1404:
1888:
initiative known in
Finland as "Equal Marriages Law", which is also known by its campaign slogan, #Tahdon2013 (#IDo2013). This initiative was accepted by the Parliament during the 2011-2015 parliamentary session, though political debate, decision-making and drafting of the new law continued on to the next parliamentary session. The new law took effect on 1 March 2017. To date, a total of 24 citizens' initiatives have reached the 50,000 mark, with 20 of them having been either rejected or accepted in Parliament - so far, only two have been accepted: the aforementioned "Equal Marriages Law" and the "Motherhood Law" from 2015/16.
447:
2079:
legislative body (Initiatives that address fiscal or international matters are not covered by this right). If the initiative concerns changing the
Constitution, Article 150 of the Constitution states that the group must include at least 500,000 Romanian Citizens with suffrage who reside in at least half of all the counties, with a minimum of 20,000 per county. Article 151 of the Constitution also states that any amendments brought to it, must be also approved by means of a National Referendum.
1829:, particularly since a petition is directed to Parliament while a citizens' initiative is directed to the Commission; whereas a petition is a method of remonstrance, usually focussing on perceived infringements of European Law, an initiative is a grassroots proposal for new legislation. In 2013 the subjects of ongoing open initiatives of the European Citizens' Initiative are e.g. about "water and sanitation as a human right" (against
64:
2185:
1362:
758:
386:
1820:(which entered into force on 1 December 2009), enabling a limited indirect initiative right. It follows very similar rules to the ones outlined in the European Constitution, requiring the signatures of 1,000 000 European Nationals. These citizens would thereby obtain the same right to request the Commission to submit a legislative proposal as the Council has had since the establishment of the
1880:. An initiative must begin with at least five citizens as sponsors, and it must consist either of a direct proposal for a new law or of a motion to initiate the drafting of a new law by the relevant government department, as well as present reasons for doing so. A single initiative may not contain proposals on more than one specific legislative issue.
1884:
Finnish
Parliament for consideration; otherwise, it will lapse. The Parliament treats citizens' initiatives according to normal parliamentary procedure, that is, they are debated and considered in committees and they may also be amended or altered; the Parliament is not restricted to passing or rejecting them as they are.
1813:, to consider any proposal "on matters where citizens consider that a legal act of the Union is required for the purpose of implementing the Constitution." The precise mechanism had not been agreed upon. Critics underlined the weakness of this right of initiative, which did not ultimately entail any vote or referendum.
2138:
While there is no mandate for a referendum following directly from such an initiative, the UK government has a system whereby citizens can set up online petitions, which are considered by a committee. Any petition which reaches 10,000 signatures triggers a response from the government and those which
1563:
In Brazil, a popular law initiative requires two conditions be met before it is sent to the
National Congress: signatures from at least 1% of national registered voters and at least 0.3% of the people allowed to vote from each of at least five of the 27 federal unities (the 26 states plus the federal
2101:
in 1891, permitting a certain number of citizens (currently 100,000 signatures within 18 months) to make a request to amend a constitutional article, or even to introduce a new article into the constitution. The right of initiative is also used at the cantonal and communal level in
Switzerland (all
2121:
about two or three years later; the delay helps prevent short-term political moods from getting into the constitution. The parliament and government will both issue their official opinions on whether they recommend voting for or against the proposed amendment, and these opinions will be published.
1883:
Proposed initiatives are published on a website maintained by the
Finnish Ministry of Justice, where they may be electronically signed; signatures are also collected on paper. If an initiative is able to attract the signatures of a total of 50,000 citizens within six months, it is forwarded to the
1824:
in 1957. This, however, does require that the signatures come from a "significant number" of Member States. It is suggested that this significant number will need to be around a quarter of member states, with at least 1/500 of the citizens in those member states supporting the initiative. With the
1688:
Unsuccessful attempts to get initiatives have nevertheless occurred, but since the proposals were bills, not constitutional amendments, no initiative could probably have lawfully been voted on notwithstanding the bills' passage. The first attempt to get national ballot initiatives occurred in 1907
1581:
held in
October 1991 and was supported by over 83% of voters. It was subsequently put into force by the incoming NDP government. Since it came into force in 1995, at least 14 attempts have been made to force the government to either adopt a law or to hold a referendum on the question, but only one
1496:, to prevent a flood of frivolous measures on the ballot. It's been argued that a signature hurdle does not always determine popular support since the signature hurdle can be achieved through hiring a professional company to gather signatures. Instead of a signature hurdle a state-sponsored public
2143:
Only
British Citizens or individuals resident in the UK are allowed to start a petition or be a signatory. Petitions can be initiated via a specialist website, which also contains guidance on when petitions will, and will not, be debated. On occasion, some petitions which are signed by fewer than
2129:
A citizen-proposed change to the constitution in
Switzerland at the national level needs to achieve both a majority of the national popular vote and a majority of the canton-wide vote to pass. The vast majority of national initiatives introduced since 1891, when the system started, have failed to
1751:
Amendments to this
Constitution may likewise be directly proposed by the people through initiative upon a petition of at least twelve per centum of the total number of registered voters, of which every legislative district must be represented by at least three per centum of the registered voters
2078:
According to Article 74 of the Romanian Constitution, groups of at least 100,000 Romanian Citizens with suffrage that reside in at least one quarter of all the counties and with a minimum 5,000 signatures per county have the right to send a Citizens' Initiative which must be considered by the
1887:
The first initiative to pass the 50,000 mark did so already a few months after the "kansalaisaloite" first became possible. The initiative demanded the ending of fur industry in Finland, but failed to pass in Parliament. The first initiative to be accepted by the Parliament was the citizens'
2125:
The parliament may also pass an alternative amendment suggestion which will also be included on the ballot; in this case, the voters cast two votes, one for whether or not they want an amendment, and one for which one they want, the original one from the initiative or the one introduced in
1908:
reforms. However, the only power these "local referendum initiatives" confer on citizens is the ability to add propositions to their local assembly's meeting agenda. The decision as to whether to submit citizen propositions to a popular vote (referendum) rests with the local assembly. A
1533:
An agenda setting initiative is a measure submitted by petition to a legislature for consideration. The legislature may choose to approve or reject the proposal without a public vote. This form or initiative is more common than a legally binding direct or indirect initiative.
1582:
has succeeded. Only one secured the required signatures of 10% of registered voters in each riding throughout British Columbia. Due to this achievement the government held the first referendum under this legislation, in September 2011 on the subject of repealing the
2035:
and collect at least 100,000 signatures (Article 2). Under Article 12 of the law, if there is "justified doubt regarding the authenticity of the required number of signatures of citizens, then within 14 days of the lodging of the list of signatures, the
1917:. Citizens are able to submit a law project to the parliament through the "Référendum d'Initiative Partagée"; they can ask for a referendum if they meet the 185 deputies requirement and the signatures of at least 10% of the voting population.
2130:
receive voter support. But the initiatives have proven to be a useful tool to force the government to concentrate on subjects that will otherwise remain hidden from the politic, lowering the distance between the government and the citizens.
2139:
reach 100,000 signatures will almost always require the government to consider holding a debate (with some exceptions, such as whether a similar issue has been debated recently, or a debate for that issue is scheduled) on the matter in the
1469:, the proposed measure is first referred to the legislature, and then if the proposed law is rejected by the legislature, the government may be forced to put the proposition to a referendum. The proposition may be on federal level law,
1524:
An indirect initiative is voted on by a legislature after sufficient signatures are collected from the voting population. In most areas the measure is submitted to a subsequent popular vote only if amended by the legislature.
2478:
1825:
variety of languages within the European Union, this creates a significant hurdle for people to navigate. The treaty also makes it clear that right of initiative should not be confused with the right to
1957:
considered Dáil electoral reform, members voted 83:16 in favour of allowing "citizens' initiatives" in general, 80:19 to allow them specifically for legislation, and 78:17 to allow them for
1724:(1890s–1920s). Almost every state currently in the union utilizes some sort of State Question or Initiative. A contemporary issue that is commonly decided through this method is the
1578:
2173:. These are non-binding referendums on any issue in which proponents have submitted a petition to Parliament signed by ten percent of all registered electors within 12 months.
1752:
therein. No amendment under this section shall be authorized within five years following the ratification of this Constitution nor oftener than once every five years thereafter.
1720:
adopted it by an overwhelming majority. The "Oregon System", as it was at first known, subsequently spread to many other states, and became one of the signature reforms of the
1639:
3080:
2486:
2779:
1976:
gave a right of initiative: if more than 50,000 voters demanded a change in law, the Oireachtas had two years to enact it, failing which 75,000 voters could petition for a
2230:
1516:
A direct initiative places an initiative measure directly on the ballot for voters to pass or reject. The measure is not submitted to the legislature for support first.
2464:
1705:
1595:
319:
235:
2801:
1697:; the proposal was never put to a vote. In 1977, both the Abourezk-Hatfield National Voter Initiative and the Jagt Resolutions never got out of committee. Senator
1725:
1643:
1798:
1655:
1624:
2307:
Berman, David R. The Future of 'direct Democracy' in Arizona: Petition Circulators, Election Officials and the Law. Morrison Institute for Public Policy, 2014.
1403:
2266:
1618:
679:
3025:
1747:
People's initiative to propose amendments to the constitution is enshrined in the 1987 Philippine Constitution under Article XVII Section 2, which states:
2017:
1390:
414:
1958:
1617:
The United States has no initiative process at the national level, but the initiative is in use at the level of state government in 24 states and the
278:
1938:
3161:, website of "The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation" (German, possible to switch to French or Italien language). Retrieved 2013-09-04.
2027:
Under Article 5 of the 24 June 1999 law, citizens wishing to launch an initiative must create a committee of at least 15 members, which becomes a
2753:
2140:
2041:
2114:
citizens' participation originates); many cantons allow initiatives to enact regular non-constitutional law, but the federal system does not.
2067:
1965:
rejected the recommendations on the basis that there is sufficient public involvement in legislation through the petitions committee and the
1997:
2555:
at the European Citizens' Initiative official register of The European Commission (often translated in EU-languages). Retrieved 2013-09-05.
1973:
2144:
100,000 people are still debated. Examples of issues which have been debated in parliament via this system are various issues surrounding
1577:
The Canadian province of British Columbia has a citizen initiative law known as the Recall and Initiative Act. The original proposal was
2625:
2897:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2530:
2226:
1954:
1925:
All German states have the right to initiative. However, there is no constitutional citizens' initiative in Germany at a federal level.
786:
2509:
1685:
on January 10, 1938, when it was defeated in the House by a vote of 209 to 188, short of the two-thirds vote required for its passage.
3154:
2964:
1910:
2932:
1647:
1258:
225:
135:
2295:
2088:
1802:
1792:
864:
691:
362:
210:
140:
2408:
2234:
2318:
1816:
A similar scheme under the same name, European Citizens' Initiative (ECI), has been put forward in the now ratified European
1770:
A petition to propose enactment of local resolution or ordinance on regional, provincial, city, municipal, or barangay level.
1383:
1253:
1031:
879:
684:
674:
407:
195:
180:
3059:
1962:
1805:(ECI) was that 1,000,000 citizens, from minimal numbers of different member states, could invite the executive body of the
2660:
2005:
1778:
defining the exercise of people's initiative through a proposition sent to congress or local legislative body for action.
1268:
695:
2602:
1989:
1017:
849:
820:
1717:
1666:
1321:
510:
31:
2016:
Citizens' legislative initiatives are a constitutional right in Poland, defined in Article 118, paragraph 2, of the
3329:
2170:
2098:
2094:
1985:
1946:
1628:
854:
825:
185:
3324:
2020:. The paragraph gives legislative initiative to any group of at least 100,000 citizens with voting rights to the
1376:
981:
400:
3011:
2282:
Richard J. Ellis, Signature Gathering in the Initiative Process: How Democratic Is It?, 64 Mont. L. Rev. (2003).
3319:
2387:
1966:
1609:
only when aiming at allowing or repealing an act passed by a state legislature. An initiative may be called a "
1474:
1096:
986:
553:
175:
125:
2682:
1677:
between 1935 and 1940, proposed an amendment to the Constitution that would require a national referendum to
3334:
2363:
2342:
2107:
2001:
1993:
1934:
1026:
779:
636:
357:
273:
253:
205:
2844:
2550:
1564:
district). If both conditions are met, Congress is obliged to discuss and vote on holding the initiative.
3136:
3122:
2510:"Texts adopted - Thursday, 7 May 2009 - Implementation of the citizens' initiative - P6_TA-PROV(2009)0389"
2103:
1742:
1635:
1543:
1482:
1412:
1263:
1205:
1151:
728:
230:
150:
118:
3108:
1492:
The hurdles the petition has to meet vary between countries, typically a certain number of signatures by
2952:
1914:
1877:
1083:
916:
568:
563:
296:
220:
215:
200:
190:
165:
145:
130:
3081:""Insulting or ridiculing church" to be jailable crime under bill supported by Polish justice minister"
2024:, the lower house of Polish parliament. The detailed procedure is defined in a law dated 24 June 1999.
342:
3171:
3094:
2723:
1801:(TCE) included a limited indirect initiative right (Article I-46(4)). The proposal of introducing the
3314:
2203:
1848:
It remains to be seen if the ECI evolves into a full initiative or remains in its present state of a
1821:
1583:
1193:
1064:
1054:
1039:
966:
884:
669:
258:
170:
155:
105:
85:
2306:
2004:
committee to define the method of dealing with such petitions. Before the committee could meet, the
2565:
2037:
1897:
1830:
1810:
1305:
1215:
1069:
971:
921:
859:
480:
160:
80:
2985:
2980:
2849:
2208:
2048:
1953:; the committee must formally consider them but need not accept them. In May–June 2013, when the
1682:
1493:
1486:
1343:
936:
772:
466:
314:
100:
38:
2296:
Garrett, Elizabeth. "Money, agenda setting, and direct democracy." Tex. L. Rev. 77 (1998): 1845.
1650:
to propose, and three-fourths of all state legislatures (or conventions in three-fourths of the
1485:
or legislature to consider the subject by submitting it to the order of the day. In contrast, a
446:
3270:
2960:
2948:
2928:
2653:
2629:
2458:
2044:
to verify the signatures. The electoral commission has 21 days to carry out the verification.
1338:
1012:
874:
869:
830:
803:
714:
578:
548:
475:
431:
352:
263:
95:
48:
2442:
Joselito Guianan Chan, Managing Partner, Chan Robles & Associates Law Firm (1989-08-04).
3236:
2111:
1905:
1662:
1436:
1288:
1044:
898:
739:
734:
651:
618:
588:
573:
530:
505:
500:
495:
485:
347:
55:
3149:
1712:, which adopted initiatives and referendums in 1898 by a popular vote of 23,816 to 16,483.
3158:
2198:
2190:
1834:
1721:
1478:
1366:
1348:
1173:
1158:
762:
744:
719:
641:
515:
471:
390:
337:
3012:"Ustawa z dnia 24 czerwca 1999 r. o wykonywaniu inicjatywy ustawodawczej przez obywateli"
2649:
Note: the text is an unofficial translation used by the Ministry of Justice of Finland.
3224:
3049:
3020:
2689:
2613:
1992:. By May 1928 Fianna Fáil claimed 96,000 signatures and attempted to have the petition
1981:
1806:
1631:
1610:
1244:
1163:
1117:
1059:
593:
558:
490:
268:
2184:
1646:
require two-thirds of both houses of Congress or the application of two-thirds of the
1361:
757:
385:
63:
3308:
3014:[Law of 24 June 1999 on the execution of a citizens' legislative initiative]
2728:
2059:
1817:
1681:
except in the case of invasion or attack. The amendment came closest to overcoming a
1602:
1408:
1168:
1146:
1121:
951:
608:
520:
2412:
3054:
2149:
2028:
1838:
1709:
1690:
1670:
1497:
931:
583:
367:
17:
2591:
2443:
2117:
If the necessary number of supporters is reached, the initiative will be put to a
1841:" (UBI - Exploring a pathway towards emancipatory welfare conditions), or to "End
2070:
with close to 400,000 (Higher than the 100,000 needed) signatures to parliament.
3274:
2281:
2166:
1698:
1678:
1420:
1235:
1200:
1103:
1091:
956:
461:
73:
30:
This article is about the popular or citizens' initiative. For other usage, see
3289:
3284:
2845:"Constitution of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann) Act, 1922, Schedule 1"
3221:
Giving Voters a Voice: The Origins of the Initiative and Referendum in America
2180:
2118:
2032:
1977:
1942:
1651:
1606:
1451:
1325:
1315:
1310:
1049:
911:
724:
603:
2231:"Fourth Report of the Convention on the Constitution: Dáil Electoral System"
1210:
1108:
991:
946:
926:
525:
372:
1868:
have had the constitutional right to send a citizens' initiative (Finnish:
3196:
1950:
1865:
1826:
1694:
1661:
Several proposals have been made to institute a national referendum. The
1440:
1416:
1333:
1293:
976:
961:
941:
810:
613:
438:
2444:"Philippine Laws, Statutes And Codes - Chan Robles Virtual Law Library"
1861:
1842:
1674:
1638:. Establishing a national initiative procedure would likely require an
1470:
1443:
meeting certain hurdles can force a legal procedure on a proposition.
1419:, for one of the first citizens' initiatives in Finland, about banning
1248:
906:
2409:"State by state listing of where initiatives and referendums are used"
1586:. Details of its use in BC are available on the Elections BC website.
2587:
2145:
2047:
One of the best known citizens' initiatives in Poland is the pair of
2008:
rushed through an amendment deleting Article 48 of the Constitution.
2000:(lower house). The motion was deferred, ostensibly to allow the Dáil
1713:
1298:
1240:
1138:
646:
3279:
1503:
The success of a popular initiative depends on the exact wording.
2754:"Written Answer No.225: Constitutional Convention Recommendations"
1402:
3241:
1658:, was ratified by state conventions rather than by a referendum.
2566:"European Citizens' Initiative on the European Commission's web"
2021:
1896:
A limited, indirect form of local initiative was added to the
3253:
1941:, has never made provision for initiatives. Since 2012, the
1756:
This provision is further protected by Republic Act 6735 or
1980:. The only attempt to invoke this was organised in 1927 by
1716:
was the second state to adopt and did so in 1902, when the
1621:, and is also in common use at the local government level.
3258:
2898:"Constitution (Amendment No. 10) Bill, 1928—Second Stage"
3006:
3004:
1767:
A petition to propose enactment of national legislation.
1489:
that allows voters only to repeal existing legislation.
2927:. Documents editor Eoin Kinsella. Royal Irish Academy.
2804:. Ireland: Citizens Information Board. 10 October 2016
1689:
when House Joint Resolution 44 was introduced by Rep.
3290:
NCSL Initiative & Referendum Legislation Database
2585:
European Citizens' Initiative on the initiator's web:
2126:
parliament, in case a majority decides for amending.
1764:
A petition to propose amendments to the constitution.
1450:, the proposition is put directly to a plebiscite or
2748:
2746:
2049:
2015/2016 anti-abortion and pro-abortion initiatives
3299:
2712:
Constitutional Convention 2013; §5.3.2 "Background"
2148:and a petition calling for United States President
3294:
2957:The Irish Free State - Its Government and Politics
2904:. 15 June 1928. pp. Vol.24 No.6 p.3 cc694–721
2708:
2706:
1654:) to ratify. The Constitution itself, pursuant to
1605:, a popular vote on a measure is referred to as a
3259:I&R Campaign for Direct Democracy in Britain
3052:['Black protest' in front of the Sejm].
2925:The Origins of the Irish Constitution, 1928-1941
2724:"How does the new public petitions system work?"
2628:. Ministry of Justice of Finland. Archived from
2432:United States Constitution, Article I, Section I
1706:initiatives and referendums in the United States
1596:Initiatives and referendums in the United States
2343:"Table of Contents - Recall and Initiative Act"
1749:
1634:"all legislative powers herein granted" to the
2834:Constitutional Convention 2013; §2 Question 10
2830:
2828:
2055:marches coordinated by women's rights groups.
3237:Centre for Research on Direct Democracy (c2d)
2822:Constitutional Convention 2013; §2 Question 9
1833:), "30 km/h - making the streets liveable!" (
1799:Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe
1384:
780:
408:
8:
3295:The National Initiative for Democracy (NI4D)
2463:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2169:a vote initiated by the public is called a
2981:"Constitution (Amendment No. 10) Act 1928"
1613:", "initiative measure", or "proposition".
1391:
1377:
798:
787:
773:
426:
415:
401:
43:
2319:"Agenda (setting) initiative - Navigator"
2291:
2289:
3197:"Brexit debate: Do petitions ever work?"
3095:"Blasphemy law Poland may be toughened"
2760:. Oireachtas. 21 April 2015. p. 56
2277:
2275:
2259:
2031:. The committee must prepare the draft
1845:in Europe" (to give the Earth Rights).
809:
437:
54:
2456:
2152:'s state visit to UK to be cancelled.
3300:The National Initiative for Democracy
3139:. 31 July 2018. pp. Article 151.
3125:. 31 July 2018. pp. Article 150.
2923:Hogan, Gerard (2012). "Chapter One".
2780:"Joint Committee on Public Petitions"
7:
3111:. 31 July 2018. pp. Article 74.
2871:Dáil Éireann debates (1928) Vol.28:
2592:democracy-international.org/eci.html
2411:. Iandrinstitute.org. Archived from
1974:Constitution of the Irish Free State
3242:Initiative and Referendum Institute
2953:"The Referendum and the Initiative"
1988:party, which sought to abolish the
2722:Barry, Aoife (14 September 2012).
2626:"Citizens' initiatives in Finland"
2323:www.direct-democracy-navigator.org
1758:The Initiative and Referendum Act.
1665:, introduced several times to the
25:
3172:"Find out more about e-petitions"
2364:"Summary of Initiative Petitions"
2267:Initiative, Referendum and Recall
1259:Biology and political orientation
2533:. Europarl.europa.eu. 2000-12-18
2388:"Initiative | Elections BC"
2183:
2089:Popular initiative (Switzerland)
2064:citizens' legislative initiative
1360:
756:
445:
384:
363:List of direct democracy parties
62:
3062:from the original on 2020-11-13
3050:"'Czarny protest' przed Sejmem"
3031:from the original on 2020-06-18
1949:to which the public can submit
1911:citizens' initiative referendum
1760:The law defines initiative as:
3151:Eidgenössische Volksinitiative
2661:Ministry of Justice of Finland
2051:which were accompanied by the
2006:Cumann na nGaedheal government
1904:) on 28 March 2003 as part of
1902:référendum d'initiative locale
1407:Signature collection point at
1254:Theories of political behavior
880:Political history of the world
27:Popular voter petition systems
1:
3285:NCSL Ballot Measures Database
3195:Cheung, Helier (2019-03-26).
2654:"The Constitution of Finland"
2531:"Parliament : Petitions"
2042:National Electoral Commission
1803:European Citizens' Initiative
1793:European Citizens' Initiative
1640:amendment to the Constitution
1636:Congress of the United States
1579:put to voters in a referendum
1500:as hurdle has been proposed.
1269:Critique of political economy
2683:"Volksbegehrensbericht 2019"
2603:Same-sex marriage in Finland
2171:citizen initiated referendum
1460:citizen-initiated referendum
1456:popular initiated referendum
850:Outline of political science
2063:
1963:Fine Gael–Labour government
1718:Oregon Legislative Assembly
1708:originated in the state of
619:Right to stand for election
309:History of direct democracy
3351:
2479:"EU Bookshop - Not found!"
2099:Swiss Federal Constitution
2095:federal popular initiative
2086:
1839:Unconditional Basic Income
1790:
1740:
1629:United States Constitution
1593:
1541:
855:Index of politics articles
36:
29:
3058:(in Polish). 2016-10-01.
3024:(in Polish). 2018-11-08.
2233:. Ireland. Archived from
2227:Constitutional Convention
1959:constitutional amendments
1955:Constitutional Convention
1726:legalization of marijuana
1701:was part of that effort.
1529:Agenda setting initiative
2959:. Read. pp. 142–3.
2068:blasphemy laws in Poland
2018:1997 Polish Constitution
1967:pre-legislative scrutiny
1667:House of Representatives
1475:constitutional amendment
37:Not to be confused with
3271:Portal: Ballot measures
1972:Article 48 of the 1922
1935:Constitution of Ireland
1264:Political organisations
1027:International relations
865:Politics by subdivision
358:Participatory budgeting
3137:"CONSTITUTIA ROMANIEI"
3123:"CONSTITUTIA ROMANIEI"
3109:"CONSTITUTIA ROMANIEI"
2588:citizens-initiative.eu
1774:The law also provides
1754:
1544:Referendums by country
1424:
1413:Kluuvi shopping centre
685:Next general elections
119:Referendums by country
1961:. In April 2015, the
1915:yellow vests movement
1878:Parliament of Finland
1704:The modern system of
1477:, charter amendment,
1406:
1344:Political campaigning
1084:Public administration
917:Collective leadership
569:Boundary delimitation
291:Referendums by method
2902:Dáil Éireann Debates
2758:Dáil Éireann debates
2512:. Europarl.europa.eu
2204:Legislative referral
2097:was included in the
1913:was proposed by the
1860:Since 1 March 2012,
1822:European Communities
1642:, which would under
1625:Article I, Section I
1619:District of Columbia
1584:Harmonized Sales Tax
1433:citizens' initiative
1194:Separation of powers
1065:Political psychology
1040:Comparative politics
1018:political scientists
1005:Academic disciplines
885:Political philosophy
670:Elections by country
248:Referendums by issue
106:Mandatory referendum
86:Legislative referral
2038:Marshal of the Sejm
1945:(parliament) has a
1898:French Constitution
1831:Water privatization
1811:European Commission
1776:indirect initiative
1743:People's Initiative
1520:Indirect initiative
1467:indirect initiative
1367:Politics portal
1216:Election commission
1187:Government branches
1070:Political sociology
922:Confessional system
860:Politics by country
763:Politics portal
391:Politics portal
81:Optional referendum
18:Initiative petition
3280:Citizens in Charge
3157:2013-08-20 at the
2986:Irish Statute Book
2949:Mansergh, Nicholas
2881:23 May cc1898–1926
2873:16 May cc1498–1532
2850:Irish Statute Book
2802:"Public petitions"
2614:fi:Kansalaisaloite
2483:bookshop.europa.eu
2209:Popular referendum
1990:Oath of Allegiance
1874:medborgarinitiativ
1683:discharge petition
1648:state legislatures
1487:popular referendum
1429:popular initiative
1425:
1050:Political analysis
982:Semi-parliamentary
343:Citizens' assembly
315:Athenian democracy
101:Popular referendum
91:Popular initiative
39:Popular referendum
3330:Right to petition
3219:Piott, Steven L.
3083:. 7 October 2022.
2390:. Elections.bc.ca
2141:House of Commons.
2112:direct democratic
2058:In October 2022,
2040:must request the
1512:Direct initiative
1494:registered voters
1448:direct initiative
1401:
1400:
1349:Political parties
1289:Electoral systems
1013:Political science
987:Semi-presidential
899:Political systems
875:Political history
870:Political economy
797:
796:
715:Election security
698:elections in 2024
652:Electoral systems
579:Electoral college
549:Anonymous elector
425:
424:
96:Recall referendum
16:(Redirected from
3342:
3325:Direct democracy
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3168:
3162:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3017:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2894:
2888:
2885:1 June cc2519–47
2877:18 May cc1721–70
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2687:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2658:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2622:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2562:
2556:
2552:Open initiatives
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2485:. Archived from
2475:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2446:. Chanrobles.com
2439:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2315:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2293:
2284:
2279:
2270:
2264:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2193:
2188:
2187:
1906:decentralization
1663:Ludlow Amendment
1614:
1573:British Columbia
1454:, also called a
1437:direct democracy
1393:
1386:
1379:
1365:
1364:
1155:
1100:
1055:Political theory
1045:Election science
1035:
1021:
799:
789:
782:
775:
761:
760:
740:Election science
735:Electoral reform
589:Election silence
574:Crossover voting
531:Two-round system
449:
427:
417:
410:
403:
389:
388:
348:Popular assembly
74:Referendum types
66:
56:Direct democracy
44:
21:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3320:Ballot measures
3305:
3304:
3267:
3250:
3233:
3216:
3214:Further reading
3211:
3210:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3180:
3178:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3159:Wayback Machine
3148:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3065:
3063:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2695:
2693:
2690:Mehr Demokratie
2685:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2665:
2663:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2418:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2327:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2243:
2241:
2240:on 21 July 2014
2237:
2229:(August 2013).
2225:
2222:
2217:
2199:Recall election
2191:Politics portal
2189:
2182:
2179:
2163:
2158:
2136:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2014:
1947:joint committee
1931:
1923:
1900:(article 72-1,
1894:
1870:kansalaisaloite
1858:
1835:Traffic calming
1795:
1789:
1784:
1745:
1739:
1734:
1722:Progressive Era
1600:
1598:
1592:
1570:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1514:
1509:
1481:, obligate the
1479:local ordinance
1435:) is a form of
1397:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1284:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1231:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1189:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1174:Public interest
1159:Domestic policy
1149:
1142:
1141:
1130:
1129:
1094:
1087:
1086:
1075:
1074:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1007:
1006:
997:
996:
902:
901:
890:
889:
845:
844:
835:
804:Politics series
793:
755:
750:
749:
745:Paper candidate
720:Electoral fraud
710:
702:
701:
675:Close elections
665:
657:
656:
642:Political party
632:
624:
623:
544:
536:
535:
457:
432:Politics series
421:
383:
378:
377:
338:Direct election
333:
325:
324:
310:
302:
301:
292:
284:
283:
249:
241:
240:
121:
111:
110:
76:
49:Politics series
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3348:
3346:
3338:
3337:
3335:Sources of law
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3232:
3231:External links
3229:
3228:
3227:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3187:
3163:
3142:
3128:
3114:
3100:
3086:
3072:
3041:
3021:Dziennik Ustaw
3000:
2989:. 12 July 1928
2972:
2966:978-1406720358
2965:
2940:
2933:
2915:
2889:
2864:
2836:
2824:
2815:
2793:
2771:
2742:
2714:
2702:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2659:(in Finnish).
2642:
2617:
2606:
2595:
2578:
2568:. Ec.europa.eu
2557:
2543:
2522:
2508:cs - čeština.
2500:
2489:on 8 July 2012
2470:
2434:
2425:
2400:
2379:
2369:. Elections BC
2355:
2334:
2310:
2299:
2285:
2271:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2178:
2175:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2135:
2134:United Kingdom
2132:
2087:Main article:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2013:
2010:
1984:, the largest
1939:1937 enactment
1930:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1893:
1890:
1864:citizens with
1857:
1854:
1807:European Union
1791:Main article:
1788:
1787:European Union
1785:
1783:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1741:Main article:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1611:ballot measure
1594:Main article:
1591:
1588:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1542:Main article:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1238:
1232:
1229:Related topics
1228:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1164:Foreign policy
1161:
1156:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1060:Policy studies
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1025:
1023:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
995:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
903:
897:
896:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
846:
843:Primary topics
842:
841:
840:
837:
836:
834:
833:
828:
823:
817:
814:
813:
807:
806:
795:
794:
792:
791:
784:
777:
769:
766:
765:
752:
751:
748:
747:
742:
737:
732:
722:
717:
711:
708:
707:
704:
703:
700:
699:
688:
687:
682:
677:
672:
666:
663:
662:
659:
658:
655:
654:
649:
644:
639:
637:Administration
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
594:Gerrymandering
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
469:
464:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
442:
441:
435:
434:
423:
422:
420:
419:
412:
405:
397:
394:
393:
380:
379:
376:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
353:Citizen's jury
350:
345:
340:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
300:
299:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
122:
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
77:
72:
71:
68:
67:
59:
58:
52:
51:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3347:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3265:United States
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3198:
3191:
3188:
3177:
3176:UK Parliament
3173:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2934:9781904890751
2930:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2731:
2730:
2729:TheJournal.ie
2725:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2691:
2688:(in German).
2684:
2678:
2675:
2662:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2632:on 2013-06-02
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2415:on 2016-02-11
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2253:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2082:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2060:United Poland
2056:
2054:
2053:Black Protest
2050:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1818:Lisbon Treaty
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:The rejected
1794:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:United States
1597:
1590:United States
1589:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:The Body Shop
1405:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1169:Civil society
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1147:Public policy
1145:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1001:
1000:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
967:Parliamentary
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
952:Hybrid regime
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
900:
894:
893:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
839:
838:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
816:
815:
812:
808:
805:
801:
800:
790:
785:
783:
778:
776:
771:
770:
768:
767:
764:
759:
754:
753:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
730:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
706:
705:
697:
693:
690:
689:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
661:
660:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
628:
627:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
609:Secret ballot
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
554:Apportionment
552:
550:
547:
546:
540:
539:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
453:
452:
448:
444:
443:
440:
436:
433:
429:
428:
418:
413:
411:
406:
404:
399:
398:
396:
395:
392:
387:
382:
381:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
329:
328:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
306:
305:
298:
295:
294:
288:
287:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
245:
244:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
120:
115:
114:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
75:
70:
69:
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
50:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3220:
3200:. Retrieved
3190:
3179:. Retrieved
3175:
3166:
3150:
3145:
3131:
3117:
3103:
3089:
3075:
3064:. Retrieved
3055:Puls Biznesu
3053:
3044:
3033:. Retrieved
3019:
2991:. Retrieved
2984:
2975:
2956:
2943:
2924:
2918:
2906:. Retrieved
2901:
2892:
2867:
2855:. Retrieved
2853:. Article 48
2848:
2839:
2818:
2806:. Retrieved
2796:
2784:. Retrieved
2782:. Oireachtas
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2757:
2733:. Retrieved
2727:
2717:
2694:. Retrieved
2692:. p. 12
2677:
2664:. Retrieved
2645:
2634:. Retrieved
2630:the original
2620:
2609:
2598:
2581:
2570:. Retrieved
2560:
2551:
2546:
2535:. Retrieved
2525:
2514:. Retrieved
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2487:the original
2482:
2473:
2448:. Retrieved
2437:
2428:
2417:. Retrieved
2413:the original
2403:
2392:. Retrieved
2382:
2371:. Retrieved
2358:
2347:. Retrieved
2337:
2326:. Retrieved
2322:
2313:
2302:
2262:
2242:. Retrieved
2235:the original
2164:
2150:Donald Trump
2137:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2092:
2077:
2066:for tougher
2062:submitted a
2057:
2052:
2046:
2029:legal person
2026:
2015:
1971:
1937:, since its
1932:
1924:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1837:in towns), "
1815:
1796:
1775:
1773:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1710:South Dakota
1703:
1691:Elmer Fulton
1687:
1671:Louis Ludlow
1660:
1623:
1616:
1599:
1576:
1562:
1532:
1523:
1515:
1502:
1498:opinion poll
1491:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1445:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1097:street-level
972:Presidential
932:Dictatorship
802:Part of the
598:
584:Election law
511:Proportional
430:Part of the
368:Ballot title
297:E-referendum
274:Independence
254:Civil rights
90:
47:Part of the
3315:Initiatives
3275:Ballotpedia
2993:19 December
2908:19 December
2857:19 December
2808:19 December
2786:19 December
2735:19 December
2345:. Bclaws.ca
2244:19 December
2167:New Zealand
2161:New Zealand
2083:Switzerland
1994:laid before
1982:Fianna Fáil
1872:, Swedish:
1737:Philippines
1699:Mike Gravel
1679:declare war
1656:Article VII
1439:by which a
1421:fur farming
1236:Sovereignty
1201:Legislature
1104:Technocracy
1092:Bureaucracy
957:Meritocracy
937:Directorial
680:Most recent
564:Competition
543:Terminology
462:By-election
456:Basic types
211:Switzerland
196:Philippines
186:New Zealand
181:Netherlands
3309:Categories
3254:IRI-Europe
3202:2019-12-16
3181:2019-12-16
3066:2020-11-13
3035:2020-11-13
2764:30 October
2696:2021-05-29
2666:2013-03-20
2636:2013-03-20
2572:2012-09-14
2537:2012-09-14
2516:2012-09-14
2493:2 February
2450:2012-09-14
2419:2011-01-31
2394:2012-09-14
2373:2023-04-13
2349:2012-09-14
2328:2021-04-14
2269:, NCSL.org
2215:References
2119:plebiscite
2110:where the
1986:opposition
1978:referendum
1943:Oireachtas
1852:petition.
1809:(EU), the
1607:referendum
1538:By country
1452:referendum
1326:Governance
1316:Government
1311:Federalism
912:City-state
729:by country
725:Referendum
604:Psephology
599:Initiative
481:Fixed-term
32:Initiative
2951:(2007) .
2254:Citations
2002:procedure
1969:process.
1951:petitions
1876:) to the
1644:Article V
1483:executive
1306:Unitarism
1294:Elections
1282:Subseries
1211:Judiciary
1206:Executive
1109:Adhocracy
992:Theocracy
947:Feudalism
927:Democracy
631:Subseries
526:Sortition
501:Plurality
467:Corporate
439:Elections
373:Sortition
176:Lithuania
126:Australia
3155:Archived
3060:Archived
3026:Archived
2459:cite web
2177:See also
2108:communes
1866:suffrage
1850:de facto
1827:petition
1695:Oklahoma
1554:Americas
1549:Overview
1441:petition
1417:Helsinki
1334:Ideology
1152:doctrine
1113:Service
977:Republic
962:Monarchy
942:Federacy
831:Category
811:Politics
692:National
614:Suffrage
496:Mid-term
476:Indirect
206:Slovakia
3223:(2003)
2220:Sources
2156:Oceania
2104:cantons
2074:Romania
1929:Ireland
1921:Germany
1862:Finnish
1856:Finland
1843:Ecocide
1675:Indiana
1627:of the
1601:In the
1507:By type
1471:statute
1339:Culture
1249:Country
907:Anarchy
821:Outline
709:Related
506:Primary
486:General
332:Related
259:Finance
231:Ukraine
151:Germany
136:Czechia
3248:Europe
3225:online
2963:
2931:
2146:Brexit
2106:, all
2012:Poland
1892:France
1782:Europe
1714:Oregon
1652:states
1568:Canada
1559:Brazil
1465:In an
1431:(also
1299:voting
1241:Polity
1139:Policy
1118:Public
1032:theory
647:Voting
559:Audits
516:Recall
472:Direct
320:in USA
264:Mining
221:Taiwan
216:Turkey
201:Sweden
191:Poland
166:Israel
146:France
131:Canada
3029:(PDF)
3016:(PDF)
2686:(PDF)
2657:(PDF)
2367:(PDF)
2238:(PDF)
1632:vests
1322:forms
1245:State
1122:Civil
826:Index
696:local
664:Lists
491:Local
171:Kenya
156:Italy
2995:2016
2961:ISBN
2929:ISBN
2910:2016
2859:2016
2810:2016
2788:2016
2766:2015
2737:2016
2495:2022
2465:link
2246:2016
2093:The
2033:bill
2022:Sejm
1998:Dáil
1996:the
1933:The
1732:Asia
694:and
521:Snap
161:Iran
3273:at
2165:In
1693:of
1673:of
1669:by
1462:.
1458:or
1446:In
1411:in
269:War
236:USA
3311::
3174:.
3018:.
3003:^
2983:.
2955:.
2900:.
2883:,
2879:,
2875:,
2847:.
2827:^
2756:.
2745:^
2726:.
2705:^
2481:.
2461:}}
2457:{{
2321:.
2288:^
2274:^
1728:.
1473:,
1427:A
1415:,
1324:/
1247:/
1243:/
1120:/
474:/
279:EU
226:UK
141:EU
3205:.
3184:.
3097:.
3069:.
3038:.
2997:.
2969:.
2937:.
2912:.
2887:.
2861:.
2812:.
2790:.
2768:.
2739:.
2699:.
2669:.
2639:.
2575:.
2540:.
2519:.
2497:.
2467:)
2453:.
2422:.
2397:.
2376:.
2352:.
2331:.
2248:.
1423:.
1392:e
1385:t
1378:v
1328:)
1320:(
1154:)
1150:(
1124:)
1116:(
1099:)
1095:(
1034:)
1030:(
1020:)
1016:(
788:e
781:t
774:v
731:)
727:(
416:e
409:t
402:v
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
