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quite some time; however, rather suddenly, they would purposefully use the object in the way needed to get the food, as if the realization had occurred out of nowhere. He interpreted this behavior as something resembling insight in apes. A more recent study suggested that elephants might also experience insight, showing that a young male elephant was able to identify and move a large cube under food that was out of reach so that he could stand on it to get the reward.
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196:). An example is the "Duncker candle problem", in which people are given matches and a box of tacks and asked to find a way to attach a candle to the wall to light the room. The solution requires the participants to empty the box of tacks, set the candle inside the box, tack the box to the wall, and light the candle with the matches.
535:. This form of insight has multiple dimensions, such as recognizing the need for treatment, and recognizing consequences of one's behavior as stemming from an illness. A person with very poor recognition or acknowledgment is referred to as having "poor insight" or "lack of insight". The most extreme form is
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According to the dual-process theory, there are two systems that people use to solve problems. The first involves logical and analytical thought processes based on reason, while the second involves intuitive and automatic processes based on experience. Research has demonstrated that insight probably
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Accounts of insight that have been reported in the media, such as in interviews, etc., were examined and coded. Insights that occur in the field are typically reported to be associated with a sudden "change in understanding" and with "seeing connections and contradictions" in the problem. Insight in
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corresponded to non-insight problems. The data suggests there is something different occurring in the brain when solving insight versus non-insight problems that happens right before the solving of the problem. This conclusion has been supported also by eye-tracking data that shows an increased eye
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Other studies used online questionnaires to explore insight outside of the laboratory, verifying the notion that insight often happens in situations such as in the shower, and echoing the idea that creative ideas occur in situations where divergent thought is more likely, sometimes called the Three
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Differences in brain activation in the left and right hemisphere seem to be indicative of insight versus non-insight solutions. Presenting RATs either to the left or right visual field, it was shown that participants having solved the problem with insight were more likely to have been shown the RAT
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for six years. In one of his experiments, apes were presented with an insight problem that required the use of objects in new and original ways, in order to win a prize (usually, some kind of food). He observed that the animals would continuously fail to get the food, and this process occurred for
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scans of participants completing RATs demonstrated particular brain activity corresponding to problems solved by insight. For example, there is high EEG activity in the alpha- and gamma-band about 300 milliseconds before participants indicated a solution to insight problems, but not to non-insight
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to help produce insight. People were initially trained on insight problems. Following training, one group was tested on the insight problems after sleeping for eight hours at night, one group was tested after staying awake all night, and one group was tested after staying awake all day. Those that
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and the associationistic view of learning. Some proposed potential mechanisms for insight include: suddenly seeing the problem in a new way, connecting the problem to another relevant problem/solution pair, releasing past experiences that are blocking the solution, or seeing problem in a larger,
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Additionally, while incubation improves insight performance for individuals, it improves insight performance for groups even more. Thus, after a 15-minute break, individual performance improved for the rebus puzzles with unhelpful clues, and group performance improved for rebus puzzles with both
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for insight problems, than for non-insight problems. People were asked to indicate how "hot" or "cold" to a solution they felt. Generally, they were able to predict this fairly well for non-insight problems, but not for insight problems. This provides evidence for the suddenness involved during
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Using a geometric and spatial insight problem, it was found that providing participants with breaks improved their performance when compared to participants who did not receive a break. However, the length of incubation between problems did not matter. Thus, participants' performance on insight
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moment. In order to have insights it is important to have access to one's emotions and sensations, as these can cause insights. To the degree that individuals have limited introspective access to these underlying causes, they have only limited control over these processes as well.
119:
moments are seen in negative insight. A further example of negative insight is chagrin which is annoyance at the obviousness of a solution that was missed up until the (perhaps too late) point of insight, an example of this being Homer
Simpson's catchphrase exclamation,
185:
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Generally, methodological approaches to the study of insight in the laboratory involve presenting participants with problems and puzzles that cannot be solved in a conventional or logical manner. Problems of insight commonly fall into three types:
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Participants who ranked lower on emotionality and higher on openness to experience performed better on insight problems. Men outperformed women on insight problems, and women outperformed men on non-insight problems.
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tend to have relatively good insight that they have a problem and that their thoughts and/or actions are unreasonable, although they feel compelled to carry out the thoughts and actions regardless. Patients with
371:) is associated with better performance on insight problems. However, those of lower intelligence benefit more than those of higher intelligence from being provided with cues and hints for insight problems.
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In psychology, insight occurs when a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning. It is the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based on
224:(RAT), in which people must think of a word that connects three, seemingly unrelated, words. RAT are often used in experiments, because they can be solved both with and without insight.
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According to the three-process theory, intelligence plays a large role in insight. Specifically, insight involves three processes that require intelligence to apply them to problems:
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People in a better mood are more likely to solve problems using insight. Self-reported positive affect of participants increased insight before and during the solving of a problem,
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Perivoliotis, Dimitri; Grant, Paul M.; Peters, Emmanuelle R.; et al. (2010). "Cognitive insight predicts favorable outcome in cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis".
1780:
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Ovington, Linda A.; Saliba, Anthony J.; Moran, Carmen C.; et al. (2015-11-01). "Do People Really Have
Insights in the Shower? The When, Where and Who of the Aha! Moment".
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Lin, Wei-Lun; Hsu, Kung-Yu; Chen, Hsueh-Chih; et al. (2011). "The relations of gender and personality traits on different creativities: A dual-process theory account".
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A large-scale study in
Australia suggests that insight may not be universally experienced, with almost 20% of respondents reporting that they had not experienced insight.
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331:(such as looking at blank wall, or out the window at the sky) proves different attention involvement in insight problem solving vs. problem solving via analysis.
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problems. Additionally, problems solved by insight corresponded to increased activity in the temporal lobes and mid-frontal cortex, while more activity in the
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cognitive behavioural therapy for people with psychosis. Some psychiatrists believe psychiatric medication may contribute to the patient's lack of insight.
539:, the total absence of insight into one's own mental illness. Mental illnesses are associated with a variety of levels of insight. For example, people with
265:. People experiencing anxiety showed the opposite effect, and solved fewer problems by insight. Emotion can also be considered: whether this is a positive
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nature differed from insight in the laboratory. For example, insight in nature was often rather gradual, not sudden, and incubation was not as important.
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on the left visual field, indicating right hemisphere processing. This provides evidence that the right hemisphere plays a special role in insight.
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Two clusters of problems, those solvable by insight and those not requiring insight to solve, have been observed. A person's cognitive flexibility,
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an understanding of cause and effect based on the identification of relationships and behaviors within a model, system, context, or scenario (see
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Shen, W.; Yuan, Y.; Liu, C.; et al. (2015). "In search of the 'Aha!' experience: Elucidating the emotionality of insight problem-solving".
168:
111:, or (for crossword solvers) the penny dropping moment (PDM). Sudden sickening realisations often identify a problem rather than solving it, so
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is mildly predictive of performance on non-insight problems, but not on insight problems. More recent research suggests that rather than
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meditation. Research indicates that mindfulness meditation facilitates solving of insight problems with dosage of 20 minutes.
2304:"Do all schizophrenia patients need antipsychotic treatment continuously throughout their lifetime? A 20-year longitudinal study"
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Pijnenborg, G.H.M.; Spikman, J.M.; Jeronimus, B.F.; Aleman, A. (2012). "Insight in schizophrenia: associations with empathy".
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An insight that manifests itself suddenly, such as understanding how to solve a difficult problem, is sometimes called by the
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531:. Psychiatric insight is typically measured with the Beck cognitive insight scale (BCIS), named after American psychiatrist
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241:, and vocabulary ability are predictive of performance on insight problems, but not on non-insight problems. In contrast,
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Markova, I. S.; Jaafari, N.; Berrios, G. E. (2009). "Insight and
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A conceptual analysis".
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The first type of problem forces participants to use objects in a way they are not accustomed to (thus, breaking their
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Since this model was proposed, other similar models have been explored that contain two or three similar stages.
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the use of past experience with problems and solutions that are applicable to the current problem and solution
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2399:"Meditation promotes insightful problem-solving by keeping people in a mindful and alert conscious state"
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Wagner, Ullrich; Gais, Steffen; Haider, Hilde; et al. (22 January 2004). "Sleep inspires insight".
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problems improved just as much with a short break (4 minutes) as it did with a long break (12 minutes).
41:
1103:
Kounios, John; Beeman, Mark (1 August 2009). "The Aha! Moment: The
Cognitive Neuroscience of Insight".
1608:"Individual and group performance on insight problems: The effects of experimentally induced fixation"
1248:"It's a kind of magicāwhat self-reports can reveal about the phenomenology of insight problem solving"
212:" which requires participants to draw four lines, through nine dots, without picking their pencil up.
1890:
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668: ā Ability to think and act using knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense and insight
659: ā a person's capacity for self-examination, self-reflection, introspection and personal insight
193:
1947:
Davidson, J. E.; Sternberg, R. J. (1 April 1984). "The Role of
Insight in Intellectual Giftedness".
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Salvi, Carola; Bricolo, Emanuela; Franconeri, Steven; Kounios, John; Beeman, Mark (December 2015).
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62:
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Jarman, Matthew S. (2014-07-01). "Quantifying the
Qualitative: Measuring the Insight Experience".
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conditions tend to have very poor awareness that anything is wrong with them. Psychiatric insight
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Gilhooly, K.J.; Murphy, P. (1 August 2005). "Differentiating insight from non-insight problems".
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620: ā Branch of theology that defines virtuous and sinful behavior from a Christian perspective
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focusing attention on ideas relevant to a solution, while ignoring features that are irrelevant
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2081:"The Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS): Translation and validation of the Taiwanese version"
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1193:"Insight Is Not in the Problem: Investigating Insight in Problem Solving across Task Types"
703:"The Grounded Expertise Components Approach in the Novel Area of Cryptic Crossword Solving"
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767:"Uh-Oh! What Have We Missed? A Qualitative Investigation into Everyday Insight Experience"
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There are a number of theories about insight; no single theory dominates interpretation.
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blink duration and frequency when people solve problems via insight. This latter result,
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According to the four-stage model of insight, there are four stages to problem solving:
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The third and final type of problem requires verbal ability to solve. An example is the
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MarkovĆ”, I. S.; Berrios, G. E.; Hodges, J. H. (2004). "Insight into Memory
Function".
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slept performed twice as well on the insight problems than those who stayed awake.
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Subramaniam, Karuna; Kounios, John; Parrish, Todd B.; et al. (1 March 2009).
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have provided evidence of what may be interpreted as insight in animals. In 1917,
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154:, in the early part of the 20th century, during the search for an alternative to
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within a particular context. The term insight can have several related meanings:
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Foerder, Preston; Galloway, Marie; Barthel, Tony III; et al. (2011-08-18).
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1403:. Vol. 5: Personality and Social Psychology. New Jersey: Wiley. p. 53.
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Danek, Amory H.; Fraps, Thomas; von MĆ¼ller, Albrecht; et al. (2014-12-08).
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paired with an eye pattern oriented to look away from sources of visual inputs
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The person incubates on the problem, which encompasses trial-and-error, etc.
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992:(Reprint ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London: The MIT Press.
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the act or result of understanding the inner nature of things or of seeing
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1041:
Mednick, Sarnoff (1962). "The associative basis of the creative process".
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involves both processes; however, the second process is more influential.
99:. The term was coined by the German psychologist and theoretical linguist
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632: ā Neologism coined by Robert Heinlein, adopted by computer culture
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Segal, Eliaz (1 March 2004). "Incubation in
Insight Problem Solving".
891:
Salvi, Carola; Bricolo, Emanuela; Bowden, Edward; et al. (2016).
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626: ā Exceptional intellectual ability, creativity, or originality
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Groups typically perform better on insight problems (in the form of
2397:
Ren, Jun; Huang, ZhiHui; Luo, Jing; et al. (29 October 2011).
3390:
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1315:"A Brain Mechanism for Facilitation of Insight by Positive Affect"
893:"Insight solutions are correct more often than analytic solutions"
345:
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16:
Understanding of a specific cause and effect in a specific context
1988:
An essay on the psychology of invention in the mathematical field
836:
Duncker, Karl; Lees, Lynne S. (1945). "On problem-solving".
674: ā Capacity for introspection and individuation as a subject
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2772:
1191:
Webb, Margaret E.; Little, Daniel R.; Cropper, Simon J. (2016).
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Eureka effect Ā§ Evidence for the Aha! effect in EEG studies
72:
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2007:
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The verification of the solution to the problem is experienced.
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1552:"Sudden insight is associated with shutting out visual inputs"
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Robinson-Riegler, Bridget; Robinson-Riegler, Gregory (2012).
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with either helpful or unhelpful clues) than individuals.
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European
Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
1606:
Smith, C. M.; Bushouse, E.; Lord, J. (13 November 2009).
1509:
Bowden, Edward M.; Jung-Beeman, Mark (1 September 2003).
400:"B"s of Creativity, in Bed, on the Bus, or in the Bath.
2345:"Antipsychotic Maintenance Treatment: Time to Rethink?"
988:
Sternberg, Robert J.; Davidson, Janet E., eds. (1996).
676:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
653: ā Canadian philosopher and theologian (1904ā1984)
640:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Cognitive psychology: applying the science of the mind
601:
595:
527:, insight can mean the ability to recognize one's own
3175:
3152:
1730:"Intuition in insight and noninsight problem solving"
580:, which has been adopted as the name of a variety of
2302:
Harrow, M.; Jobe, T.H.; Faull, R.N. (October 2012).
1781:
Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making
661:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
638: ā Capacity of humans to exercise introspection
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The insight occurs, and the solution is illuminated.
465:
combining the information previously deemed relevant
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965:
867:(3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.
1985:
1942:
1940:
1654:Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts
941:
811:. In Sternberg, Robert J.; Davidson, J.E. (eds.).
573:
1879:"Insightful Problem Solving in an Asian Elephant"
701:Friedlander, Kathryn J.; Fine, Philip A. (2016).
647: ā Examining one's own thoughts and feelings
350:Example of a rebus puzzle. Answer: man overboard.
263:as indicated by differing brain activity patterns
1412:
1410:
809:"Cognitive and affective components of insight"
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765:Hill, Gillian; Kemp, Shelly M. (2016-02-01).
8:
2257:"Mistakes I Have Made in My Research Career"
886:
884:
204:The second type of insight problem requires
92:
3503:
3480:
3471:
3462:
1105:Current Directions in Psychological Science
948:. Nelson Education ltd: Thomson Wadsworth.
807:Gick, Mary L.; Lockhart, Robert S. (1995).
422:, having studied primates on the island of
3142:
2608:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
2508:
2494:
2486:
2200:Neurology, Psychiatry & Brain Research
1774:Klein, G.; Jarosz, A. (17 November 2011).
1612:Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
1399:Tennen, Howard; Suls, Jerry, eds. (2013).
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382:People are poorer at predicting their own
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1020:. Bronx, N.Y.: Ishi Press International.
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2444:Marketing Research: Tools and Techniques
2028:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2655:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
693:
484:The person prepares to solve a problem.
1728:Metcalfe, Janet; Wiebe, David (1987).
1856:(Repr. ed.). London: Routledge.
1685:
1683:
7:
2079:Kao, Yu-Chen; Liu, Yia-Ping (2010).
760:
758:
756:
2640:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
61:the power of acute observation and
29:is the understanding of a specific
683: ā Normative ethical theories
14:
1776:"A Naturalistic Study of Insight"
1556:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
1515:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
1320:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
171:Solution to the Nine-dot problem.
2471:
1692:The Journal of Creative Behavior
1127:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01638.x
774:The Journal of Creative Behavior
2134:. Hoboken: Informa Healthcare.
2130:Ghaemi, S. Nassir (2002).
940:Weiten, W.; McCann, D. (2007).
558:favourably predicts outcomes in
2593:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
1992:. New York, N.Y.: Dover Publ.
136:Representation of the Duncker
1:
2476:The dictionary definition of
1366:British Journal of Psychology
909:10.1080/13546783.2016.1141798
815:. MIT Press. pp. 197ā228
541:obsessive compulsive disorder
355:unhelpful and helpful clues.
208:to solve. An example is the "
180:Breaking functional fixedness
150:Insight was first studied by
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3233:
3210:
2362:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001861
1904:10.1371/journal.pone.0023251
1823:10.1080/10400419.2014.929405
367:Higher intelligence (higher
71:
46:
3339:
3176:
3153:
2403:Science China Life Sciences
1984:Hadamard, Jacques (1954) .
1811:Creativity Research Journal
1431:10.1207/s15326934crj1601_13
1419:Creativity Research Journal
602:
596:
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507:Egosyntonic and egodystonic
233:Versus non-insight problems
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2132:Polypharmacy in Psychiatry
1963:10.1177/001698628402800203
504:
303:
18:
2416:10.1007/s11427-011-4233-3
2320:10.1017/S0033291712000220
2255:Murray, Robin M. (2017).
2231:10.1080/17522430903147520
2047:10.1007/s00406-012-0373-0
1852:Kƶhler, Wolfgang (1999).
1569:10.3758/s13423-015-0845-0
1167:10.1080/13546780442000187
188:Example of a RAT problem.
103:. It is also known as an
69:, called intellection or
3602:Concepts in epistemology
1795:10.1177/1555343411427013
1624:10.1177/1368430209340276
1265:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01408
1212:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01424
1155:Thinking & Reasoning
1016:Sloan, Sam Loyd (2007).
838:Psychological Monographs
720:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00567
657:Psychological mindedness
21:Insight (disambiguation)
2448:Oxford University Press
2442:Bradley, Nigel (2007).
2098:10.1186/1471-244X-10-27
2024:MarkovĆ”, I. S. (2005).
1334:10.1162/jocn.2009.21057
1252:Frontiers in Psychology
1198:Frontiers in Psychology
707:Frontiers in Psychology
81:artificial intelligence
3568:
3552:
3504:
3481:
3472:
3463:
2343:Moncrieff, J. (2015).
2308:Psychological Medicine
2262:Schizophrenia Bulletin
1950:Gifted Child Quarterly
1734:Memory & Cognition
1401:Handbook of Psychology
897:Thinking and Reasoning
572:word for "insight" is
359:Individual differences
351:
222:Remote Associates Test
189:
172:
140:
93:
37:a piece of information
3057:Righteous indignation
2276:10.1093/schbul/sbw165
2026:Insight in Psychiatry
1854:The mentality of apes
1018:Cyclopedia of puzzles
990:The nature of insight
944:Themes and Variations
813:The nature of insight
636:Human self-reflection
462:selective combination
419:The Mentality of Apes
391:Naturalistic settings
349:
247:insight versus search
187:
170:
135:
3607:Sources of knowledge
2575:BodhipakkhiyÄ dhammÄ
1044:Psychological Review
590:Similar concepts in
468:selective comparison
448:Three-process theory
216:Using verbal ability
194:functional fixedness
19:For other uses, see
2645:Theological virtues
2548:Positive psychology
1895:2011PLoSO...623251F
1477:10.1038/nature02223
1469:2004Natur.427..352W
439:Dual-process theory
416:published his book
291:Research has shown
65:, discernment, and
3077:Self-transcendence
2669:Individual virtues
2613:Nine Noble Virtues
2542:Nicomachean Ethics
1747:10.3758/BF03197722
1528:10.3758/BF03196539
1378:10.1111/bjop.12142
456:selective encoding
352:
243:fluid intelligence
190:
173:
159:coherent context.
152:Gestalt psychology
141:
3597:Critical thinking
3584:
3583:
3580:
3579:
2731:Conscientiousness
2598:Epistemic virtues
2457:978-0-19-928196-1
2169:10.1159/000228836
2141:978-0-8247-0776-7
1999:978-0-486-20107-8
1863:978-0-415-20979-3
1463:(6972): 352ā355.
1027:978-0-923891-78-7
999:978-0-262-69187-1
874:978-0-205-03364-5
410:primate cognition
404:Non-Human Animals
3614:
3573:
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3509:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3344:
3247:
3238:
3215:
3181:
3158:
3143:
3072:Self-cultivation
2625:Prussian virtues
2588:Cardinal virtues
2510:
2503:
2496:
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2475:
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2428:
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1991:
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1704:10.1002/jocb.126
1687:
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1666:10.1037/a0026241
1649:
1636:
1635:
1603:
1592:
1591:
1581:
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1562:(6): 1814ā1819.
1547:
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850:10.1037/h0093599
833:
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786:10.1002/jocb.142
771:
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698:
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662:
651:Bernard Lonergan
641:
618:Christian ethics
607:
599:
579:
559:
476:Four-stage model
330:
324:posterior cortex
264:
248:
228:Specific results
210:Nine-dot problem
98:
76:
51:
31:cause and effect
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3141:
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2650:Three Treasures
2567:Virtue families
2562:
2536:Moral character
2519:
2514:
2468:
2458:
2441:
2438:
2436:Further reading
2433:
2432:
2409:(10): 961ā965.
2396:
2395:
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2387:
2355:(8): e1001861.
2342:
2314:(10): 2145ā55.
2301:
2254:
2250:
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2216:
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2211:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2157:Psychopathology
2154:
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2142:
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2124:
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414:Wolfgang Kƶhler
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206:spatial ability
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200:Spatial ability
182:
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163:Classic methods
145:trial and error
130:
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2676:Accountability
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2466:External links
2464:
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2269:(2): 253ā256.
2251:
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2163:(5): 277ā282.
2147:
2140:
2122:
2085:BMC Psychiatry
2071:
2068:
2067:
2041:(4): 299ā307.
2030:
2020:
2013:
1998:
1976:
1936:
1869:
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1817:(3): 276ā288.
1801:
1788:(4): 335ā351.
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1521:(3): 730ā737.
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1372:(2): 281ā298.
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1327:(3): 415ā432.
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1161:(3): 279ā302.
1140:
1111:(4): 210ā216.
1088:
1058:10.1.1.170.572
1051:(3): 220ā232.
1033:
1026:
1005:
998:
961:
955:978-0176472733
954:
932:
880:
873:
855:
825:
799:
780:(3): 201ā211.
752:
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672:Self awareness
669:
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552:, and various
529:mental illness
515:Self-awareness
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156:associationism
138:Candle Problem
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3097:Sportsmanship
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3062:Righteousness
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3001:
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2988:
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2975:Nonattachment
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2638:
2636:
2635:Seven virtues
2633:
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2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
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2583:
2582:BrahmavihÄrÄs
2579:
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2569:
2565:
2559:
2558:Virtue ethics
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:About virtues
2522:
2518:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2482:at Wiktionary
2481:
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1889:(8): e23251.
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1579:10281/93524
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537:anosognosia
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3591:Categories
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3298:Aparigraha
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3259:Sophrosyne
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3112:Temperance
3092:Solidarity
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2788:Equanimity
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2726:Compassion
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688:References
533:Aaron Beck
525:psychiatry
521:psychology
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501:Psychiatry
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278:Incubation
128:Psychology
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3498:Humanitas
3244:Phronesis
3235:Philotimo
3087:Sincerity
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2908:Emotional
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576:vipassana
554:psychotic
387:insight.
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3474:Dignitas
3220:Ataraxia
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2955:Meekness
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2808:Fidelity
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431:Theories
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3370:MettÄ
3333:Dhį¹ti
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3204:Agape
3196:Greek
3122:Trust
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3000:Piety
2960:Mercy
2833:Glory
2798:Faith
2746:Moral
2741:Civil
2660:Yamas
2332:S2CID
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2181:S2CID
2059:S2CID
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