Instant-runoff voting - Knowledge (XXG)

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these scenarios, it would have been better for the third party voters if their candidate had not run at all (spoiler effect), or if they had voted dishonestly, ranking their favourite second rather than first (favourite betrayal). This is the same bracketing effect exploited by Robinette and Tideman in their research on strategic campaigning, where a candidate alters their campaign to cause a change in voter honest choice, resulting in the elimination of a candidate who nevertheless remains more preferred by voters.

940: 1786:, which excludes all but the top-two candidates after the first round, rather than gradually eliminating candidates over a series of rounds. Eliminations can occur with or without allowing and applying preference votes to choose the final two candidates. A second round of voting or counting is only necessary if no candidate receives an overall majority of votes. This method is used in Mali, France and the Finnish and Slovenian presidential election. 7832: 1975: 75: 1224:

of the same principles, since that candidate has a much greater chance of being elected and a vote for the marginal candidate will not result in the marginal candidate's election. An IRV method reduces this problem, since the voter can rank the marginal candidate first and the mainstream candidate second; in the likely event that the fringe candidate is eliminated, the vote is not wasted but is transferred to the second preference.

1077: 915: 1996:", and some jurisdictions accept a single box marked with an "X" (as opposed to a numeral "1") as valid for the first preference. This may result in exhausted ballots, where all of a voter's preferences are eliminated before a candidate is elected, such that the "majority" in the final round may only constitute a minority fraction of all ballots cast. Optional preferential voting is used for elections for the 1399:(STV) method is applied to a single-winner election, it becomes IRV; the government of Ireland has called IRV "proportional representation" based on the fact that the same ballot form is used to elect its president by IRV and parliamentary seats by proportional representation (STV), but IRV is a non-proportional winner-take-all (single-winner) election method, while STV elects multiple winners. State law in 3497: 927: 2312: 2137: 1800: 1705: 1259:(50%+1). Like all winner-take-all voting methods, IRV tends to exaggerate the number of seats won by the largest parties; small parties without majority support in any given constituency are unlikely to earn seats in a legislature, although their supporters will be more likely to be part of the final choice between the two strongest candidates. A simulation of IRV in the 1235:, if the Republican candidate who lost in the final instant runoff had not run, the Democratic candidate would have defeated the winning Progressive candidate. In that sense, the Republican candidate was a spoiler—albeit for an opposing Democrat, rather than some political ally—even though leading in first choice support. This also occurred in the 6609:. Anhörung zum Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Abschaffung der Fünf-Prozent-Sperrklausel bei Landtagswahlen in Schleswig-Holstein [Hearing on the draft law to abolish the five percent threshold in state elections in Schleswig-Holstein (Discussion paper)] (Report) (in German). Piratenfraktion im Schleswig-Holsteinischen Landtag. (Drs. 18/385). 2927: 2899: 2868: 2834: 2797: 2757: 2505: 6034:

In San Francisco, ranked-choice voting is sometimes called 'instant run-off voting.' The Department of Elections generally uses the term ranked-choice voting, because it describes the voting method—voters are directed to rank their first-, second- and third-choice candidates. The Department also uses

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have tended to use the term "ranked-choice voting" in their laws. The San Francisco Department of Elections claimed the word "instant" in the term "instant-runoff voting" could confuse voters into expecting results to be immediately available. As a result of American influence, the term ranked-choice

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However, this is an implementation detail, and does not mean candidates are supported by most voters. Note that without early stopping, IRV eventually reassigns all active votes to the winner, creating the appearance of unanimity (which is clearly impossible). It is possible for a candidate to win an

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criterion states that "if an absolute majority of voters prefer every member of a group of candidates to every candidate not in that group, then one of the preferred group must win". Note that this is satisfied because when all but one candidate that a mutual majority prefer is eliminated, the votes

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elections. The California cities of Oakland, San Francisco and San Leandro in 2010 provide an example; there were a total of four elections in which the plurality-voting leader in first-choice rankings was defeated, and in each case the IRV winner was the Condorcet winner, including a San Francisco

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against every other candidate, then that candidate must not win the overall election". IRV (like all voting methods with a final runoff round) meets this criterion, since the Condorcet loser cannot win a runoff. However, IRV can still elect the "second-worst" candidate when the two worst candidates

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is derived from the name of a class of voting methods called runoff voting. In runoff voting voters do not rank candidates in order of preference on a single ballot. Instead a similar effect is achieved by using multiple rounds of voting. All multi-round runoff voting methods allow voters to change

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However, when the third-party candidate is more competitive, they can still act as a spoiler under IRV, by taking away first-choice votes from the more mainstream candidate until that candidate is eliminated, and then that candidate's second-choice votes helping a more-disliked candidate to win. In

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Proponents of IRV claim that IRV eliminates the spoiler effect, since IRV makes it safe to vote honestly for marginal parties: Under a plurality method, voters who sympathize most strongly with a marginal candidate are strongly encouraged to instead vote for a more popular candidate who shares some

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states that the first- and last-place candidates should switch places if every ballot is reversed. In other words, it should not matter whether voters rank candidates from best-to-worst and select the best candidate, or whether they rank them worst-to-best and then select the least-bad candidate.

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says that candidates should not lose as a result of having "too many voters"—a set of ballots that all rank A>B should not switch the election winner from B to A. IRV fails this criterion: about 50 percent of elections where IRV elects a different candidate from plurality involve participation

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Some jurisdictions that hold runoff elections allow absentee (only) voters to submit IRV ballots, because the interval between votes is too short for a second round of absentee voting. IRV ballots enable absentee votes to count in the second (general) election round if their first choice does not

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how they should assign their lower preferences, or provide them with a prepared ballot. This is especially common in Australia, where voters must rank all candidates to cast a valid ballot. Preference deals between parties (where one party's voters agree to place another party's voters second, in

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A 2015 study of four local US elections that used IRV found that inactive ballots occurred often enough in each of them that the winner of each election did not receive a majority of votes cast in the first round. The rate of inactive ballots in each election ranged from a low of 9.6 percent to a

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In instant-runoff voting, as with other ranked election methods, each voter orders candidates from first to last. On their ballot, voters mark a "1" beside their first-round vote; a "2" beside their alternative, who receives their vote if the first candidate is eliminated; a "3" beside their next

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In Highest median, Ranked Pairs, and Schulze voting, there is always a regret-free, semi-honest ballot for any voter, holding all other ballots constant and assuming they know enough about how others will vote. Under such circumstances, there is always at least one way for a voter to participate

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is returned automatically for whichever constituency s/he was elected if they wish to seek re-election, reducing the number of seats contested in that constituency by one. (In that case, should the Ceann Comhairle be from a three-seater, only two seats are contested in the general election from

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for elections by mail and requiring a majority of cast votes to elect a winner. For in-person elections, they recommend repeated balloting until one candidate receives an absolute majority of all votes cast; if candidates drop out as soon as it becomes clear they cannot win, this procedure will

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While similar to "sequential-elimination" IRV, top-two can produce different results. Excluding more than one candidate after the first count might eliminate a candidate who would have won under sequential elimination IRV. Restricting voters to a maximum number of preferences is more likely to

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Because the ballot marking is more complex than X voting, there can be an increase in spoiled ballots. In Australia, voters are required to write a number beside every candidate. Since Australia has compulsory voting, however, it is difficult to tell how many ballots are deliberately spoiled.

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Sometimes, this algorithm is described with an early-stopping rule, which elects a candidate as soon as their score exceeds half the remaining votes. This is because when a candidate has over half the votes, it is no longer mathematically possible for another candidate to defeat them (see

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but recommend against runoff-based rules because they often prevent the emergence of a consensus candidate with broad support. The book instead recommends repeated balloting until some candidate manages to win a majority of votes. Two other books on American parliamentary procedure,

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Although the Democrat was the Condorcet winner (a majority of voters preferred him in all two way contests), he received the fewest first-place votes and so was eliminated ... 2009 mayoral election in Burlington, VT, which illustrates the key features of an upward monotonicity

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IRV is counted in steps. In each step, IRV looks at every ballot's top non-eliminated candidate and eliminates the candidate with the fewest top rankings. It falls into the plurality-with-elimination family of voting systems, alongside first-past-the-post and systems based on

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use IRV to select the state winner. In Maine, 2 electors are allocated to the winner and the others (currently 2) are allocated by congressional district, while in Alaska, the winner gets all electors of the state in the Electoral College system (as Alaska has only one

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based in Washington, D. C., said it may increase turnout by attracting more and more diverse candidates, but the impact would be realized most significantly by getting rid of the need for primaries. The overall impact on diversity of candidates is difficult to detect.

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says that ranking a candidate higher on your ballot should not cause them to lose. The exact probability of a monotonicity failure depends on the circumstances, but with 3 major candidates, the probabilities range from 14.5 percent under the

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All forms of ranked-choice voting reduce to plurality when all ballots rank only one candidate. By extension, ballots for which all candidates ranked are eliminated are equivalent to votes for any non-winner in plurality, and considered

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Britons and New Zealanders generally call IRV the "alternative vote" (AV). Australians, who use IRV for most single winner elections, call IRV "preferential voting". While this term is widely used by Australians, it is somewhat of a

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IRV fails this criterion: it is possible to construct an election where reversing the order of every ballot does not alter the final winner; that is, the first- and last-place finishers, according to IRV, are the same candidate.

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criterion states that "if a voter alters the order of candidates lower in his/her preference (e.g. swapping the second and third preferences), then that does not affect the chances of the most preferred candidate being elected".

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Many of the mathematical criteria by which voting methods are compared were formulated for voters with ordinal preferences. If voters vote according to the same ordinal preferences in both rounds, criteria can be applied to

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use "instant runoff" to describe the practice of having certain categories of absentee voters cast ranked-choice ballots before the first round of an election and counting those ballots in any subsequent runoff elections.

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Most jurisdictions with IRV do not require complete rankings and may use columns to indicate preference instead of numbers. In American elections with IRV, more than 99 percent of voters typically cast a valid ballot.

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We waited to bring in the signatures because we didn't want this to be about Kurt Wright losing after being ahead, or Andy Montroll who had more first and second place votes and didn't win. We wanted this to be about

2432:. After the first count, Lenihan had the largest share of first-choice rankings. Currie had the fewest votes and was eliminated. After this, Robinson received 82 percent of Currie's votes, thereby overtaking Lenihan. 1333:, except that voters do not need to turn out several times to vote. It is also known as the alternative vote, transferable vote, ranked-choice voting (RCV), single-seat ranked-choice voting, or preferential voting. 5662:

With instant runoff voting ... The strategy for the liberal voter is the same as for plurality voting: Her favorite candidate cannot win, so she casts her vote for her favorite candidate with a realistic chance of

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In a full-preferential voting method, voters are required to mark a preference for every candidate standing. Ballots that do not contain a complete ordering of all candidates are in some jurisdictions considered

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or majority winner as one who would defeat any one of their opponents in a one-on-one majority vote. Instant-runoff voting does not always elect the majority-preferred candidate in this sense either (see

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IRV is excellent for preventing classic spoilers-minor candidates who irrationally tip the election from one major candidate to another. It is not so good when the 'spoiler' has a real chance of winning

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A randomly chosen ballot determines winner. This and closely related methods are of mathematical interest and included here to demonstrate that even unreasonable methods can pass voting method criteria.

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can exclude voters outside the mutual majority from the vote, essentially becoming an election between the mutual majority. IRV demonstrates this exclusion of up to 50 percent of voters, notably in the

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A number of IRV methods, varying as to ballot design and as to whether or not voters are obliged to provide a full list of preferences, are in use in different countries and local governments.

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has promoted the terminology "ranked-choice voting" to refer to IRV, a choice that has caused controversy and accusations that the organization is attempting to obscure the existence of other

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Majority Judgment fails the mutual majority criterion, but satisfies the criterion if the majority ranks the mutually favored set above a given absolute grade and all others below that grade.

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candidate Neil Pharaoh with the help of 31 voters who placed him in 6th place (third-to-last), despite losing the first five rounds of voting. In the 7th round, Hibbins narrowly defeated

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Under Burlington, Vermont's second-ever IRV mayoral election in 2009, the winner, Bob Kiss, was elected over the more popular Andy Montroll as a result of a first-round spoiler effect.

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a majority of voters liked the centrist candidate Montroll better than Kiss, and a majority of voters liked Montroll better than Wright ... yet Montroll was tossed in the first round.

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This format allows a voter to select a first-choice candidate in the first column, a second-choice candidate in the second column, and a third-choice candidate in the third column.

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seats (or 90 percent) were won by the candidate who led on first preferences. The other 15 seats (10 percent) were won by the candidate who placed second on first preferences.

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the term ranked-choice voting because the word 'instant' might create an expectation that final results will be available immediately after the polls close on election night.

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concluded that the election would have altered the balance of seats among the three main parties, but the number of seats won by minor parties would have remained unchanged.

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instant-runoff election despite no support (i.e. complete opposition) from more than half of voters, even when there is an alternative majority-approved candidate, as in the

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Candidates C and D spoiled the election for B ... With them in the running, A won, whereas without them in the running, B would have won. ... Instant runoff voting ... does

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against every other candidate, then that candidate must win the overall election". It is incompatible with the later-no-harm criterion, so IRV does not meet this criterion.

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Ornstein, Joseph T.; Norman, Robert Z. (1 October 2014). "Frequency of monotonicity failure under Instant Runoff Voting: estimates based on a spatial model of elections".

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successfully prevented the election of the candidate who would likely have won under plurality rules, but would have lost to either of the other top finishers in a runoff

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Majority Judgment may elect a candidate uniquely least-preferred by over half of voters, but it never elects the candidate uniquely bottom-rated by over half of voters.

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if they do not support any of the candidates in the final round. In practice, most close IRV races do not elect a majority-approved candidate because of this effect.

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En effet, lorsqu'il y a plus de trois concurrents, le véritable vœu de la pluralité peut être pour un candidat qui n'ait eu aucune des voix dans le premier scrutin.

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Chamberlin, John R.; Cohen, Michael D. (1978). "Toward Applicable Social Choice Theory: A Comparison of Social Choice Functions under Spatial Model Assumptions".

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IRV elections that require a majority of cast ballots but not that voters rank all candidates may require more than a single IRV ballot due to exhausted ballots.

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Burnett, Craig M.; Kogan, Vladimir (March 2015). "Ballot (and voter) 'exhaustion' under Instant Runoff Voting: An examination of four ranked-choice elections".

1243:, who lost in the final instant runoff, had not run, the more centrist Republican candidate, Nick Begich, would have defeated the winning Democratic candidate, 6117: 8063: 7880: 7870: 7609: 6342: 3607: 1676: 7377: 4936:. For this to hold, in some elections, some voters must use less than their full voting power despite having meaningful preferences among viable candidates. 659: 8256: 8129: 8099: 6744: 6264: 6989:

Bristow-Johnson, Robert (2023). "The failure of Instant Runoff to accomplish the purpose for which it was adopted: a case study from Burlington Vermont".

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states that "the election outcome remains the same even if an identical candidate who is equally preferred decides to run". IRV meets this criterion. The

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as they relate to automatic elimination of trailing candidates. Partial results exist for other models of voter behavior in the two-round method: see the

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had the highest proportion of winners who would not have won under first past the post—with only 14 out of 125 seats not won by the plurality candidate.

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advocates branded the election a failure after Kiss was elected, despite 54 percent of voters voting for Montroll over Kiss, violating the principle of

6421: 8319:"At present, the UK uses the “first past the post” system to elect MPs to the House of Commons. Should the “alternative vote” system be used instead?" 8720: 8710: 7505: 7357: 6807: 1455: 1417: 691: 553: 548: 8715: 8199: 7604: 7382: 6927:

A display of non-monotonicity under the Alternative Vote method was reported recently, for the March 2009 mayoral election in Burlington, Vermont.

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and Representative Bruce Poliquin claimed, ahead of the 2018 primary elections, that IRV would result in "one person, five votes", as opposed to "

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Where a winner is randomly chosen from the candidates, sortition is included to demonstrate that even non-voting methods can pass some criteria.

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touted the 2009 election as one of its major success stories, claiming it helped the city save on costs of a traditional runoff and prevented a

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A variant of Minimax that counts only pairwise opposition, not opposition minus support, fails the Condorcet criterion and meets later-no-harm.

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Felsenthal, Dan S.; Tideman, Nicolaus (2014). "Interacting double monotonicity failure with direction of impact under five voting methods".

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Approval voting, score voting, and majority judgment satisfy IIA if it is assumed that voters rate candidates independently using their own

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or invalid, even if there are only two candidates standing. This can become burdensome in elections with many candidates and can lead to "

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their preferences in each round, incorporating the results of the prior round to influence their decision, which is not possible in IRV.

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there.) As a result, if the Ceann Comhairle wishes to be in the next Dáil, only 165 seats are actually contested in a general election.

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Other methods only allow marking preferences for a maximum of the voter's top three favourites, a form of partial preferential voting.

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exhaust ballots if voters do not anticipate which candidates will finish in the top two. This can encourage voters to vote more

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Lepelley, Dominique; Chantreuil, Frederic; Berg, Sven (1996). "The likelihood of monotonicity paradoxes in run-off elections".

6523: 3486: 2047: 1682: 1580: 577: 102: 5078: 3190:, although later analysis showed that without Wright in the election, Montroll would have defeated Kiss in a one-on-one race. 1296:

Most instant-runoff voting elections are won by the candidate who leads in first-choice rankings, choosing the same winner as

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Graham-Squire, Adam; McCune, David (6 March 2023). "An Examination of Ranked Choice Voting in the United States, 2004-2022".

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Locals argued the system was convoluted, turned the election into a "gambling game" by disqualifying Montroll for having won

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A version of instant-runoff voting applying to the ranking of parties was first proposed for elections in Germany in 2013 as

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where the later rounds became a runoff between the mutual majority of voters favouring Andy Montroll and Bob Kiss. This can

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Compared to a plurality voting system that rewards only the top vote-getter, instant-runoff voting mitigates the problem of

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election where Democratic candidate for mayor was Condorcet winner but finished third behind Republican and 'Progressive

5581:"The failure of Instant Runoff to accomplish the purpose for which it was adopted: a case study from Burlington Vermont" 1989: 1949:

by discussion and compromise, or by electing a consensus candidate who might have polled poorly in the initial election.

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Conversely, a practical benefit of 'contingent voting' is expediency and confidence in the result with only two rounds.

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Graham-Squire, Adam; McCune, David (2022). "A Mathematical Analysis of the 2022 Alaska Special Election for US House".

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system, voters can give a preference to as many candidates as they wish. They may make only a single choice, known as "

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in 1788, who quickly rejected it after showing it would often eliminate a candidate preferred by a majority of voters.

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Instant-runoff voting derives its name from the way the ballot count simulates a series of runoffs, similar to an

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states that "if one candidate is preferred by an absolute majority of voters, then that candidate must win". The

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Ray, Depankar (1986). "On the practical possibility of a 'no show paradox' under the single transferable vote".

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Otherwise, reassign votes held by the eliminated candidate to the highest available choice. Return to step 1.

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adopt this approach. Louisiana uses it only for members of the United States Service or who reside overseas.

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Another real-life example of IRV producing results different from first-past-the-post can be seen in the

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Neil Pharaoh, who likely would have defeated Sam Hibbins by a 3:1 ratio if Newton-Brown had not run.

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Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Electronic Voting Technology/Workshop on Trustworthy Elections

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For the proportional electoral system applying ranked ballots to multi-member constituencies, see

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Nonpartisan primary system with IRV in the second round (among top four candidates) in Alaska.

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The complexity of strategy under instant-runoff voting means parties and candidates must often

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Monotonicity criterion § Instant-runoff voting and the two-round system are not monotonic

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criterion states that "the probability of an exact tie must diminish as more votes are cast".

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https://sfgov.org/ccsfgsa/sites/default/files/Voting%20Systems%20Task%20Force/AppendixD__.pdf

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associated with instant-runoff voting, noting that Kiss was elected as a result of 750 votes

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K was elected even though M was a clear Condorcet winner and W was a clear Plurality winner.

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in the United Kingdom, voters rank a specified maximum number of candidates. In London, the

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The effect of IRV on voter turnout is difficult to assess. In a 2021 report, researchers at

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A long-established response to the 'wasted vote' problem is the method advocated by Hare...

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provides a simple example of how instant-runoff voting can produce a different result from

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IRV is a single-winner application of the proportional voting system known as STV, with a

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of runoffs, and in that case, each of the criteria failed by IRV is also failed by the

1916: 1400: 1389: 1218: 1116: 1076: 789: 729: 714: 525: 394: 369: 220: 914: 8699: 8661: 8647: 8501: 8389: 8104: 7302: 6914: 6705: 6678: 5657: 5607: 4907: 4450: 3644: 3638: 3197: 2494: 2452: 2425: 2417: 2017: 1993: 1775: 1370: 1349: 1029: 798: 498: 286: 124: 87: 62: 38: 6971: 6318:"Mainers vote to keep ranked-choice voting, with supporters holding commanding lead" 5897: 5478: 5470: 5245: 5230:"Making wasted votes count: Turnout, transfers, and preferential voting in practice" 1930:

runoff, using rules to leave the desired number of candidates for further balloting.

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In the United States, the sequential elimination method used by IRV is described in

8608: 8587: 8124: 7317: 7258: 6479: 4661: 4503: 2255: 2251: 1244: 1041: 538: 302: 295: 225: 17: 8419: 6265:"Maine became the first state in the country Tuesday to pass ranked-choice voting" 5547: 5513: 3226:, and "eliminated the most popular moderate candidate and elected an extremist". 8399: 7700: 7463: 7402: 7322: 7218: 5915: 4767: 3872: 3496: 2674: 2573: 2013: 1385: 1353: 1281: 1256: 1240: 1148: 1104: 416: 374: 317: 262: 7002: 5948:. Otago, New Zealand: Otago University Students' Association. 30 September 2017 5599: 5534:

do away with the spoiler problem entirely, although it ... makes it less likely

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allowed voters to express first and second preferences only. Sri Lankan voters

8633: 7473: 7409: 6955: 2246:(see below). In the general case, instant-runoff voting can be susceptible to 2218:

election in which the IRV winner was in third place in first choice rankings.

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although Ware's method cannot return the worst, it may return the next worst.

6072: 5649: 5580: 5352: 5288: 5253: 8640: 7710: 7705: 4714: 2421: 2231: 1872: 384: 379: 6013:. Department of Elections: City and County of San Francisco. Archived from 5493:"Explained: What are 'preference deals' and how do they influence my vote?" 7759: 6745:"State Election 2014: Prahran District (Distribution of preference votes)" 6203:

The method was, however, mentioned by Condorcet, but only to be condemned.

5759:(Court Filing), no. 1:18-cv-00465, Docket 1, D.M.E., 13 November 2018 4969:

without grading any less-preferred candidate above any more-preferred one.

926: 37:"Ranked-choice voting" redirects here. For ranked methods in general, see 7530: 7070: 7061: 6457: 6029: 5280: 3575: 3280: 3183: 3018: 2285:, quickly approaching 100 percent for more than a handful of candidates. 1912: 1404: 1366: 1338: 635: 5968:"Liberal plan to change federal voting laws may have crossbench support" 5641: 5549:

Gaming the Vote: Why Elections Aren't Fair (and What We Can Do About It)

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In this race, Newton-Brown spoiled the election for Labor candidate and

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Instant-runoff voting is vulnerable to spoiler effects, as it violates

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note that ranked-choice systems (including IRV) are an improvement on

1380:) to differentiate it from other ranked-choice voting methods such as 8559: 7680: 5681: 2970:

Burlington mayoral election, 2009 (round-by-round analysis of votes)

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Stensholt, Eivind (7 October 2015). "What Happened in Burlington?".

5344: 5207:"Understanding the Limited Preferential Voting system – EMTV Online" 2340:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2165:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2119:, where the majority would be treated as separate small groups. The 2115:

of the majority all flow to the remaining candidate, in contrast to

1828:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1733:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 5316: 5992:

Appendix D, Instant Runoff Voting, San Francisco Charter § 13.102

5877:. House of Commons Select Committee on Procedure. 15 February 2001 5497: 1973: 1855: 1593: 1357: 1075: 6294: 6140:"South Carolina General Assembly : 116th Session, 2005–2006" 2568:. In this case, it was the candidate who initially placed third ( 1895:, by ranking at least one candidate they think is likely to win. 6217:"On the Constitution and the Functions of Provincial Assemblies" 5515:

Mathematics of Social Choice: Voting, Compensation, and Division

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IRV can quickly eliminate weak candidates in early rounds of an

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List of members of the Australian Parliament who died in office

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Lewyn, Michael (2012). "Two Cheers for Instant Runoff Voting".

5269:"Realities Mar Instant Runoff Voting Flaws and Benefits of IRV" 1885:

rank up to three candidates to elect the president of Sri Lanka

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alternative; and so on, until every candidate has been ranked.

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History and use of instant-runoff voting § Use by country

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2022 Alaska's at-large congressional district special election

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Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria

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Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria

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then proposed applying the system to the single-winner case.

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If only one candidate remains, elect this candidate and stop.

5898:"Estimating the Margin of Victory for Instant-runoff Voting" 5400:"Informal Voting – Two Ways of Allowing More Votes to Count" 73: 6808:"Burlington Residents Seek Repeal of Instant Runoff Voting" 5426:"Instant Runoff Voting and Its Impact on Racial Minorities" 2046:

Scholars rate voting methods using mathematically derived

6223:(in French). Vol. 13 (published 1804). p. 243. 5158: 1945:. The use of repeated balloting allows voters to resolve 1773:. In this method—familiar to fans of the television show 6838:"Response to Faulty Analysis of Burlington IRV Election" 5782:"1st Circuit ends Poliquin's efforts to keep House seat" 5053:, voting in mayoral elections now takes place under the 2576:). Hibbins would ultimately go on to defeat center-left 1376:

IRV is occasionally referred to as Hare's method (after

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Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011

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How Not to Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking

6524:"Are Queenslanders in danger of 'wasting' their votes?" 5431:. New America Foundation. 1 August 2008. Archived from 2329: 2154: 2072:

two-round system article's criterion compliance section

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Endersby, James W.; Towle, Michael J. (1 March 2014).

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candidate Clem Newton-Brown by a margin of 277 votes.

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IRV is more likely to elect the Condorcet winner than

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is generally preferred as it does not run the risk of

6503:. Electoral Commission of Queensland. 28 January 2020 6484:

Preferences, Donkey Votes and the Canning By-Election

6287:"Ranked Choice Voting | Maine Voters Rank Candidates" 4928: 4926: 4924: 3230:

Burlington mayoral election, 2009 (summary analysis)

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criticized the election results as revealing several

1978:

Example of a full preferential ballot paper from the

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voting is often used in Canada as well. American NGO

6106:(Fall 2019 ed.) – via plato.stanford.edu. 8618: 8579: 8572: 8552: 8536: 8529: 8464: 8438: 8347: 8340: 8324: 8314: 8244: 8218: 8148: 8087: 8054: 8020: 7987: 7956: 7899: 7848: 7839: 7797: 7719: 7673: 7577: 7544: 7491: 7456: 7423: 7350: 7341: 7192: 6215:Condorcet, Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat (1788). 5922:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 8 February 2012 5023:(AV+), or alternative vote top-up, proposed by the 2086:criterion states that "if a candidate would lose a 1016:where the loser of each round is determined by the 7909:Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives 7017: 6374:(11th ed.). Da Capo Press. pp. 425–428. 6365: 6363: 5339:(4). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 1341–1356. 5107:(11th ed.). Da Capo Press. pp. 425–428. 2202:criterion states that "if a candidate would win a 5851:Drutman, Lee; Strano, Maresa (10 November 2021). 4977: 4975: 2404:and prevent some spoiler effects associated with 1906:IRV may also be part of a larger runoff process: 6551:. Electoral Council of Australia. Archived from 2091:are the only ones remaining in the final round. 1151:. However, it does not ensure the election of a 8299:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum 6604:"Alternative II: Einführung einer Ersatzstimme" 5380:. Australian Electoral Commission. 28 June 2016 6008:"Ranked-Choice Voting: A Guide for Candidates" 5574: 5572: 1782:A more practical form of runoff voting is the 1092:Eliminate the candidate with the fewest votes. 8283: 7775: 7153: 1960:Australian federal election in September 2013 1871:Under a variant of contingent voting used in 1198:return for their doing the same) are common. 962: 8: 8064:Chronology of Australian federal parliaments 7610:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives 7054:NHH Dept. Of Business and Management Science 6396:The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure 1677:The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure 1208:Tactical voting § Instant runoff voting 1088:The instant-runoff procedure is as follows: 27:Single-winner ranked-choice electoral system 8257:Members of multiple Australian legislatures 8130:List of acts of the Parliament of Australia 3560:Comparison of single-winner voting systems 3525:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1348:Jurisdictions in the United States such as 1276:Voter confusion and legitimacy of elections 8576: 8533: 8344: 8290: 8276: 8268: 7984: 7845: 7782: 7768: 7760: 7347: 7160: 7146: 7138: 5942:"Opinion: OUSA Needs the Alternative Vote" 3558: 2593: 1464: 1434:IRV was later independently reinvented by 1233:2009 Burlington, Vermont, mayoral election 969: 955: 45: 7069: 5853:"What We Know About Ranked-Choice Voting" 5834:"What We Know About Ranked-Choice Voting" 5680: 5315: 4964: 4962: 4960: 3545:Learn how and when to remove this message 2356:Learn how and when to remove this message 2181:Learn how and when to remove this message 1844:Learn how and when to remove this message 1749:Learn how and when to remove this message 1159:Invalid, incomplete and exhausted ballots 1138:Properties, advantages, and disadvantages 6422:"Initiatives – Pew Center on the States" 5378:"Voting in the House of Representatives" 5187:. International Constitutional Law. 1995 3228: 2968: 2434: 1769:The runoff method closest to IRV is the 1418:History and use of instant-runoff voting 7605:Independence of irrelevant alternatives 7383:Sequential proportional approval voting 6104:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6045: 6043: 5185:"Ireland Constitution, Article 12(2.3)" 5070: 5042: 4875: 4869: 2281:to 8.5 percent in the case of a strict 2244:independence of irrelevant alternatives 1427:This method was first discussed by the 1061:National Parliament of Papua New Guinea 61: 6863: 6861: 6407:Riddick & Butcher (1985). 5875:"Second Report: Election of a Speaker" 2221:Systems which fail Condorcet but pass 1115:. This effect occurs when some voters 7094: 7092: 6937: 6935: 6801: 6799: 6772: 6770: 6720:"Presidential Election November 1990" 6372:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised 5105:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised 3234: 1875:, and formerly for the elections for 1658:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised 1572: 1510: 1373:methods that could compete with IRV. 7: 6522:Stevens, Bronwyn (27 January 2015). 6191:"Methods of election: Ware's Method" 3523:adding citations to reliable sources 1665:that can be used to elect officers. 8456:Official Monster Raving Loony Party 7415:Indirect single transferable voting 6579:Registrar of Voters, Alameda County 6459:IRV for Louisiana's Overseas Voters 1980:Australian House of Representatives 1601:district, the effect is the same). 8355:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland 7129:"Explainer: Instant runoff voting" 6836:Bouricius, Terry (17 March 2009). 6648:"A Survey of Basic Voting Methods" 5809:"Preferential Voting in Australia" 3481:Comparison to other voting systems 2436:Irish presidential election, 1990 2408:. The three major candidates were 1143:Wasted votes and Condorcet winners 1080:Flowchart of instant-runoff voting 25: 7101:"IRV much worse than old runoffs" 7016:Ellenberg, Jordan (29 May 2014). 6602:Breyer, Patrick (November 2013). 5333:American Political Science Review 5159:"Australian Electoral Commission" 2392:Irish presidential election, 1990 1954:Comparison to first-past-the-post 1020:. In academic contexts, the term 8451:Socialist Party of Great Britain 8375:Green Party of England and Wales 7830: 7056:. Discussion Paper No. 2015/26. 6991:Constitutional Political Economy 6915:10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2013.08.001 6462:(web page), FairVote IRV America 3495: 3428: 3397: 3366: 3335: 3304: 3271: 2965:2009 Burlington mayoral election 2959:2009 Burlington mayoral election 2925: 2897: 2866: 2832: 2795: 2755: 2556:2014 Prahran election (Victoria) 2503: 2398:1990 Irish presidential election 2386:1990 Irish presidential election 2310: 2228:2009 Burlington mayoral election 2135: 2096:independence of clones criterion 1798: 1703: 938: 925: 913: 861:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem 507:Semi-proportional representation 139:First preference plurality (FPP) 8721:Single-winner electoral systems 8711:Non-monotonic electoral systems 6394:Sturgis, Alice (2001). 6291:Maine Uses Ranked Choice Voting 6051:"What is Ranked Choice Voting?" 6006:Arntz, John (2 February 2005). 5471:10.1016/j.electstud.2014.11.006 5246:10.1016/j.electstud.2013.07.001 3487:Comparison of electoral systems 2562:2014 Victorian general election 8716:Preferential electoral systems 7934:Manager of Opposition Business 7881:Manager of Opposition Business 7871:Manager of Government Business 7526:Mixed ballot transferable vote 6749:Victorian Electoral Commission 6646:Green-Armytage, James (2004). 6316:Russell, Eric (12 June 2018). 6098:Pacuit, Eric (24 June 2019) . 5896:Cary, David (1 January 2011). 5135:. 8 April 2005. Archived from 3208:(ranking Kiss in last place). 1648: 1542:(STV), by-elections using IRV 1113:2022 Alaska's special election 1014:multi-round elimination method 899:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem 856:Moulin's impossibility theorem 821:Conflicting majorities paradox 1: 6777:Etnier, Carl (6 March 2009). 6118:"Proportional Representation" 6102:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 5916:"BBC News – Alternative vote" 5807:Green, Antony (11 May 2010). 5552:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2056:Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem 2052:Arrow's impossibility theorem 2022:Australian federal parliament 2000:as well as some elections in 1637:Upper chamber of legislature 1616:Lower chamber of legislature 1586:Head of State and Government 1536:Lower chamber of legislature 1498:Lower chamber of legislature 1131: 725:Frustrated majorities paradox 8497:Green Party Northern Ireland 8079:47th Parliament of Australia 8074:46th Parliament of Australia 8069:45th Parliament of Australia 7727:Comparison of voting systems 7569:Satisfaction approval voting 7554:Single non-transferable vote 7373:Proportional approval voting 7099:Dopp, Kathy (10 June 2009). 6903:Mathematical Social Sciences 6779:"Instant runoff was success" 6706:10.1016/0165-4896(86)90024-7 6694:Mathematical Social Sciences 6679:10.1016/0165-4896(95)00804-7 6667:Mathematical Social Sciences 6409:Riddick's Rules of Procedure 6120:. Citizens Information Board 5696:Travis, Alan (10 May 2010). 5628:O'Neill, Jeffrey C. (2006). 5579:Bristow-Johnson, R. (2023). 5546:Poundstone, William (2009). 1990:optional preferential voting 1683:Riddick's Rules of Procedure 1127:majority-preferred candidate 894:Condorcet dominance theorems 834:Social and collective choice 8226:Parliament House, Melbourne 8110:Matter of public importance 7969:Represented multiple states 7333:Graduated majority judgment 6221:Complete Works of Condorcet 5723:Leary, Mal (12 June 2018). 5512:Borgers, Christoph (2010). 5083:www.electoral-reform.org.uk 2370:reversal symmetry criterion 2336:the claims made and adding 2302:Reversal symmetry criterion 2161:the claims made and adding 1824:the claims made and adding 1729:the claims made and adding 1028:the method with methods of 560:By mechanism of combination 331:Proportional representation 8737: 8512:Traditional Unionist Voice 8365:Christian Peoples Alliance 8236:Parliament House, Canberra 8183:House of Representatives: 7585:Condorcet winner criterion 7276:First-past-the-post voting 7003:10.1007/s10602-023-09393-1 5600:10.1007/s10602-023-09393-1 4873: 3484: 2962: 2402:first-past-the-post voting 2389: 2265: 2194:Condorcet winner criterion 1936:Robert's Rules recommends 1453: 1415: 1216: 1205: 1018:first-past-the-post method 758:Multiple districts paradox 489:Fractional approval voting 477:Interactive representation 36: 29: 8682: 8487:Democratic Unionist Party 8305: 8210:Court of Disputed Returns 7828: 7740: 7732:Voting systems by country 7635:Mutual majority criterion 7590:Condorcet loser criterion 7536:Vote linkage mixed system 7448:Largest remainders method 7175: 6956:10.1007/s11127-013-0118-2 5634:SSRN Working Paper Series 5267:Dopp, Kathy Anne (2011). 5129:"Types of Voting Systems" 4898:is incompatible with the 3457: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3237: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2934: 2906: 2875: 2841: 2804: 2764: 2617: 2599: 2512: 2446: 2443: 1686:, take a similar stance. 1618: 1551: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 705:Paradoxes and pathologies 554:Mixed-member proportional 549:Mixed-member majoritarian 544:By results of combination 435:Approval-based committees 8190:Two-party-preferred vote 8179:Single transferable vote 7929:Leader of the Opposition 7876:Leader of the Opposition 7866:Leader of the Government 7822:House of Representatives 7625:Majority loser criterion 7511:Additional member system 7469:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota 7388:Single transferable vote 7313:Positional voting system 7249:Minimax Condorcet method 7207:Combined approval voting 7133:MIT Election Science Lab 2204:head-to-head competition 2088:head-to-head competition 1964:House of Representatives 1612:House of Representatives 1540:Single transferable vote 1494:House of Representatives 1461:National level elections 1440:single transferable vote 1397:single transferable vote 1331:exhaustive ballot system 1265:Electoral Reform Society 1261:2010 UK general election 1040:. It contrasts with the 884:Condorcet's jury theorem 685:Double simultaneous vote 660:Rural–urban proportional 655:Dual-member proportional 617: 606: 573:Parallel (superposition) 465:Fractional social choice 452:Expanding approvals rule 281: 266: 251: 182: 171: 147: 32:single transferable vote 8537:Advocating a "Yes" vote 8410:Scottish National Party 7856:President of the Senate 7791:Parliament of Australia 7650:Resolvability criterion 7640:Participation criterion 7615:Later-no-harm criterion 7431:Highest averages method 5273:SSRN Electronic Journal 2295:participation criterion 2289:Participation criterion 2279:impartial culture model 1650:Robert's Rules of Order 1560:Unicameral legislature 1474:Type of body or office 1343:positive responsiveness 1292:Similarity to plurality 1123:Social choice theorists 811:Tyranny of the majority 588:Fusion (majority bonus) 405:Quota-remainder methods 8553:Advocating a "No" vote 8472:British National Party 8095:Speech from the throne 7691:First-preference votes 7630:Monotonicity criterion 7600:Independence of clones 7303:Simple majoritarianism 6620:Nanson, E. J. (1882). 6575:"Ranked-Choice Voting" 6370:Robert, Henry (2011). 6189:Nanson, E. J. (1882). 5103:Robert, Henry (2011). 2274:monotonicity criterion 2262:Monotonicity criterion 2074:for more information. 2048:voting method criteria 2042:Voting method criteria 1982: 1861: 1382:majority-choice voting 1184:Resistance to strategy 1180:high of 27.1 percent. 1117:truncate their ballots 1081: 945:Mathematics portal 851:Majority impossibility 840:Impossibility theorems 636:Negative vote transfer 457:Method of equal shares 78: 8706:Instant-runoff voting 8517:Ulster Unionist Party 8185:Instant-runoff voting 7964:Served in both houses 7595:Consistency criterion 7516:Alternative vote plus 7281:Instant-runoff voting 6622:"Methods of election" 6322:Portland Press Herald 5021:Alternative vote plus 4896:Condorcet's criterion 2883:Steve Stefanopoulos ( 2266:Further information: 1977: 1962:, 135 out of the 150 1921:Springfield, Illinois 1902:Larger runoff process 1859: 1763:instant-runoff voting 1302:1972 federal election 1079: 1046:majority-rule methods 1022:instant-runoff voting 982:Instant-runoff voting 748:Best-is-worst paradox 737:Pathological response 472:Direct representation 125:Single-winner methods 77: 8544:YES! To Fairer Votes 8231:Old Parliament House 8205:Caretaker government 7808:(represented by the 7665:Seats-to-votes ratio 7436:Webster/Sainte-Laguë 7062:10.2139/ssrn.2670462 6724:ElectionsIreland.org 6482:(8 September 2015). 6061:on 26 February 2018. 5281:10.2139/ssrn.1858374 3651:No favorite betrayal 3519:improve this section 2248:strategic nomination 1998:President of Ireland 1663:ranked-choice voting 1444:Henry Richmond Droop 1429:Marquis de Condorcet 1300:. In Australia, the 1286:one person, one vote 1231:For example, in the 1057:president of Ireland 990:ranked-choice voting 932:Economics portal 879:Median voter theorem 98:Comparative politics 8655:The Daily Telegraph 8492:England First Party 8315:Referendum question 7924:Leader of the House 7645:Plurality criterion 7244:Kemeny–Young method 7024:. Penguin. p. 6549:"Electoral Systems" 5642:10.2139/ssrn.883058 5055:first-past-the-post 4820:Tideman alternative 3561: 3231: 2971: 2437: 2283:left–right spectrum 1938:preferential voting 1604:7 EVs (out of 538) 1556:National Parliament 1438:in the form of the 1125:generally define a 998:preferential voting 920:Politics portal 631:Vote linkage system 602:Seat linkage system 189:Ranked-choice (RCV) 18:Instant-runoff vote 8482:Conservative Party 8173:Double dissolution 7686:Election threshold 7620:Majority criterion 7296:Supplementary vote 6501:www.ecq.qld.gov.au 6267:. 10 November 2016 6169:Arkleg.state.ar.us 6165:"Bill Information" 6020:on 2 December 2008 5974:. 11 December 2020 5788:. 22 December 2018 5406:. 28 February 2011 5079:"Alternative Vote" 5051:Elections Act 2022 5031:Write-in candidate 5025:Jenkins Commission 3559: 3229: 2969: 2772:Eleonora Gullone ( 2520:Exhausted ballots 2435: 2321:possibly contains 2215:traditional runoff 2146:possibly contains 2127:Pathologies of IRV 2108:majority criterion 2078:Satisfied criteria 1983: 1881:supplementary vote 1862: 1809:possibly contains 1714:possibly contains 1189:Party strategizing 1082: 1067:Election procedure 1051:IRV has been used 816:Discursive dilemma 775:Lesser evil voting 650:Supermixed systems 353:Largest remainders 211:Round-robin voting 79: 8693: 8692: 8678: 8677: 8568: 8567: 8525: 8524: 8430:Libertarian Party 8380:Liberal Democrats 8370:English Democrats 8265: 8264: 8115:Readings of bills 8050: 8049: 8038: 8003: 7952: 7951: 7813: 7757: 7756: 7655:Reversal symmetry 7564:Cumulative voting 7546:Semi-proportional 7521:Mixed single vote 7487: 7486: 7363:Mixed single vote 7271:Exhaustive ballot 7234:Copeland's method 7229:Condorcet methods 7169:Electoral systems 6381:978-0-306-82020-5 5946:Critic – Te Arohi 5904:. EVT/WOTE'11: 3. 5786:Bangor Daily News 5459:Electoral Studies 5234:Electoral Studies 5114:978-0-306-82020-5 5007: 5006: 3555: 3554: 3547: 3478: 3477: 3261:First round votes 3178: 3177: 2956: 2955: 2812:Jason Goldsmith ( 2624:Clem Newton-Brown 2553: 2552: 2366: 2365: 2358: 2323:original research 2191: 2190: 2183: 2148:original research 2064:two-round systems 2026:state parliaments 1928:exhaustive ballot 1911:make the runoff. 1854: 1853: 1846: 1811:original research 1771:exhaustive ballot 1759: 1758: 1751: 1716:original research 1661:as an example of 1646: 1645: 1581:Electoral College 1552:Papua New Guinea 1195:explain to voters 1166:exhausted ballots 988:), also known as 979: 978: 866:Gibbard's theorem 806:Dominance paradox 743:Perverse response 447:Phragmen's method 313:Majority judgment 241:Positional voting 199:Condorcet methods 67:electoral systems 16:(Redirected from 8728: 8669:Evening Standard 8580:For a "Yes" vote 8577: 8534: 8348:For a "Yes" vote 8345: 8292: 8285: 8278: 8269: 8032: 7997: 7985: 7846: 7834: 7810:Governor-General 7807: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7761: 7696:Liquid democracy 7348: 7328:Two-round system 7239:Dodgson's method 7162: 7155: 7148: 7139: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7096: 7087: 7086: 7073: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7023: 7013: 7007: 7006: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6939: 6930: 6929: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6865: 6856: 6855: 6850: 6848: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6820: 6818: 6803: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6774: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6751:. Archived from 6741: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6716: 6710: 6709: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6650:. Archived from 6643: 6637: 6636: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6585: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6528:The Conversation 6519: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6493: 6487: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6437: 6431:. Archived from 6429:Electionline.org 6426: 6418: 6412: 6405: 6399: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6367: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6293:. Archived from 6283: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6261: 6255: 6252: 6246: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6144:Scstatehouse.gov 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6100:"Voting Methods" 6095: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6079:. 17 August 2019 6069: 6063: 6062: 6057:. Archived from 6047: 6038: 6037: 6027: 6025: 6019: 6012: 6003: 5997: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5764: 5754: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5588:Const Polit Econ 5585: 5576: 5567: 5566: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5437: 5430: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5075: 5058: 5047: 5000: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4970: 4966: 4955: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4937: 4930: 4919: 4916:sincere favorite 4893: 4717: 4688: 4644: 4539: 4453: 4332: 4307: 4171: 4161: 4145: 4141: 3763:Approvals 3742: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3624:Cloneproof 3620: 3610: 3604: 3593: 3591:Condorcet winner 3562: 3550: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3499: 3491: 3473: 3470: 3458:Exhausted votes 3452: 3449: 3424: 3421: 3393: 3390: 3362: 3359: 3331: 3328: 3300: 3297: 3265: 3262: 3232: 3213:electoral reform 3206:cast against him 3198:voting theorists 2972: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2594: 2589:Condorcet winner 2578:Australian Labor 2510: 2507: 2506: 2438: 2406:plurality voting 2361: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2338:inline citations 2314: 2313: 2306: 2211:plurality voting 2200:Condorcet winner 2186: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2163:inline citations 2139: 2138: 2131: 2068:two-round system 1947:Condorcet cycles 1943:Condorcet winner 1849: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1829: 1826:inline citations 1802: 1801: 1794: 1784:two-round system 1754: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1731:inline citations 1707: 1706: 1699: 1671:simple plurality 1478:Electoral system 1465: 1298:plurality voting 1239:. If Republican 1153:Condorcet winner 1038:runoff elections 1006:alternative vote 971: 964: 957: 943: 942: 930: 929: 918: 917: 873:Positive results 768:Strategic voting 665:Majority jackpot 622: 611: 482:Liquid democracy 358:National remnant 348:Highest averages 285: 270: 255: 187: 178:Alternative vote 176: 160:Partisan primary 152: 93:Mechanism design 46: 21: 8736: 8735: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8726: 8725: 8696: 8695: 8694: 8689: 8686:Politics Portal 8674: 8619:For a "No" vote 8614: 8602:Financial Times 8595:The Independent 8564: 8548: 8530:Advocacy groups 8521: 8507:Socialist Party 8477:Communist Party 8465:For a "No" vote 8460: 8434: 8405:Scottish Greens 8395:Pirate Party UK 8360:Christian Party 8336: 8320: 8310: 8301: 8296: 8266: 8261: 8240: 8214: 8144: 8083: 8046: 8023:Representatives 8022: 8016: 7983: 7974:Longest service 7948: 7902:Representatives 7901: 7895: 7841: 7835: 7826: 7793: 7788: 7758: 7753: 7736: 7715: 7669: 7660:Smith criterion 7573: 7540: 7501:Parallel voting 7483: 7479:Imperiali quota 7452: 7419: 7337: 7291:Contingent vote 7254:Nanson's method 7212:Unified primary 7202:Approval voting 7188: 7171: 7166: 7125: 7120: 7119: 7109: 7107: 7105:The Aspen Times 7098: 7097: 7090: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7036: 7015: 7014: 7010: 6988: 6987: 6983: 6941: 6940: 6933: 6900: 6899: 6895: 6887: 6867: 6866: 6859: 6846: 6844: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6816: 6814: 6805: 6804: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6776: 6775: 6768: 6758: 6756: 6755:on 25 July 2018 6743: 6742: 6738: 6728: 6726: 6718: 6717: 6713: 6691: 6690: 6686: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6654:on 3 June 2013. 6645: 6644: 6640: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6606: 6601: 6600: 6596: 6583: 6581: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6558: 6556: 6555:on 9 March 2008 6547: 6546: 6542: 6532: 6530: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6506: 6504: 6497:"Voting system" 6495: 6494: 6490: 6478: 6474: 6465: 6463: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6415: 6406: 6402: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6369: 6368: 6361: 6351: 6349: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6326: 6324: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6300: 6298: 6297:on 4 April 2018 6285: 6284: 6280: 6270: 6268: 6263: 6262: 6258: 6254:electoral votes 6253: 6249: 6238:Ceann Comhairle 6235: 6231: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6173: 6171: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6148: 6146: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6082: 6080: 6073:"How RCV Works" 6071: 6070: 6066: 6049: 6048: 6041: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6010: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5991: 5987: 5977: 5975: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5951: 5949: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5925: 5923: 5914: 5913: 5909: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5858: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5815: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5791: 5789: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5762: 5760: 5757:Baber v. Dunlap 5752: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5733: 5731: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5707: 5705: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5583: 5578: 5577: 5570: 5560: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5526: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5441: 5439: 5438:on 15 June 2011 5435: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5407: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5383: 5381: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5345:10.2307/1954543 5330: 5329: 5325: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5209:. 10 April 2017 5205: 5204: 5200: 5190: 5188: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5168: 5166: 5165:. 23 April 2014 5157: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5061: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4973: 4967: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4931: 4922: 4894: 4877: 3657: 3597:Condorcet loser 3586:Mutual majority 3572: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3551: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3516: 3500: 3489: 3483: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3252: 3247: 3242: 2967: 2961: 2930: 2926: 2902: 2898: 2871: 2867: 2837: 2833: 2800: 2796: 2760: 2756: 2558: 2508: 2504: 2394: 2388: 2383: 2362: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2327: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2291: 2270: 2264: 2240: 2238:Spoiler effects 2223:mutual majority 2196: 2187: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2152: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2112:mutual majority 2084:Condorcet loser 2080: 2044: 2002:New South Wales 1972: 1956: 1941:always elect a 1904: 1877:Mayor of London 1866:contingent vote 1850: 1839: 1833: 1830: 1815: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1790:Contingent vote 1755: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1720: 1708: 1704: 1697: 1692: 1690:Similar methods 1653: 1640:4 (out of 100) 1625:3 (out of 435) 1471:Body or office 1463: 1458: 1452: 1425: 1420: 1414: 1412:History and use 1327: 1310: 1294: 1278: 1273: 1253: 1251:Proportionality 1221: 1215: 1210: 1204: 1202:Tactical voting 1191: 1186: 1161: 1145: 1140: 1074: 1069: 975: 937: 936: 924: 912: 904: 903: 870: 846:Arrow's theorem 836: 826: 825: 794: 764: 753:No-show paradox 734: 720:Cloning paradox 710:Spoiler effects 707: 697: 696: 671: 558: 541: 531: 530: 503: 494:Maximal lottery 461: 442:Thiele's method 431: 401: 333: 323: 322: 308:Approval voting 296:Cardinal voting 292: 237: 231:Maximal lottery 195: 127: 117: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8734: 8732: 8724: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8698: 8697: 8691: 8690: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8672: 8665: 8658: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8612: 8605: 8598: 8591: 8583: 8581: 8574: 8570: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8556: 8554: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8546: 8540: 8538: 8531: 8527: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8442: 8440: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8351: 8349: 8342: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8334: 8328: 8326: 8322: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8312: 8311: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8287: 8280: 8272: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8248: 8246: 8242: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8222: 8220: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8181: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8154: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8120:King's Consent 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8100:Joint meetings 8097: 8091: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8060: 8058: 8052: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8044: 8039: 8026: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7991: 7989: 7982: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7960: 7958: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7919:Prime Minister 7916: 7911: 7905: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7893: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7852: 7850: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7787: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7764: 7755: 7754: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7734: 7729: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7677: 7675: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7581: 7579: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7559:Limited voting 7556: 7550: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7497: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7427: 7425: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7354: 7352: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7286:Coombs' method 7278: 7273: 7268: 7267: 7266: 7264:Schulze method 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7226: 7224:Bucklin voting 7221: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7198: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7124: 7123:External links 7121: 7118: 7117: 7088: 7044: 7034: 7008: 6997:(3): 378–389. 6981: 6931: 6893: 6870:Phoenix L. Rev 6857: 6828: 6806:Totten, Shay. 6795: 6783:Rutland Herald 6766: 6736: 6711: 6700:(2): 183–189. 6684: 6673:(3): 133–146. 6657: 6638: 6612: 6594: 6566: 6540: 6514: 6488: 6472: 6449: 6438:on 16 May 2008 6413: 6400: 6387: 6380: 6359: 6334: 6308: 6278: 6256: 6247: 6240:or Speaker of 6229: 6207: 6181: 6156: 6131: 6109: 6090: 6064: 6055:City of London 6039: 5998: 5985: 5959: 5933: 5907: 5888: 5866: 5843: 5825: 5813:www.abc.net.au 5799: 5773: 5741: 5715: 5688: 5667: 5620: 5594:(3): 378–389. 5568: 5558: 5538: 5524: 5504: 5501:. 20 May 2022. 5484: 5449: 5417: 5391: 5369: 5323: 5302: 5259: 5220: 5198: 5176: 5150: 5139:on 8 July 2006 5120: 5113: 5095: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5049:Following the 5041: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5028: 5016: 5013: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4992: 4983: 4971: 4956: 4947: 4938: 4934:absolute scale 4920: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4866:Ranking 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4711: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4656:Ranking 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4551:Ranking 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4393:Ranking 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4341:Ranking 4339: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4287:Ranking 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4235:Ranking 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4189:Instant-runoff 4185: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4135: 4133:Highest median 4129: 4128: 4127:Ranking 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4075:Ranking 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4023:Ranking 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3971:Ranking 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3919:Ranking 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3867:Ranking 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3815:Ranking 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3664:Anti-plurality 3660: 3659: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3631: 3629:Monotone 3626: 3621: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3594: 3588: 3583: 3581:Majority loser 3578: 3573: 3568: 3565: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3535:September 2024 3503: 3501: 3494: 3485:Main article: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3406:James Simpson 3404: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3344:Andy Montroll 3342: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3264:Transfer votes 3256: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3236: 3224:too many votes 3194:Mathematicians 3188:spoiler effect 3176: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3084: 3083:Andy Montroll 3080: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3022: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2922: 2919: 2914:Alan Menadue ( 2911: 2910: 2905: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2724: 2719:Neil Pharaoh ( 2716: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2671: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2364: 2363: 2318: 2316: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2290: 2287: 2263: 2260: 2239: 2236: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2171:September 2024 2143: 2141: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2079: 2076: 2043: 2040: 1971: 1968: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1934: 1931: 1924: 1917:South Carolina 1903: 1900: 1852: 1851: 1806: 1804: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1757: 1756: 1711: 1709: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1667:Robert's Rules 1652: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1587: 1584: 1574: 1573:United States 1570: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519:Head of State 1517: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1462: 1459: 1454:Main article: 1451: 1448: 1424: 1421: 1416:Main article: 1413: 1410: 1401:South Carolina 1326: 1323: 1309: 1306: 1293: 1290: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1252: 1249: 1219:Spoiler effect 1217:Main article: 1214: 1213:Spoiler effect 1211: 1203: 1200: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1160: 1157: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1059:, and for the 1048:of elections. 977: 976: 974: 973: 966: 959: 951: 948: 947: 935: 934: 922: 909: 906: 905: 902: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 869: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 837: 832: 831: 828: 827: 824: 823: 818: 813: 808: 793: 792: 790:Turkey-raising 787: 782: 777: 763: 762: 761: 760: 750: 745: 733: 732: 730:Center squeeze 727: 722: 717: 715:Spoiler effect 708: 703: 702: 699: 698: 695: 694: 689: 688: 687: 674:By ballot type 670: 669: 668: 667: 662: 657: 647: 646: 645: 644: 643: 638: 628: 627: 626: 615: 592: 591: 590: 585: 580: 575: 557: 556: 551: 542: 537: 536: 533: 532: 529: 528: 526:Limited voting 523: 522: 521: 502: 501: 496: 491: 486: 485: 484: 479: 460: 459: 454: 449: 444: 430: 429: 424: 419: 414: 400: 399: 398: 397: 395:Localized list 392: 387: 382: 377: 367: 366: 365: 363:Biproportional 360: 355: 350: 334: 329: 328: 325: 324: 321: 320: 315: 310: 305: 291: 290: 275: 260: 236: 235: 234: 233: 228: 223: 218: 208: 194: 193: 192: 191: 180: 167:Instant-runoff 164: 163: 162: 154:Jungle primary 141: 130:Single vote - 128: 123: 122: 119: 118: 116: 115: 105: 100: 95: 90: 84: 81: 80: 70: 69: 59: 58: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8733: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8688: 8687: 8681: 8671: 8670: 8666: 8664: 8663: 8662:The Economist 8659: 8657: 8656: 8652: 8650: 8649: 8648:Daily Express 8645: 8643: 8642: 8638: 8636: 8635: 8631: 8629: 8628: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8617: 8611: 8610: 8606: 8604: 8603: 8599: 8597: 8596: 8592: 8590: 8589: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8578: 8575: 8571: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8551: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8528: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8502:Respect Party 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8439:Neutral/split 8437: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8390:Mebyon Kernow 8388: 8386: 8385:Liberal Party 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8346: 8343: 8339: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8323: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8304: 8300: 8293: 8288: 8286: 8281: 8279: 8274: 8273: 8270: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8243: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8217: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8147: 8141: 8140:House of Reps 8138: | 8137: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8105:Question time 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8086: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8053: 8043: 8040: 8036: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8019: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8001: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7986: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7955: 7944: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7898: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7844: 7840:Parliamentary 7838: 7833: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7811: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7785: 7780: 7778: 7773: 7771: 7766: 7765: 7762: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7490: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7449: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7194:Single-winner 7191: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7174: 7170: 7163: 7158: 7156: 7151: 7149: 7144: 7143: 7140: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7122: 7106: 7102: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7072: 7071:11250/2356264 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7048: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7035:9780698163843 7031: 7027: 7022: 7021: 7012: 7009: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6944:Public Choice 6938: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6843: 6839: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6813: 6809: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6784: 6780: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6737: 6725: 6721: 6715: 6712: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6688: 6685: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6658: 6653: 6649: 6642: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6616: 6613: 6605: 6598: 6595: 6591: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6567: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6541: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6515: 6502: 6498: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6476: 6473: 6461: 6460: 6453: 6450: 6434: 6430: 6423: 6417: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6388: 6383: 6377: 6373: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6309: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6279: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6251: 6248: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6182: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6157: 6145: 6141: 6135: 6132: 6119: 6113: 6110: 6105: 6101: 6094: 6091: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5986: 5973: 5969: 5963: 5960: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5934: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5892: 5889: 5876: 5870: 5867: 5855:. New America 5854: 5847: 5844: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5814: 5810: 5803: 5800: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5758: 5751: 5745: 5742: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5716: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5689: 5683: 5678: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5621: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5559:9781429957649 5555: 5551: 5550: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5533: 5527: 5525:9780898716955 5521: 5517: 5516: 5508: 5505: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5453: 5450: 5434: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5405: 5404:ABC Elections 5401: 5395: 5392: 5379: 5373: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5327: 5324: 5318: 5313: 5306: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5221: 5208: 5202: 5199: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5138: 5134: 5133:Mtholyoke.edu 5130: 5124: 5121: 5116: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5096: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5071: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5036: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5012: 4996: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4948: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4912:later-no-help 4909: 4908:later-no-harm 4905: 4904:participation 4901: 4897: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4451:Random ballot 4449: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3645:Later-no-help 3643: 3640: 3639:Later-no-harm 3637: 3635: 3634:Participation 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3564: 3563: 3549: 3546: 3538: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3504:This section 3502: 3498: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3258:Maximum votes 3233: 3227: 3225: 3220: 3218: 3217:majority rule 3214: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2973: 2966: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2909: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849:Alan Walker ( 2848: 2847: 2844: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2807: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2495:Austin Currie 2493: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2476:Brian Lenihan 2474: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2453:Mary Robinson 2451: 2450: 2440: 2439: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2426:Mary Robinson 2423: 2419: 2418:Austin Currie 2415: 2411: 2410:Brian Lenihan 2407: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2360: 2357: 2349: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2319:This section 2317: 2308: 2307: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2269: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2193: 2185: 2182: 2174: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2144:This section 2142: 2133: 2132: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2121:resolvability 2118: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2101: 2100:later-no-harm 2097: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024:and for most 2023: 2019: 2018:donkey voting 2015: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1994:bullet voting 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1858: 1848: 1845: 1837: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1807:This section 1805: 1796: 1795: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1777: 1776:American Idol 1772: 1767: 1764: 1753: 1750: 1742: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1712:This section 1710: 1701: 1700: 1695:Runoff voting 1694: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1678: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1651: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619:IRV in Maine 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1479: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1422: 1419: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1371:ranked-choice 1368: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1350:San Francisco 1346: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1332: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1308:Participation 1307: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1212: 1209: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1106: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1078: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1033: 1031: 1030:ranked voting 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 972: 967: 965: 960: 958: 953: 952: 950: 949: 946: 941: 933: 928: 923: 921: 916: 911: 910: 908: 907: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 889:May's theorem 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 876: 875: 874: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 843: 842: 841: 835: 830: 829: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 803: 802: 801: 800: 799:majority rule 797:Paradoxes of 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 772: 771: 770: 769: 759: 756: 755: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 740: 739: 738: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 712: 711: 706: 701: 700: 693: 690: 686: 683: 682: 681: 678: 677: 676: 675: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 652: 651: 648: 642: 639: 637: 634: 633: 632: 629: 625: 620: 616: 614: 609: 605: 604: 603: 600: 599: 598: 597: 593: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 569: 568: 563: 562: 561: 555: 552: 550: 547: 546: 545: 540: 539:Mixed systems 535: 534: 527: 524: 520: 517: 516: 515: 512: 511: 510: 509: 508: 500: 499:Random ballot 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 473: 470: 469: 468: 467: 466: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 438: 437: 436: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 409: 408: 407: 406: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 371: 368: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 345: 344: 343:Apportionment 341: 340: 339: 338: 332: 327: 326: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 299: 298: 297: 288: 284: 279: 278:Antiplurality 276: 273: 269: 264: 261: 258: 254: 249: 246: 245: 244: 243: 242: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 213: 212: 209: 207: 206:Condorcet-IRV 204: 203: 202: 201: 200: 190: 185: 181: 179: 174: 170: 169: 168: 165: 161: 158: 157: 155: 150: 145: 142: 140: 137: 136: 135: 133: 126: 121: 120: 113: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 88:Social choice 86: 85: 83: 82: 76: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63:Social choice 60: 56: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39:ranked voting 33: 19: 8684: 8667: 8660: 8653: 8646: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8609:Daily Mirror 8607: 8600: 8593: 8588:The Guardian 8586: 8446:Labour Party 8200:By-elections 8184: 8134:Committees: 8125:Royal assent 7979:Independents 7748: 7742: 7358:Mixed-member 7343:Proportional 7318:Score voting 7280: 7259:Ranked pairs 7178:Part of the 7177: 7108:. 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Retrieved 5082: 5073: 5045: 5010: 4995: 4986: 4950: 4941: 4871:Table Notes 4603:Single mark 4504:Ranked pairs 4498:Single mark 4445:Single mark 4241:Kemeny–Young 4188: 3710:Single mark 3541: 3532: 3517:Please help 3505: 3313:Kurt Wright 3266: 3221: 3210: 3192: 3182: 3179: 3067: 3059: 3051:Kurt Wright 3041: 3017: 2989: 2950: 2945: 2935: 2907: 2876: 2842: 2805: 2765: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2586: 2559: 2513: 2468: 2463: 2430:Labour Party 2395: 2375: 2367: 2352: 2343: 2320: 2292: 2271: 2256:score voting 2252:ranked pairs 2241: 2220: 2208: 2197: 2177: 2168: 2145: 2105: 2093: 2081: 2060: 2045: 2033: 2030: 2010: 1987: 1984: 1957: 1905: 1897: 1889: 1870: 1863: 1840: 1831: 1808: 1781: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1745: 1736: 1713: 1681: 1675: 1666: 1656: 1654: 1649: 1620: 1598: 1532:Dáil Éireann 1482:Total seats 1433: 1426: 1394: 1375: 1347: 1335: 1328: 1311: 1295: 1279: 1254: 1245:Mary Peltola 1230: 1226: 1222: 1192: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1162: 1149:wasted votes 1146: 1121: 1109: 1101: 1087: 1083: 1053:in Australia 1050: 1042:rated voting 1034: 1032:in general. 1021: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 980: 872: 871: 838: 796: 795: 780:Exaggeration 766: 765: 736: 735: 709: 673: 672: 641:Mixed ballot 596:Compensatory 594: 567:compensatory 564: 559: 543: 505: 504: 463: 462: 433: 432: 403: 402: 390:List-free PR 335: 303:Score voting 294: 293: 256: 239: 238: 226:Ranked pairs 197: 196: 188: 166: 129: 43: 8573:Print media 8400:Plaid Cymru 8325:Legislation 8195:Electorates 8056:Parliaments 7701:Spoilt vote 7464:Droop quota 7403:Schulze STV 7378:Rural–urban 7323:STAR voting 7219:Borda count 6729:23 November 6632:: 207–208. 6584:15 December 6559:15 February 6533:28 November 6507:17 November 6411:, 1985 ed. 6352:17 November 6347:Ballotpedia 6271:10 November 5978:13 February 5881:18 February 5859:28 February 5838:New America 5750:"Complaint" 5240:: 144–152. 5213:18 February 5191:15 February 4900:consistency 3371:Independent 3276:Progressive 3202:pathologies 3115:Independent 3025:Progressive 2975:Candidates 2675:Sam Hibbins 2574:Sam Hibbins 2414:Fianna Fáil 2346:August 2024 1860:Top-two IRV 1834:August 2024 1739:August 2024 1436:Thomas Hare 1378:Thomas Hare 1354:Minneapolis 1325:Terminology 1314:New America 1282:Paul LePage 1257:Droop quota 1241:Sarah Palin 1105:Droop quota 680:Single vote 583:Conditional 578:Coexistence 427:Quota Borda 417:Schulze STV 375:Closed list 318:STAR voting 263:Borda count 8700:Categories 8634:Daily Mail 8007:Appointees 7798:Components 7720:Comparison 7474:Hare quota 7424:Allocation 7410:Spare vote 7398:Hare-Clark 7368:Party-list 6812:Seven Days 6398:, 4th ed. 6174:28 January 5818:1 November 5763:13 January 5734:14 January 5384:9 December 5317:2301.12075 5163:Aec.gov.au 5065:References 4529:LIIA Only 4266:LIIA Only 3375:Dan Smith 3340:Democratic 3309:Republican 3238:Candidate 3111:Dan Smith 3055:Republican 2984:3rd round 2981:2nd round 2978:1st round 2963:See also: 2936:Eliminated 2908:Eliminated 2877:Eliminated 2843:Eliminated 2806:Eliminated 2766:Eliminated 2597:Candidate 2572:candidate 2546:1,584,095 2540:1,584,095 2514:Eliminated 2441:Candidate 2390:See also: 2330:improve it 2298:failures. 2155:improve it 2036:spare vote 2006:Queensland 1970:Variations 1893:tactically 1818:improve it 1723:improve it 1490:Australia 1450:Global use 1318:think tank 1206:See also: 1055:, for the 1026:conflating 1004:), or the 785:Truncation 514:Cumulative 337:Party-list 112:By country 103:Comparison 8641:The Times 8420:Sinn Féin 8219:Locations 8150:Elections 8088:Procedure 7711:Unseating 7706:Sortition 7308:Plurality 7184:Economics 6964:0048-5829 6923:0165-4896 6909:: 57–66. 6847:1 October 6124:17 August 6083:17 August 6024:25 August 5952:9 October 5926:9 October 5792:17 August 5658:155750146 5650:1556-5068 5613:9 January 5608:255657135 5465:: 41–49. 5442:15 August 5410:15 August 5353:0003-0554 5289:1556-5068 5254:0261-3794 5027:in the UK 4918:criteria. 4715:Sortition 4399:Plurality 3608:Smith-IIA 3566:Criterion 3506:does not 3432:Write-in 3153:Exhausted 2990:Candidate 2582:Coalition 2422:Fine Gael 2334:verifying 2159:verifying 1873:Sri Lanka 1822:verifying 1761:The term 1727:verifying 1577:President 1515:President 1395:When the 1280:Governor 1271:Criticism 1132:#Examples 692:Dual-vote 385:Panachage 380:Open list 370:List type 248:Plurality 144:Two-round 132:plurality 55:Economics 8245:See also 8177:Senate: 8035:previous 8021:House of 8000:previous 7900:House of 7842:officers 7578:Criteria 7531:Scorporo 7180:politics 7110:17 March 6972:30833409 6817:17 March 6788:17 March 6077:FairVote 6030:FairVote 5704:. London 5518:. SIAM. 5479:11159132 5169:30 April 5015:See also 4029:Copeland 3716:Approval 3576:Majority 3281:Bob Kiss 3251:Share in 3211:Several 3184:FairVote 3087:Democrat 3019:Bob Kiss 2499:267,902 2486:731,273 2480:694,484 2457:612,265 2447:Round 2 2444:Round 1 2381:Examples 2054:and the 1913:Arkansas 1599:at-large 1511:Ireland 1468:Country 1405:Arkansas 1367:FairVote 1339:misnomer 1012:), is a 412:Hare STV 51:Politics 49:A joint 8627:The Sun 8341:Parties 8308:Results 8030:Current 7995:Current 7957:Members 7750:Project 7441:D'Hondt 7393:CPO-STV 7351:Systems 7080:2670462 6977:failure 6882:2276015 6876:: 117. 6759:25 July 6466:16 June 6327:13 June 6301:8 April 6201:: 206. 6149:1 March 5920:bbc.com 5708:1 April 5663:winning 5636:: 340. 5361:1954543 5297:1858374 5057:system. 4814:Scores 4709:Scores 4609:Schulze 4293:Minimax 4183:Scores 4081:Dodgson 3925:Bucklin 3769:Baldwin 3656:Ballot 3527:removed 3512:sources 3472: 3469: 3451: 3448: 3423: 3420: 3392: 3389: 3361: 3358: 3330: 3327: 3299: 3296: 3253:maximum 3246:Maximum 3241:Maximum 3133:Others 2666:18,363 2566:Prahran 2529:34,992 2464:817,830 2428:of the 2328:Please 2232:recurse 2153:Please 1958:In the 1816:Please 1721:Please 1423:History 1390:Bucklin 1263:by the 1072:Process 422:CPO-STV 272:Baldwin 221:Schulze 216:Minimax 134:methods 8560:NOtoAV 8136:Senate 7988:Senate 7849:Senate 7817:Senate 7744:Portal 7681:Ballot 7457:Quotas 7186:series 7078: 7032: 6970: 6962: 6921: 6880: 6378: 5656: 5648: 5606: 5556: 5522: 5477: 5359: 5351: 5295: 5287: 5252: 5111: 5088:30 May 4914:, and 4557:Runoff 4347:Nanson 3977:Coombs 3571:Method 3384:14.5% 3381:1,306 3353:28.4% 3350:2,554 3322:45.2% 3319:4,061 3291:48.0% 3288:4,313 3255:round 3248:votes 3243:round 3235:Party 3128:−1306 3122:+1306 3106:−2554 3094:+2063 3064:+2951 3046:+1332 3032:+2585 3009:Votes 3003:Votes 2997:Votes 2994:Party 2951:37,003 2942:Total 2726:25.9% 2708:18,640 2699:9,403 2696:9,310 2693:9,218 2690:9,171 2687:9,160 2684:24.8% 2669:49.6% 2662:17,076 2657:16,843 2652:16,726 2647:16,644 2642:16,592 2637:16,582 2633:44.8% 2537:Total 2523:9,444 2489:46.2% 2483:43.8% 2460:38.9% 2424:, and 2014:spoilt 1988:In an 1633:Senate 1590:Alaska 1485:Notes 1388:, and 1362:Alaska 1360:, and 287:Coombs 57:series 8042:Women 8012:Women 7939:Whips 7914:Clerk 7886:Whips 7861:Clerk 7674:Other 7493:Mixed 6968:S2CID 6888:' 6607:(PDF) 6442:6 May 6436:(PDF) 6425:(PDF) 6018:(PDF) 6011:(PDF) 5769:Recap 5753:(PDF) 5677:arXiv 5654:S2CID 5604:S2CID 5584:(PDF) 5498:9News 5475:S2CID 5436:(PDF) 5429:(PDF) 5357:JSTOR 5312:arXiv 5143:6 May 5037:Notes 4762:None 4662:Score 3873:Borda 3821:Black 3658:type 3602:Smith 3464:6.7% 3443:0.4% 3415:0.4% 3402:Green 3174:+455 3168:+147 3119:1306 3100:+491 3097:2554 3091:2063 3078:+767 3075:4061 3072:+343 3038:+396 3035:2981 3029:2585 2921:0.2% 2890:0.6% 2856:0.8% 2819:0.7% 2779:2.3% 2754:9,948 2750:9,758 2745:9,690 2740:9,639 2735:9,593 2730:9,586 2713:50.4% 2703:9,979 2570:Green 2549:100% 2543:100% 2532:2.2% 2526:0.6% 2502:16.9% 2469:51.6% 1594:Maine 1579:(via 1386:Borda 1358:Maine 624:'MMP' 613:'AMS' 8425:UKIP 8415:SDLP 8168:List 8163:Next 8158:Last 7943:list 7890:list 7805:King 7182:and 7112:2018 7076:SSRN 7030:ISBN 6960:ISSN 6919:ISSN 6878:SSRN 6849:2017 6824:IRV. 6819:2018 6790:2018 6761:2018 6731:2009 6586:2016 6561:2008 6535:2020 6509:2020 6468:2013 6444:2010 6376:ISBN 6354:2020 6329:2018 6303:2018 6273:2016 6236:The 6176:2015 6151:2015 6126:2019 6085:2018 6026:2009 5980:2021 5954:2019 5928:2019 5883:2008 5861:2023 5820:2020 5794:2019 5765:2019 5736:2019 5710:2011 5646:ISSN 5615:2024 5554:ISBN 5520:ISBN 5444:2011 5412:2011 5386:2018 5349:ISSN 5293:SSRN 5285:ISSN 5250:ISSN 5215:2021 5193:2008 5171:2014 5145:2010 5109:ISBN 5090:2019 4848:Yes 4842:Yes 4839:Yes 4836:Yes 4833:Yes 4830:Yes 4827:Yes 4824:Yes 4799:Yes 4784:Yes 4775:Yes 4768:STAR 4759:Yes 4756:Yes 4753:Yes 4750:Yes 4747:Yes 4741:Yes 4706:Yes 4703:Yes 4697:Yes 4694:Yes 4691:Yes 4640:Yes 4637:Yes 4631:Yes 4628:Yes 4625:Yes 4622:Yes 4619:Yes 4616:Yes 4613:Yes 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