36:
196:
Both positive and negative inotropes are used in the management of various cardiovascular conditions. The choice of agent depends largely on specific pharmacological effects of individual agents with respect to the condition. One of the most important factors affecting inotropic state is the level of
205:
of the muscle cell. Positive inotropes usually increase this level, while negative inotropes decrease it. However, not all positive and negative drugs affect calcium release, and, among those that do, the mechanism for manipulating the calcium level can differ from drug to drug.
254:(transient). These channels respond to voltage changes across the membrane differently: L-type channels respond to higher membrane potentials, open more slowly, and remain open longer than T-type channels.
809:
Loubani OM, Green RS (June 2015). "A systematic review of extravasation and local tissue injury from administration of vasopressors through peripheral intravenous catheters and central venous catheters".
1178:
925:
Oba Y, Lone NA (October 2014). "Mortality benefit of vasopressor and inotropic agents in septic shock: a
Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
791:
264:
By increasing intracellular calcium, via the action of the L-type channels, the action potential can be sustained for longer and therefore, contractility increases.
846:
217:
due to the risk of local tissue injury if the medication enters the local tissues, they are likely safe when given for less than two hours through good peripheral
694:
1401:
243:. Concentrations of intracellular calcium can be increased by increasing influx into the cell or stimulating release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
871:
1171:
569:
1775:
1164:
962:"The effect of levosimendan on right ventricular function in patients with heart dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
909:
119:
57:
1062:"β-blockers and risk of all-cause mortality in patients with chronic heart failure and atrial fibrillation-a meta-analysis"
1314:
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1446:
1424:
379:
1686:
430:. While negative inotropism may precipitate or exacerbate heart failure in the short term, certain beta blockers (e.g.
100:
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Chatterjee S, Biondi-Zoccai G, Abbate A, D'Ascenzo F, Castagno D, Van
Tassell B, et al. (January 2013).
1721:
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1598:
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1303:
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1113:"Benefits of β blockers in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: network meta-analysis"
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or increasing the sensitivity of receptor proteins to calcium, positive inotropic agents can increase
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contractions. Positively inotropic agents increase the strength of muscular contraction.
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Positive inotropes are used to support cardiac function in conditions such as
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Because of these properties, L-type channels are important in sustaining an
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Xu T, Huang Y, Zhou H, Bai Y, Huang X, Hu Y, et al. (June 2019).
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156:
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246:
Once in the cell, calcium can pass through one of two channels: the
1608:
1195:
447:
1017:
Schrör K, Hohlfeld T (1992). "Inotropic actions of eicosanoids".
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and are used to decrease cardiac workload in conditions such as
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29:
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261:, while T-type channels are important in initiating them.
642:
731:
The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
752:
27:
Agent that alters the strength of muscular contractions
586:, turning or moving. The prevalent pronunciations are
665:
645:
619:
598:
960:
Hu Y, Wei Z, Zhang C, Lu C, Zeng Z (December 2021).
625:
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or any substance that alters the force or energy of
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
155:. Negatively inotropic agents weaken the force of
235:By increasing the concentration of intracellular
457:Examples of negative inotropic agents include:
293:Examples of positive inotropic agents include:
422:Negative inotropic agents decrease myocardial
168:is most commonly used in reference to various
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8:
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1200:
1179:
1165:
1157:
1136:
1087:
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993:
442:) have been believed to reduce long-term
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
749:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
1188:Physiology of the cardiovascular system
902:Human Physiology, From Cells to Systems
699:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
686:
557:
845:Gordon S, Saunders A (November 2015).
184:can increase inotropic state, whereas
721:
719:
7:
870:Berry W, McKenzie C (January 2010).
796:Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary
58:adding citations to reliable sources
872:"Use of inotropes in critical care"
209:While it is often recommended that
904:(7th ed.). Cengage Learning.
25:
701:. Merriam-Webster. Archived from
509:Class IC antiarrhythmics such as
655:
635:
588:
176:. However, it can also refer to
34:
45:needs additional citations for
1:
1315:Aortic valve area calculation
1066:BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
1019:Basic Research in Cardiology
778:Stedman's Medical Dictionary
733:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
380:Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
172:that affect the strength of
1432:Effective refractory period
1311:) / End-diastolic dimension
851:The Merck Veterinary Manual
219:intravenous catheterization
174:contraction of heart muscle
1792:
986:10.1038/s41598-021-03317-5
939:10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.04.011
824:10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.01.014
751:. Elsevier. Archived from
228:
131:
1776:Cardiovascular physiology
1717:Tubuloglomerular feedback
1664:Critical closing pressure
1484:Hexaxial reference system
1407:Cardiac electrophysiology
1079:10.1186/s12872-019-1079-2
418:Negative inotropic agents
225:Positive inotropic agents
180:conditions. For example,
1692:Renin–angiotensin system
927:Journal of Critical Care
812:Journal of Critical Care
580:-, fibre or sinew, plus
468:Calcium channel blockers
452:congestive heart failure
272:congestive heart failure
241:myocardial contractility
132:Not to be confused with
1722:Cerebral autoregulation
1687:Kinin–kallikrein system
1654:Jugular venous pressure
1304:End-diastolic dimension
1282:Pressure volume diagram
250:(long-lasting) and the
1659:Portal venous pressure
1649:Mean arterial pressure
1563:Ventricular remodeling
1309:End-systolic dimension
1267:Cardiac function curve
252:T-type calcium channel
248:L-type calcium channel
1300:Fractional shortening
284:myocardial infarction
182:enlarged heart muscle
153:muscular contractions
1240:End-diastolic volume
847:"Positive Inotropes"
818:(3): 653.e9–653.17.
466:Non-dihydropyridine
312:Calcium sensitisers
213:are given through a
54:improve this article
1604:Vascular resistance
1442:Electrocardiography
1437:Pacemaker potential
1367:Conduction velocity
1272:Venous return curve
1245:End-systolic volume
978:2021NatSR..1124097H
900:Sherwood L (2008).
876:Clinical Pharmacist
1712:Myogenic mechanism
1330:Left atrial volume
1262:Frank–Starling law
1031:10.1007/BF00795384
966:Scientific Reports
673:being less common.
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1571:
1570:
1411:Action potential
1402:Conduction system
1348:Cardiac pacemaker
1320:Ejection fraction
780:. Wolters Kluwer.
276:cardiogenic shock
231:Cardiotonic agent
188:can decrease it.
186:dead heart muscle
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1783:
1771:Inotropic agents
1697:Vasoconstrictors
1674:Regulation of BP
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1520:pulmonary artery
1493:Chamber pressure
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357:(norepinephrine)
259:action potential
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1375:(Contractility)
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1277:Wiggers diagram
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1707:Autoregulation
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1632:Pulse pressure
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1624:Blood pressure
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1500:Central venous
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1381:(Excitability)
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1225:
1218:Cardiac output
1215:
1209:
1207:
1205:Cardiac output
1198:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1103:
1052:
1009:
952:
933:(5): 706–710.
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910:
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862:
837:
801:
783:
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736:
715:
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684:
682:
679:
676:
675:
556:
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550:
549:
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543:
538:
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419:
416:
415:
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409:
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397:
392:
387:
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375:
373:Prostaglandins
365:
363:Angiotensin II
360:
359:
358:
352:
351:(isoprenaline)
346:
340:
335:
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323:Catecholamines
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288:cardiomyopathy
229:Main article:
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1501:
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1354:
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1341:
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1328:
1326:
1325:Cardiac index
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1313:
1310:
1307:
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1301:
1298:
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1275:
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1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1235:Stroke volume
1233:
1229:
1228:Stroke volume
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1213:Cardiac cycle
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
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913:
911:9780495391845
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793:
787:
784:
779:
775:
769:
766:
755:on 2014-01-11
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705:on 2020-10-10
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519:Isovoacangine
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497:
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462:Beta blockers
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424:contractility
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355:Noradrenaline
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349:Isoproterenol
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345:(epinephrine)
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
59:
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49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1739:Carotid body
1702:Vasodilators
1582:hemodynamics
1387:(Relaxation)
1379:Bathmotropic
1372:
1353:Chronotropic
1120:
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972:(1): 24097.
969:
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895:
884:. Retrieved
879:
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865:
854:. Retrieved
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786:
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757:. Retrieved
753:the original
748:
739:
730:
707:. Retrieved
703:the original
698:
689:
581:
577:
565:
560:
536:Bathmotropic
508:
504:Disopyramide
499:Procainamide
484:
456:
421:
400:Theophylline
316:Levosimendan
292:
280:septic shock
266:
263:
256:
245:
234:
215:central line
211:vasopressors
208:
195:
192:Medical uses
178:pathological
164:
163:
161:
144:
140:
138:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1744:Glomus cell
1734:Aortic body
1729:Paraganglia
1540:ventricular
1513:ventricular
1462:QT interval
1457:QRS complex
1452:PR interval
1425:ventricular
1363:Dromotropic
1025:(1): 2–11.
541:Dromotropic
524:Voacristine
368:Eicosanoids
1765:Categories
1682:Baroreflex
1599:Compliance
1591:Blood flow
1467:ST segment
1395:Conduction
1385:Lusitropic
1357:Heart rate
1340:Heart rate
1292:Ultrasound
1223:Heart rate
1072:(1): 135.
886:2016-11-28
856:2016-11-28
792:"Inotrope"
774:"Inotrope"
759:2015-02-10
745:"Inotrope"
727:"Inotrope"
709:2015-02-10
695:"Inotrope"
681:References
514:Flecainide
440:metoprolol
436:bisoprolol
432:carvedilol
343:Adrenaline
338:Dopexamine
333:Dobutamine
134:ionotropic
110:March 2023
80:newspapers
69:"Inotrope"
1642:Diastolic
1614:Perfusion
1373:Inotropic
1252:Afterload
574:Neo-Latin
564:The word
494:Quinidine
485:Class IA
478:Verapamil
473:Diltiazem
448:mortality
444:morbidity
390:Milrinone
385:Enoximone
303:Berberine
203:cytoplasm
162:The term
145:inotropic
18:Inotropes
1637:Systolic
1415:cardiac
1147:23325883
1098:31159740
1047:29440212
1004:34916560
947:24857641
832:25669592
566:inotrope
530:See also
489:such as
407:Glucagon
395:Amrinone
328:Dopamine
157:muscular
141:inotrope
1257:Preload
1138:3546627
1089:6547467
1039:1314558
995:8677770
974:Bibcode
653:, with
412:Insulin
308:Calcium
298:Digoxin
290:, etc.
237:calcium
201:in the
199:calcium
94:scholar
1547:Aortic
1535:atrial
1508:atrial
1504:Right
1477:U wave
1472:T wave
1447:P wave
1420:atrial
1145:
1135:
1096:
1086:
1045:
1037:
1002:
992:
945:
908:
830:
583:-trope
428:angina
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1609:Pulse
1556:Other
1531:Left
1525:wedge
1196:Heart
1043:S2CID
882:: 395
552:Notes
170:drugs
147:is a
101:JSTOR
87:books
1143:PMID
1094:PMID
1035:PMID
1000:PMID
943:PMID
906:ISBN
828:PMID
633:and
572:via
446:and
438:and
149:drug
73:news
1302:= (
1133:PMC
1125:doi
1121:346
1117:BMJ
1084:PMC
1074:doi
1027:doi
990:PMC
982:doi
935:doi
820:doi
570:ISV
568:is
450:in
143:or
139:An
56:by
1767::
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1131:.
1119:.
1115:.
1092:.
1082:.
1070:19
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1064:.
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988:.
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970:11
968:.
964:.
941:.
931:29
929:.
878:.
874:.
849:.
826:.
816:30
814:.
794:.
776:.
747:.
729:.
718:^
697:.
669:-/
663:iː
649:-/
629:-/
623:oʊ
617:,-
611:oʊ
596:aɪ
578:in
454:.
434:,
286:,
282:,
278:,
274:,
221:.
1579:/
1369:)
1365:(
1359:)
1355:(
1180:e
1173:t
1166:v
1149:.
1127::
1100:.
1076::
1049:.
1029::
1006:.
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949:.
937::
914:.
889:.
880:2
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834:.
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762:.
712:.
666:n
660:ˈ
657:/
646:n
643:ɪ
640:ˈ
637:/
626:t
620:n
614:p
608:r
605:t
602:ə
599:n
593:ˈ
590:/
136:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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