be secreted by fat tissue.
97:
being produced decreases, and the composition and quality of the mature lymphocyte pool changes. While the effectiveness of
492:
164:
401:, which involves innate immune system activation after ingesting a meal. Additionally, during infection by a pathogen,
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and sometimes cell death. Pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion acts as the effector or the response to such stimuli.
131:
Release of ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in response to inflammasome assembly after DAMP / PAMP binding
2019:
Franceschi, C.; Bonafè, M.; Valensin, S.; Olivieri, F.; De Luca, M.; Ottaviani, E.; De
Benedictis, G. (June 2000).
145:
175:, respectively. Examples of DAMPS include misfolded and oxidized proteins, cell debris, and self nucleic acids.
122:
1787:"Interleukin 1 genetics, inflammatory mechanisms, and nutrigenetic opportunities to modulate diseases of aging"
271:
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Gordleeva, Susanna; Kanakov, Oleg; Ivanchenko, Mikhail; Zaikin, Alexey; Franceschi, Claudio (1 October 2020).
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Franceschi, Claudio; Garagnani, Paolo; Parini, Paolo; Giuliani, Cristina; Santoro, Aurelia (October 2018).
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Fulop, Tamas; Cohen, Alan; Wong, Glenn; Witkowski, Jacek M.; Larbi, Anis (2019), Moskalev, Alexey (ed.),
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populations increase with age and secrete a pro-inflammatory cocktail of chemicals, a condition known as
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102:
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Domingues, Renato; Lippi, Alice; Setz, Cristian; Outeiro, Tiago F.; Krisko, Anita (29 September 2020).
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559:"Inflammaging markers characteristic of advanced age show similar levels with frailty and dependency"
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1304:"Inflammaging and Oxidative Stress in Human Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Novel Treatments"
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Meier J, Sturm A (2009). "The intestinal epithelial barrier: does it become impaired with age?".
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TNF alpha binding to receptors induces apoptosis and necrosis through various signaling pathways.
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1196:"Chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and its potential contribution to age-associated diseases"
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Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Preacher KJ, MacCallum RC, Atkinson C, Malarkey WB, Glaser R (July 2003).
438:, involving the ability to fight off pathogens, declines with age. Chronic inflammation and
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These same inflammatory processes may be detrimental towards humans in current society where
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2259: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
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Inflammation is essential to protect against viral and bacterial infection, as well as
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187:(ROS). These free radicals can damage DNA, lipid, and protein and is able to drive
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Inflammaging is a complex and systemic issue, likely a result of several factors.
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814:
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In addition to inflammasome activation, with age, cellular components accumulate
1894:"Inflammaging decreases adaptive and innate immune responses in mice and humans"
1836:"TNF alpha and the TNF receptor superfamily: structure-function relationship(s)"
931:
926:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 941. pp. 21–29.
2148:"SARS-CoV-2, immunosenescence and inflammaging: partners in the COVID-19 crime"
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1571:"Chronic stress and age-related increases in the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6"
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capacity. This is an essential process for cellular housekeeping that prevents
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1079:"The NLRP3 inflammasome: molecular activation and regulation to therapeutics"
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2020:
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1728:"Interleukin-6: Molecule in the Intersection of Cancer, Ageing and COVID-19"
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Biomarkers of immuno-senescence also exist and involved changes to T cells,
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163:. These various self, non-self, and quasi self molecules are recognized by
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691:"Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines"
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635:
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1302:
Zuo; Prather; Stetskiv; Garrison; Meade; Peace; Zhou (10 September 2019).
1956:"Inflammaging: a new immune–metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases"
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1980:
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1028:"The NLRP3 Inflammasome as a Critical Actor in the Inflammaging Process"
1418:"Inflammaging: disturbed interplay between autophagy and inflammasomes"
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140:
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10.1002/1097-0029(20000801)50:3<184::AID-JEMT2>3.0.CO;2-H
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virus was shown to contribute to
Parkinson's disease development.
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346:
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322:
270:
1416:
Salminen, Antero; Kaarniranta, Kai; Kauppinen, Anu (March 2012).
2021:"Inflamm-aging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence"
1077:
Swanson, Karen V.; Deng, Meng; Ting, Jenny P.-Y. (August 2019).
748:
Montecino-Rodriguez E, Berent-Maoz B, Dorshkind K (March 2013).
924:
Regulation of
Cytokine Gene Expression in Immunity and Diseases
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Another contribution to inflammaging is a decline in effective
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Other possible factors that may lead to inflamm-aging include
27:
Chronic low-grade inflammation that develops with advanced age
1026:
Sebastian-Valverde, Maria; Pasinetti, Giulio M. (June 2020).
1134:
Malik, Ankit; Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi (1 December 2017).
799:"Impact of mesenchymal stem cell senescence on inflammaging"
750:"Causes, consequences, and reversal of immune system aging"
2205:"Modern Concepts in Cardiovascular Disease: Inflamm-Aging"
527:
332:
Crystal protein structure of tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
856:"Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as a Driver of Inflammaging"
470:
Available evidence indicates that SARS-CoV2 enters the
1892:
Frasca, Daniela; Blomberg, Bonnie B. (February 2016).
151:
Stimuli that can fuel inflammasome assembly include
1237:Chatterjee, Nimrat; Walker, Graham C. (June 2017).
2084:"SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system"
1239:"Mechanisms of DNA damage, repair and mutagenesis"
1136:"Inflammasome activation and assembly at a glance"
191:. This is accompanied by a loss in efficiency of
1834:Idriss, H. T.; Naismith, J. H. (1 August 2000).
1189:
1187:
973:"NLRP3 inflammasome activation in inflammaging"
971:Latz, Eicke; Duewell, Peter (1 December 2018).
65:. Inflammaging is a significant risk factor in
259:, impaired intestinal epithelial barrier, and
427:occurs at ages past the reproduction window.
415:Cytokine Storm Induced by SARS-CoV2 Infection
277:TNF Mediated Cell Survival and Death Pathway
214:Functional decline in autophagy and mitophagy
8:
361:to induce the mature, active form of IL-1B.
2209:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
1732:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1308:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1201:Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences
860:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2025:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1791:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
918:Yazdi, Amir S.; Ghoreschi, Kamran (2016).
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208:senescence-associated secretory phenotype
103:mesenchymal stem and stromal cells (MSCs)
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1243:Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis
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357:and requires a second stimulus by the
153:pathogen-associated molecular patterns
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1785:Kornman, Kenneth S. (February 2006).
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754:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
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179:Generation of reactive oxygen species
7:
1631:Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
446:. Inflammaging alone contributes to
157:damage associated molecular patterns
128:Inflammasome Activation and Assembly
448:pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion
146:pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion
56:) is a chronic, sterile, low-grade
2045:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06651.x
1363:"Brain aging and garbage cleaning"
466:Corona virus resulting in COVID-19
25:
1840:Microscopy Research and Technique
2254:
1194:Franceschi C, Campisi J (2014).
165:receptors of innate immune cells
38:Factors involved in Inflammaging
329:Crystal Structure of TNF-alpha
1:
1643:10.1016/s0047-6374(03)00027-7
1475:Nature Reviews. Endocrinology
493:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
1960:Nature Reviews Endocrinology
1686:10.1007/978-3-030-24970-0_15
815:10.5483/BMBRep.2020.53.2.291
797:Lee, B.C.; Yu, K.R. (2020).
193:DNA damage repair mechanisms
159:(DAMPS), nutrients, and the
1367:Seminars in Immunopathology
932:10.1007/978-94-024-0921-5_2
370:Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
365:Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
2312:
2100:10.1038/s43587-021-00114-7
1379:10.1007/s00281-020-00816-x
989:10.1016/j.smim.2018.09.001
920:"The Interleukin-1 Family"
650:10.1007/s12016-021-08899-6
583:10.1038/s41598-021-83991-7
399:post prandial inflammation
388:Evolutionary consideration
267:Biomarkers of inflammaging
93:. With age, the number of
2222:10.3389/fcell.2022.882211
1972:10.1038/s41574-018-0059-4
1910:10.1007/s10522-015-9578-8
1678:Biomarkers of Human Aging
1487:10.1038/s41574-018-0059-4
1095:10.1038/s41577-019-0165-0
1083:Nature Reviews Immunology
431:Inflammaging and COVID-19
708:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00586
1596:10.1073/pnas.1531903100
1140:Journal of Cell Science
695:Frontiers in Immunology
506:Cardiovascular diseases
185:reactive oxygen species
135:Over-activation of the
118:Inflammasome activation
1804:10.1093/ajcn/83.2.475S
977:Seminars in Immunology
673:10.1093/ageing/afac328
472:central nervous system
467:
444:infection by SARS-CoV2
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333:
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132:
99:adaptive immune system
42:
2164:10.18632/aging.103989
1434:10.18632/aging.100444
1215:10.1093/gerona/glu057
480:cerebral spinal fluid
460:
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326:
274:
125:
91:systemic inflammation
73:in aged individuals.
35:
1745:10.3390/ijms21217937
1321:10.3390/ijms20184472
1045:10.3390/cells9061552
873:10.3390/ijms24076372
382:rheumatoid arthritis
63:innate immune system
2158:(18): 18778–18789.
2037:2000NYASA.908..244F
1587:2003PNAS..100.9090K
1255:2017EnvMM..58..235C
575:2021NatSR..11.4358A
351:toll like receptors
253:physical inactivity
228:protein aggregation
189:cellular senescence
1528:Digestive Diseases
1152:10.1242/jcs.207365
563:Scientific Reports
468:
420:
334:
282:
241:insufficient sleep
133:
43:
2152:Aging (Albany NY)
1695:978-3-030-24970-0
1540:10.1159/000228556
1208:(Supp 1): s4–s9.
1146:(23): 3955–3963.
941:978-94-024-0919-2
436:Adaptive immunity
406:of inflammaging.
16:(Redirected from
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440:immunosenescence
403:leptin synthesis
249:sensory overload
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2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2145:
2144:
2133:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2018:
2017:
2013:
1966:(10): 576–590.
1953:
1952:
1943:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1696:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1481:(10): 576–590.
1472:
1471:
1467:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1025:
1024:
1020:
970:
969:
965:
942:
917:
916:
907:
853:
852:
848:
796:
795:
791:
747:
746:
742:
688:
687:
678:
659:
655:
628:
624:
556:
555:
546:
536:
534:
526:
525:
521:
516:
508:
463:SARS-CoV2 Virus
433:
390:
367:
339:
314:
269:
237:
216:
201:
181:
169:cytomegalovirus
120:
112:
86:
84:Characteristics
78:noxious stimuli
48:(also known as
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2286:Biogerontology
2283:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2195:
2131:
2094:(9): 769–782.
2074:
2031:(1): 244–254.
2011:
1941:
1898:Biogerontology
1881:
1846:(3): 184–195.
1826:
1777:
1715:
1694:
1664:
1637:(4): 495–502.
1620:
1581:(15): 9090–5.
1561:
1518:
1465:
1428:(3): 166–175.
1408:
1373:(5): 647–665.
1353:
1294:
1249:(5): 235–263.
1229:
1183:
1126:
1089:(8): 477–489.
1069:
1018:
963:
940:
905:
846:
789:
740:
676:
653:
622:
544:
518:
517:
515:
512:
507:
504:
432:
429:
424:over-nutrition
389:
386:
366:
363:
338:
335:
313:
310:
268:
265:
261:chronic stress
257:gut microbiome
236:
233:
215:
212:
204:Senescent cell
200:
199:SASP phenotype
197:
180:
177:
119:
116:
111:
108:
85:
82:
54:inflamm-ageing
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2308:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:Inflammations
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
912:
910:
906:
901:
897:
892:
887:
883:
879:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
850:
847:
842:
838:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
790:
785:
781:
776:
771:
767:
763:
760:(3): 958–65.
759:
755:
751:
744:
741:
736:
732:
727:
722:
718:
714:
709:
704:
700:
696:
692:
685:
683:
681:
677:
674:
670:
667:
663:
657:
654:
651:
647:
644:
640:
637:
633:
626:
623:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
553:
551:
549:
545:
533:
529:
523:
520:
513:
511:
505:
503:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
477:
473:
465:
464:
459:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
430:
428:
425:
417:
416:
411:
407:
404:
400:
394:
387:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
364:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
337:Interleukin 1
336:
331:
330:
325:
321:
319:
312:Interleukin 6
311:
309:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
286:
279:
278:
273:
266:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:overnutrition
242:
235:Other factors
234:
232:
229:
225:
221:
213:
211:
209:
205:
198:
196:
194:
190:
186:
178:
176:
174:
173:periodontitis
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
142:
138:
130:
129:
124:
117:
115:
109:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
83:
81:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
59:
55:
51:
50:inflamm-aging
47:
40:
39:
34:
30:
19:
18:Inflammageing
2253:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2155:
2151:
2091:
2088:Nature Aging
2087:
2077:
2028:
2024:
2014:
1981:11585/736269
1963:
1959:
1901:
1897:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1738:(21): 7937.
1735:
1731:
1707:, retrieved
1677:
1667:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1534:(3): 240–5.
1531:
1527:
1521:
1496:11585/675065
1478:
1474:
1468:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1314:(18): 4472.
1311:
1307:
1297:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1205:
1199:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1035:
1031:
1021:
980:
976:
966:
923:
863:
859:
849:
809:(2): 65–73.
806:
802:
792:
757:
753:
743:
698:
694:
656:
625:
566:
562:
535:. Retrieved
531:
522:
509:
501:
474:through the
469:
462:
461:
434:
421:
414:
413:
395:
391:
368:
359:inflammasome
340:
328:
327:
315:
302:
283:
276:
275:
238:
217:
202:
182:
150:
137:inflammasome
134:
127:
126:
113:
87:
75:
58:inflammation
53:
49:
46:Inflammaging
45:
44:
37:
36:
29:
1904:(1): 7–19.
1709:27 November
1038:(6): 1552.
866:(7): 6372.
803:BMB Reports
569:(1): 4358.
537:29 November
528:"BioRender"
489:Parkinson's
318:fibroblasts
95:lymphocytes
2275:Categories
2215:: 882211.
514:References
485:Alzheimers
255:, altered
161:microbiota
2261:CC BY 4.0
2231:2296-634X
2172:1945-4589
2108:2662-8465
2053:0077-8923
1990:1759-5037
1918:1389-5729
1860:1059-910X
1813:0002-9165
1754:1422-0067
1704:203442315
1442:1945-4589
1403:222235623
1387:1863-2300
1330:1422-0067
1271:0893-6692
1160:1477-9137
1103:1474-1733
997:1044-5323
983:: 61–73.
950:0065-2598
882:1422-0067
823:1976-670X
717:1664-3224
617:232039252
591:2045-2322
532:BioRender
374:apoptosis
285:Cytokines
224:mitophagy
220:autophagy
155:(PAMPS),
71:morbidity
67:mortality
2263:license.
2249:35663390
2190:32991323
2126:34746804
2061:10911963
2006:50785788
1998:30046148
1936:25921609
1868:10891884
1821:16470016
1772:33114676
1659:20234017
1651:12714258
1615:12840146
1556:40407420
1548:19786747
1513:50785788
1505:30046148
1460:22411934
1395:33034735
1348:31510091
1289:28485537
1224:24833586
1178:29196474
1121:31036962
1064:32604771
1013:52890879
1005:30268598
958:27734407
900:37047346
891:10094085
841:31964472
784:23454758
735:29686666
666:36735849
636:34536213
609:33623057
452:COVID-19
378:necrosis
141:caspases
2296:Old age
2240:9158480
2181:7585069
2117:8570568
2069:1843716
2033:Bibcode
1927:4626429
1876:3003943
1763:7662856
1583:Bibcode
1451:3348477
1339:6769561
1280:5474181
1251:Bibcode
1169:5769591
1112:7807242
1055:7348816
832:7061209
775:3582124
726:5900450
701:: 586.
643:8449217
600:7902838
571:Bibcode
305:CD4/CD8
2281:Ageing
2247:
2237:
2229:
2188:
2178:
2170:
2124:
2114:
2106:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1934:
1924:
1916:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1819:
1811:
1770:
1760:
1752:
1702:
1692:
1657:
1649:
1613:
1606:166443
1603:
1554:
1546:
1511:
1503:
1458:
1448:
1440:
1401:
1393:
1385:
1346:
1336:
1328:
1287:
1277:
1269:
1222:
1176:
1166:
1158:
1119:
1109:
1101:
1062:
1052:
1011:
1003:
995:
956:
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938:
898:
888:
880:
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829:
821:
782:
772:
733:
723:
715:
664:
641:
634:
615:
607:
597:
589:
491:, and
110:Causes
2065:S2CID
2002:S2CID
1872:S2CID
1700:S2CID
1655:S2CID
1552:S2CID
1509:S2CID
1422:Aging
1399:S2CID
1032:Cells
1009:S2CID
613:S2CID
347:IL-1B
343:Il-1a
2245:PMID
2227:ISSN
2186:PMID
2168:ISSN
2122:PMID
2104:ISSN
2057:PMID
2049:ISSN
1994:PMID
1986:ISSN
1932:PMID
1914:ISSN
1864:PMID
1856:ISSN
1817:PMID
1809:ISSN
1768:PMID
1750:ISSN
1711:2021
1690:ISBN
1647:PMID
1611:PMID
1544:PMID
1501:PMID
1456:PMID
1438:ISSN
1391:PMID
1383:ISSN
1344:PMID
1326:ISSN
1285:PMID
1267:ISSN
1220:PMID
1174:PMID
1156:ISSN
1117:PMID
1099:ISSN
1060:PMID
1001:PMID
993:ISSN
954:PMID
946:ISSN
936:ISBN
896:PMID
878:ISSN
837:PMID
819:ISSN
780:PMID
731:PMID
713:ISSN
662:PMID
632:PMID
605:PMID
587:ISSN
539:2021
497:H1N1
355:TNFa
345:and
298:IL-1
296:and
294:IL-6
290:TNFa
222:and
171:and
69:and
2235:PMC
2217:doi
2176:PMC
2160:doi
2112:PMC
2096:doi
2041:doi
2029:908
1976:hdl
1968:doi
1922:PMC
1906:doi
1848:doi
1799:doi
1758:PMC
1740:doi
1682:doi
1639:doi
1635:124
1601:PMC
1591:doi
1579:100
1536:doi
1491:hdl
1483:doi
1446:PMC
1430:doi
1375:doi
1334:PMC
1316:doi
1275:PMC
1259:doi
1210:doi
1164:PMC
1148:doi
1144:130
1107:PMC
1091:doi
1050:PMC
1040:doi
985:doi
928:doi
886:PMC
868:doi
827:PMC
811:doi
770:PMC
762:doi
758:123
721:PMC
703:doi
669:doi
646:doi
639:PMC
595:PMC
579:doi
376:or
353:or
52:or
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2000:.
1992:.
1984:.
1974:.
1964:14
1962:.
1958:.
1944:^
1930:.
1920:.
1912:.
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1900:.
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