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one. The problem is that nothing could be further from the truth, and nothing could be more misleading. What the IPN’s message presents, in fact, is the danger that Polish history will be grossly over-simplified." Traba states that "at the heart of debate today is a confrontation between those who support traditional methods and categories of research, and those who support newly defined methods and categories. ... Broadening the research perspective means the enrichment of the historian's instrumentarium.'" He puts the IPN research, in a broad sense, in the former; he states that " solid, workshop-oriented, traditional, and positivist historiography ... which defends itself by the integrity of its analysis and its diversified source base" but criticizes its approach for leading to a "falsely conceived mission to find 'objective truth' at the expense of 'serious study of event history', and a 'simplified claim that only 'secret' sources, not accessible to ordinary mortals', can lead to that objective truth." Traba quotes historian
1170:
from the fringes of the academic field" who were either unable to obtain a prominent academic position or ideologically drawn to the IPN's approach, and that "in the academic field, being an 'IPN historian' can be a stigma"; Behr explains this by pointing to a generational divide in Polish academia, visible when comparing IPN to other Polish research outlets, and claims: "Hiring young historians was done deliberately to give the IPN greater autonomy from the academic world, considered as too leftist to describe the dark sides of the communist regime." He says that the IPN has created opportunities for many history specialists who can carry dedicated research there without the need for an appointment at another institution, and for training young historians, noting that "the IPN is now the leading employer of young PhD students and PhDs in history specialized in contemporary history, ahead of Polish universities".
1087:, who wrote: "The historian must strive not only to reconstruct a given reality, but also to understand the background of events, the circumstances in which people acted. It is easy to condemn, but difficult to understand a complicated past. ... thick volumes are being produced, into which are being thrown, with no real consideration, further evidence in criminating various persons now deceased (and therefore not able to defend themselves), and elderly people still alive – known and unknown." Traba posits that "there is ... a need for genuine debate that does not revolve around in the IPN archives, 'lustration,' or short-term and politically inspired discussions designed to establish the 'only real' truth", and suggests that adopting varied perspectives and diverse methodologies might contribute to such debate.
559:, was elected by the Sejm in 2011 following the death of his predecessor. Kamiński headed the Wroclaw Regional Bureau of Public Education prior to his election. During his term, the IPN faced a wide array of criticism calling for an overhaul or even replacement. Critics founds fault in the IPN being a state institution, the lack of historical knowledge of its prosecutors, a relatively high number of microhistories with a debatable methodology, overuse of the martyrology motif, research methodology, and isolationism from the wider research community. In response, Kamiński implemented several changes, including organizing public debates with outside historians to counter the charge of isolationism and has suggested refocusing on victims as opposed to agents.
47:
433:
761:
568:
549:
512:
351:, added article 55a that attempts to defend the "good name" of Poland. Initially conceived as a criminal offense (3 years of jail) with an exemption for arts and research, following an international outcry, the article was modified to a civil offense that may be tried in civil courts and the exemption was deleted. Defamation charges under the act may be made by the IPN as well as by accredited NGOs such as the
1079:
he said that the research is mostly focused on the era's negative aspects, and that it "is far from producing a critical approach to history, one that asks its own questions and is methodologically pluralistic." He added that in recent years that problem is being ameliorated as the IPN's work "has somewhat diversified as its administration has taken note of criticism on the part of academics."
40:
596:
312:
476:
624:, while role of the IPN Director is in their case purely accessory and includes no powers regarding conducted investigations, being limited only to providing supporting apparatus and, when vacated, presenting candidates for the offices of the two directors to the Prosecutor General who as their superior has the discretionary power to appoint or reject them.
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According to Robert Traba, "under the ... IPN, tasks related to the 'national politics of memory' were – unfortunately – merged with the mission of independent academic research. In the public mind, there could be only one message flowing from the institute's name: memory and history as a science are
1078:
as director, which he posits are likely to result in further the politicization of the IPN. According to
Valentin Behr, IPN research into the Communist era is valuable, positing that "the resources at its disposal have made it unrivalled as a research centre in the academic world"; at the same time,
343:
party, the government formulated in 2016 a new IPN law. The 2016 law stipulated that the IPN should oppose publications of false information that dishonors or harms the Polish nation. It also called for popularizing history as part of "an element of patriotic education". The new law also removed the
1169:
Valentin Behr writes that the IPN is most "concerned with the production of an official narrative about Poland's recent past" and therefore lacks innovation in its research, while noting that situation is being remedied under recent leadership. He writes that the IPN "has mainly taken in historians
615:
Two components of the IPN are specialized parts of the Public
Prosecution Service of Poland, namely the Main Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation and the Lustration Bureau. Each of these two components exercises its activities autonomically from other components of the
1065:, common criticisms of the IPN include its dominance in the Polish research field, which is guaranteed by a budget that far supersedes that of any similar academic institution; the "thematic monotony ... of micro-historical studies ... of no real scientific interest" of its research; its focus on "
746:
government in a series of legislative amendments during 2006 and the beginning of 2007. However, several articles of the 2006-7 amendments were held unconstitutional by Poland's
Constitutional Court on 11 May 2007, though the IPN's lustration power was still wider than under the original 1997 law.
411:
IPN is governed by the director, who has a sovereign position that is independent of the Polish state hierarchy. The director may not be dismissed during his term unless he commits a harmful act. Prior to 2016, the election of the director was a complex procedure, which involves the selection of a
331:
According to the IPN, it is its duty to prosecute crimes against peace and humanity, as much as war crimes. Its mission includes the need to compensate for damages which were suffered by the repressed and harmed people at a time when human rights were disobeyed by the state, and educate the public
1177:
states that the IPN is very bureaucratic in nature, comparing it to a "regular continental
European bureaucracy, with usual deficiencies of its kind", and posits that in this aspect the IPN resembles the former Communist institutions it is supposed to deal with, equally "bureaucratic, centralist,
985:
In 2008, the chairman of the IPN wrote to local administrations, calling for the addition of the word "German" before "Nazi" to all monuments and tablets commemorating
Germany's victims, stating that "Nazis" is not always understood to relate specifically to Germans. Several scenes of atrocities
502:
In 2006, the IPN opened a "Lustration Bureau" that increased the director's power. The bureau was assigned the task of examining the past of all candidates to public office. Kurtyka widened archive access to the public and shifted focus from compensating victims to researching collaboration.
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2804:
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Nowelizacja ustawy z dnia 18 grudnia 1998 r. o
Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu oraz ustawy z dnia 18 października 2006 r. o ujawnianiu informacji o dokumentach organów bezpieczeństwa państwa z lat 1944–1990 oraz treści tych
327:
and during the post-war totalitarian period. The IPN informs about the patriotic traditions of resistance against the occupational forces, and the Polish citizens' fight for sovereignty of the nation, including their efforts in defence of freedom and human dignity in general.
883:
Researchers at the IPN conduct not only research but are required to take part in public outreach. BEP has published music CDs, DVDs, and serials. It has founded "historical clubs" for debates and lectures. It has also organized outdoor historical fairs, picnic, and games.
424:. Following 2016 legislation in the PiS controlled parliament, the former pluralist Collegium was replaced with a nine-member Collegium composed of PiS supporters, and the Sejm appoints the director after consulting with the College without an election between candidates.
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1434:
636:) is the oldest component of the IPN tracing its origins to 1945. It investigates and prosecutes crimes committed on Polish soil against Polish citizens as well as people of other citizenships wronged in the country. War crimes which are not affected by
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for five years on 8 June 2000 (term 30 June 2000 – 29 December 2005). The IPN granted some 6,500 people the "victim of communism" status and gathered significant archive material. The IPN faced difficulties since it was new and also since the
1161:. When he was promoted to a regional director of the Wrocław branch in February 2021, his past came to media attention and resulted in criticism of Greniuch and IPN. Greniuch issued an apology for his past behavior and resigned within weeks.
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Security
Apparatus and Civil Resistance (with separate sub-projects devoted to Political Processes and Prisoners 1944–1956, Soviet Repressions and Crimes committed against Polish Citizens and Martial Law: a Glance after Twenty Years);
2909:
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contains: popular-scientific and academic articles, polemics, manifestos, appeals to readers, promotional material on the IPN and BEP, denials and commentary on reports in the news, as well as multimedia supplements.
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was appointed to the
Collegium of the IPN, which he chaired 2003–2004. From June 2008 to June 2011, he was vice president of the IPN. He was acting director 2010–2011, between the death of the IPN's second president,
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during his tenure and who according to Mink "has made significant changes"; however, Minsk, writing in 2017, was also concerned with the recent administrative and personnel changes in IPN, including the election of
1442:
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587:, for memory politics conducted in schools, for efforts to change Communist street names, and for legislation efforts. According to historian Idesbald Goddeeris, this marks a return of politics to the IPN.
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1713:"Is there a new institutional response to the crimes of Communism? National memory agencies in post-Communist countries: the Polish case (1998–2014), with references to East Germany"
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to officially change the name "Auschwitz
Concentration Camp" to "Former Nazi German Concentration Camp Auschwitz-Birkenau", to clarify that the camp had been built and operated by
253:) is a Polish state research institute in charge of education and archives which also includes two public prosecution service components exercising investigative, prosecution and
3226:
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The IPN's Public
Education Office (BEP) vaguely defined role in the IPN act is to inform society of Communist and Nazi crimes and institutions. This vaguely defined role allowed
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and published on the Internet in 2005. The list gained much attention in Polish media and politics, and IPN security procedures and handling of the matter came under criticism.
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crimes committed between 1917 and 1990, documents its findings, and disseminates them to the public. Some scholars have criticized the IPN for politicization, especially under
3291:
3086:
2969:
1185:", a partial list of persons who allegedly worked for the communist-era Polish intelligence service, copied in 2004 from IPN archives (without IPN permission) by journalist
1408:
Goddeeris, Idesbald (2018). "History Riding on the Waves of Government Coalitions: The First Fifteen Years of the Institute of National Remembrance in Poland (2001–2016)".
776:
Functioning of the repression apparatus (state security and justice organs) – its organizational structure, cadres and relations with other state authority and party organs
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709:
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3171:
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Goddeeris, Idesbald. "History Riding on the Waves of Government Coalitions: The First Fifteen Years of the Institute of National Remembrance in Poland (2001–2016)."
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clearly indicating the nationality of the perpetrators. The IPN also requested better documentation and commemoration of crimes that had been perpetrated by the
3181:
3156:
3106:
2093:
20:
1237:
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1815:"Szczerbiak, Aleks. "Deepening democratisation? Exploring the declared motives for "late" lustration in Poland." East European Politics 32.4 (2016): 426-445"
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These powers include loss of position for those who submitted false lustration declarations as well as a lustration process of candidates for senior office.
262:
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During PiS's control of the government between 2005 and 2007, the IPN was the focus of heated public controversies, in particular in regard to the pasts of
3271:
355:. By the same law, the institution's mission statement was changed to include "protecting the reputation of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation".
3333:
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296:
175:
3151:
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changed the camp's name to "Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940–1945)." Previously some German media, including
1134:(The Security Service and Lech Wałęsa: A Contribution to a Biography) which caused a major controversy. The book's premise was that in the 1970s the
1128:
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evaluation of the state of research concerning the victims of the war activities and extermination policy of the Soviet and German Nazi occupiers
336:. IPN collects, organises and archives all documents about the Polish Communist security apparatus active from 22 July 1944 to 31 December 1989.
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On 15 March 2007, an amendment to the Polish law regulating the IPN (enacted on 18 December 2006) came into effect. The change gave the IPN new
3266:
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intervened to save the IPN since he deemed the IPN's research to be important as part of Jewish-Polish reconciliation and "apology diplomacy".
2516:
Stola, Dariusz. "Poland's Institute of National Remembrance: A Ministry of Memory?" The convolutions of historical politics (2012), pp. 54-55.
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Education, research, archive, and identification. Commemorating the Struggle and Martyrdom. Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation.
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Authorities dealing with social crises and democratic opposition in the years 1956–1989 f) List of those repressed and sentenced to death
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894:
621:
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Act of 18 December 1998 on the Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation
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Act of 18 December 1998 on the Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation
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Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests
1135:
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908:) is a high circulation popular-scientific journal, intended for lay readers and youth. Some 12,000 of 15,000 copies of the
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examination of the human fates in the territories occupied by the Soviet regime and of Poles displaced into the Soviet Union
496:
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panel of candidates by the IPN Collegium (members appointed by the Polish Parliament and judiciary). The Polish Parliament (
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to include "protecting the reputation of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation". The IPN investigates and prosecutes
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1327:
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583:. In subsequent months, IPN featured in media headlines for releasing controversial documents, including some relating to
2567:
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Peasants and the People's Authority 1944–1989 (on the situation of peasants and the rural policy in the years 1944–1989)
3211:
3186:
2693:
1680:
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Ustawa z dnia 18 grudnia 1998 r. o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
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caused him to withdraw his candidacy. Przewoźnik was cleared of the accusations only after he had lost the election.
1935:
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International Commission for the Evaluation of the Crimes of the Nazi and Soviet Occupation Regimes in Lithuania
2420:
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1006:
2551:
1069:"; and various criticisms of methodology and ethics. Some of these criticisms have been addressed by Director
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Ambrosewicz-Jacobs, Jolanta. "The uses and the abuses of education about the Holocaust in Poland after 1989."
3201:
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1114:
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was appointed to head IPN. He dismissed Krzysztof Persak, co-author of the 2002 two-volume IPN study on the
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Activities of the repression apparatus directed against particular selected social groups and organizations
1186:
637:
1559:"Defending the "Good Name" of the Polish Nation: Politics of History as a Battlefield in Poland, 2015–18"
323:, include researching and documenting the losses which were suffered by the Polish Nation as a result of
227:
The IPN Headquarters in Warsaw co-ordinates the operations of eleven Branch Offices and their Delegations
2337:
2304:
1230:"Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation"
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are distributed free of charge to secondary schools in Poland, and the rest are sold in bookstores. The
548:
1541:
The Palgrave Handbook of State-Sponsored History After 1945. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2018. 255-269.
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533:
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2116:
2012:"Historical policy-making in post-1989 Poland: a sociological approach to the narratives of communism"
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The IPN has issued several board games to help educate people about recent Polish history, including:
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attitudes of the inhabitants of rural areas towards the state-Church conflict in the years 1956–1970;
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400:
254:
1395:
2827:
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European Public Hearing on European Conscience and Crimes of Totalitarian Communism: 20 Years After
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1103:
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679:
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511:
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European Parliament resolution on the importance of European remembrance for the future of Europe
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Remembrance, History, and Justice: Coming to Terms with Traumatic Pasts in Democratic Societies
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1413:
1304:
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1028:
961:
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487:, elected on 9 December 2005 with a term that started 29 December 2005 until his death in the
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258:
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Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C., partner institutions in
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examining the Holocaust (Extermination of Jews) conducted by Nazis in the Polish territories
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2024:
1726:
1612:
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1118:
1039:
649:
976:– a game about being forced to queue for basic household products during the Communist era.
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assessment of sources on the living conditions under the Soviet and German Nazi occupations
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on 10 April 2010. The elections were controversial, as during the elections a leak against
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1939:
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deepening of knowledge about the structures and activities of the Polish Underground State
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signed into law a parliamentary act that reformed the Institute of National Remembrance.
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inhabitants of the rural areas during the creation of the totalitarian regime in Poland;
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604:
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181:
152:
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Totalitarian Societies and Democratic Transition: Essays in memory of Victor Zaslavsky
830:
Poles and Other Nations in the Years 1939–1989 (with a part on Poles and Ukrainians);
823:
The Polish Underground press and the Jewish question during the German Nazi occupation
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heavy, inclined to extensive growth and quantity rather than quality of production".
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IPN was created by special legislation on 18 December 1998. The IPN is divided into:
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has been referred to as "a political institution at the centre of 'memory games'".
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The research conducted by IPN from December 2000 falls into four main topic areas:
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2028:
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Response of the Polish Underground State to the extermination of Jewish population
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Security apparatus in combat with the political and military underground 1944–1956
247:
Instytut Pamięci Narodowej – Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
1060:
295:
The IPN began its activities on 1 July 2000. The IPN is a founding member of the
2277:
2083:, John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 172, chapter by Marta Kurkowska-Budzan
2011:
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311:
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Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
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2364:"The Hypertrophy of Polish Remembrance Policy after 2015: Trends and Outcomes"
2144:
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Structure and methods of functioning of the People's Poland security apparatus
739:
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453:(containing former communists) attempted to close the IPN. The publication of
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of 1991, which itself had replaced a body on Nazi crimes established in 1945.
2910:
Office for the Documentation and the Investigation of the Crimes of Communism
2081:
The Post-communist Condition: Public and Private Discourses of Transformation
2036:
1678:
865:
the role of peasants in the anti-Communist opposition of the 1970s and 1980s.
632:
The Main Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation (
299:. Since 2020, the IPN headquarters have been located at Postępu 18 Street in
1643:
1143:
690:
475:
303:. The IPN has eleven branches in other cities and seven delegation offices.
1783:"Karol Nawrocki, Ph.D. President of the Institute of National Remembrance"
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1985:
1964:
1933:
Extermination of Jews by German Nazis in the Polish Territories Programme
1932:
1915:
1892:
1836:
367:
Main Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation (
185:
1865:
880:, BEP's director in 2000, freedom to create a wide range of activities.
1277:
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peasant life during the Sovietisation of Poland in the years 1948–1956;
686:
628:
Main Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation
2867:
Act on Illegality of the Communist Regime and on Resistance Against It
2583:
1599:
764:
Archive at the former IPN headquarters at 28 Towarowa Street in Warsaw
456:
Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland
2225:
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300:
93:
3039:
39:
2788:
European Public Hearing on Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes
797:
Bibliography of the conspiracy, resistance and repression 1944–1989
2548:
2492:"Opozycja: Prezes IPN do dymisji. "Napluto w twarz żołnierzom AK""
791:
Security apparatus in combat with the Church and freedom of belief
759:
310:
276:
In 2018, IPN's mission statement was amended by the controversial
239:
Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation
2410:. Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past. p. 115.
1470:"The years of totalitarianism were years of struggle for liberty"
1371:"Nauka polska: Instytucje naukowe – identyfikator rekordu: i6575"
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powers and expanded IPN's file access. The change was enacted by
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of 18 December 1998 through reforming and expanding the earlier
19:
This article is about the Polish institute. For other uses, see
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2720:
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Activities of the security apparatus against political emigreés
2965:
Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes in Romania
2684:
Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes in Romania
2465:"Polish historian with far-right past resigns from state job"
278:
Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance
634:
Główna Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
369:
Główna Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
319:
The IPN's main areas of activity, in line with its original
2408:
History "Wars" and the Battle for Truth and National Memory
2096:[IPN initiative: Murderers "German", not "Nazis"].
1410:
The Palgrave Handbook of State-Sponsored History After 1945
1328:"Full text of Poland's controversial Holocaust legislation"
2253:"Auschwitz may be renamed to reinforce link with Nazi era"
1916:
War, Occupation and the Polish Underground State Programme
1770:
Senat zgodził się na wybór Jarosława Szarka na prezesa IPN
1287:. From IPN English website. Last accessed on 20 April 2007
463:, proved to be a lifeline for the IPN as Polish president
2226:"World Heritage Committee approves Auschwitz name change"
1986:
Peasants vis-a-vis People's Authority 1944–1989 Programme
1893:
Security Apparatus and Civil Resistance Central Programme
1965:
Poles and Other Nations in the Years 1939–1989 Programme
845:
Fate of Jewish people in the People's Republic of Poland
700:
Crimes committed by the law enforcement agencies of the
381:
Bureau of Public Education (or Public Education Office,
210:
2794:
Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism
1669:
From IPN Polish website. Last accessed on 24 April 2007
2200:"UNESCO approves Poland's request to rename Auschwitz"
1322:
1320:
416:) then elects one of the candidates, with a required
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Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania
2925:
Institute for Information on the Crimes of Communism
2664:
Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania
2076:
2074:
2072:
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1861:
1859:
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374:
Bureau of Provision and Archivization of Documents (
344:
influence of academia and the judiciary on the IPN.
3300:
3077:
3021:
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2970:
Hannah Arendt Institute for Totalitarianism Studies
2897:
2849:
2770:
2305:"Poles claim victory in battle to rename Auschwitz"
2117:"Poles claim victory in battle to rename Auschwitz"
1636:
1634:
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An incident which caused controversy involved the "
1157:, a historian who in his youth was associated with
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168:
158:
146:
136:
126:
114:
100:
89:
81:
63:
55:
2058:The Populist Radical Right in Poland: The Patriots
2010:
1760:, 13 December 2005, last accessed on 28 April 2007
1598:
1597:Soroka, George; Krawatzek, Félix (13 April 2019).
1557:
1303:. Central European University Press. p. 243.
710:Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army
2800:European Parliament declaration of 23 August 2008
1808:
1806:
1804:
1204:Office for War Veterans and Victims of Oppression
842:Communist authorities – Belarusians – Underground
2915:Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes
2644:Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes
1435:"15 lat Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej w liczbach"
2811:European Parliament resolution of 2 April 2009
2338:"Two Dimensions of History: An Opening Sketch"
2094:"Akcja IPN: Mordowali "Niemcy", nie "naziści""
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
50:IPN headquarters at 1 Kurtyki Street in Warsaw
3055:
2732:
2611:
2490:Walenciak, Weronika; Dobrosz-Oracz, Justyna.
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
616:Institute and is headed by a director who is
376:Biuro Udostępniania i Archiwizacji Dokumentów
21:Institute of National Memory (disambiguation)
8:
2435:"Lech Walesa was Communist spy, claims book"
2100:(in Polish). 9 December 2008. Archived from
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1297:Tismaneanu, Vladimir; Iacob, Bogdan (2015).
1042:in English, with Anna Karolina Piekarska as
986:conducted by Germany were duly updated with
802:War, Occupation and the Polish Underground;
685:Pacifications of Polish communities between
263:Act on the Institute of National Remembrance
28:
2206:. Expatica Communications B.V. 27 June 2007
1988:. IPN pages, last accessed on 25 April 2007
1967:. IPN pages, last accessed on 25 April 2007
1942:. IPN pages, last accessed on 25 April 2007
1918:. IPN pages, last accessed on 25 April 2007
1895:. IPN pages, last accessed on 25 April 2007
1868:IPN website. Last accessed on 24 April 2007
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1433:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (12 June 2015).
1412:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 255–269.
3062:
3048:
3040:
2945:Reconciliation of European Histories Group
2935:Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records
2739:
2725:
2717:
2618:
2604:
2596:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1474:Platform of European Memory and Conscience
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1165:Organizational and methodological concerns
297:Platform of European Memory and Conscience
176:Platform of European Memory and Conscience
27:
2423:, pages 406-7, Vladislav Zubok, CEU Press
2382:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1730:
1600:"Nationalism, Democracy, and Memory Laws"
1398:, Holocaust Studies 25.3 (2019): 329-350.
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1753:Olejniczak: Kurtyka powinien zrezygnować
1744:
1742:
1025:Institute of National Remembrance Review
1023:Since 2019, the Institute publishes the
594:
566:
547:
510:
474:
431:
2654:Estonian Institute of Historical Memory
1220:
693:rivers in the years 1944 to 1947 by UB-
257:powers. The IPN was established by the
2704:Ukrainian Institute of National Memory
1209:Ukrainian Institute of National Memory
16:Polish government-affiliated institute
2528:Bronisław Wildstein: człowiek z listą
2433:Harry de Quetteville (14 June 2008).
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1138:leader and later president of Poland
706:Ministry of Public Security of Poland
678:as well as Polish inhabitants of the
7:
1586:– via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
1499:Remembrance, Institute of National.
1228:Remembrance, Institute of National.
2172:"Yad Vashem for renaming Auschwitz"
1832:"Polish court strikes down spy law"
622:Public Prosecutor General of Poland
495:accusing him of collaboration with
399:On 29 April 2010, acting president
271:of Crimes against the Polish Nation
2822:Declaration on Crimes of Communism
2761:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
2674:Institute of National Remembrance
1813:Szczerbiak, Aleks (October 2016).
530:2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash
440:The first director of the IPN was
392:) (new bureau, since October 2006)
14:
3334:Institute of National Remembrance
2920:Institute of National Remembrance
2782:Council of Europe resolution 1481
2278:"Poland seeks Auschwitz renaming"
2145:"Auschwitz Might Get Name Change"
2143:Spritzer, Dinah (27 April 2006).
2009:Behr, Valentin (2 January 2017).
1556:Hackmann, Jörg (2 October 2018).
1505:Institute of National Remembrance
1234:Institute of National Remembrance
1148:Polish Communist Security Service
997:The Polish government also asked
680:former Polish eastern territories
420:(60%). The director has a 5-year
235:Institute of National Remembrance
29:Institute of National Remembrance
3292:Yugoslavia (Federal Republic of)
3122:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2940:Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial
2384:10.4467/2543408XZOP.18.003.10059
1501:"Branch Offices and Delegations"
1015:, had called the camp "Polish".
648:Crimes of the Soviet and Polish
353:Polish League Against Defamation
45:
38:
2816:Vilnius Declaration of the OSCE
2251:Watt, Nicholas (1 April 2006).
2230:UNESCO World Heritage Committee
2180:. Associated Press. 11 May 2006
676:Polish resistance organizations
2535:, last accessed on 12 May 2006
2406:Michlic, Joanna Beata (2020).
1654:Last accessed on 24 April 2006
652:committed in the country from
339:Following the election of the
1:
2828:Stockholm Programme of the EU
2029:10.1080/23745118.2016.1269447
2017:European Politics and Society
1732:10.1080/00905992.2017.1360853
1576:10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742
1199:Laws against Holocaust denial
715:Crimes under the category of
611:Public prosecutors in the IPN
2834:Warsaw Declaration of the EU
1564:Journal of Genocide Research
1113:In 2008, two IPN employees,
2987:The Black Book of Communism
2303:Tran, Mark (27 June 2007).
2115:Tran, Mark (27 June 2007).
920:The IPN also publishes the
607:was appointed to head IPN.
3350:
2877:Decommunization in Ukraine
731:
32:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej
18:
3276:United States of America
3251:Timor-Leste (East Timor)
2995:Between Hitler and Stalin
2872:Decommunization in Russia
2857:Bans on communist symbols
2755:
2694:Nation's Memory Institute
2636:
2589:30 September 2007 at the
1627:– via Project MUSE.
1283:13 September 2007 at the
383:Biuro Edukacji Publicznej
349:2018 amendment to the law
37:
2441:. Berlin. Archived from
2362:Stryjek, Tomasz (2018).
1007:World Heritage Committee
702:Polish People's Republic
483:The second director was
451:Democratic Left Alliance
267:Main Commission for the
2554:17 October 2012 at the
1938:20 October 2007 at the
1866:Public Education Office
1153:In 2018, the IPN hired
939:Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość
923:Remembrance and Justice
721:crimes against humanity
540:as the third director.
489:Smolensk airplane crash
2930:House of Terror Museum
2525:Wojciech Czuchnowski,
2336:Traba, Robert (2016).
1711:Mink, Georges (2017).
941:) scientific journal.
938:
905:
765:
670:of Polish soldiers of
638:statute of limitations
600:
572:
553:
516:
480:
465:Aleksander Kwaśniewski
437:
316:
246:
1683:28 March 2012 at the
1650:19 March 2007 at the
1617:10.1353/jod.2019.0032
1464:Czech Prime minister
988:commemorative plaques
836:Poles and Lithuanians
763:
732:Further information:
598:
570:
551:
514:
497:Służba Bezpieczeństwa
478:
435:
314:
67:18 December 1998
3313:Transitional justice
2750:in Europe since 1989
2104:on 12 February 2012.
1718:Nationalities Papers
1605:Journal of Democracy
1121:, published a book,
1115:Sławomir Cenckiewicz
1005:. In 2007, UNESCO's
964:that focuses on the
833:Poles and Ukrainians
734:Lustration in Poland
660:on 31 December 1989.
532:and the election of
401:Bronislaw Komorowski
2439:The Daily Telegraph
1772:, PAP, 22 July 2016
1758:Polish Press Agency
1667:About the Institute
1468:(14 October 2011).
1332:The Times of Israel
1187:Bronisław Wildstein
1106:. As a result, the
1104:Wojciech Jaruzelski
981:Naming of monuments
966:Polish 303 Squadron
960:– a game about the
519:In 1999, historian
388:Lustration Bureau (
69: (25 years ago)
34:
2771:European hearings,
2471:. 22 February 2021
2177:The Jerusalem Post
2150:The Jewish Journal
1085:Wiktoria Śliwowska
766:
601:
573:
554:
521:Franciszek Gryciuk
517:
515:Franciszek Gryciuk
507:Franciszek Gryciuk
493:Andrzej Przewoźnik
481:
438:
317:
138:Official language
121:Republic of Poland
3321:
3320:
3071:Truth commissions
3037:
3036:
2714:
2713:
1511:on 22 August 2020
1419:978-1-349-95306-6
1334:. 1 February 2018
1310:978-9-63386-092-2
1159:a far-right group
962:Battle of Britain
848:Gypsies in Poland
839:Poles and Germans
728:Lustration Bureau
658:Fall of Communism
654:17 September 1939
650:Communist regimes
538:Polish Parliament
444:, elected by the
390:Biuro Lustracyjne
334:history of Poland
321:mission statement
259:Polish parliament
231:
230:
3341:
3301:Related concepts
3064:
3057:
3050:
3041:
3003:The Soviet Story
2905:Black Ribbon Day
2862:Communist crimes
2741:
2734:
2727:
2718:
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2168:
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2161:
2159:
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2140:
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2129:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2065:
2055:
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2014:
2006:
1989:
1983:
1968:
1962:
1943:
1930:
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1737:
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1734:
1725:(6): 1013–1027.
1708:
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1665:
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1629:
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1602:
1594:
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1561:
1553:
1542:
1536:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1507:. Archived from
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1480:on 30 March 2012
1476:. Archived from
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1441:. Archived from
1430:
1424:
1423:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1373:. Archived from
1367:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1294:
1288:
1275:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1236:. Archived from
1225:
1132:
1124:SB a Lech Wałęsa
1119:Piotr Gontarczyk
1064:
1040:academic journal
958:
931:
898:
878:Paweł Machcewicz
751:Other activities
603:On 23 July 2021
575:On 22 July 2016
219:
216:
214:
212:
107:1 Kurtyki Street
77:
75:
70:
49:
42:
35:
3349:
3348:
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3317:
3296:
3227:Solomon Islands
3073:
3068:
3038:
3033:
3017:
2974:
2893:
2845:
2774:
2773:resolutions and
2772:
2766:
2765:
2751:
2745:
2715:
2710:
2632:
2627:National memory
2624:
2591:Wayback Machine
2577:
2561:
2556:Wayback Machine
2545:
2540:
2539:
2533:Gazeta Wyborcza
2524:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2469:The Independent
2463:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2445:on 17 June 2008
2432:
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2415:
2405:
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2284:. 31 March 2006
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2207:
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2165:
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2137:
2127:
2125:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2068:
2062:Rafał Pankowski
2056:
2052:
2008:
2007:
1992:
1984:
1971:
1963:
1946:
1940:Wayback Machine
1931:
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1690:
1685:Wayback Machine
1677:
1673:
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1652:Wayback Machine
1640:
1639:
1632:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1555:
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1524:
1514:
1512:
1498:
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1463:
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1448:
1446:
1445:on 22 June 2016
1432:
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1369:
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1296:
1295:
1291:
1285:Wayback Machine
1276:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1195:
1167:
1155:Tomasz Greniuch
1126:
1076:Jarosław Szarek
1071:Łukasz Kamiński
1058:
1052:
1044:editor-in-chief
1021:
983:
952:
925:
892:
874:
758:
753:
744:Law and Justice
736:
730:
704:, particularly
630:
613:
593:
581:Jedwabne pogrom
577:Jarosław Szarek
571:Jarosław Szarek
565:
563:Jarosław Szarek
557:Łukasz Kamiński
552:Łukasz Kamiński
546:
544:Łukasz Kamiński
534:Łukasz Kamiński
473:
430:
409:
395:local chapters.
361:
341:Law and Justice
309:
290:Law and Justice
209:
201:Several hundred
198:
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149:
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44:The logo of IPN
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3310:
3308:Right to truth
3304:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3285:Maine Wabanaki
3282:
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2748:Anti-communism
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2543:External links
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2425:
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2398:
2371:Zoon Politikon
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2232:. 28 June 2007
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1611:(2): 157–171.
1589:
1570:(4): 587–606.
1543:
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1425:
1418:
1400:
1388:
1377:on 16 May 2007
1345:
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1240:on 27 May 2019
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1183:Wildstein list
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605:Karol Nawrocki
599:Karol Nawrocki
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526:Janusz Kurtyka
485:Janusz Kurtyka
479:Janusz Kurtyka
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422:term of office
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3232:South Africa
3222:Sierra Leone
3009:
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2985:
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2898:Institutions
2775:declarations
2673:
2630:institutions
2580:
2578:(in English)
2571:
2564:
2526:
2521:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2495:
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2468:
2459:
2447:. Retrieved
2443:the original
2438:
2428:
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2401:
2377:(9): 43–66.
2374:
2370:
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2312:. Retrieved
2309:The Guardian
2308:
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2257:The Guardian
2256:
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2126:. Retrieved
2122:The Guardian
2120:
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2102:the original
2097:
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2023:(1): 81–95.
2020:
2016:
1842:. Retrieved
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1509:the original
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1478:the original
1459:
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1443:the original
1438:
1428:
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1391:
1379:. Retrieved
1375:the original
1336:. Retrieved
1331:
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1242:. Retrieved
1238:the original
1233:
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1180:
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1107:
1089:
1081:
1056:Georges Mink
1053:
1035:), a yearly
1024:
1022:
1019:Publications
1010:
1003:Nazi Germany
996:
992:Soviet Union
984:
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906:Biuletyn IPN
890:IPN Bulletin
888:
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674:, and other
668:Soviet Union
664:Deportations
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461:Jan T. Gross
454:
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359:Organisation
346:
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325:World War II
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250:
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169:Affiliations
128:Membership
90:Headquarters
56:Abbreviation
31:
25:
3237:South Korea
3212:Philippines
3147:El Salvador
2850:Legislation
2830:(2010–2015)
2562:(in Polish)
2498:(in Polish)
2496:Wyborcza.pl
2288:11 November
2236:11 November
2156:11 November
2128:11 November
1749:(in Polish)
1664:(in Polish)
1645:dokumentów.
1641:(in Polish)
1140:Lech Wałęsa
1127: [
1096:Lech Wałęsa
1067:martyrology
1059: [
1012:Der Spiegel
953: [
926: [
893: [
585:Lech Wałęsa
442:Leon Kieres
436:Leon Kieres
428:Leon Kieres
184:, Germany,
3280:Greensboro
3092:Bangladesh
3022:Opposition
3011:Bloodlands
2882:Lustration
2660:Lithuania
2210:19 October
1484:14 October
1466:Petr Nečas
1439:Komunikaty
1244:28 January
1173:Historian
1136:Solidarity
1102:secretary
1092:Solidarity
740:lustration
717:war crimes
656:until the
642:Polish law
618:ex officio
255:lustration
160:Main organ
74:1998-12-18
3260:2005–2008
3255:2001–2005
3242:Sri Lanka
3187:Mauritius
3167:Guatemala
3135:2003–2011
3130:1990–1991
3087:Argentina
2887:in Poland
2690:Slovakia
2558:(English)
2502:26 August
2475:30 August
2449:4 October
2393:159124162
2064:, page 38
2045:150353378
2037:2374-5118
1625:159294126
1338:4 October
1278:"Mission"
1144:informant
1050:Criticism
1033:2658-1566
872:Education
644:include:
528:, in the
286:Communist
188:, Hungary
148:President
64:Formation
3328:Category
3117:Colombia
2700:Ukraine
2680:Romania
2650:Estonia
2640:Czechia
2587:Archived
2552:Archived
2351:: 36–81.
2282:BBC News
2204:Expatica
2184:31 March
1936:Archived
1837:BBC News
1681:Archived
1648:Archived
1584:81922100
1381:22 April
1281:Archived
1193:See also
914:Bulletin
910:Bulletin
756:Research
407:Director
186:Slovakia
101:Location
96:, Poland
3272:Ukraine
3267:Tunisia
3192:Morocco
3182:Liberia
3157:Germany
3142:Ecuador
3097:Bolivia
3079:Country
2670:Poland
2314:27 July
2262:27 July
2098:Interia
1515:6 March
1449:28 June
1146:of the
1094:leader
973:Kolejka
687:Vistula
666:to the
620:Deputy
536:by the
307:Purpose
261:by the
224:Remarks
206:Website
197:Staff
164:Council
82:Purpose
72: (
3247:Taiwan
3217:Rwanda
3202:Panama
3126:Chile
3107:Canada
3102:Brazil
3014:(2010)
3006:(2008)
2998:(2004)
2990:(1997)
2842:(2019)
2836:(2011)
2824:(2010)
2818:(2009)
2807:(2009)
2796:(2008)
2790:(2008)
2784:(2006)
2391:
2043:
2035:
1844:5 June
1793:6 July
1623:
1582:
1416:
1307:
1031:
999:UNESCO
935:Polish
902:Polish
301:Warsaw
243:Polish
142:Polish
94:Warsaw
3197:Nepal
3177:Kenya
3172:Haiti
3162:Ghana
2979:Media
2389:S2CID
2367:(PDF)
2341:(PDF)
2041:S2CID
1818:(PDF)
1621:S2CID
1580:S2CID
1215:Notes
1131:]
1063:]
957:]
930:]
897:]
132:Staff
3207:Peru
3152:Fiji
3112:Chad
2504:2023
2477:2023
2451:2008
2316:2012
2290:2018
2264:2012
2238:2018
2212:2017
2186:2018
2158:2018
2130:2018
2033:ISSN
1846:2018
1795:2021
1517:2021
1486:2011
1451:2016
1414:ISBN
1383:2007
1340:2019
1305:ISBN
1246:2020
1117:and
1100:PZPR
1098:and
1029:ISSN
887:The
719:and
708:and
695:NKVD
689:and
446:Sejm
414:Sejm
284:and
282:Nazi
233:The
215:.gov
213:.ipn
2581:old
2565:old
2379:doi
2025:doi
1787:IPN
1727:doi
1613:doi
1572:doi
1108:IPN
1046:..
950:303
691:Bug
459:by
251:IPN
217:.pl
211:www
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