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disk image file, for which the file format is published; it is similar to the ZIP format except that it supports hard links, deduplicated chunks, and uses chunk-by-chunk compression. In this case, the whole WIM is initially loaded into RAM, followed by the kernel initialisation. Next, the loaded WIM
207:
The bootloader will load the kernel and initial root file system image into memory and then start the kernel, passing in the memory address of the image. At the end of its boot sequence, the kernel tries to determine the format of the image from its first few blocks of data, which can lead either to
592:
It is also possible to install
Windows so that it will always boot from a WIM or VHD file placed on a physical drive. However, this is rarely used since the Windows boot loader is capable of loading the .sys files for boot-time kernel modules itself, which is the task that requires initrd in Linux.
88:
because statically compiling many drivers into one kernel causes the kernel image to be much larger, perhaps too large to boot on computers with limited memory, or in some cases to cause boot-time crashes or other problems due to probing for nonexistent or conflicting hardware. This static-compiled
431:, which invokes helper programs as hardware devices, disk partitions and storage volumes matching certain rules come online. This allows discovery to run in parallel, and to progressively cascade into arbitrary nestings of LVM, RAID or encryption to get at the root file system.
89:
kernel approach also leaves modules in kernel memory which are no longer used or needed, and raises the problem of detecting and loading the modules necessary to mount the root file system at boot time, or for that matter, deducing where or what the root file system is.
434:
When the root file system finally becomes visible, any maintenance tasks that cannot run on a mounted root file system are done, the root file system is mounted read-only, and any processes that must continue running (such as the splash screen helper and its command
582:
is available as a SystemRoot with an assigned drive letter. The
Windows installer uses this so it boots from BOOT.WIM, and then uses INSTALL.WIM as the collection of the Windows files to be installed.
235:
in order to boot on memory-limited systems, since the cramfs image can be mounted in-place without requiring extra space for decompression. Once the initial root file system is up, the kernel executes
785:
Dracut uses kernel parameters listed on the GRUB kernel command line to configure the initramfs RAM file system on the fly, providing more flexibiltity and furthercutting down on RAM file system code.
501:
Installers for Linux distributions typically run entirely from an initramfs, as they must be able to host the installer interface and supporting tools before any persistent storage has been set up.
1009:
258:
that becomes the initial root file system. This scheme has the advantage of not requiring an intermediate file system or block drivers to be compiled into the kernel. Some systems use the
407:
If the root file system is on an encrypted block device, the software needs to invoke a helper script to prompt the user to type in a passphrase and/or insert a hardware token (such as a
122:– is used. This root file-system can contain user-space helpers which do the hardware detection, module loading and device discovery necessary to get the real root file-system mounted.
223:) that is then mounted as the initial root file system. The driver for that file system must be compiled statically into the kernel. Many distributions originally used compressed
364:
Any hardware drivers that the boot process depends on must be loaded. A common arrangement is to pack kernel modules for common storage devices onto the initrd and then invoke a
2307:
1166:
1596:
1171:
633:
2396:
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481:
toolkit). To further save space, the shell, utilities and their supporting libraries are typically compiled with space optimizations enabled (such as with
386:
client, with which it can obtain a DHCP lease, extract the name of the NFS share and the address of the NFS server from the lease, and mount the NFS share.
360:) and must discover everything else at boot time. In this case, the software must perform a complex cascade of tasks to get the root file system mounted:
2391:
1013:
461:
On an initramfs, the initial root file system cannot be rotated away. Instead, it is simply emptied and the final root file system mounted over the top.
118:
To avoid having to hardcode handling for so many special cases into the kernel, an initial boot stage with a temporary root file-system – now dubbed
1417:
375:, the video hardware must be initialized and a user-space helper started to paint animations onto the display in lockstep with the boot process.
1521:
731:
389:
If the root file system appears to be on a software RAID device, there is no way of knowing which devices the RAID volume spans; the standard
778:
56:(from INITial RAM File System) refer to two different methods of achieving this. Both are commonly used to make preparations before the real
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or a regular file, then powering off. On next boot, this image has to be made accessible before it can be loaded back into memory.
1002:
705:
542:
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Depending on which algorithms were compiled statically into it, the kernel can unpack initrd/initramfs images compressed with
80:
image – one that the distribution's developers create specifically to boot on a wide variety of hardware. The
2238:
589:(Windows PE) uses the same, being a base for separate-boot versions of some antivirus and backup/disaster recovery software.
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334:
197:
101:
97:
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will generate a customized initrd image which contains only whatever is necessary to boot some particular computer, such as
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1435:
357:
454:(which was introduced specifically for this purpose). This leaves the initial root file system at a mount point (such as
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1601:
1128:
446:, since that would make the scripts and tools on the initial root file system inaccessible for any final cleanup tasks:
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as its first process; when it exits, the kernel assumes that the real root file system has been mounted and executes
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of this initial root file system (along with the kernel image) must be stored somewhere accessible by the Linux
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356:) generate a more generic initrd image. These start only with the device name of the root file system (or its
104:(on diskless workstations), or on an encrypted partition. All of these require special preparations to mount.
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2000:
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scheme, the image may be a file system image (optionally compressed), which is made available in a special
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archive (optionally compressed). The archive is unpacked by the kernel into a special instance of a
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1969:
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732:"linux/do_mounts_initrd.c at 4f671fe2f9523a1ea206f63fe60a7c7b3a56d5c7 · torvalds/linux · GitHub"
266:
as its first process that is not expected to exit. For some applications, initramfs can use the
111:, which suspends the computer to disk by dumping an image of the entire contents of memory to a
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On an initrd, the new root is mounted at a temporary mount point and rotated into place with
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must be invoked to scan all available block devices and bring the required ones online.
112:
57:
709:
458:) where normal boot scripts can later unmount it to free up memory held by the initrd.
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over a read-only root filesystem image. For example, overlay data can be stored on a
81:
971:"Download Windows Imaging File Format (WIM) from Official Microsoft Download Center"
2735:
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1328:
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996:
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package to create an initramfs image. In the initramfs scheme, the kernel executes
216:
181:
77:
61:
874:
991:
768:
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638:
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or the boot firmware of the computer. This can be the root file system itself, a
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16:
Temporary root file system loaded during early boot of Linux operating system
2410:
2379:
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2084:
1873:
1744:
1701:
1356:
1322:
1214:
318:
798:"Ubuntu Manpage: casper - a hook for initramfs-tools to boot live systems"
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2349:
2338:
2258:
2202:
2197:
2143:
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1980:
1906:
1383:
306:
283:
201:
92:
To further complicate matters, the root file system may be on a software
451:
2610:
2595:
2505:
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2435:
2359:
2253:
2177:
2118:
2032:
1995:
1926:
1868:
1863:
1767:
1724:
1388:
549: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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365:
345:. These typically embed the location and type of the root file system.
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32:
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2011:
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412:
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If the root file system is on NFS, it must then bring up the primary
330:
250:
scheme (available since the Linux kernel 2.6.13), the image may be a
232:
228:
623:
875:"pivot_root from initramfs causes circular reference in mount tree"
368:
agent to pull in modules matching the computer's detected hardware.
164:, another program to generate initramfs on some Linux distributions
2730:
2420:
2283:
2217:
2172:
2133:
2101:
2069:
2027:
2022:
1985:
1853:
1848:
1808:
1803:
1456:
1054:
604:
486:
390:
298:
255:
156:
141:
20:
400:, the LVM utilities must be invoked to scan for and activate the
2500:
2278:
2106:
2037:
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428:
338:
302:
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251:
224:
189:
93:
1503:
1499:
1027:
2580:
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518:
477:) along with some essential user-space utilities (usually the
473:
as a shell script and thus include a minimal shell (usually
773:. Alameda, California: Surfing Turtle Press. p. 76.
442:
The final root file system cannot simply be mounted over
1023:
688:
Introducing initramfs, a new model for initial RAM disks
439:) are hoisted into the newly mounted root file system.
2703:
2643:
2634:
2539:
2444:
2160:
2053:
1963:
1954:
1887:
1792:
1785:
1776:
1753:
1715:
1674:
1667:
1615:
1544:
1537:
1416:
1296:
1248:
1207:
1147:
1111:
1061:
1010:"Motivation for switch from initrd to initramfs"
415:), and then create a decryption target with the
227:file system images, while the others (including
770:Fedora 13: Administration, Networking, Security
270:utility to create a writable environment using
84:for this generic kernel image are included as
1515:
1039:
831:"Casper, the Friendly (and Persistent) Ghost"
699:
697:
634:List of Linux distributions that run from RAM
577:Since Windows Vista, Windows can boot from a
243:to begin the normal user-space boot process.
8:
754:"ramfs, rootfs, and initramfs docs, take 2"
661:"Booting linux: the history and the future"
396:If the root file system appears to be on a
107:Another complication is kernel support for
36:) is a scheme for loading a temporary root
2640:
2536:
1960:
1789:
1782:
1671:
1541:
1522:
1508:
1500:
1046:
1032:
1024:
704:Almesberger, Werner; Lermen, Hans (2000).
680:
678:
845:"LZ4 Compression and Improving Boot Time"
747:
745:
665:Proceedings of the Ottawa Linux Symposium
565:Learn how and when to remove this message
465:Most initial root file systems implement
2750:Free and open-source software portal
2308:Earliest eligible virtual deadline first
1476:Free and open-source software portal
651:
515:Similarities in other operating systems
493:written specifically for this purpose.
184:, a small partition on a local disk (a
200:server (on systems that can boot from
706:"Using the initial RAM disk (initrd)"
149:, a program to generate initramfs on
7:
547:adding citations to reliable sources
1418:Professional related certifications
953:"Windows Imaging File Format (WIM)"
587:Windows Preinstallation Environment
348:Other Linux distributions (such as
935:"Puppy Linux Release Announcement"
485:'s "-Os" flag) and linked against
14:
1197:List of software package managers
1182:Security-focused operating system
767:Petersen, Richard Leland (2010).
329:Some Linux distributions such as
2756:
2755:
2743:
2729:
1597:Supported computer architectures
1482:
1481:
1469:
1455:
896:Garzik, Jeff (2 November 2002).
752:Landley, Rob (17 October 2005).
603:
523:
208:the initrd or initramfs scheme.
1627:The Linux Programming Interface
1172:Distributions that run from RAM
534:needs additional citations for
898:"initramfs merge, part 1 of N"
685:Landley, Rob (15 March 2005),
511:can run entirely from initrd.
1:
999:of initrd-generating toolkits
873:Fish, Richard (6 July 2005).
1129:GNU/Linux naming controversy
916:"Tiny Core Linux - Concepts"
843:Kyungsik Lee (30 May 2013).
659:Almesberger, Werner (2000),
286:read-only image stored on a
44:, to be used as part of the
1225:Linux Documentation Project
1167:Netbook-specific comparison
756:. Linux kernel source tree.
624:booster initramfs generator
489:, a minimal version of the
371:On systems which display a
290:acts as a root filesystem.
2805:
2469:High-performance computing
2291:Process and I/O schedulers
1124:Criticism of desktop Linux
1005:on early userspace support
877:. Linux Kernel Bug Tracker
852:events.linuxfoundation.org
423:Some distributions use an
135:
129:
2723:
2302:Completely Fair Scheduler
1567:Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate
1449:
1134:Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate
902:Linux kernel mailing list
153:and related distributions
2223:Kernel same-page merging
2566:OS-level virtualization
86:loadable kernel modules
76:ship a single, generic
2711:List of Linux adopters
1653:Linux User Group (LUG)
1310:Free Software Magazine
1240:Linux User Group (LUG)
992:Debian initramfs-tools
833:. Linux Journal. 2012.
427:hotplug agent such as
165:
154:
629:Linux startup process
282:, while a compressed
160:
145:
138:Linux startup process
46:Linux startup process
2297:Brain Fuck Scheduler
1557:Linux Mark Institute
1235:Linux Mark Institute
1003:Kernel documentation
543:improve this article
196:file systems), or a
2491:Real-time computing
1763:Linux Standard Base
997:Detailed comparison
802:manpages.ubuntu.com
74:Linux distributions
60:file system can be
2479:Compute Node Linux
2065:C standard library
1162:Distributions list
1157:General comparison
1119:Criticism of Linux
1016:on 4 January 2013.
411:or a USB security
373:boot splash screen
325:Mount preparations
166:
155:
2771:
2770:
2719:
2718:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2264:Network scheduler
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
1950:
1949:
1697:Linux kernel oops
1663:
1662:
1643:Linux conferences
1497:
1496:
780:978-1-936280-02-5
641:(Arch Linux Wiki)
575:
574:
567:
380:network interface
276:persistence layer
2796:
2759:
2758:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2736:Linux portal
2734:
2733:
2641:
2537:
2346:Security Modules
1961:
1790:
1783:
1672:
1552:Linux Foundation
1542:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1501:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1462:Linux portal
1460:
1459:
1431:Linux Foundation
1230:Linux Foundation
1048:
1041:
1034:
1025:
1017:
1012:. Archived from
979:
978:
967:
961:
960:
949:
943:
942:
930:
924:
923:
912:
906:
905:
893:
887:
886:
884:
882:
870:
864:
863:
861:
859:
849:
840:
834:
824:
818:
817:
815:
813:
808:on 4 August 2017
804:. Archived from
794:
788:
787:
764:
758:
757:
749:
740:
739:
728:
722:
721:
719:
717:
708:. Archived from
701:
692:
691:
682:
673:
672:
667:, archived from
656:
613:
608:
607:
570:
563:
559:
556:
550:
527:
519:
472:
468:
457:
445:
265:
242:
238:
222:
188:, usually using
163:
148:
120:early user space
55:
51:
27:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2744:
2742:
2728:
2715:
2699:
2646:
2622:
2606:User-mode Linux
2535:
2440:
2148:
2056:
2049:
1968:
1946:
1883:
1795:
1772:
1749:
1711:
1659:
1611:
1602:Version history
1533:
1528:
1498:
1493:
1470:
1468:
1454:
1445:
1412:
1292:
1244:
1203:
1187:Package manager
1143:
1107:
1086:Booting process
1057:
1052:
1008:
988:
983:
982:
969:
968:
964:
951:
950:
946:
932:
931:
927:
914:
913:
909:
895:
894:
890:
880:
878:
872:
871:
867:
857:
855:
847:
842:
841:
837:
825:
821:
811:
809:
796:
795:
791:
781:
766:
765:
761:
751:
750:
743:
730:
729:
725:
715:
713:
712:on 2 April 2015
703:
702:
695:
684:
683:
676:
671:on 24 July 2008
658:
657:
653:
648:
609:
602:
599:
571:
560:
554:
551:
540:
528:
517:
505:Tiny Core Linux
499:
470:
466:
455:
443:
341:and filesystem
327:
280:USB flash drive
263:
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220:
161:
146:
140:
134:
128:
70:
53:
49:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2800:
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2628:
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2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2545:
2543:
2541:Virtualization
2534:
2533:
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2531:
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2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
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2433:
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2413:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2387:Device drivers
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2329:SCHED_DEADLINE
2326:
2324:O(1) scheduler
2321:
2319:O(n) scheduler
2316:
2314:Noop scheduler
2311:
2305:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2286:
2281:
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2271:
2266:
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2256:
2251:
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2241:
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2220:
2215:
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2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2168:Kernel modules
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2158:
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2020:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1998:
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1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
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1934:
1929:
1924:
1922:Memory barrier
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1904:
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1893:
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1879:
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186:boot partition
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126:Implementation
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113:swap partition
82:device drivers
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1400:Revolution OS
1397:
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1372:Linux Outlaws
1370:
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1343:Linux Journal
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1336:Linux Gazette
1333:
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1289:
1288:Linux malware
1286:
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1220:Linux Counter
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1208:Organizations
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1149:Distributions
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1139:SCO and Linux
1137:
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1127:
1125:
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1117:
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1112:Controversies
1110:
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975:Microsoft.com
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957:microsoft.com
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639:EFI boot stub
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532:This section
530:
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514:
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506:
502:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
460:
453:
452:pivot_root(8)
449:
448:
447:
440:
438:
432:
430:
426:
418:
417:device mapper
414:
410:
406:
403:
399:
395:
392:
388:
385:
381:
377:
374:
370:
367:
363:
362:
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351:
346:
344:
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332:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
274:to overlay a
273:
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59:
47:
43:
39:
35:
34:
28:
22:
2789:Linux kernel
2760:
2741:
2727:
2457:Linux kernel
2375:Tomoyo Linux
1970:File systems
1625:
1577:SCO disputes
1538:Organization
1531:Linux kernel
1486:
1467:
1453:
1406:
1398:
1376:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1329:Linux Format
1327:
1315:
1308:
1283:Range of use
1100:
1063:Linux kernel
1014:the original
977:. Microsoft.
974:
965:
959:. Microsoft.
956:
947:
938:
928:
919:
910:
891:
879:. Retrieved
868:
856:. Retrieved
854:. p. 18
851:
838:
827:Shawn Powers
822:
810:. Retrieved
806:the original
801:
792:
784:
769:
762:
735:
726:
714:. Retrieved
710:the original
687:
669:the original
664:
654:
611:Linux portal
591:
584:
576:
561:
552:
541:Please help
536:verification
533:
503:
500:
464:
441:
433:
425:event-driven
422:
402:volume group
391:MD utilities
347:
328:
292:
267:
247:
245:
217:block device
212:
210:
206:
185:
182:optical disc
167:
117:
106:
91:
78:Linux kernel
71:
30:
24:
18:
2462:Linux-libre
2355:Exec Shield
2234:Framebuffer
1937:Video4Linux
1794:System Call
1622:Developers
1562:Linus's law
1378:Linux Voice
1364:Ubuntu User
1317:Full Circle
1304:DistroWatch
1177:Lightweight
1091:Kernel oops
1081:Linux-libre
1076:Linus's law
939:ibiblio.org
920:ibiblio.org
881:28 February
555:August 2015
509:Puppy Linux
382:, invoke a
109:hibernation
38:file system
2778:Categories
2549:Hypervisor
2511:PREEMPT_RT
2416:KernelCare
2404:Raw device
2334:SCHED_FIFO
2244:KMS driver
2161:Components
2016:securityfs
1902:Crypto API
1844:Linux-only
1730:System.map
1633:kernel.org
1592:menuconfig
1587:GNU GPL v2
646:References
497:Other uses
409:smart card
241:/sbin/init
231:3.1) used
178:boot image
174:bootloader
151:Arch Linux
147:mkinitcpio
136:See also:
130:See also:
2688:LYME-LYCE
2411:initramfs
2380:Linux PAM
2249:Netfilter
2119:libcgroup
2085:libhybris
2057:libraries
2005:hugetlbfs
1956:Userspace
1889:In-kernel
1874:readahead
1796:Interface
1745:initramfs
1702:SystemTap
1675:Debugging
1668:Technical
1607:Criticism
1357:LinuxUser
1323:Linux.com
1215:LinuxChix
491:C library
248:initramfs
68:Rationale
54:initramfs
23:systems,
2762:Category
2704:Adopters
2679:Server:
2660:Embedded
2636:Adoption
2529:PSXLinux
2452:Mainline
2445:Variants
2397:graphics
2350:AppArmor
2339:SCHED_RR
2259:nftables
2203:dm-crypt
2198:dm-cache
2144:liburing
2134:libevdev
2092:dietlibc
1981:configfs
1907:io uring
1488:Category
1407:The Code
1394:Phoronix
1384:LugRadio
1268:Embedded
1258:Adopters
1250:Adoption
812:7 August
716:14 March
597:See also
475:/bin/ash
467:/linuxrc
284:SquashFS
237:/linuxrc
221:/dev/ram
202:Ethernet
96:volume,
31:initial
2784:Booting
2695:Devices
2655:Desktop
2616:coLinux
2611:MkLinux
2596:L4Linux
2524:ÎĽClinux
2506:Xenomai
2496:RTLinux
2436:Ksplice
2365:SELinux
2360:seccomp
2310:(EEVDF)
2254:Netlink
2183:Console
2178:cgroups
2129:libalsa
2055:Wrapper
2033:systemd
1996:debugfs
1965:Daemons
1927:New API
1869:inotify
1864:dnotify
1768:x32 ABI
1725:vmlinux
1717:Startup
1616:Support
1436:Red Hat
1389:LWN.net
1263:Desktop
1071:History
1019:Alt URL
479:BusyBox
456:/initrd
366:hotplug
288:live CD
272:unionfs
246:In the
211:In the
132:Booting
62:mounted
33:ramdisk
2665:Gaming
2647:of use
2601:ELinOS
2592:Other
2586:OpenVZ
2576:Lguest
2520:-less
2431:kpatch
2426:kGraft
2392:802.11
2188:bcache
2139:libusb
2124:libdrm
2112:Newlib
2097:EGLIBC
2080:Bionic
2075:uClibc
2045:Kmscon
2019:sockfs
2012:procfs
2008:pipefs
1991:devpts
1917:kernfs
1859:splice
1814:select
1786:Kernel
1740:initrd
1735:dracut
1687:ftrace
1649:Users
1582:Linaro
1545:Kernel
1441:Ubuntu
1278:Mobile
1273:Gaming
858:29 May
777:
736:GitHub
619:dracut
585:Also,
413:dongle
354:Ubuntu
350:Fedora
331:Debian
317:, and
268:casper
260:dracut
233:cramfs
229:Debian
213:initrd
180:on an
162:dracut
50:initrd
42:memory
26:initrd
2645:Range
2484:SLURM
2421:kexec
2370:Smack
2304:(CFS)
2284:zswap
2225:(KSM)
2218:evdev
2173:BlueZ
2102:klibc
2070:glibc
2028:tmpfs
2023:sysfs
1986:devfs
1977:bpffs
1854:epoll
1849:futex
1829:close
1809:ioctl
1804:POSIX
1692:kdump
1297:Media
1102:more…
1055:Linux
848:(PDF)
487:klibc
471:/init
299:bzip2
264:/init
256:tmpfs
170:image
72:Many
40:into
21:Linux
2683:LAMP
2673:LTSP
2501:RTAI
2279:zram
2274:SLUB
2269:perf
2213:EDAC
2107:musl
2038:udev
2001:FUSE
1897:ALSA
1834:sync
1824:read
1819:open
1778:APIs
1755:ABIs
1682:CRIU
1638:LKML
883:2009
860:2015
814:2017
775:ISBN
718:2015
507:and
437:FIFO
429:udev
384:DHCP
358:UUID
352:and
339:SCSI
319:zstd
303:LZMA
295:gzip
252:cpio
225:ext2
198:TFTP
190:ext2
94:RAID
58:root
52:and
2581:LXC
2559:Xen
2554:KVM
2518:MMU
2474:INK
2239:LVM
2229:LIO
2208:DRM
1942:IIO
1932:RCU
1912:DRM
1707:BPF
1572:Tux
1096:Tux
579:WIM
545:by
483:gcc
469:or
335:ATA
315:LZ4
311:LZO
204:).
194:FAT
192:or
168:An
102:NFS
98:LVM
19:In
2780::
2348::
973:.
955:.
937:.
918:.
900:.
850:.
829:.
800:.
783:.
744:^
734:.
696:^
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