783:
returns to the opposite end station. Because
Innovia APM vehicles are fully automated, they do not require a driver's cab, which allows them to be bidirectional. A loop is an enclosed system that connects multiple stations along a track or guideway that is a continuous circle or closed curve. Loop systems can be designed as either a single lane or a dual lane configuration. A pinched-loop system shares common characteristics with both the shuttle and the loop systems. Pinched loops look like a dual-lane shuttle (with two parallel guideways), but trains can go from one track to the other changing direction via switches at each end. As a result, traffic on a pinched loop flows in opposite directions on two parallel tracks, but can accommodate many stations.
324:
29:
215:
241:
183:
211:, which proved controversial. Political leaders were skeptical of the rubber-tired mass transit technology, and accused the Port Authority of improperly choosing Westinghouse's APM over a competing proposal for a more traditional light rail system. Eventually plans to implement a Skybus system in Pennsylvania were rejected. Despite this, work continued on the technology.
563:
202:
in
Pittsburgh. The technology came to be known as the Skybus, because it was a rubber-tired vehicle, similar to a bus that operated on a designated elevated roadway. Engineers believed that it would be able to move 5,000 to 14,000 per hour per direction, and could offer around-the-clock service every
252:
system grew in popularity, Adtranz began developing a new, more aerodynamic model known as
Innovia, which started testing in 1999. In addition to its sleeker appearance, the new Innovia people mover also offered greater speeds, tighter turns, full composite construction and a choice in end caps. The
782:
They can assume three different system configurations – shuttle, loop, and pinched loop. The shuttle system is the least complex. One train operates on each lane of a dual lane guideway. After the train dwells in one of the end stations for passengers for entry and exit, it reverses direction and
263:
Amid the development of a third generation model, Bombardier decided to rebrand its entire automated transit system portfolio as
Innovia. The two previous models became legacy systems and are no longer marketed to new customers, although existing customers can and do still order more vehicles as
778:
Innovia APM systems are most often used in airport settings as inter-terminal connections or links to local amenities in and around the airport such as car rentals, parking garages and local public transit. Currently there are three urban systems used as feeder systems as part of a larger mass
769:
Innovia APM vehicles operate as part of a fully integrated transit system with all elements (vehicles, signaling, communications, power supply and distribution, trackwork, platform screen doors, etc.) designed to function together as a complete package. Typically, these integrated systems are
161:
and has been improved over three generations: the
Innovia APM 100 (known originally as C-100 and CX-100), Innovia APM 200 (originally known as just Innovia people mover), and the latest model, the Innovia APM 300. The license to use the technology has also passed hands several times, from
226:, ushering in dozens similar people mover systems at airports around the world. The C-100 was improved with a updated second-generation of vehicles, and the more heavily updated CX-100 system. All together, 14 systems were delivered in the 1980s and 1990s.
264:
needed. The third and latest model is called the
Innovia APM 300 system. It looks very similar to the original Innovia people mover (now called the Innovia APM 200 system), but is longer, more energy efficient and capable of 6-car train configurations.
1573:
1661:
1230:
1675:
1503:
1393:
728:
363:
1482:
1577:
260:
in 2001, which continued to sell both the newer
Innovia APM 200 and the older CX-100 technology under the name Innovia APM 100. The last Innovia APM 100 system delivered was delivered in 2010).
1006:
1613:
401:
1414:
1280:
1170:
662:
883:
1714:
779:
transit network. Innovia APM systems operate in tunnels, on elevated guideways, and sometimes in an open cut (pit) or a combination of tunnels and elevated guideways.
501:
1359:
1234:
550:
1031:
1507:
421:
353:
461:
1689:
1549:
1385:
411:
1528:
1745:
481:
223:
706:
604:
567:
584:
507:
1780:
1645:
965:
700:
373:
1255:
323:
1690:"Bombardier Celebrates the Opening of the INNOVIA APM 100 System at the Sacramento International Airport in the USA - Yahoo Finance Canada"
1599:
694:
672:
465:
435:
395:
1418:
1316:
1284:
1440:
1114:
357:
230:
163:
62:
722:
347:
204:
28:
1337:
688:
158:
56:
1184:
816:
623:
475:
425:
405:
930:
912:
891:
712:
644:
517:
208:
1836:
1721:
1304:
981:
837:
1796:
415:
1363:
1077:
1035:
732:
367:
199:
222:
In 1971, Westinghouse was finally able to commercialize its APM technology, selling what it called the C-100 system to
666:
590:
485:
1209:
1693:
1095:
684:
471:
284:
114:
445:
257:
171:
74:
441:
431:
389:
1614:"Denver International Airport begins putting Alstom's new Innovia automated people mover trains into service"
1119:
521:
291:
Area and not far from where the first demonstration trains ran. The multi-building facility specializes in
757:
640:
511:
292:
214:
195:
146:
1056:
253:
first
Innovia people mover system delivered opened in 2005 at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport.
1662:"Bombardier to design, build, supply, operate and maintain an INNOVIA APM system for Munich Airport"
745:
299:
268:
80:
34:
1529:"Alstom's first airport APM 300 system at New Chengdu Tianfu International Airport enters service"
1461:
1007:"Bombardier and London Gatwick Airport Celebrate the Completion of the New INNOVIA APM 100 System"
1259:
1145:
796:
288:
859:
1776:
1739:
1641:
961:
792:
544:
455:
1483:"Bombardier-s-INNOVIA-APM-300-Automated-People-Mover-System-Enters-Service-at-Munich-Airport"
1124:
1768:
953:
718:
594:
343:
272:
157:
series of fully automated transportation systems. The technology was introduced in 1963 by
1386:"After years of delays, O'Hare's 'people mover' to reopen Wednesday on a limited schedule"
617:
574:
497:
332:
1188:
1822:
American
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Automated People Mover Standards Committee
1550:"First automatic people mover (APM) delivered to Beijing Capital International Airport"
678:
380:
240:
182:
154:
134:
1504:"Los Angeles International Airport awards contracts for $ 4.9bn monorail installation"
1830:
811:
600:
249:
1078:"Thunder Bay News; NetNewsLedger.com – Bombardier Announces Joint Venture for China"
751:
634:
1256:"People-Movers find their niche [Archive] - Dallas Fort Worth Urban Forum"
948:
Leder, William H.; Sproule, William J. (2013). "Airport APMs—History and Future".
1760:
1637:
APM and Other
Driverless Systems for Integrated Urban Planning and Sustainability
985:
845:
806:
580:
491:
218:
First-generation C-100 vehicles operating at Tampa International Airport in 1982
1804:
1096:"Pa. technology fund links universities, industry to solve innovation problems"
957:
630:
534:
191:
1772:
384:
1600:"Pestech to finance, upgrade and operate KLIA Aerotrain project for RM743m"
562:
267:
In November 2014, Bombardier signed a joint venture agreement with China's
244:
Innovia vehicles (later renamed Innovia 200 APM) operating on DFW Skylink
451:
234:
186:
A refurbished Skybus on display at Alstom's factory in West Mifflin, PA
167:
68:
1231:"Bombardier Completes Automated People Mover System in Beijing, China"
1171:"Crashkit International Corporation – Canadian Aviation Survival Gear"
350:, Malaysia (to be replaced with Innovia APM 300 rolling stock in 2025)
1185:"Bombardier Signs New People Mover Contract at San Francisco Airport"
150:
89:
83:
1415:"Bombardier to build automated people mover system at Dubai Airport"
982:"Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Skylink | Lea+Elliott"
1635:
561:
538:
322:
307:
239:
213:
181:
1759:
Morris, Jane L.; Decostro, Robert L.; Incorvati, Mark V. (2011).
669:, United Arab Emirates Terminal 1 (Terminal 3 uses Crystal Mover)
622:
The Innovia APM 256 was designed as a direct replacement for the
303:
120:
729:
Denver International Airport Automated Guideway Transit System
1146:"CRRC-Bombardier JV Sign Contract for 19 APMs for Singapore"
1338:"PHX Sky Train, Sky Harbor International Airport, Phoenix"
1281:"Bombardier people mover cars enter service in Singapore"
838:"Bombardier gets Adtranz for a "bargain".(Brief Article)"
1821:
735:, United States (new rolling stock as Innovia APM 300R)
1462:"New automated people mover system for Munich Airport"
1417:. Railway Technology. 29 November 2012. Archived from
494:
at George Bush Intercontinental Airport, United States
1634:
Leder, William H.; Sproule, William J. (April 2013).
884:"The Milwaukee Journal – Google News Archive Search"
190:
Development began in the 1960s when Westinghouse, a
149:
system (APM) currently manufactured and marketed by
931:"The Pittsburgh Press – Google News Archive Search"
913:"The Pittsburgh Press – Google News Archive Search"
760:, Singapore (new rolling stock as Innovia APM 300R)
203:two minutes. After the tests, Westinghouse and the
130:
107:
99:
49:
41:
21:
1441:"Bombardier wins Jeddah airport people mover deal"
725:, Malaysia (new rolling stock as Innovia APM 300R)
663:Dubai International Airport Automated People Mover
1025:
1023:
1765:Automated People Movers and Transit Systems 2011
950:Automated People Movers and Transit Systems 2013
770:delivered as a turnkey transit system contract.
502:Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport
298:Vehicles manufactured by the joint venture with
198:(APM) for use on a demonstration project at the
551:Zhujiang New Town Automated People Mover System
1283:. Global Rail News. 2014-11-19. Archived from
422:Pittsburgh International Airport People Movers
402:Harry Reid International Airport People Movers
174:in 2001, and most recently to Alstom in 2021.
1210:"Bombardier, Denver sign APM contract – Rail"
8:
1258:. Forum.dallasmetropolis.com. Archived from
194:, Pennsylvania company, first engineered an
1761:"PHX Sky Train: APM Adaptation for Phoenix"
1568:
1566:
412:Orlando International Airport People Movers
1115:"Adtranz is world leader in people moving"
271:to manufacture and market Innovia APM and
18:
482:Tampa International Airport People Movers
1464:. Passengerterminaltoday.com. 2011-11-23
605:Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport
568:Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport
207:attempted to build a larger system, the
1640:. American Society of Civil Engineers.
829:
585:Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
295:technology and has three test tracks.
1744:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1737:
1032:"Guangzhou peoplemover enters service"
283:Innovia APM vehicles are assembled in
1506:. Construction Global. Archived from
1384:Freishtat, Sarah (November 2, 2021).
774:Route layout and system configuration
707:Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport
701:Beijing Capital International Airport
374:Beijing Capital International Airport
7:
1187:. Railway Technology. Archived from
695:Chengdu Tianfu International Airport
673:King Abdulaziz International Airport
645:Chicago O'Hare International Airport
466:George Bush Intercontinental Airport
436:Seattle-Tacoma International Airport
396:Madrid Barajas International Airport
229:The APM technology was purchased by
123:, China (CRRC Nanjing Puzhen Alstom)
1082:Thunder Bay News; NetNewsLedger.com
418:, United States (gates 70-129 only)
358:San Francisco International Airport
723:Kuala Lumpur International Airport
348:Kuala Lumpur International Airport
205:Port Authority of Allegheny County
14:
1362:. Railway Gazette. Archived from
1233:. Marketwired.com. Archived from
1034:. Railway Gazette. Archived from
689:Los Angeles International Airport
364:Automated Guideway Transit System
233:in 1988 and later transferred to
1340:. Railway Technology. 2011-06-15
1059:. Railway Technology. 2011-06-15
984:. Leaelliott.com. Archived from
703:, China (only new rolling stock)
476:Sacramento International Airport
426:Pittsburgh International Airport
406:Harry Reid International Airport
27:
1396:from the original on 2021-11-02
1360:"Taipei Neihu Line inaugurated"
713:Hong Kong International Airport
275:systems in the Chinese market.
209:Transit Expressway Revenue Line
256:The technology transferred to
1:
416:Orlando International Airport
16:Automated people mover system
1574:"庞巴迪中国合资企业斩获深圳机场全自动旅客捷运系统合同"
1443:. ConstructionWeekOnline.com
1212:. Metro Magazine. 2010-12-22
1057:"Bombardier INNOVIA APM 300"
733:Denver International Airport
368:Denver International Airport
327:Innovia APM 100 in Singapore
200:Allegheny County Fairgrounds
1113:Grata, Joe (June 6, 1999).
667:Dubai International Airport
591:Heathrow Terminal 5 Transit
486:Tampa International Airport
224:Tampa International Airport
1853:
1319:. metrotram.it. 2011-01-29
817:Véhicule Automatique Léger
685:LAX Automated People Mover
615:
572:
472:SMF Automated People Mover
330:
285:West Mifflin, Pennsylvania
115:West Mifflin, Pennsylvania
33:An Innovia APM 300 on the
1502:Tom Wadlow (2018-06-11).
958:10.1061/9780784412862.002
446:Leonardo da Vinci Airport
258:Bombardier Transportation
172:Bombardier Transportation
26:
1009:. Eurotransport Magazine
541:, Florida, United States
432:Satellite Transit System
1120:Pittsburgh Post Gazette
652:Innovia APM 300 systems
612:Innovia APM 256 systems
558:Innovia APM 200 systems
522:London Stansted Airport
319:Innovia APM 100 systems
1358:DVV Media Group GmbH.
1030:DVV Media Group GmbH.
860:"Skybus in Pittsburgh"
758:Bukit Panjang LRT line
641:Airport Transit System
570:
512:London Gatwick Airport
508:Tracked Shuttle System
328:
293:automated people mover
245:
219:
196:automated people mover
187:
147:automated people mover
1837:Innovia people movers
565:
326:
243:
217:
185:
1773:10.1061/41193(424)11
1767:. pp. 114–125.
1580:on 12 September 2021
864:Brookline Connection
302:are manufactured in
35:Gold Line in Bangkok
1602:. 28 December 2021.
802:Competing systems:
566:Innovia APM 200 at
310:Province in China.
300:CRRC Nanjing Puzhen
269:CRRC Nanjing Puzhen
81:CRRC Nanjing Puzhen
1084:. 6 November 2014.
952:. pp. 14–37.
797:Rubber-tyred metro
765:Integrated Systems
571:
553:, Guangzhou, China
329:
289:Greater Pittsburgh
246:
220:
188:
145:is a rubber-tired
1782:978-0-7844-1193-3
1647:978-0-7844-1286-2
967:978-0-7844-1286-2
793:Rubber-tyred tram
746:Bangkok Gold Line
597:, United Kingdom
545:Bukit Panjang LRT
456:Frankfurt Airport
404:(three lines) at
248:As the competing
140:
139:
1844:
1809:
1808:
1803:. Archived from
1793:
1787:
1786:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1720:. Archived from
1719:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1692:. Archived from
1686:
1680:
1679:
1676:"Globe Investor"
1672:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1576:. Archived from
1570:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1313:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1123:. Archived from
1110:
1104:
1103:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
978:
972:
971:
945:
939:
938:
927:
921:
920:
909:
903:
902:
900:
899:
890:. Archived from
880:
874:
873:
871:
870:
856:
850:
849:
844:. Archived from
834:
595:Heathrow Airport
524:, United Kingdom
514:, United Kingdom
273:Innovia Monorail
162:Westinghouse to
31:
19:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1715:"Archived copy"
1713:
1712:
1708:
1699:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1444:
1439:Stephen White.
1438:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1399:
1397:
1390:Chicago Tribune
1383:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1367:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1265:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1039:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1000:
991:
989:
980:
979:
975:
968:
947:
946:
942:
929:
928:
924:
911:
910:
906:
897:
895:
882:
881:
877:
868:
866:
858:
857:
853:
836:
835:
831:
826:
789:
776:
767:
742:
691:, United States
659:
654:
647:, United States
620:
618:Innovia APM 256
614:
607:, United States
587:, United States
577:
575:Innovia APM 200
560:
531:
504:, United States
498:The Plane Train
488:, United States
478:, United States
468:, United States
438:, United States
428:, United States
408:, United States
392:system in 2006)
370:, United States
360:, United States
340:
335:
333:Innovia APM 100
321:
316:
314:Implementations
281:
180:
153:as part of its
126:
95:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1850:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1816:External links
1814:
1811:
1810:
1807:on 2004-06-01.
1788:
1781:
1751:
1706:
1681:
1667:
1653:
1646:
1626:
1605:
1591:
1562:
1541:
1520:
1494:
1474:
1453:
1431:
1406:
1376:
1350:
1329:
1317:"metrotram.it"
1308:
1297:
1272:
1247:
1222:
1201:
1176:
1162:
1137:
1105:
1087:
1069:
1048:
1019:
998:
973:
966:
940:
922:
904:
875:
851:
848:on 2015-03-29.
828:
827:
825:
822:
821:
820:
814:
809:
800:
799:
788:
785:
775:
772:
766:
763:
762:
761:
755:
749:
741:
738:
737:
736:
726:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
682:
679:Munich Airport
676:
675:, Saudi Arabia
670:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
638:
616:Main article:
613:
610:
609:
608:
598:
588:
573:Main article:
559:
556:
555:
554:
548:
542:
530:
527:
526:
525:
518:Transit System
515:
505:
495:
489:
479:
469:
459:
449:
439:
429:
419:
409:
399:
393:
381:Changi Airport
377:
371:
361:
351:
339:
336:
331:Main article:
320:
317:
315:
312:
287:, part of the
280:
277:
179:
176:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
125:
124:
118:
111:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
94:
93:
92:(2021–present)
87:
86:(2014–present)
78:
72:
66:
60:
53:
51:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1849:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1727:on 2015-07-03
1723:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1696:on 2015-04-02
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1627:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1510:on 2018-06-14
1509:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1421:on 2015-02-23
1420:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1366:on 2015-04-04
1365:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1287:on 2015-03-09
1286:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1262:on 2015-04-02
1261:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1237:on 2015-04-02
1236:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1191:on 2015-04-02
1190:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1127:on 2022-08-10
1126:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1038:on 2015-04-04
1037:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1008:
1002:
999:
988:on 2015-03-23
987:
983:
977:
974:
969:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
941:
936:
932:
926:
923:
918:
914:
908:
905:
894:on 2016-04-10
893:
889:
885:
879:
876:
865:
861:
855:
852:
847:
843:
839:
833:
830:
823:
818:
815:
813:
812:Crystal Mover
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
798:
794:
791:
790:
786:
784:
780:
773:
771:
764:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
743:
740:Urban systems
739:
734:
730:
727:
724:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
664:
661:
660:
656:
651:
646:
642:
639:
636:
632:
629:
628:
627:
625:
619:
611:
606:
602:
601:PHX Sky Train
599:
596:
592:
589:
586:
582:
579:
578:
576:
569:
564:
557:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
536:
533:
532:
529:Urban systems
528:
523:
519:
516:
513:
509:
506:
503:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
483:
480:
477:
473:
470:
467:
463:
460:
457:
453:
450:
447:
443:
440:
437:
433:
430:
427:
423:
420:
417:
413:
410:
407:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
390:Crystal Mover
388:(replaced by
387:
386:
382:
378:
375:
372:
369:
365:
362:
359:
355:
352:
349:
345:
342:
341:
337:
334:
325:
318:
313:
311:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
278:
276:
274:
270:
265:
261:
259:
254:
251:
250:Crystal Mover
242:
238:
236:
232:
227:
225:
216:
212:
210:
206:
201:
197:
193:
184:
177:
175:
173:
169:
165:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
133:
129:
122:
119:
117:, US (Alstom)
116:
113:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
61:
58:
55:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
1805:the original
1800:
1797:"Chapter 24"
1791:
1764:
1754:
1729:. Retrieved
1722:the original
1709:
1698:. Retrieved
1694:the original
1684:
1670:
1656:
1636:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1608:
1594:
1584:12 September
1582:. Retrieved
1578:the original
1553:. Retrieved
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1523:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:the original
1497:
1486:. Retrieved
1477:
1466:. Retrieved
1456:
1445:. Retrieved
1434:
1423:. Retrieved
1419:the original
1409:
1398:. Retrieved
1389:
1379:
1368:. Retrieved
1364:the original
1353:
1342:. Retrieved
1332:
1321:. Retrieved
1311:
1300:
1289:. Retrieved
1285:the original
1275:
1264:. Retrieved
1260:the original
1250:
1239:. Retrieved
1235:the original
1225:
1214:. Retrieved
1204:
1193:. Retrieved
1189:the original
1179:
1165:
1154:. Retrieved
1152:. 2019-05-22
1150:Railway-News
1149:
1140:
1129:. Retrieved
1125:the original
1118:
1108:
1100:TribLIVE.com
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1061:. Retrieved
1051:
1040:. Retrieved
1036:the original
1011:. Retrieved
1001:
990:. Retrieved
986:the original
976:
949:
943:
934:
925:
916:
907:
896:. Retrieved
892:the original
887:
878:
867:. Retrieved
863:
854:
846:the original
842:highbeam.com
841:
832:
801:
781:
777:
768:
752:Pujiang line
635:Taipei Metro
621:
379:
297:
282:
266:
262:
255:
247:
228:
221:
189:
170:in 1996, to
166:in 1988, to
159:Westinghouse
142:
141:
103:Westinghouse
57:Westinghouse
50:Manufacturer
45:1963–present
1801:ntl.bts.gov
807:Cable Liner
715:, Hong Kong
657:At airports
626:256 system
581:DFW Skylink
547:, Singapore
492:TerminaLink
338:At airports
143:Innovia APM
131:Family name
77:(2001–2021)
71:(1996–2001)
65:(1988–1996)
59:(1963–1988)
22:Innovia APM
1731:2015-03-02
1700:2015-03-06
1514:2018-06-13
1488:2015-03-06
1468:2015-03-06
1447:2015-03-06
1425:2015-03-06
1400:2021-11-02
1370:2015-03-06
1344:2015-03-06
1323:2015-03-06
1291:2015-03-06
1266:2015-03-06
1241:2015-03-06
1216:2015-03-06
1195:2015-03-06
1156:2020-06-18
1131:2022-08-10
1063:2015-03-06
1042:2015-03-06
1013:2015-03-06
992:2015-03-06
935:google.com
917:google.com
898:2016-09-19
888:google.com
869:2022-08-10
824:References
748:, Thailand
631:Wenhu Line
535:Metromover
279:Production
237:in 1996.
192:Pittsburgh
75:Bombardier
42:In service
719:AeroTrain
681:, Germany
458:, Germany
442:SkyBridge
385:Singapore
344:AeroTrain
1831:Category
1740:cite web
1394:Archived
1305:HighBeam
787:See also
709:, China
637:, Taiwan
376:, China
354:AirTrain
108:Built at
100:Designer
1619:July 4,
1555:15 July
1534:15 July
754:, China
697:, China
452:SkyLine
448:, Italy
398:, Spain
235:Adtranz
178:History
168:Adtranz
155:Innovia
135:Innovia
69:Adtranz
1779:
1644:
964:
462:Skyway
151:Alstom
90:Alstom
84:Alstom
1725:(PDF)
1718:(PDF)
819:(VAL)
539:Miami
308:Anhui
1777:ISBN
1746:link
1642:ISBN
1621:2024
1586:2021
1557:2021
1536:2021
962:ISBN
795:and
304:Wuhu
121:Wuhu
1769:doi
954:doi
731:at
721:at
687:at
665:at
643:at
633:of
624:VAL
603:at
593:at
583:at
520:at
510:at
500:at
484:at
474:at
464:at
454:at
444:at
434:at
424:at
414:at
366:at
356:at
346:at
231:AEG
164:AEG
63:AEG
1833::
1799:.
1775:.
1763:.
1742:}}
1738:{{
1565:^
1392:.
1388:.
1148:.
1117:.
1098:.
1080:.
1022:^
960:.
933:.
915:.
886:.
862:.
840:.
537:,
383:,
306:,
1785:.
1771::
1748:)
1734:.
1703:.
1678:.
1664:.
1650:.
1623:.
1588:.
1559:.
1538:.
1517:.
1491:.
1471:.
1450:.
1428:.
1403:.
1373:.
1347:.
1326:.
1294:.
1269:.
1244:.
1219:.
1198:.
1173:.
1159:.
1134:.
1102:.
1066:.
1045:.
1016:.
995:.
970:.
956::
937:.
919:.
901:.
872:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
