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285:– Two openings. A monophyletic group including all modern reptiles and birds. Turtles, though not diapsids in a purely anatomical sense, qualify as members of the clade Diapsida due to their likely diapsid ancestry. Some diapsids, particularly modern lizards, have an infratemporal fenestra which is open from below due to a lack of contact between the jugal and
113:, is positioned above the other fenestra and is exposed primarily in dorsal (top) view. In some reptiles, particularly dinosaurs, the parts of the skull roof lying between the supratemporal fenestrae are thinned out by excavations from the adjacent fenestrae. These extended margins of thinned bone are called
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Physiological speculation associates temporal fenestrae with a rise in metabolic rates and an increase in jaw musculature. The earlier amniotes of the
Carboniferous did not have temporal fenestrae, but two more advanced lines did: the
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There are four types of amniote skull, classified by the number and location of their temporal fenestrae. Though historically important for understanding amniote evolution, some of these configurations have little relevance to modern
57:(eye socket). These openings have historically been used to track the evolution and affinities of reptiles. Temporal fenestrae are commonly (although not universally) seen in the fossilized skulls of
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group, as reptiles with euryapsid skulls lack a shared common ancestor. Euryapsids evolved from a diapsid configuration, losing their lower temporal fenestra. Examples of euryapsid reptiles include
350:"Morphology of the temporal skull region in tetrapods: research history, functional explanations, and a new comprehensive classification scheme"
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163:. Most mammals have this merged configuration. Later, primates re-evolved an orbit separated from the
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to the infratemporal fenestra, as displayed most clearly by early synapsids. In later synapsids, the
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69:, for example, is defined by the presence of two temporal fenestrae on each side of the skull. The
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128:. Note the presence of only one infratemporal fenestra above the zygomatic arch (cheek bone).
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Skull of an idealised diapsid, with upper and lower temporal fenestrae behind the eye socket
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309:"Morphofunctional Categories and Ontogenetic Origin of Temporal Skull Openings in Amniotes"
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have an anapsid skull, but this was likely acquired secondarily from a diapsid ancestor.
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Temporal fenestrae in relation to the other skull openings in the
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of reptiles, including birds). The major reptile group
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Opening in the skull behind the orbit in some animals
170:This separation was achieved by the evolution of a
348:Abel, Pascal; Werneburg, Ingmar (October 2021).
414:(8th ed.). Allyn & Bacon. p. 85.
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251:group including mammals and their ancestors.
410:Campbell, B. G. & Loy, J. D. (2000).
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151:bones. This single temporal fenestra is
124:The skull of an infant human, a type of
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221:("primitive") condition exemplified by
178:(dry-nosed primates) later evolving a
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225:as well as some early reptiles like
190:(stem-mammals and mammals) and the
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194:(most reptiles and later birds).
243:– One low opening (beneath the
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313:Frontiers in Earth Science
307:Werneburg, Ingmar (2019).
61:and other sauropsids (the
75:lateral temporal fenestra
326:10.3389/feart.2019.00013
247:and squamosal bones). A
111:upper temporal fenestra
79:lower temporal fenestra
210:. The four types are:
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107:supratemporal fenestra
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71:infratemporal fenestra
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18:Infratemporal fenestra
447:Foramina of the skull
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115:supratemporal fossae
41:are openings in the
217:– No openings. The
412:Humankind Emerging
354:Biological Reviews
198:Fenestration types
180:postorbital septum
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109:, also called the
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73:, also called the
39:Temporal fenestrae
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366:10.1111/brv.12751
16:(Redirected from
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442:Dinosaur anatomy
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141:zygomatic arch
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393:. Retrieved
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263:ichthyosaurs
259:polyphyletic
249:monophyletic
231:parareptiles
227:captorhinids
205:phylogenetic
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267:plesiosaurs
245:postorbital
176:haplorhines
63:total group
436:Categories
395:7 December
294:References
271:placodonts
255:Euryapsida
223:amphibians
161:therapsids
153:homologous
390:235256536
374:1464-7931
335:2296-6463
241:Synapsida
188:synapsids
157:cynodonts
149:squamosal
133:Synapsids
59:dinosaurs
382:34056833
283:Diapsida
215:Anapsida
208:taxonomy
192:diapsids
126:synapsid
90:dinosaur
67:Diapsida
51:amniotes
49:of some
43:temporal
235:Turtles
174:, with
137:mammals
99:diapsid
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289:bones.
273:, and
386:S2CID
145:jugal
55:orbit
47:skull
416:ISBN
397:2022
378:PMID
370:ISSN
331:ISSN
229:and
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