623:
Ortega, Richard; Bresson, Carole; Fraysse, Aurélien; Sandre, Caroline; Devès, Guillaume; Gombert, Clémentine; Tabarant, Michel; Bleuet, Pierre; Seznec, Hervé (2009-07-10). "Cobalt distribution in keratinocyte cells indicates nuclear and perinuclear accumulation and interaction with magnesium and zinc
285:
play a key role in maintaining the membrane's electric potential. These ion channels are present in many various biological systems. They frequently play a role in regulation of cellular level processes, many of these processes including muscle relaxation, hypertension, insulin secretion etc. Some
344:
mechanisms to transport the ions across cellular membranes. Chloride ion channels have been found to play crucial roles in the development of human diseases, for example, mutations in the genes encoding chloride ion channels lead to a variety of deleterious diseases in muscle, kidney, bone, and
312:
provide an integral service through the body, as they transmit depolarizing impulses at the cellular and intracellular level. This allows sodium ions to coordinate much more intensive processes such as movement and cognition. Sodium ion channels consist of various subunits, however, only the
190:- cobalt ions are present in the human body in amounts from 1 to 2 mg. Cobalt is observed in the heart, liver, kidney, and spleen, and considerably smaller quantities in the pancreas, brain, and serum. Cobalt is a necessary component of
531:
Battaglia, Valentina; Compagnone, Alessandra; Bandino, Andrea; Bragadin, Marcantonio; Rossi, Carlo
Alberto; Zanetti, Filippo; Colombatto, Sebastiano; Grillo, Maria Angelica; Toninello, Antonio (March 2009).
313:
principle subunit is required for function. These sodium ion channels consist of four internally homologous domains, each of which containing six transmembrane segments and resembling a single subunit of a
587:
Karovic, Olga; Tonazzini, Ilaria; Rebola, Nelson; Edström, Erik; Lövdahl, Cecilia; Fredholm, Bertil B.; Daré, Elisabetta (March 2007). "Toxic effects of cobalt in primary cultures of mouse astrocytes".
79:- zinc ions are found in very small concentrations in the body, and their main purpose is that of an antioxidant; the zinc ions act as antioxidants both generally and for liver specific
87:-rich binding sites. These binding sites use these zinc ions as a stabilizer to protein folds, making these protein motifs more rigid in structure. These structures include
54:
as well as performing a number of other important functions. Below is a list of some of the most important ions for living things as well as examples of their functions:
361:
in the brain and the growth of malaria-parasite in the red blood cells. Currently, chloride ion channels are not completely understood, and more research is necessary.
670:
Hoth, Markus; Flockerzi, Veit; Stühmer, Walter; Pardo, Luis A.; Monje, Francisco; Suckow, Arnt; Zawar, Christian; Mery, Laurence; Niemeyer, Barbara A. (2001-07-01).
332:
vary from many other ion channels due to being controlled by the anionic chloride ions. Chloride ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow the
534:"Cobalt induces oxidative stress in isolated liver mitochondria responsible for permeability transition and intrinsic apoptosis in hepatocyte primary cultures"
121:- manganese ions are seen being used as stabilizer for varying protein configurations. However, manganese ion overexposure is linked to several
317:. The four domains fold together, forming a central pore. That central pore of the sodium ions dictates the selectivity of the channel: both
83:. Zinc ions can also act as an antioxidant-like stabilizer for some macro-molecules which bind zinc ions with high affinity, especially in
533:
815:
798:
Gupta, Satya P.; Kaur, Preet K. (2011), Gupta, Satya
Prakash (ed.), "Chloride Ion Channels: Structure, Functions, and Blockers",
299:
314:
287:
140:
846:
46:, essential for the electrical activity needed to support muscle contractions and neuron activation. They contribute to
380:
337:
341:
477:
Levy, Barry S.; Nassetta, William J. (2003-04-01). "Neurologic
Effects of Manganese in Humans: A Review".
385:
226:
126:
390:
841:
410:
672:"Ion channels in health and disease: 83rd Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds International Titisee Conference"
429:
Bray, Tammy M.; Bettger, William J. (1990-01-01). "The physiological role of zinc as an antioxidant".
375:
181:
309:
97: – potassium ions' main function in animals is osmotic balance, particularly in the
510:
370:
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47:
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69:. They also function as biological messengers, as do most of the ions listed below. (See
770:
737:
704:
671:
174:
39:
357:, and similarly their activation is supposed to be responsible for the progression of
149: – inability to transport chloride ions in humans manifests itself as
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830:
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of chloride ions across biological membranes. Chloride ion channels involve both
118:
244:
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136:
102:
88:
80:
43:
601:
295:
263: – source of nitrogen in plants for the synthesis of proteins.
51:
761:
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212:
156:
132:
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111: – sodium ions have a similar role to potassium ions. (See
354:
201:. Cobalt is crucial for amino acid formation and some proteins to create
146:
84:
561:
250:
198:
98:
58:
229:(ATP) is a common molecule which stores energy in an accessible form.
358:
286:
examples of potassium ion channels within biological systems include
108:
27:
187:
76:
66:
31:
736:
Marban, Eduardo; Yamagishi, Toshio; Tomaselli, Gordon F. (1998).
240:
230:
178:
62:
479:
International
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health
35:
541:
247:, the main oxygen carrying molecule has a central iron ion.
209:, which are vital for proper function within the organism.
738:"Structure and function of voltage-gated sodium channels"
205:
in nerve cells. Cobalt also plays a role in creating
135: – magnesium ions are a component of
169: – the shells of sea creatures are
61: – calcium ions are a component of
42:activity. In body tissues, ions are also known as
321:and ionic charge are key in channel selectivity.
802:, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 309–339,
177:, is converted into aqueous carbonate ions (an
184:), allowing a greater rate of transportation.
8:
91:, and have several different conformations.
769:
703:
560:
402:
315:voltage-dependent potassium ion channel
268:Biological functions of inorganic ions
16:For ions in inorganic compounds, see
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197:and a fundamental coenzyme of cell
14:
800:Ion Channels and Their Inhibitors
431:Free Radical Biology and Medicine
754:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.647bp.x
300:ether-a-go-go potassium channels
173:. In blood approximately 85% of
243: – as found in
1:
141:Magnesium deficiency (plants)
808:10.1007/978-3-642-19922-6_11
638:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.02.024
553:10.1016/j.biocel.2008.07.012
443:10.1016/0891-5849(90)90076-U
688:10.1093/embo-reports/kve145
381:Inorganic anions in biology
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15:
742:The Journal of Physiology
602:10.1016/j.bcp.2006.11.008
590:Biochemical Pharmacology
491:10.1179/oeh.2003.9.2.153
283:Potassium ion channels
227:adenosine triphosphate
330:Chloride ion channels
386:Phosphate in biology
376:Magnesium in biology
38:necessary for vital
847:Signal transduction
391:Chloride in biology
310:Sodium ion channels
127:Parkinson's disease
626:Toxicology Letters
371:Calcium in biology
225: –
345:brain, including
334:passive transport
235:calcium phosphate
207:neurotransmitters
171:calcium carbonate
125:diseases such as
123:neurodegenerative
113:Sodium deficiency
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48:osmotic pressure
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18:Ionic compounds
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748:(3): 647–657.
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682:(7): 568–573.
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624:homeostasis".
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596:(5): 694–708.
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547:(3): 586–594.
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485:(2): 153–163.
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175:carbon dioxide
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24:Inorganic ions
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71:Hypocalcaemia
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41:
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29:
25:
19:
842:Cell biology
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741:
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676:EMBO Reports
675:
632:(1): 26–32.
629:
625:
618:
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589:
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540:
482:
478:
434:
430:
405:
351:osteoporosis
342:ligand-gated
328:
319:ionic radius
308:
281:
273:Ion channels
89:zinc fingers
81:pro-oxidants
44:electrolytes
23:
22:
562:10278/33504
325:Cl channels
305:Na channels
296:BK channels
245:haemoglobin
137:chlorophyll
103:Hypokalemia
52:body fluids
831:Categories
397:References
278:K channels
762:1469-7793
696:1469-221X
646:0378-4274
499:1077-3525
451:0891-5849
192:vitamin B
714:11463739
654:19433266
610:17169330
571:18708157
515:46339844
507:12848244
365:See also
355:epilepsy
292:channels
182:solution
85:cysteine
40:cellular
780:9518722
771:2230911
705:1083959
459:2187766
199:mitosis
139:. (See
101:. (See
99:kidneys
28:animals
814:
778:
768:
760:
712:
702:
694:
652:
644:
608:
569:
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505:
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457:
449:
413:. RSC.
359:glioma
353:, and
298:, and
179:acidic
32:plants
537:(PDF)
511:S2CID
241:Fe/Fe
67:teeth
63:bones
837:Ions
812:ISBN
776:PMID
758:ISSN
710:PMID
692:ISSN
650:PMID
642:ISSN
606:PMID
567:PMID
503:PMID
495:ISSN
455:PMID
447:ISSN
340:and
231:Bone
153:(CF)
65:and
36:ions
34:are
30:and
804:doi
766:PMC
750:doi
746:508
700:PMC
684:doi
634:doi
630:188
598:doi
557:hdl
549:doi
487:doi
439:doi
290:ATP
233:is
50:of
26:in
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788:^
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744:.
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419:^
349:,
294:,
252:NO
214:PO
194:12
188:Co
158:CO
147:Cl
133:Mg
119:Mn
115:.)
109:Na
105:.)
77:Zn
73:.)
59:Ca
806::
782:.
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680:2
656:.
636::
612:.
600::
573:.
559::
551::
517:.
489::
483:9
461:.
441::
435:8
288:K
257:3
237:.
219:4
163:3
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129:.
95:K
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