1314:
216:
form after vaccination, so it is important to differentiate between the two before radical surgery is performed. One guideline for biopsy is if a growth is present three months after surgery, if a growth is greater than two centimeters, or if a growth is becoming larger one month after vaccination.
207:
VAS appears as a rapidly growing firm mass in and under the skin. The mass is often quite large when first detected and can become ulcerated or infected. It often contains fluid-filled cavities, probably because of its rapid growth. Diagnosis of VAS is through a biopsy. The biopsy will show the
277:
rabies), and on the right shoulder—being careful to avoid the midline or interscapular space—for other vaccines (such as FVRCP). There have been no specific associations between the development of VAS and vaccine brand or manufacturer, concurrent infections, history of trauma, or environment.
276:
vaccines should be given as kittens, a year later and then every three years. Also, vaccines should be given in areas making removal of VAS easier, namely: as close as possible to the tip of the right rear paw for rabies, the tip of the left rear paw for feline leukemia (unless combined with
247:. The most significant prognostic factor is initial surgical treatment. One study showed that cats with radical (extensive) initial surgery had a median time to recurrence of 325 days versus 79 days for cats with marginal initial excision. The expression of a mutated form of
263:
New vaccine protocols have been put forth by the
American Association of Feline Practitioners that limit the type and frequency of vaccinations given to cats. Specifically, the vaccine for feline leukemia virus should only be given to kittens and high risk cats. Feline
141:
following vaccination is considered to be a risk factor in the development of VAS, and vaccines containing aluminum were found to produce more inflammation. Furthermore, particles of aluminum adjuvant have been discovered in tumor
94:
and typical vaccine location (between the shoulder blades) was made. Two possible factors for the increase of VAS at this time were the introduction in 1985 of vaccines for rabies and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) that contained
865:
Vaccine-Associated Feline
Sarcoma Task Force of the American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP), American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA), American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), and Veterinary Cancer Society
125:
compared fibrosarcoma in dogs from injection sites and non-injection sites to VAS in cats, and found distinct similarities between the injection site tumors in dogs and VAS in cats. This suggests that VAS may occur in dogs.
470:
Vascellari M, Melchiotti E, Bozza M, Mutinelli F (2003). "Fibrosarcomas at presumed sites of injection in dogs: characteristics and comparison with non-vaccination site fibrosarcomas and feline post-vaccinal fibrosarcomas".
1137:
1344:
150:
of VAS is between 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 10,000 vaccinated cats and has been found to be dose-dependent. The time from vaccination to tumor formation varies from three months to eleven years.
239:
Treatment of VAS is through aggressive surgery. As soon as the tumor is recognized, it should be removed with very wide margins to ensure complete removal. Treatment may also include
87:
177:
Similar examples of sarcomas developing secondary to inflammation include tumors associated with metallic implants and foreign body material in humans, and sarcomas of the
1982:
1308:
677:
Chang H, Ho S, Lo H, Tu Y, Jeng C, Liu C, Wang F, Pang V (2006). "Vaccine-associated rhabdomyosarcoma with spinal epidural invasion and pulmonary metastasis in a cat".
117:
In 2003, a study of ferret fibrosarcoma indicated that this species also may develop VAS. Several of the tumors were located in common injection sites and had similar
1114:
187:
infection in dogs and ocular sarcomas in cats following trauma. Cats may be the predominant species to develop VAS because they have an increased susceptibility to
1704:
1694:
1674:
1498:
1488:
831:
1493:
1319:
1062:
1714:
1679:
1178:
1865:
1831:
763:
Hershey A, Dubielzig R, Padilla M, Helfand S (2005). "Aberrant p53 expression in feline vaccine-associated sarcomas and correlation with prognosis".
1147:
982:
1261:
1219:
1891:
1525:
1339:
1797:
1107:
806:
1972:
1709:
1689:
1515:
1287:
885:
Kass P, Spangler W, Hendrick M, McGill L, Esplin D, Lester S, Slater M, Meyer E, Boucher F, Peters E, Gobar G, Htoo T, Decile K (2003).
66:. VAS has become a concern for veterinarians and cat owners alike and has resulted in changes in recommended vaccine protocols. These
1020:
1010:
1967:
1758:
1072:
394:
Richards J, Elston T, Ford R, Gaskell R, Hartmann K, Hurley K, Lappin M, Levy J, Rodan I, Scherk M, Schultz R, Sparkes A (2006).
1123:
1952:
1684:
1229:
1100:
114:
methods, and in 1996 the
Vaccine-Associated Feline Sarcoma Task Force was formed to address the problem and promote research.
1947:
1807:
1724:
1209:
167:
1773:
1423:
435:
Munday J, Stedman N, Richey L (2003). "Histology and immunohistochemistry of seven ferret vaccination-site fibrosarcomas".
370:
1385:
1067:
1699:
975:
265:
1734:
1505:
1199:
1168:
839:
720:
Couto S, Griffey S, Duarte P, Madewell B (2002). "Feline vaccine-associated fibrosarcoma: morphologic distinctions".
110:
relationship between VAS and administration of aluminium adjuvanted rabies and FeLV vaccines was established through
942:
588:
Martano M, Morello E, Buracco P (May 2011). "Feline injection-site sarcoma: past, present and future perspectives".
1896:
1855:
1802:
887:"Multicenter case-control study of risk factors associated with development of vaccine-associated sarcomas in cats"
1729:
1324:
1937:
147:
171:
1315:
Departments of Labor, Health and Human
Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2008
146:. In addition, individual genetic characteristics can also contribute to these injection-site sarcomas. The
1719:
1469:
1409:
1380:
1025:
968:
947:
1510:
1329:
1015:
2008:
1957:
1911:
1860:
1622:
1520:
1464:
252:
75:
310:
860:
2018:
1365:
1349:
269:
1768:
1030:
1906:
1642:
1612:
1596:
1581:
1334:
788:
745:
702:
496:
273:
549:"Prognosis for presumed feline vaccine-associated sarcoma after excision: 61 cases (1986-1996)"
339:
Hendrick M, Goldschmidt M (1991). "Do injection site reactions induce fibrosarcomas in cats?".
1035:
997:
908:
780:
737:
694:
659:
615:
570:
488:
452:
417:
348:
244:
192:
2013:
1932:
1927:
1763:
1632:
1416:
898:
772:
729:
686:
649:
605:
597:
560:
480:
444:
407:
396:"The 2006 American Association of Feline Practitioners Feline Vaccine Advisory Panel report"
155:
1617:
1556:
1402:
950:
183:
933:
208:
presence of a sarcoma, but information like location and the presence of inflammation or
1942:
1669:
1637:
1627:
375:
Proceedings of the 30th World
Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association
286:
163:
654:
637:
515:
2002:
1977:
1566:
1551:
1375:
484:
196:
792:
749:
706:
1987:
1883:
1879:
1571:
1561:
1429:
500:
240:
151:
134:
111:
103:
91:
78:
vaccines, but other vaccines and injected medications have also been implicated.
17:
1591:
1546:
1005:
903:
886:
159:
601:
223:
are taken prior to surgery because about one in five cases of VAS will develop
1901:
1586:
1576:
1541:
1370:
565:
548:
228:
224:
143:
44:
412:
395:
1459:
1435:
1243:
213:
188:
178:
118:
107:
912:
784:
741:
698:
663:
619:
574:
492:
456:
421:
352:
209:
138:
99:
96:
63:
776:
448:
733:
690:
212:
will increase the suspicion of VAS. It is possible for cats to have a
67:
610:
1442:
955:
311:"Vaccine-Associated Feline Sarcoma Task Force: Roundtable Discussion"
71:
59:
220:
122:
47:
960:
937:
1345:
Biodefense and
Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005
943:"Vaccine-Associated Fibrosarcoma in Cats" from Pet Cancer Center
1096:
964:
928:
248:
55:
51:
255:, is found commonly in VAS and indicates a poorer prognosis.
102:, and a law in 1987 requiring rabies vaccination in cats in
547:
Hershey A, Sorenmo K, Hendrick M, Shofer F, Vail D (2000).
88:
520:
Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association
315:
Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association
929:
Vaccine-Associated Feline
Sarcoma Task Force (VAFSTF)
516:"Researchers probe vaccine-associated feline sarcoma"
1920:
1878:
1651:
1605:
1534:
1481:
1452:
1394:
1358:
1300:
1192:
1161:
1130:
1044:
996:
121:features to VAS in cats. Also in 2003, a study in
90:in 1991. An association between highly aggressive
1325:Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program (CICP)
191:injury, as evidenced also by an increased risk of
1983:Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration
1309:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
1695:Association of American Physicians and Surgeons
1499:Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation
1489:National Immunization Technical Advisory Group
1108:
976:
8:
1705:Children's Medical Safety Research Institute
1675:Children's Medical Safety Research Institute
1494:Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
1320:National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program
934:Vaccines and Sarcomas Informational Brochure
305:
303:
301:
154:is the most common VAS; other types include
1715:New Jersey Coalition for Vaccination Choice
1680:New Jersey Coalition for Vaccination Choice
227:, usually to the lungs but possibly to the
1866:Warnings About Vaccination Expectations NZ
1841:
1832:National League for Liberty in Vaccination
1817:
1783:
1744:
1655:
1273:
1115:
1101:
1093:
1082:
1048:
983:
969:
961:
807:"Canine and Feline Vaccination Guidelines"
638:"Vaccine-associated fibrosarcoma in a cat"
364:
362:
902:
653:
631:
629:
609:
564:
542:
540:
411:
70:have been most commonly associated with
1262:Measles resurgence in the United States
1063:1990–1991 Philadelphia measles outbreak
297:
1892:Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
1526:Northern Rivers Vaccination Supporters
811:UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine
1340:National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act
861:"VAFSTF Vaccine Site Recommendations"
7:
1798:Australian Vaccination-risks Network
371:"Feline Vaccine-Associated Sarcomas"
1973:Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic
1710:National Vaccine Information Center
1690:Anti-Vaccination Society of America
1516:Strategic Advisory Group of Experts
1288:Mumps outbreaks in the 21st century
473:J Vet Med a Physiol Pathol Clin Med
62:) which has been linked to certain
1021:Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis
1011:Blood-injection-injury type phobia
948:2006 Feline Vaccination Guidelines
25:
1968:Alternative vaccination schedule
1759:National Anti-Vaccination League
1138:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1073:2018 Madagascar measles outbreak
485:10.1046/j.1439-0442.2003.00544.x
86:VAS was first recognized at the
1953:2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference
1685:Informed Consent Action Network
1162:1,000 to 10,000 confirmed cases
956:Cat Vaccines Can Lead to Cancer
1948:Vaccine-induced seropositivity
1808:Informed Medical Options Party
1725:The Autism Community in Action
168:malignant fibrous histiocytoma
1:
1386:Vaccine Information Statement
1068:2013 Swansea measles epidemic
369:Kitchell, Barbara E. (2005).
37:feline injection-site sarcoma
938:Cornell Feline Health Center
1774:Pioneer Club (women's club)
1735:World Chiropractic Alliance
1506:Patient safety organization
1424:Melanie's Marvelous Measles
1124:2019–2020 measles outbreaks
904:10.2460/javma.2003.223.1283
832:"Feline Vaccine Guidelines"
2035:
1963:Vaccine-associated sarcoma
1897:Number needed to vaccinate
1856:Stop Mandatory Vaccination
1803:Church of Conscious Living
1131:>10,000 confirmed cases
836:The Winn Feline Foundation
602:10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.04.025
29:vaccine-associated sarcoma
1851:
1844:
1827:
1820:
1793:
1786:
1754:
1747:
1730:Texans for Vaccine Choice
1700:Children's Health Defense
1665:
1658:
1652:Anti-vaxxer organizations
1606:Anti-vaxxer personalities
1359:Vaccine safety procedures
1283:
1276:
1258:
1193:<1,000 confirmed cases
1092:
1085:
1058:
1051:
566:10.2460/javma.2000.216.58
1938:Vaccination and religion
1660:United States of America
413:10.2460/javma.229.9.1405
172:undifferentiated sarcoma
1720:Palmetto Family Council
1381:Vaccine Safety Datalink
1026:Thiomersal and vaccines
514:O'Rourke, Kate (2004).
1511:Brighton Collaboration
1330:Vaccine Damage Payment
1016:MMR vaccine and autism
259:Precautionary measures
1958:Vaccine adverse event
1912:Immunization registry
1861:Vaccine Choice Canada
1623:Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
1521:Immunization Alliance
1465:Dengvaxia controversy
253:tumor suppressor gene
76:feline leukemia virus
1366:Vaccine vial monitor
1350:Operation Warp Speed
1769:Humanitarian League
1031:Vaccines and autism
777:10.1354/vp.42-6-805
449:10.1354/vp.40-3-288
1907:Yellow Card Scheme
1643:Ethan Lindenberger
1613:Taylor Winterstein
1597:Michael Pichichero
1582:H. Vasken Aposhian
1335:Vaccination policy
1045:Disease resurgence
891:J Am Vet Med Assoc
734:10.1354/vp.39-1-33
691:10.1354/vp.43-1-55
590:Veterinary Journal
553:J Am Vet Med Assoc
400:J Am Vet Med Assoc
341:J Am Vet Med Assoc
1996:
1995:
1874:
1873:
1840:
1839:
1816:
1815:
1782:
1781:
1743:
1742:
1395:Anti-vaxxer media
1296:
1295:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1220:Pacific Northwest
1081:
1080:
1036:Vaccines and SIDS
998:Vaccine hesitancy
830:Eigner, Diane R.
636:Martin M (2003).
245:radiation therapy
193:Heinz body anemia
18:Injection sarcoma
16:(Redirected from
2026:
1933:Vaccine shedding
1928:Vaccine efficacy
1842:
1818:
1784:
1764:Homeopathy Plus!
1745:
1656:
1633:Andrew Wakefield
1473:MMR autism fraud
1417:Hear the Silence
1410:The Greater Good
1274:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1094:
1083:
1049:
985:
978:
971:
962:
917:
916:
906:
882:
876:
875:
873:
872:
857:
851:
850:
848:
847:
838:. Archived from
827:
821:
820:
818:
817:
803:
797:
796:
760:
754:
753:
717:
711:
710:
674:
668:
667:
657:
633:
624:
623:
613:
585:
579:
578:
568:
544:
535:
534:
532:
531:
511:
505:
504:
467:
461:
460:
432:
426:
425:
415:
391:
385:
384:
382:
381:
366:
357:
356:
336:
330:
329:
327:
326:
307:
181:associated with
156:rhabdomyosarcoma
21:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2023:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1916:
1870:
1847:
1836:
1823:
1812:
1789:
1778:
1750:
1739:
1661:
1647:
1618:Jeanette Wilson
1601:
1557:Frank DeStefano
1530:
1477:
1448:
1403:Deadly Immunity
1390:
1354:
1292:
1279:
1264:
1254:
1238:(113 suspected)
1188:
1157:
1144:, 7,018 deaths)
1126:
1121:
1088:
1077:
1054:
1040:
992:
989:
925:
920:
884:
883:
879:
870:
868:
859:
858:
854:
845:
843:
829:
828:
824:
815:
813:
805:
804:
800:
762:
761:
757:
719:
718:
714:
676:
675:
671:
635:
634:
627:
587:
586:
582:
546:
545:
538:
529:
527:
513:
512:
508:
469:
468:
464:
434:
433:
429:
393:
392:
388:
379:
377:
368:
367:
360:
338:
337:
333:
324:
322:
309:
308:
299:
295:
283:
266:rhinotracheitis
261:
237:
205:
184:Spirocerca lupi
132:
84:
43:) is a type of
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2032:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1943:Marker vaccine
1940:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:United Kingdom
1748:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1670:Learn The Risk
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1638:Jenny McCarthy
1635:
1630:
1628:Joseph Mercola
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1532:
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1529:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1454:
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1446:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1406:
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1391:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1284:
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1277:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1240:
1227:
1217:
1207:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1002:
1000:
994:
993:
991:Vaccine safety
990:
988:
987:
980:
973:
965:
959:
958:
953:
945:
940:
931:
924:
923:External links
921:
919:
918:
897:(9): 1283–92.
877:
852:
822:
798:
755:
712:
669:
625:
580:
536:
506:
462:
427:
406:(9): 1405–41.
386:
358:
331:
296:
294:
291:
290:
289:
287:Vaccine injury
282:
279:
260:
257:
236:
233:
204:
201:
164:chondrosarcoma
131:
128:
106:. In 1993, a
83:
80:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2031:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:CEASE therapy
1976:
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1971:
1969:
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1941:
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1877:
1867:
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1701:
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1676:
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1657:
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1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
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1611:
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1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
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1880:Epidemiology
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1562:David Baskin
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135:Inflammation
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1592:Mady Hornig
1547:Neal Halsey
1185:, 2 deaths)
1179:New Zealand
1148:Philippines
1053:Before 2019
1006:Chemophobia
685:(1): 55–8.
274:calicivirus
229:lymph nodes
160:myxosarcoma
144:macrophages
2003:Categories
1902:STEP Study
1587:Boyd Haley
1577:Mark Geier
1542:Paul Offit
1535:Scientists
1371:Cold chain
871:2012-12-04
846:2006-08-27
816:2012-06-23
765:Vet Pathol
722:Vet Pathol
679:Vet Pathol
611:2318/73932
530:2006-08-27
437:Vet Pathol
380:2006-08-27
347:(8): 968.
325:2006-08-27
321:(11). 2005
293:References
225:metastasis
199:toxicity.
119:histologic
1788:Australia
1460:Pandemrix
1436:Plandemic
1260:Related:
1244:Freewinds
1230:Kuala Koh
951:(Summary)
936:from the
642:Can Vet J
235:Treatment
231:or skin.
214:granuloma
203:Diagnosis
189:oxidative
179:esophagus
148:incidence
130:Pathology
50:found in
45:malignant
1210:New York
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422:17078805
281:See also
210:necrosis
139:subcutis
100:adjuvant
97:aluminum
68:sarcomas
64:vaccines
2014:Sarcoma
1142:380,766
501:3753206
353:1748617
137:in the
82:History
60:ferrets
1921:Others
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1443:Vaxxed
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108:causal
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1301:Legal
1200:Tonga
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1169:Samoa
866:(VCS)
789:S2CID
746:S2CID
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497:S2CID
123:Italy
48:tumor
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