169:
708:(released first in 1975) and an even earlier, similar machine (based on the Intel 8008 CPU) had no bootstrapping hardware as such. When powered-up, the CPU would see memory that would contain random data. The front panels of these machines carried toggle switches for entering addresses and data, one switch per bit of the computer memory word and address bus. Simple additions to the hardware permitted one memory location at a time to be loaded from those switches to store bootstrap code. Meanwhile, the CPU was kept from attempting to execute memory content. Once correctly loaded, the CPU was enabled to execute the bootstrapping code. This process, similar to that used for several earlier minicomputers, was tedious and had to be error-free.
2043:
problems, relating to project organization, project control and product quality. Many processes will become distributed as well. The defect detection process, so important for measuring and eventually achieving product quality, is typically one of the first to experience problems caused by the distributed nature of the project. The distribution of defect detection activities over several parties introduces risks like the inadequate review of work products, occurrence of "blind spots" with respect to test coverage or over-testing of components. Lifecycle-wide coordination of defect detection is therefore needed to ensure effectiveness and efficiency of defect detection activities. —J.J.M. Trienekens; R.J. Kusters. (2004)
1878:. Such an interface may be used to write the boot loader program into bootable non-volatile memory (e.g. flash) by instructing the processor core to perform the necessary actions to program non-volatile memory. Alternatively, the debug interface may be used to upload some diagnostic or boot code into RAM, and then to start the processor core and instruct it to execute the uploaded code. This allows, for example, the recovery of embedded systems where no software remains on any supported boot device, and where the processor does not have any integrated boot ROM. JTAG is a standard and popular interface; many CPUs, microcontrollers and other devices are manufactured with JTAG interfaces (as of 2009).
888:. Retrieval of the OS from secondary or tertiary store was thus eliminated as one of the characteristic operations for bootstrapping. To allow system customizations, accessories, and other support software to be loaded automatically, the Atari's floppy drive was read for additional components during the boot process. There was a timeout delay that provided time to manually insert a floppy as the system searched for the extra components. This could be avoided by inserting a blank disk. The Atari ST hardware was also designed so the cartridge slot could provide native program execution for gaming purposes as a holdover from Atari's legacy making electronic games; by inserting the
782:, included an (external) ROM. Gruppi Speciali was, starting from 1975, a fully single-button machine booting into the operating system from a ROM memory composed from semiconductors, not from ferrite cores. Although the ROM device was not natively embedded in the computer of Gruppi Speciali, due to the design of the machine, it also allowed the single-button ROM booting in machines not designed for that (therefore, this "bootstrap device" was architecture-independent), e.g. the PDP-11. Storing the state of the machine after the switch-off was also in place, which was another critical feature in the telephone switching contest.
5533:
1050:
instructions typically start an input operation from some peripheral device (which may be switch-selectable by the operator). Other systems may send hardware commands directly to peripheral devices or I/O controllers that cause an extremely simple input operation (such as "read sector zero of the system device into memory starting at location 1000") to be carried out, effectively loading a small number of boot loader instructions into memory; a completion signal from the I/O device may then be used to start execution of the instructions by the CPU.
54:
866:, are so closely interwoven with their hardware that it is impossible to natively boot an operating system other than the standard one. This is the opposite extreme of the scenario using switches mentioned above; it is highly inflexible but relatively error-proof and foolproof as long as all hardware is working normally. A common solution in such situations is to design a boot loader that works as a program belonging to the standard OS that hijacks the system and loads the alternative OS. This technique was used by Apple for its
771:(1971) had a program load switch that, in combination with options that provided two ROM chips, loaded a program into main memory from those ROM chips and jumped to it. Digital Equipment Corporation introduced the integrated-circuit-ROM-based BM873 (1974), M9301 (1977), M9312 (1978), REV11-A and REV11-C, MRV11-C, and MRV11-D ROM memories, all usable as bootstrap ROMs. The PDP-11/34 (1976), PDP-11/60 (1977), PDP-11/24 (1979), and most later models include boot ROM modules.
1988:
1838:(DSPs) may have boot ROM integrated directly into their silicon, so such a processor can perform a simple boot sequence on its own and load boot programs (firmware or software) from boot sources such as NAND flash or eMMC. It is difficult to hardwire all the required logic for handling such devices, so an integrated boot ROM is used instead in such scenarios. Also, a boot ROM may be able to load a boot loader or diagnostic program via serial interfaces like
1812:
1906:, since it usually boots first from its own memories and then controls overall system behavior, including booting of the DSP, and then further controlling the DSP's behavior. The DSP often lacks its own boot memories and relies on the host processor to supply the required code instead. The most notable systems with such a design are cell phones, modems, audio and video players and so on, where a DSP and a CPU/microcontroller are co-existing.
1293:
330:(1953), a decimal machine, which had a group of ten 10-position switches on its operator panel which were addressable as a memory word (address 8000) and could be executed as an instruction. Thus setting the switches to 7004000400 and pressing the appropriate button would read the first card in the card reader into memory (op code 70), starting at address 400 and then jump to 400 to begin executing the program on that card. The
1459:
1475:
717:
311:
261:
513:
323:
the information in these first 80 memory locations to an assembly area where the information in punched cards 2, 3, 4, and so on, could be combined to form the stored program. Once this information was moved to the assembly area, the machine would branch to an instruction in location 080 (read a card) and the next card would be read and its information processed.
295:, or a magnetic drum unit, depending on the position of the Load Selector switch. The left 18-bit half-word was then executed as an instruction, which usually read additional words into memory. The loaded boot program was then executed, which, in turn, loaded a larger program from that medium into memory without further help from the human operator. The
1207:). Some boot loaders can also load other boot loaders; for example, GRUB loads BOOTMGR instead of loading Windows directly. Usually a default choice is preselected with a time delay during which a user can press a key to change the choice; after this delay, the default choice is automatically run so normal booting can occur without interaction.
156:. The usage calls attention to the requirement that, if most software is loaded onto a computer by other software already running on the computer, some mechanism must exist to load the initial software onto the computer. Early computers used a variety of ad-hoc methods to get a small program into memory to solve this problem. The invention of
1271:(PXE) image. No drivers are required, but the system functionality is limited until the operating system kernel and drivers are transferred and started. As a result, once the ROM-based booting has completed it is entirely possible to network boot into an operating system that itself does not have the ability to use the network interface.
696:
tape reader. The difference between the boot loader and second stage loader is the addition of checking code to trap paper tape read errors, a frequent occurrence with relatively low-cost, "part-time-duty" hardware, such as the
Teletype Model 33 ASR. (Friden Flexowriters were far more reliable, but also comparatively costly.)
424:, revived it for the design of the System/360, and continues to use it in those environments today. In the System/360 processors, an IPL is initiated by the computer operator by selecting the three hexadecimal digit device address (CUU; C=I/O Channel address, UU=Control unit and Device address) followed by pressing the
4800:), and as soon as the boot sector is a DR-DOS sector, it will find and load them. Of course, it is difficult to put all this into just 512 bytes, the size of a single sector, but this is a major convenience improvement if you have to set up a DR-DOS system, and it is also the key for the DR-DOS multi-OS
835:
introduced in 1976, featured PROM chips that eliminated the need for a front panel for the boot process (as was the case with the Altair 8800) in a commercial computer. According to Apple's ad announcing it "No More
Switches, No More Lights ... the firmware in PROMS enables you to enter, display and
390:
where there is neither a bootstrap ROM nor a hardwired IPL operation. Instead, after the system is reset it reads and executes microinstructions sequentially from a cassette tape drive mounted on the front panel; this sets up a boot loader in RAM which is then executed. However, since this makes few
4795:
file, which is loaded by IBMBIO.COM. The DR-DOS boot sector will find the kernel files as long as they are logically stored in the root directory. Their physical location on the disk, and if they are fragmented or not, is don't care for the DR-DOS boot sector. Hence, you can just copy the kernel
2068:
An erroneous state can trigger bootloops; this state can be caused by misconfiguration from previously known-good operations. Recovery attempts from that erroneous state then enter a reboot, in an attempt to return to a known-good state. In
Windows OS operations, for example, the recovery procedure
2042:
As the complexity of today's products increases, single projects, single departments or even single companies can no longer develop total products, causing concurrent and distributed development. Today and worldwide, industries are facing complex product development and its vast array of associated
1710:
EBPB introduced with DOS 7.1 requires even 87 bytes, leaving only 423 bytes for the boot loader when assuming a sector size of 512 bytes. Microsoft boot sectors therefore traditionally imposed certain restrictions on the boot process, for example, the boot file had to be located at a fixed position
816:
Typically, a microprocessor will, after a reset or power-on condition, perform a start-up process that usually takes the form of "begin execution of the code that is found starting at a specific address" or "look for a multibyte code at a specific address and jump to the indicated location to begin
695:
The length of the second stage loader is such that the final byte overwrites location 7. After the instruction in location 6 executes, location 7 starts the second stage loader executing. The second stage loader then waits for the much longer tape containing the operating system to be placed in the
584:
and held a 32 by 16 array of semiconductor diodes. With all 512 diodes in place, the memory contained all "one" bits; the card was programmed by cutting off each diode whose bit was to be "zero". DEC also sold versions of the card, the BM792-Yx series, pre-programmed for many standard input devices
378:
had a "READ IN" button that, when pressed, reset the processor and started an I/O operation on a device specified by switches on the control panel, reading in a 36-bit word giving a target address and count for subsequent word reads; when the read completed, the processor started executing the code
2571:
VBR would only load the first 29 KB of the file into memory, relying on another loader embedded into the first part of IBMBIO.COM to check for this condition and load the remainder of the file into memory by itself if necessary. This does not cause compatibility problems, as IBMBIO.COM's size
334:
have a similar mechanism, in which the Load button causes the instruction set up in the entry keys on the front panel is executed, and the channel that instruction sets up is given a command to transfer data to memory starting at address 00100; when that transfer finishes, the CPU jumps to address
322:
system (c. 1958) used a card reader to load a program from a punched card. The 80 characters stored in the punched card were read into memory locations 001 to 080, then the computer would branch to memory location 001 to read its first stored instruction. This instruction was always the same: move
1881:
Some microcontrollers provide special hardware interfaces which cannot be used to take arbitrary control of a system or directly run code, but instead they allow the insertion of boot code into bootable non-volatile memory (like flash memory) via simple protocols. Then at the manufacturing phase,
1749:
If there is no active partition, or the active partition's boot sector is invalid, the MBR may load a secondary boot loader which will select a partition (often via user input) and load its boot sector, which usually loads the corresponding operating system kernel. In some cases, the MBR may also
1726:
physical sectors and using 386 instructions for size reasons. At the same time other vendors managed to squeeze much more functionality into a single boot sector without relaxing the original constraints on only minimal available memory (32 KB) and processor support (8088/8086). For example,
1237:
Large and complex systems may have boot procedures that proceed in multiple phases until finally the operating system and other programs are loaded and ready to execute. Because operating systems are designed as if they never start or stop, a boot loader might load the operating system, configure
1097:
On systems with those constraints, the first program loaded into RAM may not be sufficiently large to load the operating system and, instead, must load another, larger program. The first program loaded into RAM is called a first-stage boot loader, and the program it loads is called a second-stage
1053:
Smaller computers often use less flexible but more automatic boot loader mechanisms to ensure that the computer starts quickly and with a predetermined software configuration. In many desktop computers, for example, the bootstrapping process begins with the CPU executing software contained in ROM
1049:
Some earlier computer systems, upon receiving a boot signal from a human operator or a peripheral device, may load a very small number of fixed instructions into memory at a specific location, initialize at least one CPU, and then point the CPU to the instructions and start their execution. These
1897:
In case of DSPs there is often a second microprocessor or microcontroller present in the system design, and this is responsible for overall system behavior, interrupt handling, dealing with external events, user interface, etc. while the DSP is dedicated to signal processing tasks only. In such
1882:
such interfaces are used to inject boot code (and possibly other code) into non-volatile memory. After system reset, the microcontroller begins to execute code programmed into its non-volatile memory, just like usual processors are using ROMs for booting. Most notably this technique is used by
500:
The disk, tape or card deck must contain a special program to load the actual operating system or standalone utility into main storage, and for this specific purpose "IPL Text" is placed on the disk by the stand-alone DASDI (Direct Access
Storage Device Initialization) program or an equivalent
472:
read-type command, but exactly the same procedure is also used to IPL from other input-type devices, such as tape drives, or even card readers, in a device-independent manner, allowing, for example, the installation of an operating system on a brand-new computer from an OS initial distribution
4877:, DR-DOS has "smart" boot sectors which will actually "mount" the file-system to search for and load the system files in the root directory instead of expecting them to be placed at a certain location. Physically, the system files can be located anywhere and also can be fragmented.
4808:
kernel files must reside on specific locations, but the DR-DOS files can be anywhere, so you don't have to physically swap them around each time you boot the other OS. Also, it allows to upgrade a DR-DOS system simply by copying the kernel files over the old ones, no need for
4510:
The first instruction that is fetched and executed following a hardware reset is located at physical address FFFFFFF0h. This address is 16 bytes below the processor's uppermost physical address. The EPROM containing the software-initialization code must be located at this
1717:
command and slightly relaxed in later versions of DOS. The boot loader was then able to load the first three sectors of the file into memory, which happened to contain another embedded boot loader able to load the remainder of the file into memory. When
Microsoft added
1850:
and so on. This feature is often used for system recovery purposes, or it could also be used for initial non-volatile memory programming when there is no software available in the non-volatile memory yet. Many modern microcontrollers (e.g. flash memory controller on
1377:. If the boot order is set to "first, the DVD drive; second, the hard disk drive", then the firmware will try to boot from the DVD drive, and if this fails (e.g. because there is no DVD in the drive), it will try to boot from the local hard disk drive.
1870:
initialization using CPU cache as RAM) and load the larger, fully featured version of U-Boot. Some CPUs and SoCs may not use CPU cache as RAM on boot process, they use an integrated boot processor to do some hardware configuration, to reduce cost.
1066:
are designed to execute this software after reset without outside help). This software contains rudimentary functionality to search for devices eligible to participate in booting, and load a small program from a special section (most commonly the
4558:; Rubin, Darryl; Ryan, Ralph; Schulmeisters, Karl; Shah, Rajen; Shaw, Barry; Short, Anthony; Slivka, Ben; Smirl, Jon; Stillmaker, Betty; Stoddard, John; Tillman, Dennis; Whitten, Greg; Yount, Natalie; Zeck, Steve (1988). "Technical advisors".
197:, had no program stored in memory, but was set up for each problem by a configuration of interconnecting cables. Bootstrapping did not apply to ENIAC, whose hardware configuration was ready for solving problems as soon as power was applied.
4703:
so you don't have to worry about leaving the first cluster free on a disk that you want to make bootable. The DR DOS system files can be located anywhere on the disk, so any disk with enough free space can be set to boot your system.
1941:, which might or might not be approved by the manufacturer. Modern boot loaders make use of concurrency, meaning they can run multiple processor cores, and threads at the same time, which add extra layers of complexity to secure booting.
547:, which did not lose its information when power was off, these bootstrap loaders would remain in place unless they were erased. Erasure sometimes happened accidentally when a program bug caused a loop that overwrote all of memory.
160:(ROM) of various types solved this paradox by allowing computers to be shipped with a start up program that could not be erased. Growth in the capacity of ROM has allowed ever more elaborate start up procedures to be implemented.
4018:
1189:
Many boot loaders (like GNU GRUB, rEFInd, Windows's BOOTMGR, Syslinux, and
Windows NT/2000/XP's NTLDR) can be configured to give the user multiple booting choices. These choices can include different operating systems (for
3291:
2431:
manual incorrectly states that the system files no longer need to be contiguous. However, for the boot process to work the system files still need to occupy the first two directory entries and the first three sectors of
4437:
Since the CS register contains F000 (thus specifying a code segment starting at physical address F0000) and the instruction pointer contains FFF0, the processor will execute its first instruction at physical address
2312:
UU was often of the form Uu, U=Control unit address, u=Device address, but some control units attached only 8 devices; some attached more than 16. Indeed, the 3830 DASD controller offered 32-drive-addressing as an
2417:
representation. Since this has been mixed up numerous times in books and even in original
Microsoft reference documents, this article uses the offset-based byte-wise on-disk representation to avoid any possible
1886:
microcontrollers, and by others as well. In many cases such interfaces are implemented by hardwired logic. In other cases such interfaces could be created by software running in integrated on-chip boot ROM from
1194:
from different partitions or drives), different versions of the same operating system (in case a new version has unexpected problems), different operating system loading options (e.g., booting into a rescue or
3557:
4472:
After RESET, address lines A31–20 are automatically asserted for instruction fetches. This fact, together with the initial values of CS:IP, causes instruction execution to begin at physical address FFFFFFF0H.
569:
As the I/O operations needed to cause a read operation on a minicomputer I/O device were typically different for different device controllers, different bootstrap programs were needed for different devices.
448:
470V/6 and related CPUs supported four hexadecimal digits on those CPUs which had the optional second channel unit installed, for a total of 32 channels. Later, IBM would also support more than 16 channels.
232:
included features to make their operation simpler. They typically included instructions that performed a complete input or output operation. The same hardware logic could be used to load the contents of a
1027:(especially on x86 systems), to access the nonvolatile device (usually block-addressed device, e.g. NAND flash, SSD) or devices from which the operating system programs and data can be loaded into RAM.
535:(1965) simplified design by using the CPU to assist input and output operations. This saved cost but made booting more complicated than pressing a single button. Minicomputers typically had some way to
444:-like device. For example, on the System/370 Model 158, the keyboard sequence 0-7-X (zero, seven and X, in that order) results in an IPL from the device address which was keyed into the input area. The
4861:
does not only partition a disk, but can also format the freshly created volumes and initialize their boot sectors in one go, so there's no risk to accidentally mess up the wrong volume and no need for
1866:
may be split into two stages: the platform would load a small SPL (Secondary
Program Loader), which is a stripped-down version of U-Boot, and the SPL would do some initial hardware configuration (e.g.
817:
execution". A system built using that microprocessor will have the permanent ROM occupying these special locations so that the system always begins operating without operator assistance. For example,
193:
Early computers in the 1940s and 1950s were one-of-a-kind engineering efforts that could take weeks to program and program loading was one of many problems that had to be solved. An early computer,
4534:; Borman, Reuben; Borman, Rob; Butler, John; Carroll, Chuck; Chamberlain, Mark; Chell, David; Colee, Mike; Courtney, Mike; Dryfoos, Mike; Duncan, Rachel; Eckhardt, Kurt; Evans, Eric; Farmer, Rick;
456:, and its compatibles such as Amdahl's, reads 24 bytes from an operator-specified device into main storage starting at real address zero. The second and third groups of eight bytes are treated as
180:
There are many different methods available to load a short initial program into a computer. These methods reach from simple, physical input to removable media that can hold more complex programs.
4123:
1403:(POST). In this example of dual booting, the user chooses by inserting or removing the DVD from the computer, but it is more common to choose which operating system to boot by selecting from a
464:, with command chaining and suppress incorrect length indication being enforced). When the I/O channel commands are complete, the first group of eight bytes is then loaded into the processor's
1178:, are not themselves operating systems, but are able to load an operating system properly and transfer execution to it; the operating system subsequently initializes itself and may load extra
504:
IBM introduced some evolutionary changes in the IPL process, changing some details for System/370 Extended
Architecture (S/370-XA) and later, and adding a new type of IPL for z/Architecture.
4684:
4226:
620:
In a minicomputer with a paper tape reader, the first program to run in the boot process, the boot loader, would read into core memory either the second-stage boot loader (often called a
168:
3753:
1210:
The boot process can be considered complete when the computer is ready to interact with the user, or the operating system is capable of running system programs or application programs.
612:
used front panel switches to cause the computer to automatically load instructions into memory from a device specified by the front panel's data switches, and then jump to loaded code.
4009:
1182:. The second-stage boot loader does not need drivers for its own operation, but may instead use generic storage access methods provided by system firmware such as the BIOS, UEFI or
4817:. You can even have multiple DR-DOS kernel files under different file names stored on the same drive, and LOADER will switch between them according to the file names listed in the
4653:
4707:(NB. The source attributes this to the SYS utility while in fact this is a feature of the advanced bootstrap loader in the boot sector. SYS just plants this sector onto the disk.)
100:, which can be "hard", e.g. after electrical power to the CPU is switched from off to on, or "soft", where the power is not cut. On some systems, a soft boot may optionally clear
3278:
360:) 0 and initiated the load sequence by causing PP 0 to execute the code loaded into memory. PP 0 loaded the necessary code into its own memory and then initialized the other PPs.
3915:
1238:
itself as a mere process within that system, and then irrevocably transfer control to the operating system. The boot loader then terminates normally as any other process would.
843:
booted its disk operating systems using a series of very small incremental steps, each passing control onward to the next phase of the gradually more complex boot process. (See
4457:
3945:
3783:
4542:; McKinney, Bruce; Martin, Pascal; Mathers, Estelle; Matthews, Bob; Melin, David; Mergentime, Charles; Nevin, Randy; Newell, Dan; Newell, Tani; Norris, David; O'Leary, Mike;
1267:
As with the second-stage boot loader, network booting begins by using generic network access methods provided by the network interface's boot ROM, which typically contains a
4538:; Geary, Michael; Griffin, Bob; Hogarth, Doug; Johnson, James W.; Kermaani, Kaamel; King, Adrian; Koch, Reed; Landowski, James; Larson, Chris; Lennon, Thomas; Lipkie, Dan;
3885:
4771:
4662:
4422:
4726:
4660:
1234:
so the device can begin functioning immediately; little or no loading is necessary, because the loading can be precomputed and stored on the ROM when the device is made.
1667:, which the BIOS requires for a proper boot loader — or even less, when additional features like more than four partition entries (up to 16 with 16 bytes each), a
134:
In addition to loading an operating system or stand-alone utility, the boot process can also load a storage dump program for diagnosing problems in an operating system.
911:
when the machine was powered up, and then to read software from a boot device and execute it. Firmware compatible with the BIOS on the IBM Personal
Computer is used in
127:
do not require a noticeable boot sequence to begin functioning and when turned on may simply run operational programs that are stored in ROM. All computing systems are
3985:
3544:
3114:
3084:
825:
processor, initialization begins by reading a two-byte vector address at $ FFFD (MS byte) and $ FFFC (LS byte) and jumping to that location to run the bootstrap code.
805:-based console processor, and the VAX-11/730 had an 8085-based console processor. These console processors could boot the main processor from various storage devices.
468:(PSW) and the startup program begins execution at the location designated by that PSW. The IPL device is usually a disk drive, hence the special significance of the
3527:
1758:(followed by an INT 19h just in case INT 18h would return) in order to give back control to the BIOS, which would then attempt to boot off other devices, attempt a
892:
cartridge with the Macintosh system ROM in the game slot and turning the Atari on, it could "natively boot" the Macintosh operating system rather than Atari's own
5461:
3617:
4602:(xix+1570 pages; 26 cm) (NB. This edition was published in 1988 after extensive rework of the withdrawn 1986 first edition by a different team of authors:
4365:
3686:
3648:
4310:
436:
and some later systems, the functions of the switches and the LOAD button are simulated using selectable areas on the screen of a graphics console, often an
4570:; Rabinowitz, Chip; Tomlin, Jim; Wilton, Richard; Wolverton, Van; Wong, William; Woodcock, JoAnne (Completely reworked ed.). Redmond, Washington, USA:
3444:
4612:
501:
program running under an operating system, e.g., ICKDSF, but IPL-able tapes and card decks are usually distributed with this "IPL Text" already present.
497:; seeks and searches are not simulated by tape and card controllers, as for these device classes a Read IPL command is simply a sequential read command.
104:
to zero. Both hard and soft booting can be initiated by hardware such as a button press or by a software command. Booting is complete when the operative
5045:
3144:
847:). Because so little of the disk operating system relied on ROM, the hardware was also extremely flexible and supported a wide range of customized disk
3321:
2572:
never exceeded this limit in previous versions without this loader. Combined with a dual entry structure this also allows the system to be loaded by a
391:
assumptions about the system it can equally well be used to load diagnostic (Maintenance Test Routine) tapes which display an intelligible code on the
3181:
2836:
2552:
file into memory: If the IBMBIO.COM file is larger than some 29 KB, trying to load the whole file into memory would result in the boot loader to
5271:
3221:
2605:
580:
for the PDP-11 that stored a bootstrap program of up to 32 words (64 bytes). It consisted of a printed circuit card, the M792, that plugged into the
4234:
1513:) entry point inside the ROM. This memory location typically contains a jump instruction that transfers execution to the location of the firmware (
1138:(PBR) was coded to require at least 32 KB (later expanded to 64 KB) of system memory and only use instructions supported by the original
661:
A related example is based on a loader for a Nicolet Instrument Corporation minicomputer of the 1970s, using the paper tape reader-punch unit on a
4062:
367:(c. 1965) had a "SYSTEM BOOTLOAD" button that, when pressed, caused one of the I/O controllers to load a 64-word program into memory from a diode
307:
had similar mechanisms, but with different load buttons for different devices. The term "boot" has been used in this sense since at least 1958.
5191:
3740:
2665:
1042:. Often, multiple-stage boot loaders are used, during which several programs of increasing complexity load one after the other in a process of
3465:
2978:
5245:
4645:
3493:
1545:
1514:
1506:
4869:. Afterwards, you could just copy over the remaining DR-DOS files, including the system files. It is important to know that, in contrast to
4107:
808:
Some other superminicomputers, such as the VAX-11/750, implement console functions, including the first stage of booting, in CPU microcode.
4495:
3855:
3054:
3008:
2948:
1078:
Boot loaders may face peculiar constraints, especially in size; for instance, on the IBM PC and compatibles, the boot code must fit in the
5418:
3351:
5296:
5096:
3723:
2089:
identification, authorization, and authentication are separable concerns in an SSO session. When recovery of a site is indicated (viz. a
6034:
2892:
1287:
3902:
2866:
1727:
DR-DOS boot sectors are able to locate the boot file in the FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32 file system, and load it into memory as a whole via
5532:
5519:
5454:
4980:
3587:
2778:
2078:
999:
When a computer is turned off, its software‍—‌including operating systems, application code, and data‍—‌remains stored on
209:
4655:
4450:
3932:
3770:
6110:
6103:
5144:
4637:
4579:
4047:
3979:
3381:
2923:
4842:
4177:
3872:
3254:
4411:
460:(CCWs) to continue loading the startup program (the first CCW is always simulated by the CPU and consists of a Read IPL command,
4658:
3411:
1843:
1734:
The VBR is often OS-specific; however, its main function is to load and execute the operating system boot loader file (such as
4108:"Caldera OpenDOS 7.01/7.02 Update Alpha 3 IBMBIO.COM - README.TXT and BOOT.TXT - A short description of how OpenDOS is booted"
3966:
3101:
3071:
2509:
1261:
2796:
2723:
1618:
A bootable MBR device is defined as one that can be read from, and where the last two bytes of the first sector contain the
608:
successors to the PDP-4 have an added Read-In button to read a program in from paper tape and jump to it. The Data General
6168:
5773:
5503:
5447:
3941:
3911:
3881:
3851:
3779:
3749:
3719:
3682:
3644:
3613:
3583:
3553:
3523:
3514:
3407:
3377:
3347:
3317:
3287:
3177:
2156:
1695:
1355:
1268:
740:
524:
1750:
attempt to load secondary boot loaders before trying to boot the active partition. If all else fails, it should issue an
928:
245:, that contained a bootstrap program by pressing a single button. This booting concept was called a variety of names for
5627:
5321:
5134:
4893:
4281:
2694:
2636:
946:
350:
panel with 144 toggle switches; the dead start switch entered 12 12-bit words from the toggle switches to the memory of
280:
4302:
4143:
3604:
6198:
5795:
1336:
412:
4357:
4011:
Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Volume 3 (3A, 3B, 3C & 3D): System Programming Guide
3673:
3635:
1264:(TFTP). After these parts have been transferred, the operating system takes over the control of the booting process.
4763:
314:
IBM System/3 console from the 1970s. Program load selector switch is lower left; Program load switch is lower right.
208:
to transfer a fixed program into memory when its start button was pressed. The program stored on this device, which
5496:
5489:
4718:
4632:
Chappell, Geoff (January 1994). "Chapter 2: The System Footprint". In Schulman, Andrew; Pedersen, Amorette (eds.).
4332:
2211:
1948:
1820:
990:
5836:
5662:
5634:
2169:
2086:
1835:
1676:
1573:
3431:
2093:
is displayed on an airport terminal screen) personal site visits might be required to remediate the situation.
1354:, USB hard disk drive, USB optical disc drive, USB solid-state drive, etc.), or a network interface card (using
5512:
3110:
2481:
2357:
2340:
2336:
1719:
4918:
4604:
3131:
53:
5394:
5120:
3308:
1199:), and some standalone programs that can function without an operating system, such as memory testers (e.g.,
131:, and a reboot may be the only method to return to a designated zero-state from an unintended, locked state.
3168:
2821:
2513:
2332:
2251:
1711:
in the root directory of the file system and stored as consecutive sectors, conditions taken care of by the
1569:
1204:
966:
120:
89:, so some process must load software into memory before it can be executed. This may be done by hardware or
82:
3208:
4252:
2597:
2564:
2561:
2521:
2038:
before a boot sequence is finished, a restart might prevent a user from accessing the regular interface.
1538:
978:
4947:
1894:
Most DSPs have a serial mode boot, and a parallel mode boot, such as the host port interface (HPI boot).
1384:
installed on the hard drive, the user could set the boot order to the one given above, and then insert a
5173:
3217:
2744:
2216:
1751:
1227:
1135:
1083:
900:
725:
384:
45:
5345:
5218:
1442:
into what is usually a variant of Linux for various simple tasks such as Internet access; examples are
6043:
6009:
5959:
5829:
5724:
5641:
5565:
5558:
4862:
2090:
2053:
1938:
1798:
1728:
1340:
1324:
1004:
544:
457:
2965:
2657:
6050:
6023:
5854:
5694:
5648:
4858:
3461:
2631:
2497:
1816:
1755:
1742:), which is the second-stage boot loader, from an active partition. Then the boot loader loads the
1591:) and transfers execution to the boot code. In the case of a hard disk, this is referred to as the
1553:
1003:. When the computer is powered on, it typically does not have an operating system or its loader in
1000:
465:
288:
5075:(conference 19-21 September 2003) Workshop: defect detection in distributed software development
1987:
1929:
of the booting process. Some of them are made mandatory, others can be disabled or enabled by the
1640:), or where it is otherwise established that the code inside the sector is executable on x86 PCs.
6311:
6082:
6016:
4834:
4797:
4484:
4390:
3842:
3828:
3799:
3045:
2995:
2935:
2545:
2457:
2453:
2300:
1691:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1637:
1612:
1592:
1522:
1400:
1399:, in which the user chooses which operating system to start after the computer has performed its
1351:
1332:
1328:
1257:
1131:
1079:
908:
775:
445:
97:
5001:
3338:
5119:
Eye Security update: the Breaking Change, 4:09 AM UTC on July 19th 2024, reverted 05:27 AM UTC
3710:
1307:
The boot device is the storage device from which the operating system is loaded. A modern PC's
789:
include a separate console processor that bootstraps the main processor. The PDP-11/44 had an
6318:
5987:
5980:
5766:
5370:
5140:
4976:
4866:
4810:
4696:
4674:
4641:
4593:
4585:
4575:
4562:. By Duncan, Ray; Bostwick, Steve; Burgoyne, Keith; Byers, Robert A.; Hogan, Thom; Kyle, Jim;
4555:
4491:
4043:
3975:
3031:
2919:
2883:
2473:
2469:
2437:
2246:
2221:
2173:
2011:
1926:
1828:
1811:
1775:
1713:
1381:
1316:
970:
912:
852:
786:
768:
764:
662:
609:
592:
has a hardware loader, such that an operator need only push the "load" switch to instruct the
555:
249:
computers of the 1950s and early 1960s, but IBM used the term "Initial Program Load" with the
74:
2857:
6340:
6283:
6230:
6223:
5809:
5731:
5196:
5050:
3574:
3140:
2756:
2520:
techniques to squeeze everything into a single physical sector, as it was a requirement for
2505:
2353:
2144:
1874:
It is also possible to take control of a system by using a hardware debug interface such as
1622:
1604:
1260:, and certain parts of it are transferred to the client using a simple protocol such as the
1253:
1230:
to start is generally unacceptable. Therefore, such devices have software systems in ROM or
1020:
1008:
938:
934:
885:
732:
577:
421:
368:
250:
157:
124:
109:
31:
4968:
1102:, sometimes called the zero-stage boot loader, can find and load first-stage boot loaders.
6159:
5717:
5572:
4571:
4567:
4551:
4353:
3368:
2817:
2517:
2236:
2136:
1944:
1859:
1852:
1759:
1660:
1648:
1347:
1320:
1247:
1219:
949:
interpreter, with much of the firmware being written in Forth. It was standardized by the
848:
821:
processors always start by running the instructions beginning at F000:FFF0, while for the
351:
284:
205:
1595:(MBR). The conventional MBR code checks the MBR's partition table for a partition set as
1395:
without having to install an operating system onto the hard drive. This is an example of
5109:(20 Jul 2024) CrowdStrike IT outage affected 8.5 million Windows devices, Microsoft says
4170:
3241:
1898:
systems the DSP could be booted by another processor which is sometimes referred as the
1474:
1458:
5687:
5223:
4523:
4169:
Compaq Computer Corporation; Phoenix Technologies Ltd; Intel Corporation (1996-01-11).
4111:
3025:
2792:
2774:
2112:
2102:
2082:
1731:
or LBA, even if the file is not stored in a fixed location and in consecutive sectors.
1478:
1223:
1087:
828:
774:
An Italian telephone switching computer, called "Gruppi Speciali", patented in 1975 by
408:
404:
254:
105:
5078:
Eleventh Annual International Workshop on Software Technology and Engineering Practice
3825:
Alberto Ciaramella discusses the patent for bootstrapping computers conceived at CSELT
6334:
5882:
5875:
5613:
4563:
4543:
4539:
4531:
3398:
2394:
2281:
2196:
2191:
2177:
2030:
that occurs on computing devices; when those devices repeatedly fail to complete the
1619:
1564:
Once the BIOS has found a bootable device it loads the boot sector to linear address
1296:
1292:
1183:
1179:
1043:
881:
364:
242:
238:
152:
141:
128:
38:
5322:"Google Nest Hub gets a new UI that's so fresh it could bootloop your smart display"
3820:
Alberto Ciaramella racconta il brevetto del boostrap dei computer concepito in CSELT
2276:
CrowdStrike reverted the content update at 05:27 UTC, This left machines stuck in a
716:
310:
37:
This article is about bootstrapping operating systems. For the general concept, see
30:"Quick boot" redirects here. For the feature of the Quarterdeck memory manager, see
17:
6137:
5903:
5655:
4750:) file and then loads the *whole* file into memory before it passes control to it.
4547:
4035:
3962:
3440:
2782:
2107:
2057:
1934:
1494:
1443:
1404:
1396:
1343:
1231:
1091:
748:
574:
520:
260:
213:
669:. The bytes of its second-stage loader are read from paper tape in reverse order.
5108:
2786:
2715:
1902:(giving name to a Host Port). Such a processor is also sometimes referred as the
1373:
Typically, the system firmware (UEFI or BIOS) will allow the user to configure a
1200:
1186:, though typically with restricted hardware functionality and lower performance.
6269:
6205:
5868:
5820:
5177:
4679:
3884:. February 1979. 2.3 BOOTSTRAPPING and 3.6.1 Boot Command (B). EK-11780-UG-001.
2568:
2493:
2477:
2322:
Excluding the 370/145 and 370/155, which used a 3210 or 3215 console typewriter.
2226:
2162:
2150:
1688:
1608:
1526:
1447:
1359:
1072:
1068:
889:
705:
666:
540:
392:
86:
5097:(23 Jul 2024) Inside the 78 minutes that took down millions of Windows machines
5074:
4303:"How to Enter the BIOS on Any PC: Access Keys by Manufacturer | Tom's Hardware"
969:
specification defined another firmware standard, which was implemented on some
953:
as IEEE standard 1275-1994; firmware that implements that standard was used in
550:
Other minicomputers with such simple form of booting include Hewlett-Packard's
6304:
6290:
6130:
5802:
5604:
4792:
4788:
4747:
4743:
4700:
4535:
4527:
4386:
4273:
3818:
3804:
3487:
2557:
2549:
2529:
2525:
2433:
2428:
2414:
2231:
2128:
2117:
2056:, before recovery is indicated. Detection of an erroneous state may require a
1947:
argued that booting security serves a legitimate goal but in doing so chooses
1863:
1680:
1644:
1615:(VBR), and executes it. The MBR boot code is often operating-system specific.
1534:
1424:
1127:
1063:
994:
863:
794:
790:
629:
593:
512:
433:
429:
292:
234:
116:
5297:"Google thinks it has solved the mystery of the cursed bootlooping wallpaper"
5161:
4889:
2686:
2626:
2069:
was to reboot three times, the reboots needed to return to a usable menu.
2052:
The system might exhibit its erroneous state, say in an explicit bootloop or
1969:
Measured boot with the Trusted Platform Module, also known as "trusted boot".
1541:, further complicated by the fact that at this point memory is very limited.
1407:
menu on the selected device, by using the computer keyboard to select from a
1110:
Examples of first-stage (Hardware initialization stage) boot loaders include
276:
computer (1952–1956) had a "Load" button that initiated reading of the first
119:(suspension) does not involve booting; however, restoring it from a state of
6276:
5924:
5759:
5752:
5708:
5419:"Botched security update breaks Windows worldwide, causing BSOD and crashes"
5250:
4597:
3805:
Device for automatically loading the central memory of electronic processors
2760:
2409:
processors (note the swapped order), whereas it would have to be written as
2406:
2201:
2132:
2007:
1883:
1771:
1743:
1490:
1363:
1196:
1191:
1123:
1016:
974:
958:
893:
859:
844:
818:
632:
for the boot loader might be as simple as the following eight instructions:
62:
4135:
2576:
VBR, which would load only the first three sectors of the file into memory.
1789:
via CSM) does not rely on boot sectors, UEFI system loads the boot loader (
516:
PDP-8/E front panel showing the switches used to load the bootstrap program
5021:
4791:
file into memory before it executes it. It does not care at all about the
1862:
designs may also include an intermediary boot sequence step. For example,
6297:
6262:
6096:
5952:
5889:
5745:
5738:
5542:
5470:
4818:
4361:
2277:
2123:
1930:
1794:
1463:
1300:
1167:
1155:
1119:
1099:
942:
878:
870:
Unix implementation and copied by various freeware operating systems and
840:
822:
752:
736:
625:
441:
437:
343:
331:
319:
304:
300:
265:
225:
90:
78:
70:
4074:
1505:
on 32-bit and 64-bit x86 processors), usually pointing to the firmware (
1007:(RAM). The computer first executes a relatively small program stored in
6191:
5931:
5910:
5861:
5701:
5680:
5439:
5081:
5046:"Microsoft blocks UEFI bootloaders enabling Windows Secure Boot bypass"
4636:. The Andrew Schulman Programming Series (1st printing, 1st ed.).
2241:
2206:
1999:
1995:
1467:
1388:
1163:
954:
920:
832:
551:
327:
318:
Other IBM computers of that era had similar features. For example, the
296:
273:
229:
1643:
The boot sector code is the first-stage boot loader. It is located on
923:-based machines, and later also used as an alternative to the BIOS in
6244:
5973:
5938:
4874:
4870:
4855:
4835:"The continuing saga of Windows 3.1 in enhanced mode on OmniBook 300"
4814:
4805:
4801:
4784:
4739:
3752:. February 1979. pp. 1–10, 2-29–2-34, 3-1–3-6. EK-11060-OP-003.
2573:
2542:
2501:
2489:
2465:
2461:
2398:
2035:
1914:
1722:
and FAT32 support, they even switched to a boot loader reaching over
1684:
1367:
1159:
1059:
1012:
802:
605:
581:
563:
375:
277:
5272:"'It was unintentional,' says creator of 'cursed' Android wallpaper"
5133:
Ruley, John D.; David Methvin; Tom Henderson; Martin Heller (1997).
1256:. In this scenario, the operating system is stored on the disk of a
5219:"Windows 10 update sending PCs into endless boot cycle: What to do"
4914:
3546:
M9301 bootstrap/terminator module maintenance and operator's manual
1415:
Boot Menu, or both; the Boot Menu is typically entered by pressing
1154:
Second-stage (OS initialization stage) boot loaders, such as shim,
6237:
6089:
5945:
5917:
5896:
4418:
3944:. December 1982. pp. 1-2–1-4, B-1–B-8, C-1–C-2. AA-K410C-TE.
2485:
1986:
1810:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1652:
1473:
1457:
1392:
1385:
1315:
firmware supports booting from various devices, typically a local
1291:
1175:
1171:
962:
779:
744:
721:
715:
601:
597:
589:
559:
532:
528:
511:
453:
387:
309:
259:
224:
The first programmable computers for commercial sale, such as the
201:
194:
173:
167:
52:
4202:
6182:
6175:
6144:
5966:
5620:
5597:
5590:
4589:
3426:
3424:
2140:
1991:
1910:
1888:
1875:
1867:
1839:
1831:
1779:
1549:
1530:
1518:
1510:
1412:
1408:
1312:
1308:
1143:
1139:
1115:
1111:
1055:
1024:
950:
916:
904:
884:, were "instant-on", with the operating system executing from a
871:
867:
371:
and deliver an interrupt to cause that program to start running.
5443:
5192:"New Windows Server updates cause DC boot loops, break Hyper-V"
4494:. May 2012. Section 9.1.4 First Instruction Executed, p. 2611.
4248:
1533:), the PCI bus and the PCI devices (including running embedded
452:
The IPL function in the System/360 and its successors prior to
253:
and later used it for their mainframe lines, starting with the
93:
in the CPU, or by a separate processor in the computer system.
5371:"CrowdStrike Update Pushing Windows Machines Into a BSOD Loop"
4939:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4485:"Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual"
3250:
3080:
3004:
2974:
2944:
2788:
The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer
1847:
1683:
loaders have to be supported as well in some environments. In
1556:("boot device sequence") until it finds one that is bootable.
1486:
1071:) of the most promising device, typically starting at a fixed
924:
798:
246:
101:
4546:; Olsson, Mike; Osterman, Larry; Ostling, Ridge; Pai, Sunil;
3047:
650 magnetic drum data-processing machine manual of operation
204:
system, the second stored-program computer to be built, used
4683:. Vol. 10, no. 3. p. 241–246, 257, 264, 266.
2468:
counterparts could still be achieved utilizing conventional
2343:
used a keyboard/display device compatible with nothing else.
1855:) have firmware ROM integrated directly into their silicon.
1801:) directly, and the OS kernel is loaded by the boot loader.
1086:(PBR), which in turn are limited to a single sector; on the
961:
and some other PowerPC-based machines, as well as Sun's own
477:
command also causes the selected device to seek to cylinder
4456:. Intel. 1986. Section 10.2.3 First Instructions, p. 10-3.
1222:
must boot immediately. For example, waiting a minute for a
539:
short programs by manipulating an array of switches on the
338:
IBM's competitors also offered single button program load.
5162:"Disabling automatic reboot prevents possible reboot loop"
3808:
U.S. Patent No. 4,117,974. 1978-10-03. (submitted in 1975)
2937:
704 Electronic Data-Processing Machine Manual of Operation
2524:- and cross-compatibility with other operating systems in
2452:
As an example, while the extended functionality of DR-DOS
2135:
value exceeded the maximum of 255 which happened due to a
1827:
Many modern CPUs, SoCs and microcontrollers (for example,
1537:). One of the most involved steps is setting up DRAM over
1062:) at a predefined address (some CPUs, including the Intel
1030:
The small program that starts this sequence is known as a
751:, reduced the physical size and cost of ROM. This allowed
5246:"Google has tried everything but building the best phone"
2885:
Principles of Operation Type 701 And Associated Equipment
2147:. This then crashed the SystemUI component on every boot.
1925:
Various measures have been implemented which enhance the
907:; one of the functions of that firmware was to perform a
212:
completed in late 1948, loaded further instructions from
3904:
VAX-11/730 Central Processing Unit Technical Description
2401:
compatible machines, this can be written as 16-bit word
2284:. and devices booted after the revert were not affected.
1525:(POST) to check and initialize required devices such as
839:
Due to the expense of read-only memory at the time, the
628:
or the operating system from an outside storage medium.
596:
reader to load a program directly into core memory. The
237:(the most typical ones) or other input media, such as a
5022:"mjg59 | Boot Guard and PSB have user-hostile defaults"
4813:, no difficult setup procedures as required for MS-DOS/
4227:"Chapter 6 - Troubleshooting Startup and Disk Problems"
1913:
chips load their configuration from an external serial
755:
boot programs to be included as part of the computer.
5346:"Statement on Falcon Content Update for Windows Hosts"
5069:
5067:
3722:. July 1977. pp. 1–5, 2-1–2-12. EK-11034-UG-001.
3672:"11 MRVll·D Universal Programmable Read.Only Memory".
2272:
2270:
2268:
2058:
distributed event store and stream-processing platform
1438:
Several devices are available that enable the user to
1203:), a basic shell (as in GNU GRUB), or even games (see
5121:(19 Jul 2024) BSOD error in latest CrowdStrike update
4387:"Voodoo Envy's Instant-On IOS (powered by Splashtop)"
4274:"List of PC brands with their corresponding hot-keys"
1485:
Upon starting, an IBM-compatible personal computer's
1098:
boot loader. On many embedded CPUs, the CPU built-in
945:, later known as Open Firmware, which incorporated a
3854:. February 1979. p. 6-57. EK-KD11Z-TM-001.
2967:
Operator's Guide for IBM 7090 Data Processing System
2027:
1933:. Traditionally, booting did not involve the use of
1544:
After initializing required hardware, the firmware (
1358:). Older, less common BIOS-bootable devices include
115:
The process of returning a computer from a state of
6254:
6215:
6158:
6122:
6074:
6067:
6033:
6001:
5846:
5819:
5787:
5672:
5582:
5550:
5540:
5481:
4421:. 1983. Section 5.3 SYSTEM INITIALIZATION, p. 5-7.
4333:"MontaVista Linux drives Dell's quick-boot feature"
3280:
BM792 read-only-memory and MR11~DB bootstrap loader
1023:, to initialize CPU and motherboard, to initialize
937:originally had vendor-specific ROM-based firmware.
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
3576:M9312 bootstrap/terminator module technical manual
3103:CONTROL DATA 6600 Computer System Reference Manual
2865:. IBM. August 1961. pp. 125–127. A22-6530-2.
2131:: when setting a specific image as wallpaper, the
1252:Most computers are also capable of booting over a
5136:Networking Windows NT 4.0: Workstation and Server
4560:The MS-DOS Encyclopedia: versions 1.0 through 3.2
2397:representation must be assumed in the context of
2060:for real-time operation of a distributed system.
682:Read a byte from paper tape reader to accumulator
645:Read a byte from paper tape reader to accumulator
2822:"The System Design of the IBM Type 701 Computer"
2448:
2446:
2413:in programs for other CPU architectures using a
836:debug programs (all in hex) from the keyboard."
3782:. June 1981. p. 1-6. EK-11024-TM-001.
2040:
1659:in order to leave room for the default 64-byte
1090:, the size is limited by the IPL medium, e.g.,
485:, simulating a Seek cylinder and head command,
383:A noteworthy variation of this is found on the
81:command. After it is switched on, a computer's
5395:"CrowdStrike Falcon blue screen issue updates"
5091:
5089:
3914:. May 1982. p. 1-9. EK-KA730-TD-001.
2851:
2849:
858:Some operating systems, most notably pre-1995
5455:
4890:"Intel Platform Innovation Framework for EFI"
2602:Computer Dictionary of Information Technology
2440:continues to take care of these requirements.
2360:, e.g., OS/2 Boot Manager, rather than an OS.
1663:with four partition entries and the two-byte
8:
5002:"The boot process rxos 1.0rc1 documentation"
2859:Reference Manual 7030 Data Processing System
1823:device, showing additional available options
379:read in by jumping to the last word read in.
4675:"DR DOS 5.0 - The better operating system?"
4040:Osborne 4&8-Bit Microprocessor Handbook
3742:PDP-11/60 installation and operation manual
6071:
6057:
5843:
5547:
5462:
5448:
5440:
4164:
4162:
4160:
3489:Altair 8800 loads 4K BASIC from paper tape
3340:Programmed Data Processor-7 Users Handbook
3073:Operator's Guide for IBM 7040-7044 Systems
801:line of 32-bit superminicomputers, had an
685:Store accumulator to address in P register
648:Store accumulator to address in P register
588:Following the older approach, the earlier
407:and its successors, including the current
264:Initial program load punched card for the
5073:J.J.M. Trienekens; R.J. Kusters. (2004)
3210:Burroughs B 1700 Systems Reference Manual
2508:, controlled utilization of (documented)
735:(ROM), with its many variants, including
704:The earliest microcomputers, such as the
585:by simply omitting the unneeded diodes.
473:magnetic tape. For disk controllers, the
77:such as a button on the computer or by a
4412:"iAPX 286 Programmer's Reference Manual"
4358:"SplashTop Linux On HP, Dell Notebooks?"
3236:
3234:
2541:There is one exception to the rule that
2176:systems worldwide stuck in bootloops or
1552:) goes through a pre-configured list of
1521:) start-up program. This program runs a
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1130:. On the IBM PC, the boot loader in the
493:, simulating a Search ID Equal command,
4969:"Overview – The four bootloader stages"
4136:"Why BIOS loads MBR into 7C00h in x86?"
4042:. Osborne/McGraw-Hill. pp. 10–20.
3253:. September 2005. pp. Chapter 17.
2749:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
2589:
2292:
2264:
919:was developed by Intel, originally for
903:included ROM-based firmware called the
731:The introduction of integrated circuit
712:Integrated circuit read-only memory era
616:Early minicomputer boot loader examples
411:machines, the boot process is known as
4796:files to the disk (even with a simply
3974:. OSBORNE/McGraw-Hill. pp. 5–27.
3968:Osborne 16-Bit Microprocessor Handbook
3934:VAX-11/750 Software Installation Guide
3634:"10 MRV11-C Read-Only Memory Module".
3243:z/Architecture Principles of Operation
3203:
3201:
3170:PDP-10 System Reference Manual, Part 1
2436:still need to be stored contiguously.
1694:, up to 59 bytes are occupied for the
1275:IBM-compatible personal computers (PC)
573:DEC later added, in 1971, an optional
153:to pull oneself up by one's bootstraps
4451:"80386 Programmer's Reference Manual"
4075:"An Introduction to RISC-V Boot flow"
4063:Apple Ad, Interface Age, October 1976
2716:"Pull yourself up by your bootstraps"
1214:Embedded and multi-stage boot loaders
543:. Since the early minicomputers used
96:Restarting a computer also is called
7:
4839:MoHPC - the Museum of HP Calculators
2918:, Jeremy M. Norman, 2005, page 436,
2085:(SSO) for some applications; in the
395:even in cases of gross CPU failure.
172:Switches and cables used to program
112:and some applications, is attained.
57:A flow diagram of a computer booting
3220:. November 1973. p. 1-14.
2553:
1917:("configuration ROM") on power-up.
1706:volumes since DOS 4.0, whereas the
1611:code from that partition, known as
1288:System partition and boot partition
184:Pre integrated-circuit-ROM examples
3380:. January 1968. p. 10-3.
3290:. January 1974. DEC-II-HBMAA-E-D.
2331:Only the S/360 used the 2250; the
2079:Security Assertion Markup Language
2026:) is a diagnostic condition of an
1937:. The security can be bypassed by
1651:, and must fit into the first 446
1583:, but some BIOSes erroneously use
1331:(MBR) on such a drive or disk, an
812:Microprocessors and microcomputers
624:) that could read paper tape with
25:
5160:Shultz, Gregory (February 2001).
4833:Paul, Matthias R. (2017-08-14) .
4638:Addison Wesley Publishing Company
4134:Sakamoto, Masahiko (2010-05-13).
4106:Paul, Matthias R. (1997-10-02) .
3844:PDP-11/44 System Technical Manual
3772:PDP-11/24 System Technical Manual
3606:Microcomputer Interfaces Handbook
3410:. August 1969. p. 10-3.
3053:. IBM. 1955. pp. 49, 53–54.
2747:(1980). "Programming the EDSAC".
2081:(SAML), which can also implement
1607:is found, the MBR code loads the
1427:is typically entered by pressing
1075:such as the start of the sector.
929:Apple Macs using Intel processors
554:series (mid-1960s), the original
5531:
4762:Paul, Matthias R. (2002-02-20).
4717:Paul, Matthias R. (2001-01-17).
4652:(xxvi+738+iv pages, 3.5"-floppy
4615:from the original on 2018-10-14.
4605:"The MS-DOS Encyclopedia (1988)"
4024:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3951:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3921:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3891:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3874:VAX-11/780 Hardware User's Guide
3861:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3831:from the original on 2021-11-13.
3789:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3759:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3729:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3623:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3593:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3563:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3533:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3526:. April 1974. DEC-11-H873A-B-D.
3450:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3443:. April 1971. p. 2-30.
3417:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3387:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3357:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3327:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3297:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3227:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3120:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3090:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3060:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3014:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2997:IBM 7094 Principles of Operation
2984:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2954:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2872:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2842:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2077:Recovery might be specified via
2064:Recovery from an erroneous state
797:, the first member of Digital's
700:Booting the first microcomputers
4983:from the original on 2014-12-23
4950:from the original on 2020-11-12
4921:from the original on 2013-03-18
4896:from the original on 2011-08-21
4845:from the original on 2017-10-06
4774:from the original on 2017-10-06
4729:from the original on 2017-10-06
4687:from the original on 2019-07-25
4501:from the original on 2022-10-09
4463:from the original on 2022-10-09
4428:from the original on 2022-10-09
4393:from the original on 2021-11-13
4368:from the original on 2016-10-05
4313:from the original on 2023-02-20
4284:from the original on 2020-11-11
4255:from the original on 2010-12-28
4183:from the original on 2022-10-09
4146:from the original on 2017-08-24
3991:from the original on 2022-10-09
3692:from the original on 2022-10-24
3675:Microcomputer Products Handbook
3654:from the original on 2022-10-24
3637:Microcomputer Products Handbook
3586:. March 1981. EK-M9312-TM-OO3.
3496:from the original on 2019-07-30
3468:from the original on 2020-01-03
3400:PDP-15 Systems Reference Manual
3260:from the original on 2022-10-09
3187:from the original on 2022-10-09
3150:from the original on 2022-10-09
2898:from the original on 2022-10-09
2799:from the original on 2023-02-20
2726:from the original on 2012-04-17
2697:from the original on 2020-05-10
2668:from the original on 2018-10-05
2658:"Pull oneself up by bootstraps"
2639:from the original on 2006-08-27
2608:from the original on 2019-08-05
2048:Detection of an erroneous state
5244:Hollister, Sean (2021-10-19).
4742:boot sector searches for the
4550:; Perez, Gary; Peters, Chris;
4231:Windows NT Server Resource Kit
4171:"BIOS Boot Specification 1.01"
3712:PDP-11/34 system user's manual
3556:. June 1977. EK-M9301-TM-OO1.
2916:From Gutenberg to the Internet
2192:Bootstrapping § Computing
2161:On 19 July 2024, an update of
1262:Trivial File Transfer Protocol
27:Process of starting a computer
1:
6169:Preboot Execution Environment
5774:Run-Time Abstraction Services
5320:Peckham, James (2022-03-29).
5217:Paul Wagenseil (2021-01-21).
5123:Reddit update, 20 000 replies
5082:IEEE Xplore: 27 December 2004
4673:Rosch, Winn L. (1991-02-12).
3942:Digital Equipment Corporation
3912:Digital Equipment Corporation
3882:Digital Equipment Corporation
3852:Digital Equipment Corporation
3780:Digital Equipment Corporation
3750:Digital Equipment Corporation
3720:Digital Equipment Corporation
3683:Digital Equipment Corporation
3645:Digital Equipment Corporation
3614:Digital Equipment Corporation
3584:Digital Equipment Corporation
3554:Digital Equipment Corporation
3524:Digital Equipment Corporation
3433:How To Use The Nova Computers
3408:Digital Equipment Corporation
3378:Digital Equipment Corporation
3348:Digital Equipment Corporation
3318:Digital Equipment Corporation
3288:Digital Equipment Corporation
3178:Digital Equipment Corporation
2662:Idioms by The Free Dictionary
2168:s Falcon software caused the
2157:LG smartphone bootloop issues
2010:a concurrent and distributed
1805:Other kinds of boot sequences
1696:Extended BIOS Parameter Block
1501:on 16-bit x86 processors and
1497:(the physical memory address
1493:, the instruction located at
1481:BIOS from 2000 during booting
1269:Preboot Execution Environment
676:Check paper tape reader ready
639:Check paper tape reader ready
525:Digital Equipment Corporation
420:IBM coined this term for the
399:IBM System/360 and successors
85:(CPU) has no software in its
69:is the process of starting a
5628:MultiProcessor Specification
5172:(2). Element K Journals: 9.
4787:boot sector loads the whole
3462:"Oldcomputers: Altair 8800b"
1554:non-volatile storage devices
793:as a console processor; the
150:and derives from the phrase
6199:Remote Initial Program Load
5796:Common Firmware Environment
4233:. Microsoft. Archived from
3310:PDP-11 Peripherals Handbook
3113:. August 1963. p. 53.
2002:that is stuck in a bootloop
1951:that are hostile to users.
1636:on disk (also known as the
927:-based machines, including
489:, and to search for record
6357:
5788:Hybrid firmware bootloader
5529:
5369:Baran, Guru (2024-07-19).
5295:Hager, Ryne (2020-06-01).
4331:Brown, Eric (2008-10-02).
3320:. 1976. p. 4-25.
3083:. p. 10. A22-6741-1.
2212:Comparison of boot loaders
1423:keys during the POST; the
1380:For example, on a PC with
1285:
1245:
991:Comparison of boot loaders
988:
853:Software Cracking: History
745:erasable programmable ROMs
220:First commercial computers
43:
36:
29:
5837:Comparison of bootloaders
5149:– via Google Books.
4201:Red Hat Bootloader Team.
3027:Oxford English Dictionary
2891:. IBM. 1953. p. 26.
2567:(DPT/FDPB). Therefore, a
2496:sectors had to resort to
2170:2024 CrowdStrike incident
2087:zero trust security model
1939:unlocking the boot loader
1836:digital signal processors
1746:from the storage device.
1677:Advanced Active Partition
1628:, found as byte sequence
1150:Second-stage boot loaders
673:Set the P register to 106
651:If end of tape, jump to 9
287:from a punched card in a
4699:has been improved under
3111:Control Data Corporation
2829:Proceedings of the I.R.E
2512:, multi-level data/code
2369:The signature at offset
2358:Second-stage boot loader
1299:bootable flash drive, a
1106:First-stage boot loaders
981:x86-based workstations.
977:-based machines and the
877:Some machines, like the
688:Decrement the P register
654:Increment the P register
428:button. On the high end
326:Another example was the
216:and then executed them.
5725:Phoenix SecureCore UEFI
4389:. YouTube. 2008-07-16.
3180:. 1969. pp. 2–72.
2761:10.1109/mahc.1980.10009
2252:Windows startup process
2139:during conversion from
1785:Unlike BIOS, UEFI (not
1205:List of PC Booter games
967:Advanced RISC Computing
872:BeOS Personal Edition 5
831:'s first computer, the
785:Some minicomputers and
679:If not ready, jump to 2
642:If not ready, jump to 2
636:Set the P register to 9
374:The first model of the
291:, a magnetic tape in a
83:central processing unit
5139:. Wiley. p. 257.
5095:Tim Warren, The Verge
4038:; Kane, Gerry (1981).
3965:; Kane, Gerry (1981).
2745:Campbell-Kelly, Martin
2687:"Bootstrap Definition"
2504:-level programming in
2480:, for the addition of
2045:
2003:
1824:
1679:(18 bytes) or special
1482:
1471:
1435:keys during the POST.
1304:
979:SGI Visual Workstation
965:-based computers. The
845:Apple DOS: Boot loader
728:
517:
315:
269:
177:
123:does. Minimally, some
58:
5180:– via ProQuest.
4915:"OpenBIOS - coreboot"
4804:utility to work. The
3350:. 1965. p. 143.
3218:Burroughs Corporation
2856:"IBM 7619 Exchange".
2217:Linux startup process
1990:
1963:Android Verified boot
1814:
1770:Many modern systems (
1477:
1461:
1295:
1228:GPS navigation device
1192:dual or multi-booting
1136:Partition Boot Record
1084:Partition Boot Record
901:IBM Personal Computer
719:
515:
458:Channel Command Words
313:
263:
171:
56:
46:Boot (disambiguation)
6044:EFI system partition
6010:GUID Partition Table
5960:Windows Boot Manager
5830:Bootloader unlocking
5642:Legacy Plug and Play
5566:Open-source firmware
5559:Proprietary firmware
5166:Windows Professional
5026:mjg59.dreamwidth.org
4307:www.tomshardware.com
3827:] (in Italian).
3616:. 1981. p. 17.
3516:BM873 restart/loader
3133:GE-645 System Manual
2565:Disk Parameter Table
2548:will load the whole
2429:PC DOS 5.0
2091:blue screen of death
2054:Blue screen of death
1834:) or sometimes even
1799:EFI System Partition
1391:in order to try out
1005:random-access memory
737:mask-programmed ROMs
545:magnetic-core memory
523:, starting with the
414:Initial Program Load
353:peripheral processor
44:For other uses, see
18:Initial Program Load
6051:BIOS boot partition
6024:Apple Partition Map
5855:Acronis OS Selector
5695:American Megatrends
5375:Cyber Security News
5107:Joe Tidy, BBC News
4940:"UEFI - OSDev Wiki"
4140:Glamenv-Septzen.net
3800:Ciaramella, Alberto
3370:PDP-9 User Handbook
3109:(Second ed.).
2632:The Free Dictionary
2498:self-modifying code
2373:in boot sectors is
1817:unlocked bootloader
1756:BIOS interrupt call
1692:Volume Boot Records
1001:non-volatile memory
985:Modern boot loaders
466:Program Status Word
440:-like device or an
6312:Power-on self-test
6017:Master boot record
4335:. linuxdevices.com
4278:www.disk-image.com
4203:"UEFI shim loader"
2947:. pp. 14–15.
2775:Wilkes, Maurice V.
2460:compared to their
2418:misinterpretation.
2004:
1978:Firmware passwords
1825:
1657:Master Boot Record
1638:MBR boot signature
1613:Volume Boot Record
1593:Master Boot Record
1523:power-on self-test
1483:
1472:
1401:Power-on self-test
1360:floppy disk drives
1352:memory card reader
1333:optical disc drive
1329:Master Boot Record
1305:
1224:digital television
1132:Master Boot Record
1094:size, track size.
1080:Master Boot Record
1054:(for example, the
909:power-on self test
787:superminicomputers
778:, a researcher at
776:Alberto Ciaramella
729:
558:(1969), and DEC's
518:
316:
270:
178:
59:
6328:
6327:
6154:
6153:
6002:Partition layouts
5997:
5996:
5981:Plop Boot Manager
5783:
5782:
4977:Texas Instruments
4719:"FAT32 in DR-DOS"
4647:978-0-201-60835-9
4554:; Pollock, John;
4492:Intel Corporation
3032:Oxford University
2779:Wheeler, David J.
2720:The Phrase Finder
2474:assembly language
2470:code optimization
2247:Self-booting disk
2222:Macintosh startup
2174:Microsoft Windows
2028:§ erroneous state
2012:system of systems
1603:flag set). If an
1489:CPU, executes in
1317:solid-state drive
935:Unix workstations
913:IBM PC compatible
851:mechanisms. (See
763:The Data General
741:programmable ROMs
663:Teletype Model 33
556:Data General Nova
332:IBM 7040 and 7044
206:stepping switches
73:as initiated via
16:(Redirected from
6348:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6284:Execute in place
6279:
6272:
6265:
6247:
6240:
6233:
6226:
6208:
6201:
6194:
6185:
6178:
6171:
6147:
6140:
6133:
6113:
6106:
6099:
6092:
6085:
6072:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6026:
6019:
6012:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5844:
5839:
5832:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5776:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5732:TianoCore EDK II
5727:
5720:
5711:
5704:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5665:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5607:
5600:
5593:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5548:
5535:
5522:
5515:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5464:
5457:
5450:
5441:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5399:www.eye.security
5391:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5197:BleepingComputer
5188:
5182:
5181:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5130:
5124:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5099:
5093:
5084:
5071:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5051:BleepingComputer
5042:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4917:. coreboot.org.
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4851:
4850:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4780:
4779:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4735:
4734:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4693:
4692:
4670:
4664:
4651:
4629:
4618:
4616:
4601:
4568:Petzold, Charles
4552:Petzold, Charles
4520:
4514:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4500:
4489:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4462:
4455:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4427:
4416:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4354:Larabel, Michael
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4182:
4175:
4166:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4110:. Archived from
4103:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4071:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4016:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3990:
3973:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3939:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3909:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3879:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3849:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3777:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3747:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3717:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3691:
3680:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3653:
3642:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3611:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3581:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3551:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3521:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3438:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3405:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3375:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3345:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3315:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3285:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3248:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3215:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3186:
3175:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3149:
3143:. January 1968.
3141:General Electric
3138:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3108:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3078:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3052:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3002:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2972:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2942:
2932:
2926:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2890:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2864:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2826:
2818:Buchholz, Werner
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2594:
2577:
2569:DR-DOS 7.07
2539:
2533:
2516:and algorithmic
2506:machine language
2450:
2441:
2425:
2419:
2412:
2405:in programs for
2404:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2354:active partition
2350:
2344:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2297:
2285:
2274:
2167:
1960:UEFI secure boot
1853:USB flash drives
1741:
1737:
1716:
1649:removable drives
1635:
1631:
1627:
1605:active partition
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1567:
1504:
1500:
1254:computer network
1220:embedded systems
1032:bootstrap loader
1021:execute in place
1019:) which support
1011:(ROM, and later
1009:read-only memory
941:later developed
939:Sun Microsystems
733:read-only memory
578:read-only memory
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
463:
369:read-only memory
346:(c. 1964) had a
251:IBM 7030 Stretch
158:read-only memory
125:embedded systems
110:operating system
108:, typically the
32:Quickboot (QEMM)
21:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6261:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6222:
6211:
6204:
6197:
6190:
6181:
6174:
6167:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6129:
6118:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6088:
6081:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6029:
6022:
6015:
6008:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5847:Implementations
5842:
5835:
5828:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5673:Implementations
5668:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5603:
5596:
5589:
5578:
5573:Custom firmware
5571:
5564:
5557:
5536:
5527:
5518:
5511:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5477:
5468:
5438:
5437:
5428:
5426:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5403:
5401:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5379:
5377:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5354:
5352:
5350:crowdstrike.com
5344:
5343:
5339:
5330:
5328:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5305:
5303:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5280:
5278:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5256:
5254:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5229:
5227:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5202:
5200:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5118:
5114:
5106:
5102:
5094:
5087:
5072:
5065:
5056:
5054:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5030:
5028:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4986:
4984:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4953:
4951:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4924:
4922:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4899:
4897:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4848:
4846:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4777:
4775:
4768:opendos@delorie
4761:
4760:
4756:
4732:
4730:
4723:opendos@delorie
4716:
4715:
4711:
4701:DR DOS 5.0
4690:
4688:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4648:
4631:
4630:
4621:
4603:
4582:
4572:Microsoft Press
4556:Reynolds, Aaron
4524:Zbikowski, Mark
4522:
4521:
4517:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4396:
4394:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4371:
4369:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4338:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4316:
4314:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4287:
4285:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4258:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4211:
4209:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4158:
4149:
4147:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4117:
4115:
4105:
4104:
4091:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4057:
4050:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4021:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3971:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3918:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3858:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3786:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3756:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3726:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3678:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3640:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3590:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3560:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3530:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3499:
3497:
3486:Holmer, Glenn.
3485:
3484:
3480:
3471:
3469:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3447:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3414:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3294:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3117:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3007:. p. 146.
3000:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2951:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2802:
2800:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2700:
2698:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2671:
2669:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2642:
2640:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2611:
2609:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2540:
2536:
2451:
2444:
2426:
2422:
2410:
2402:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2351:
2347:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2275:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2237:Network booting
2187:
2165:
2099:
2075:
2073:Recovery policy
2066:
2050:
1985:
1975:Disk encryption
1972:Intel BootGuard
1957:
1945:Matthew Garrett
1923:
1860:embedded system
1807:
1791:EFI application
1768:
1739:
1735:
1712:
1661:partition table
1633:
1629:
1625:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1565:
1562:
1502:
1498:
1456:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1348:USB flash drive
1321:hard disk drive
1290:
1282:
1277:
1250:
1248:Network booting
1244:
1242:Network booting
1216:
1152:
1108:
997:
987:
915:computers. The
849:copy protection
814:
761:
714:
702:
618:
510:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
461:
401:
222:
191:
189:Early computers
186:
166:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6354:
6352:
6344:
6343:
6333:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6315:
6308:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6241:
6234:
6227:
6219:
6217:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6202:
6195:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6179:
6164:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6126:
6124:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6078:
6076:
6069:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6054:
6047:
6039:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6020:
6013:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5914:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5850:
5848:
5841:
5840:
5833:
5825:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5806:
5799:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5705:
5691:
5684:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5617:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5594:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5554:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5537:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5500:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5444:
5436:
5435:
5410:
5386:
5361:
5337:
5326:Android Police
5312:
5301:Android Police
5287:
5263:
5236:
5209:
5183:
5152:
5145:
5125:
5112:
5100:
5085:
5063:
5037:
5013:
4993:
4979:. 2013-12-05.
4960:
4944:wiki.osdev.org
4931:
4906:
4881:
4825:
4754:
4709:
4665:
4646:
4619:
4580:
4564:Letwin, Gordon
4540:McDonald, Marc
4532:Ballmer, Steve
4515:
4476:
4442:
4403:
4378:
4356:(2008-06-14).
4345:
4323:
4294:
4265:
4240:
4237:on 2007-05-15.
4218:
4193:
4156:
4126:
4089:
4066:
4055:
4048:
4027:
4001:
3980:
3954:
3924:
3894:
3864:
3834:
3810:
3792:
3762:
3732:
3702:
3664:
3626:
3596:
3566:
3536:
3506:
3478:
3453:
3420:
3390:
3360:
3330:
3300:
3270:
3230:
3197:
3160:
3123:
3093:
3063:
3037:
3017:
2987:
2977:. p. 34.
2957:
2927:
2908:
2875:
2845:
2809:
2793:Addison-Wesley
2766:
2736:
2707:
2678:
2649:
2618:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2534:
2472:techniques in
2442:
2420:
2362:
2356:may contain a
2345:
2324:
2315:
2305:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2137:rounding error
2126:
2120:
2115:
2113:Windows Server
2110:
2105:
2103:Windows NT 4.0
2098:
2095:
2083:Single sign-on
2074:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2049:
2046:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1922:
1919:
1900:host processor
1806:
1803:
1767:
1764:
1675:(6 bytes), an
1673:disk timestamp
1669:disk signature
1665:boot signature
1599:(the one with
1561:
1558:
1479:Award Software
1455:
1452:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1246:Main article:
1243:
1240:
1215:
1212:
1180:device drivers
1151:
1148:
1134:(MBR) and the
1107:
1104:
1088:IBM System/360
1082:(MBR) and the
986:
983:
829:Apple Computer
813:
810:
760:
757:
720:An Intel 2708
713:
710:
701:
698:
693:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
617:
614:
509:
506:
422:7030 (Stretch)
409:z/Architecture
405:IBM System/360
400:
397:
381:
380:
372:
361:
221:
218:
190:
187:
185:
182:
165:
162:
148:bootstrap load
129:state machines
106:runtime system
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6353:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6320:
6316:
6313:
6309:
6306:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6292:
6288:
6285:
6281:
6278:
6274:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6235:
6232:
6228:
6225:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6184:
6180:
6177:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6112:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6066:
6059:
6055:
6052:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6025:
6021:
6018:
6014:
6011:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5978:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5933:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5883:BootX (Linux)
5880:
5877:
5876:BootX (Apple)
5873:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5811:
5807:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5715:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5664:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5614:Open Firmware
5611:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5465:
5460:
5458:
5453:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5411:
5400:
5396:
5390:
5387:
5376:
5372:
5365:
5362:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5338:
5327:
5323:
5316:
5313:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5288:
5277:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5240:
5237:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5213:
5210:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5187:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5156:
5153:
5148:
5146:9780471175025
5142:
5138:
5137:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4895:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4710:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4634:DOS Internals
4628:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4610:
4609:PCjs Machines
4606:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4581:1-55615-049-0
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4548:Paterson, Tim
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4459:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4334:
4327:
4324:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4194:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4114:on 2003-10-04
4113:
4109:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4059:
4056:
4051:
4049:0-931988-42-X
4045:
4041:
4037:
4036:Osborne, Adam
4031:
4028:
4020:
4013:
4012:
4005:
4002:
3987:
3983:
3981:0-931988-43-8
3977:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3963:Osborne, Adam
3958:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3935:
3928:
3925:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3905:
3898:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3743:
3736:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3703:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3676:
3668:
3665:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3638:
3630:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3607:
3600:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3578:
3577:
3570:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3507:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3482:
3479:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3391:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3341:
3334:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3281:
3274:
3271:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3161:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3064:
3056:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3018:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2924:0-930405-87-0
2921:
2917:
2912:
2909:
2894:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2868:
2861:
2860:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2783:Gill, Stanley
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2395:little-endian
2366:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2283:
2282:recovery mode
2279:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:Multi-booting
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2178:recovery mode
2175:
2172:resulting in
2171:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:(also called
2017:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1994:console of a
1993:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1763:
1762:via network.
1761:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1671:(6 bytes), a
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1624:
1621:
1620:little-endian
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1575:
1571:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1454:Boot sequence
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1426:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1297:Windows To Go
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1184:Open Firmware
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1146:processors.
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1044:chain loading
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
996:
992:
984:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
882:microcomputer
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
862:systems from
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837:
834:
830:
826:
824:
820:
811:
809:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
759:Minicomputers
758:
756:
754:
750:
747:(EPROM), and
746:
742:
738:
734:
727:
726:circuit board
723:
718:
711:
709:
707:
699:
697:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
671:
670:
668:
664:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
634:
633:
631:
627:
623:
622:Binary Loader
615:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
583:
579:
576:
571:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:Minicomputers
514:
508:Minicomputers
507:
505:
502:
498:
467:
459:
455:
450:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:models, most
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
415:
410:
406:
398:
396:
394:
389:
386:
377:
373:
370:
366:
362:
359:
355:
354:
349:
345:
341:
340:
339:
336:
333:
329:
324:
321:
312:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:
275:
267:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:magnetic tape
240:
239:magnetic drum
236:
231:
227:
219:
217:
215:
211:
210:David Wheeler
207:
203:
198:
196:
188:
183:
181:
175:
170:
163:
161:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
140:is short for
139:
135:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
55:
51:
47:
40:
39:Bootstrapping
33:
19:
6216:ROM variants
6160:Network boot
6138:Raspberry Pi
5904:systemd-boot
5474:
5427:. Retrieved
5425:. 2024-07-19
5422:
5413:
5402:. Retrieved
5398:
5389:
5378:. Retrieved
5374:
5364:
5353:. Retrieved
5349:
5340:
5329:. Retrieved
5325:
5315:
5304:. Retrieved
5300:
5290:
5279:. Retrieved
5275:
5266:
5255:. Retrieved
5249:
5239:
5228:. Retrieved
5222:
5212:
5201:. Retrieved
5195:
5186:
5169:
5165:
5155:
5135:
5128:
5115:
5103:
5077:
5055:. Retrieved
5049:
5040:
5029:. Retrieved
5025:
5016:
5005:. Retrieved
4996:
4985:. Retrieved
4972:
4963:
4952:. Retrieved
4943:
4934:
4923:. Retrieved
4909:
4898:. Retrieved
4884:
4853:
4847:. Retrieved
4838:
4828:
4782:
4776:. Retrieved
4767:
4764:"Can't copy"
4757:
4737:
4731:. Retrieved
4722:
4712:
4695:
4689:. Retrieved
4678:
4668:
4633:
4608:
4559:
4518:
4509:
4503:. Retrieved
4479:
4471:
4465:. Retrieved
4445:
4436:
4430:. Retrieved
4406:
4395:. Retrieved
4381:
4370:. Retrieved
4348:
4337:. Retrieved
4326:
4315:. Retrieved
4306:
4297:
4286:. Retrieved
4277:
4268:
4257:. Retrieved
4251:. coreboot.
4243:
4235:the original
4230:
4221:
4210:. Retrieved
4206:
4196:
4185:. Retrieved
4148:. Retrieved
4139:
4129:
4116:. Retrieved
4112:the original
4081:. Retrieved
4069:
4058:
4039:
4030:
4010:
4004:
3993:. Retrieved
3967:
3957:
3933:
3927:
3903:
3897:
3873:
3867:
3843:
3837:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3795:
3771:
3765:
3741:
3735:
3711:
3705:
3694:. Retrieved
3674:
3667:
3656:. Retrieved
3636:
3629:
3605:
3599:
3575:
3569:
3545:
3539:
3515:
3509:
3498:. Retrieved
3488:
3481:
3470:. Retrieved
3456:
3441:Data General
3432:
3399:
3393:
3369:
3363:
3339:
3333:
3309:
3303:
3279:
3273:
3262:. Retrieved
3242:
3209:
3189:. Retrieved
3169:
3163:
3152:. Retrieved
3132:
3126:
3102:
3096:
3072:
3066:
3046:
3040:
3026:
3020:
2996:
2990:
2966:
2960:
2936:
2930:
2915:
2911:
2900:. Retrieved
2884:
2878:
2858:
2835:(10): 1273.
2832:
2828:
2812:
2801:. Retrieved
2787:
2769:
2752:
2748:
2739:
2728:. Retrieved
2719:
2710:
2699:. Retrieved
2690:
2681:
2670:. Retrieved
2661:
2652:
2641:. Retrieved
2630:
2621:
2610:. Retrieved
2601:
2592:
2537:
2510:side effects
2492:support the
2458:boot sectors
2423:
2365:
2348:
2327:
2318:
2308:
2295:
2108:Windows 2000
2076:
2067:
2051:
2041:
2034:process and
2031:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2005:
1998:router with
1966:Samsung Knox
1943:
1935:cryptography
1924:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1880:
1873:
1857:
1826:
1808:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1769:
1748:
1733:
1723:
1642:
1617:
1600:
1596:
1563:
1543:
1495:reset vector
1484:
1470:'s boot0 MBR
1439:
1437:
1405:boot manager
1397:dual booting
1379:
1374:
1372:
1344:mass storage
1306:
1283:
1280:Boot devices
1266:
1251:
1236:
1232:flash memory
1217:
1209:
1188:
1153:
1109:
1096:
1077:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1029:
998:
933:
898:
876:
857:
838:
827:
815:
807:
784:
773:
762:
749:flash memory
730:
724:"chip" on a
703:
694:
660:
621:
619:
587:
575:diode matrix
572:
568:
549:
536:
519:
503:
499:
451:
425:
419:
413:
402:
382:
357:
352:
347:
337:
325:
317:
271:
223:
214:punched tape
199:
192:
179:
151:
147:
142:
137:
136:
133:
114:
95:
66:
60:
50:
6270:ROM hacking
6206:Wake-on-LAN
5869:BootManager
5821:Bootloaders
5224:Tom's Guide
4875:PC DOS
4815:PC DOS
4680:PC Magazine
4544:O'Rear, Bob
4536:Gates, Bill
4528:Allen, Paul
2755:(1): 7–36.
2627:"Bootstrap"
2598:"bootstrap"
2574:PC DOS
2514:overlapping
2466:PC DOS
2227:Microreboot
2163:CrowdStrike
2151:Google Nest
1787:Legacy boot
1760:remote boot
1689:superfloppy
1645:fixed disks
1609:boot sector
1535:Option ROMs
1527:main memory
1448:Latitude ON
1073:entry point
1069:boot sector
1040:boot loader
973:-based and
890:Spectre GCR
767:(1970) and
706:Altair 8800
667:teleprinter
562:(1962) and
541:front panel
393:front panel
289:card reader
285:main memory
121:hibernation
87:main memory
6305:Instant-on
6291:Devicetree
6131:Bus Pirate
6035:Partitions
5803:Das U-Boot
5688:Award BIOS
5605:Video BIOS
5583:Interfaces
5429:2024-07-19
5404:2024-07-19
5380:2024-07-19
5355:2024-07-19
5331:2022-05-19
5306:2022-05-19
5281:2022-05-19
5257:2022-05-17
5230:2022-05-20
5203:2022-05-17
5080:published
5057:2022-12-11
5031:2022-11-30
5007:2015-10-25
4987:2015-01-25
4954:2020-09-26
4925:2013-03-20
4900:2008-01-07
4849:2017-10-06
4793:IBMDOS.COM
4789:IBMBIO.COM
4778:2017-10-06
4748:DRBIOS.SYS
4744:IBMBIO.COM
4733:2017-10-06
4691:2019-07-26
4657:) Errata:
4505:2012-08-23
4467:2013-11-03
4432:2019-08-23
4397:2010-11-20
4372:2010-11-20
4339:2010-11-20
4317:2020-09-26
4288:2020-09-26
4259:2010-11-20
4212:2023-10-28
4187:2017-12-21
4150:2012-08-22
4118:2009-03-29
4083:2024-09-04
3995:2019-08-23
3696:2022-06-12
3658:2022-06-12
3500:2016-05-02
3472:2019-12-10
3264:2007-04-14
3191:2012-11-09
3154:2019-10-30
2902:2012-11-09
2803:2020-09-25
2730:2010-07-15
2701:2019-10-02
2691:Tech Terms
2672:2019-10-07
2643:2008-08-27
2612:2019-08-05
2584:References
2550:IBMBIO.COM
2532:scenarios.
2530:chain load
2526:multi-boot
2434:IBMBIO.COM
2415:big-endian
2389:at offset
2381:at offset
2377:, that is
2299:Including
2232:Multi boot
2129:Android 10
2118:Windows 10
1864:Das U-Boot
1797:or in the
1774:and newer
1772:Intel Macs
1681:multi-boot
1440:quick-boot
1425:BIOS Setup
1375:boot order
1364:Zip drives
1286:See also:
1201:memtest86+
1128:Das U-Boot
1064:x86 series
995:Bootloader
989:See also:
795:VAX-11/780
791:Intel 8085
630:Pseudocode
594:paper tape
434:System/370
430:System/360
348:dead start
293:tape drive
255:System/360
235:punch card
6277:ROM image
6068:Utilities
5925:OpeniBoot
5767:Kickstart
5760:LinuxBoot
5753:Libreboot
5718:InsydeH2O
5709:AMI Aptio
5649:AlphaBIOS
5482:Processes
5251:The Verge
5178:191083238
4892:. Intel.
2562:relocated
2554:overwrite
2278:boot loop
2202:Boot disk
2133:luminance
2024:boot-loop
2020:boot loop
2008:debugging
1884:Atmel AVR
1744:OS kernel
1568:(usually
1503:FFFFFFF0h
1491:real mode
1444:Splashtop
1337:El Torito
1197:safe mode
1124:Libreboot
1036:bootstrap
1017:NOR flash
860:Macintosh
819:Intel x86
765:Nova 1200
691:Jump to 2
657:Jump to 2
610:Supernova
537:toggle in
385:Burroughs
257:in 1964.
143:bootstrap
98:rebooting
63:computing
6335:Category
6319:EDL mode
6298:Fastboot
6263:Boot ROM
6123:Hardware
6111:Heimdall
6097:UEFITool
6083:flashrom
6075:Software
5953:SYSLINUX
5890:GNU GRUB
5746:Coreboot
5739:OpenBIOS
5543:firmware
5541:Booting
5471:Firmware
5276:The Week
5174:ProQuest
4981:Archived
4948:Archived
4919:Archived
4894:Archived
4843:Archived
4819:BOOT.LST
4772:Archived
4727:Archived
4685:Archived
4613:Archived
4598:16581341
4590:87-21452
4511:address.
4496:Archived
4458:Archived
4423:Archived
4391:Archived
4366:Archived
4362:Phoronix
4311:Archived
4282:Archived
4253:Archived
4178:Archived
4144:Archived
4019:Archived
3986:Archived
3946:Archived
3916:Archived
3886:Archived
3856:Archived
3829:Archived
3784:Archived
3754:Archived
3724:Archived
3687:Archived
3685:. 1985.
3649:Archived
3647:. 1985.
3618:Archived
3588:Archived
3558:Archived
3528:Archived
3494:Archived
3466:Archived
3445:Archived
3412:Archived
3382:Archived
3352:Archived
3322:Archived
3292:Archived
3255:Archived
3222:Archived
3182:Archived
3145:Archived
3115:Archived
3085:Archived
3055:Archived
3009:Archived
2979:Archived
2949:Archived
2893:Archived
2867:Archived
2837:Archived
2820:(1953).
2797:Archived
2785:(1951).
2724:Archived
2695:Archived
2666:Archived
2637:Archived
2606:Archived
2522:backward
2393:. Since
2185:See also
2124:Nexus 5X
2097:Examples
2016:bootloop
1983:Bootloop
1955:Measures
1949:defaults
1931:end user
1927:security
1921:Security
1795:USB disk
1793:file in
1597:bootable
1464:hex dump
1370:drives.
1346:device (
1323:via the
1301:Live USB
1168:Syslinux
1156:GNU GRUB
1120:coreboot
1100:boot ROM
943:OpenBoot
879:Atari ST
841:Apple II
823:MOS 6502
769:Nova 800
753:firmware
743:(PROM),
626:checksum
566:(1970).
442:IBM 3270
438:IBM 2250
344:CDC 6600
320:IBM 1401
305:IBM 7094
301:IBM 7090
266:IBM 1130
228:and the
226:UNIVAC I
91:firmware
79:software
75:hardware
71:computer
6341:Booting
6255:Related
6192:NetBoot
5932:RedBoot
5911:loadlin
5862:Barebox
5702:AMIBIOS
5681:SeaBIOS
5520:Android
5490:Windows
5475:booting
4438:FFFF0H.
3034:. 1939.
2518:folding
2375:55h AAh
2341:370/168
2337:370/165
2313:option.
2301:daemons
2242:RedBoot
2207:Bootkit
2036:restart
2032:booting
2000:OpenWrt
1996:TP-Link
1821:Android
1736:bootmgr
1655:of the
1570:segment
1468:FreeBSD
1389:Live CD
1382:Windows
1335:(using
1303:example
1164:BOOTMGR
957:-based
955:PowerPC
921:Itanium
833:Apple 1
552:HP 2100
481:, head
417:(IPL).
403:In the
335:00101.
328:IBM 650
297:IBM 704
274:IBM 701
230:IBM 701
164:History
67:booting
6245:EEPROM
6145:ft2232
6058:/boot/
5974:Yaboot
5939:rEFInd
5423:Neowin
5176:
5143:
4973:ti.com
4871:MS-DOS
4865:/S or
4863:FORMAT
4856:DR-DOS
4821:file.
4806:MS-DOS
4802:LOADER
4785:DR-DOS
4740:DR-DOS
4644:
4596:
4588:
4578:
4249:"Tint"
4207:GitHub
4046:
3978:
2922:
2543:DR-DOS
2502:opcode
2490:LOADER
2476:up to
2462:MS-DOS
2399:IBM PC
2333:360/85
2280:or in
1915:EEPROM
1904:master
1891:pins.
1819:of an
1778:) use
1685:floppy
1601:active
1574:offset
1499:FFFF0h
1368:LS-120
1366:, and
1258:server
1160:rEFInd
1060:IBM PC
1058:of an
1013:EEPROM
803:LSI-11
606:PDP-15
604:, and
582:Unibus
564:PDP-11
527:(DEC)
446:Amdahl
376:PDP-10
365:GE 645
303:, and
278:36-bit
268:(1965)
176:(1946)
6238:EPROM
6090:fwupd
5946:rEFIt
5918:NTLDR
5897:iBoot
5551:Types
5513:Linux
4859:FDISK
4499:(PDF)
4488:(PDF)
4461:(PDF)
4454:(PDF)
4426:(PDF)
4419:Intel
4415:(PDF)
4181:(PDF)
4174:(PDF)
4078:(PDF)
4022:(PDF)
4015:(PDF)
3989:(PDF)
3972:(PDF)
3949:(PDF)
3938:(PDF)
3919:(PDF)
3908:(PDF)
3889:(PDF)
3878:(PDF)
3859:(PDF)
3848:(PDF)
3823:[
3787:(PDF)
3776:(PDF)
3757:(PDF)
3746:(PDF)
3727:(PDF)
3716:(PDF)
3690:(PDF)
3679:(PDF)
3652:(PDF)
3641:(PDF)
3621:(PDF)
3610:(PDF)
3591:(PDF)
3580:(PDF)
3561:(PDF)
3550:(PDF)
3531:(PDF)
3520:(PDF)
3448:(PDF)
3437:(PDF)
3415:(PDF)
3404:(PDF)
3385:(PDF)
3374:(PDF)
3355:(PDF)
3344:(PDF)
3325:(PDF)
3314:(PDF)
3295:(PDF)
3284:(PDF)
3258:(PDF)
3247:(PDF)
3225:(PDF)
3214:(PDF)
3185:(PDF)
3174:(PDF)
3148:(PDF)
3137:(PDF)
3118:(PDF)
3107:(PDF)
3088:(PDF)
3077:(PDF)
3058:(PDF)
3051:(PDF)
3012:(PDF)
3001:(PDF)
2982:(PDF)
2971:(PDF)
2952:(PDF)
2941:(PDF)
2896:(PDF)
2889:(PDF)
2870:(PDF)
2863:(PDF)
2840:(PDF)
2825:(PDF)
2558:stack
2486:FAT32
2411:55AAh
2403:AA55h
2391:+1FFh
2383:+1FEh
2371:+1FEh
2259:Notes
2166:'
2006:When
1909:Many
1858:Some
1740:ntldr
1708:FAT32
1704:FAT16
1700:FAT12
1653:bytes
1626:AA55h
1589:0000h
1585:07C0h
1581:7C00h
1577:0000h
1566:7C00h
1393:Linux
1386:Linux
1339:), a
1226:or a
1218:Many
1176:iBoot
1172:NTLDR
975:Alpha
963:SPARC
947:Forth
864:Apple
780:CSELT
722:EPROM
602:PDP-9
598:PDP-7
590:PDP-1
560:PDP-4
533:PDP-8
529:PDP-5
483:0000h
479:0000h
454:IBM Z
388:B1700
283:into
202:EDSAC
195:ENIAC
174:ENIAC
117:sleep
6231:PROM
6183:iPXE
6176:gPXE
6104:Odin
5988:MILO
5967:xOSL
5810:ARCS
5621:ACPI
5598:BIOS
5591:UEFI
5473:and
5141:ISBN
4854:the
4798:COPY
4783:The
4738:The
4642:ISBN
4594:OCLC
4586:LCCN
4576:ISBN
4044:ISBN
3976:ISBN
2920:ISBN
2560:and
2556:the
2546:VBRs
2528:and
2494:7.07
2488:and
2478:7.05
2456:and
2454:MBRs
2427:The
2385:and
2352:The
2339:and
2141:sRGB
2122:The
2014:, a
1992:UART
1911:FPGA
1889:GPIO
1876:JTAG
1868:DRAM
1840:UART
1832:OMAP
1780:UEFI
1766:UEFI
1754:18h
1702:and
1687:and
1647:and
1623:word
1560:BIOS
1550:BIOS
1546:UEFI
1531:DRAM
1519:BIOS
1515:UEFI
1511:BIOS
1507:UEFI
1446:and
1413:UEFI
1409:BIOS
1313:BIOS
1309:UEFI
1174:and
1144:8086
1140:8088
1126:and
1116:UEFI
1112:BIOS
1092:card
1056:BIOS
1025:DRAM
993:and
971:MIPS
959:Macs
951:IEEE
917:UEFI
905:BIOS
899:The
868:A/UX
665:ASR
531:and
426:LOAD
363:The
342:The
281:word
272:The
200:The
138:Boot
6224:ROM
5663:SFI
5656:SRM
5635:APM
4867:SYS
4811:SYS
4697:SYS
3251:IBM
3081:IBM
3005:IBM
2975:IBM
2945:IBM
2757:doi
2482:LBA
2438:SYS
2407:x86
2387:AAh
2379:55h
2153:hub
2145:RGB
2143:to
2022:or
1848:USB
1844:SPI
1815:An
1776:PCs
1752:INT
1738:or
1729:CHS
1724:two
1720:LBA
1714:SYS
1698:on
1634:AAh
1630:55h
1548:or
1539:SPD
1517:or
1509:or
1487:x86
1466:of
1433:DEL
1431:or
1421:F12
1419:or
1411:or
1356:PXE
1341:USB
1327:or
1325:GPT
1319:or
1311:or
1038:or
925:x86
894:TOS
886:ROM
855:.)
799:VAX
495:31h
491:01h
487:07h
475:02h
470:02h
462:02h
247:IBM
241:or
146:or
102:RAM
61:In
6337::
5504:NT
5497:9x
5421:.
5397:.
5373:.
5348:.
5324:.
5299:.
5274:.
5248:.
5221:.
5194:.
5168:.
5164:.
5088:^
5066:^
5048:.
5024:.
4975:.
4971:.
4946:.
4942:.
4852:.
4841:.
4837:.
4781:.
4770:.
4766:.
4736:.
4725:.
4721:.
4694:.
4677:.
4640:.
4622:^
4611:.
4607:.
4592:.
4584:.
4574:.
4566:;
4530:;
4526:;
4508:.
4490:.
4470:.
4435:.
4417:.
4364:.
4360:.
4309:.
4305:.
4280:.
4276:.
4229:.
4205:.
4176:.
4159:^
4142:.
4138:.
4092:^
4017:.
3984:.
3940:.
3910:.
3880:.
3850:.
3802:.
3778:.
3748:.
3718:.
3681:.
3643:.
3612:.
3582:.
3552:.
3522:.
3492:.
3464:.
3439:.
3423:^
3406:.
3376:.
3346:.
3316:.
3286:.
3249:.
3233:^
3216:.
3200:^
3176:.
3139:.
3079:.
3030:.
3003:.
2973:.
2943:.
2848:^
2833:41
2831:.
2827:.
2795:.
2791:.
2781:;
2777:;
2751:.
2722:.
2718:.
2693:.
2689:.
2664:.
2660:.
2635:.
2629:.
2604:.
2600:.
2500:,
2484:,
2445:^
2335:,
2267:^
1846:,
1842:,
1829:TI
1782:.
1632:,
1462:A
1450:.
1429:F2
1417:F8
1362:,
1350:,
1170:,
1166:,
1162:,
1158:,
1122:,
1118:,
1114:,
1046:.
1034:,
1015:,
931:.
896:.
874:.
739:,
600:,
358:PP
299:,
65:,
5463:e
5456:t
5449:v
5432:.
5407:.
5383:.
5358:.
5334:.
5309:.
5284:.
5260:.
5233:.
5206:.
5170:6
5060:.
5034:.
5010:.
4990:.
4957:.
4928:.
4903:.
4873:/
4746:(
4650:.
4617:)
4600:.
4400:.
4375:.
4342:.
4320:.
4291:.
4262:.
4215:.
4190:.
4153:.
4121:.
4086:.
4052:.
3998:.
3699:.
3661:.
3503:.
3475:.
3267:.
3194:.
3157:.
2905:.
2806:.
2763:.
2759::
2753:2
2733:.
2704:.
2675:.
2646:.
2615:.
2464:/
2303:.
2180:.
1587::
1579::
1572::
1529:(
1142:/
356:(
48:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.