567:
42:
2625:
2649:
487:, along with the other ten most advanced nations in the area. In that year, the cornerstone of IMPA's new campus was laid on land adjacent to the one the institute occupies in Jardim Botânico, donated four years earlier by private sponsors. The new campus will allow for the expansion of IMPA's activities and of its contribution to science and education in Brazil.
2637:
269:, IMPA's primary mission is to stimulate scientific research, the training of new researchers and the dissemination and improvement of mathematical culture in Brazil. Mathematical knowledge is fundamental for scientific and technological development, which are indispensable components for economic, social and human progress. Since 2015, IMPA is directed by
317:, one of the greatest distinctions in a mathematician's career. The academic prestige of IMPA grew from 1957, with the organization of the first Brazilian Colloquium of Mathematics, with about 50 participants. The Colloquium has been taking place every two years since then, in an uninterrupted fashion. In 1957 IMPA moved to Rua São Clemente, in
397:(OBMEP) was created, an initiative of enormous social impact that strongly reaffirmed IMPA's commitment to the dissemination of mathematical knowledge. Held annually by IMPA with funds from the Ministry of Education (MEC) and the Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications (MCTIC) and support from the
321:, also in the South Zone of Rio. In 1967, IMPA moved again to a historic building on Luiz de Camões street, in the center of Rio de Janeiro, which currently houses the Hélio Oiticica Cultural Center. In 1981 under the direction of Lindolpho de Carvalho Dias IMPA inaugurated its current headquarters in the neighborhood of
382:
Another groundbreaking fact of its mandate was IMPA's qualification as a Social
Organization (SO) in 2000. During this period, IMPA was formally transferred from CNPq to the Ministry of Science and Technology. The new model kept the institute in the public sphere, but gave it greater administrative
401:(SBM), OBMEP counts on the participation of over 18 million students in practically all of Brazil's municipalities, almost the entire student population from the 6th grade to the end of high school. Since 2017, it is open to all Brazilian public and private schools.
449:, a researcher and former doctoral student at IMPA, won the Fields Medal, the most prestigious distinction in world mathematics. In the same year, IMPA was honored with the right to organize two major events in the world mathematical calendar: the 2017
337:
allowed for a qualitative leap and the expansion of IMPA's activities. A permanent body of researchers was formally created. Until then, researchers were either kept through scholarships or had occupations in other institutions.
1596:
235:
350:
804:
431:(UMI, International Joint Unit). This opened the possibility for the best French mathematicians to spend long-term periods at IMPA, at no cost to the institute. The contract has been renewed every four years.
1939:
312:
Gama's performance at the helm of IMPA played a crucial role in the creation and consolidation of the young institute. And
Nachbin and Peixoto would later be the first Brazilians invited to lecture at the
394:
1507:
334:
251:
1986:
2267:
2084:
1954:
349:
degrees. The novelty allowed the Master's and PhD program to become a permanent activity. Since then, IMPA's academic postgraduate program has always been awarded the highest grades by the
1702:
2715:
1804:
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305:
1304:
2327:
2187:
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2512:
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1780:
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1500:
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138:
2700:
2322:
1792:
566:
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472:(Law 13.358), which dedicated the years 2017 and 2018 to the cause of mathematics, marking the realization in the country of the IMO 2017 and the ICM 2018. The
2202:
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1665:
1493:
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1300:
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2197:
1787:
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1623:
454:
314:
282:
2710:
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2412:
1799:
1516:
408:. This is a semi-presential postgraduate program aimed at training the basic education math teacher, coordinated by SBM with the support of IMPA.
2482:
2237:
1603:
2705:
2690:
2437:
2422:
2282:
2055:
1993:
1748:
1524:
1202:
819:
371:
was elected director in 1993. He would hold the position for ten years, a period of remarkable growth in IMPA's international prestige. During
2242:
2067:
1707:
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809:
473:
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2123:
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2005:
1998:
1976:
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1846:
1675:
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857:
450:
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883:
281:
At the time of creation in 1952 IMPA did not have its own headquarters, it was temporarily housed in a room in the headquarters of the
41:
2502:
2467:
2347:
2172:
2143:
1853:
1650:
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420:. In 2011, it once again hosted the creation of an international mathematical organization: the Mathematical Council of the Americas.
360:, also elected director for the term 1989 – 1993. Lima put his vast academic reputation at the service of the cause of education. The
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243:
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2297:
2106:
1949:
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2010:
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period represented an enormous effort by IMPA to bring mathematics closer to the
Brazilian society through initiatives such as the
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2407:
2138:
1944:
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In 1971, IMPA became the first mathematical institution in Brazil with a mandate from the
Federal Council of Education to award
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2372:
2287:
2177:
2155:
1971:
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1875:
1726:
1685:
659:
390:
from 2004 to 2015, a period characterized by the renewal of IMPA's faculty membership, with the hiring of young researchers.
2362:
2050:
1554:
508:
398:
239:
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2133:
1966:
1760:
1608:
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958:
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2552:
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2447:
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2352:
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2101:
1870:
1836:
1814:
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1640:
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824:
655:
290:
2547:
2262:
2192:
2128:
2091:
1961:
1655:
1591:
2580:
2367:
2342:
1809:
1559:
1278:
1005:
The Möbius Strip: Dr. August Möbius's
Marvelous Band in Mathematics, Games, Literature, Art, Technology, and Cosmology
2402:
2118:
2337:
2207:
2182:
2165:
1922:
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289:. The scientific body was also diminutive, in addition to the director, astronomer Lélio Gama, who also headed the
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2074:
2062:
2035:
1917:
1858:
1581:
536:
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2417:
2150:
1927:
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635:
405:
1318:
234:
It is a research and education institution qualified as a Social
Organization (SO) under the auspices of the
2542:
2477:
2442:
2377:
1346:
1117:
2040:
631:
595:
524:
435:
361:
247:
2522:
2452:
1901:
1100:"Olimpíada Brasileira de Matemática das Escolas Públicas - OBMEP | Somando novos talentos para o Brasil"
504:
500:
404:
In 2011, IMPA became a founding member of the network of higher education institutions that perform the
1104:
Olimpíada
Brasileira de Matemática das Escolas Públicas - OBMEP | Somando novos talentos para o Brasil.
356:
On two occasions, Lindolpho de
Carvalho Dias was temporarily replaced as the director by mathematician
17:
1228:
2247:
999:
560:
520:
465:
1475:
1206:
428:
375:' tenure, international prestige could be gauged by the fact that from 1991 to 1998 IMPA hosted the
603:
528:
298:
266:
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647:
540:
532:
651:
386:
IMPA's internationalization tendency was accentuated during the administration of mathematician
342:
1254:"Brasileiro ganha a Medalha Fields, considerada o 'Nobel da matemática' - 12/08/2014 - Ciência"
1294:
1184:
1081:
1009:
615:
607:
512:
72:
861:
2272:
1174:
1139:
814:
774:
639:
544:
387:
294:
262:
1398:"Matemática e Estatística do Tamanho do Brasil Papel da Sociedade Brasileira de Matemática"
586:, is a researcher at IMPA and received his Ph.D there. Among its researchers also are/were
258:, reproducing a large sculpture of a Möbius strip on display within the IMPA headquarters.
1981:
1479:
704:
591:
483:
In 2018, IMPA and SBM led Brazil's successful bid to join Group 5, the elite group of the
439:
357:
308:
Postage stamp commemorating the 6th
Brazilian Mathematics Colloquium, held at IMPA in 1967
255:
1397:
643:
627:
619:
548:
516:
458:
286:
218:
127:
1485:
1444:
427:(CNRS), France's leading scientific funding agency. The agreement qualified IMPA as a
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787:
611:
599:
556:
552:
270:
98:
1179:
1162:
1003:
583:
2462:
761:
587:
579:
446:
372:
368:
214:
250:. IMPA was founded on October 15, 1952. It was the first research unit of the
1188:
153:
140:
383:
flexibility, as well as more visibility and transparency in its activities.
346:
477:
209:) is considered to be the foremost research and educational institution of
254:, a federal funding agency created a year earlier. Its logo is a stylized
2507:
2497:
318:
1056:
496:
364:, created in 1990, opened a new and important front for the institute.
236:
Ministry of
Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications (MCTIC)
2292:
442:, honorary researcher and long time collaborator and friend of IMPA.
210:
1427:"From a Compound in the Brazilian Hills, Excellence in Math Emerges"
1229:"IMPA - IMPA renova cooperação com CNRS, da França, por cinco anos"
2277:
1038:
933:
565:
303:
1118:"IMPA - PROFMAT fornece treinamento aprofundado para professores"
416:
In 1995, IMPA hosted the international meeting that created the
1489:
1371:
551:. They're aiming to expand the lines of research to include
362:
High School Mathematics Teacher Improvement Program (PAPMEM)
293:, the institute counted with only two young mathematicians,
1099:
984:
PALIS, Jacob; CAMACHO, César; LAGES LIMA, Elon (editores).
464:
In 2016, following an initiative originated from IMPA, the
963:
Para quem é fã do IMPA, dez curiosidades sobre o instituto
1597:
International Integration of the Afro-Brazilian Lusophony
1472:
1319:"IMPA - Brasil é promovido à elite da matemática mundial"
901:
417:
182:
1347:"IMPA - IMPA lança pedra fundamental de seu novo campus"
1473:
IMPA - Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada
418:
Mathematical Union for Latin America and the Caribbean
1082:"IMPA - PAPMEM homenageia o alagoano Elon Lages Lima"
2566:
2223:
2023:
1910:
1884:
1532:
1523:
207:
National Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics
177:
169:
122:
114:
104:
94:
86:
78:
68:
58:
48:
351:Coordination for Improvement of Higher Level Staff
2596:International Institute for Neuroscience of Natal
2591:Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada
1281:. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019
202:Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada
1303:) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
110:130 faculty members and researchers (2018–2019)
406:Professional Master's in Mathematics (PROFMAT)
2716:Universities and colleges established in 1952
1501:
8:
425:Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
34:
395:Brazilian Maths Olympiad for Public Schools
29:Brazil's National Institute for mathematics
2648:
1529:
1508:
1494:
1486:
40:
33:
1178:
1163:"Breve panorama da matemática brasileira"
423:In 2004, IMPA signed a contract with the
2606:National Institute of Amazonian Research
1203:"CNRS – IMPA Unité Mixte Internationale"
664:
455:International Congress of Mathematicians
315:International Congress of Mathematicians
283:Brazilian Center for Research in Physics
2701:Research institutes established in 1952
836:
333:In the 1970s, institutional changes in
224:Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada
64:Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada
35:Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada
18:Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada
2601:Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron
2576:Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas
1341:
1339:
1299:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1292:
1008:. Thunder's Mouth Press. p. 156.
820:Maria Laura Moura Mouzinho Leite Lopes
231:), whose abbreviation remains in use.
928:
926:
924:
922:
7:
2636:
1897:Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
242:of Brazil. Currently located in the
1517:Brazilian universities and colleges
451:International Mathematical Olympiad
329:Development and social organization
285:, in Praia Vermelha, south zone of
221:, and was formerly known simply as
2676:Education in Rio de Janeiro (city)
810:Sociedade Brasileira de Matemática
495:As of 2015, IMPA does research in
25:
2686:Mathematics departments in Brazil
563:in general and its applications.
445:In 2014, Brazilian mathematician
434:From 2016, UMI was renamed after
118:190 graduate students (2018–2019)
2647:
2635:
2624:
2623:
1425:Romero, Simon (27 August 2014).
485:International Mathematical Union
377:International Mathematical Union
252:National Research Council (CNPq)
1892:Instituto Militar de Engenharia
1805:Health Sciences of Porto Alegre
1681:Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri
1180:10.21800/2317-66602018000100013
1161:Viana, Marcelo (January 2018).
217:. It is located in the city of
2711:Postgraduate schools in Brazil
843:Francisco de Oliveira Castro.
509:partial differential equations
399:Brazilian Mathematical Society
1:
2706:1952 establishments in Brazil
2691:Research institutes in Brazil
1793:Rural of the Semi-arid Region
478:National Mathematics Festival
246:neighborhood (South Zone) of
1138:(in Spanish). Archived from
1136:"Como nació Umalca | Umalca"
847:, Editora da Unicamp, p. 74.
770:
757:
746:
735:
724:
713:
700:
689:
678:
2581:Instituto Benjamin Constant
805:People associated with IMPA
575:People associated with IMPA
240:Ministry of Education (MEC)
2732:
1732:Latin American Integration
1106:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
825:Cândido Lima da Silva Dias
739:Lindolpho de Carvalho Dias
717:Lindolpho de Carvalho Dias
693:Lindolpho de Carvalho Dias
429:Unité Mixte Internationale
2619:
1703:Southern and Southeastern
412:International cooperation
39:
468:formally proclaimed the
2696:Mathematical institutes
1781:State of Rio de Janeiro
1057:"Anos 70 - Portal CNPq"
1039:"IMPA - Breve história"
934:"IMPA - Breve história"
261:Founded by Lélio Gama,
154:22.965284°S 43.237939°W
2681:Schools of mathematics
1478:11 August 2021 at the
1205:. IMPA. Archived from
902:"IMPA - Institucional"
860:. IMPA. Archived from
845:A Matemática no Brasil
632:Carlos Gustavo Moreira
596:Jean-Christophe Yoccoz
571:
525:mathematical economics
436:Jean-Christophe Yoccoz
309:
159:-22.965284; -43.237939
1000:Pickover, Clifford A.
636:Fernando Codá Marques
569:
505:differential geometry
474:Mathematical Biennium
470:Mathematical Biennium
307:
2611:National Observatory
1754:São Francisco Valley
988:. IMPA. p. 340.
858:"Impa Balanço Anual"
561:discrete mathematics
521:holomorphic dynamics
466:Brazilian Parliament
291:National Observatory
1788:Rio Grande do Norte
1209:on 4 September 2019
529:symplectic geometry
453:(IMO) and the 2018
150: /
36:
2586:Instituto Butantan
2203:São Caetano do Sul
2097:Mato Grosso do Sul
1624:Mato Grosso do Sul
1482:(official website)
1431:The New York Times
965:. IMPA. 7 May 2020
648:Alfredo Noel Iusem
572:
541:probability theory
533:algebraic geometry
310:
2663:
2662:
2173:Rio Grande do Sul
2019:
2018:
1999:Sul-Rio-Grandense
1994:Rio Grande do Sul
1800:Rio Grande do Sul
1698:Rural of Amazonia
1671:Triângulo Mineiro
1167:Ciência e Cultura
1015:978-1-56025-826-1
959:"Símbolo do IMPA"
796:
795:
616:Welington de Melo
608:Manfredo do Carmo
545:dynamical systems
513:computer graphics
197:
196:
16:(Redirected from
2723:
2651:
2650:
2639:
2638:
2627:
2626:
2085:Região Tocantina
2046:Feira de Santana
1666:São João del-Rei
1530:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1487:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1298:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1258:Folha de S.Paulo
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1142:on 7 August 2020
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914:
912:
898:
892:
891:
880:
874:
873:
871:
869:
854:
848:
841:
815:Pure Mathematics
665:
624:Harold Rosenberg
604:Maurício Peixoto
480:, held in 2017.
299:Maurício Peixoto
295:Leopoldo Nachbin
267:Maurício Peixoto
263:Leopoldo Nachbin
193:
190:
188:
186:
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21:
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2721:
2720:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2615:
2568:
2562:
2225:
2219:
2028:
2015:
1982:Carioca Arena 2
1906:
1880:
1629:Grande Dourados
1519:
1514:
1480:Wayback Machine
1469:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1445:"Pesquisadores"
1443:
1442:
1438:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1400:
1396:Marcelo Viana.
1395:
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1378:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1327:
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1317:
1316:
1312:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1279:"Archived copy"
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1065:
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1055:
1054:
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1037:
1036:
1023:
1016:
998:
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993:
983:
982:
978:
968:
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942:
940:
932:
931:
920:
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908:
900:
899:
895:
882:
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877:
867:
865:
856:
855:
851:
842:
838:
833:
801:
750:Elon Lages Lima
728:Elon Lages Lima
705:Elon Lages Lima
660:Carolina Araujo
652:Karl-Otto Stöhr
592:Elon Lages Lima
584:Fields Medalist
577:
493:
457:(ICM), both in
440:Fields Medalist
414:
358:Elon Lages Lima
331:
323:Jardim Botânico
279:
244:Jardim Botânico
213:in the area of
181:
158:
156:
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144:
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137:
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107:
61:
51:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2200:
2195:
2190:
2180:
2178:Santa Catarina
2175:
2170:
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2168:
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2156:Rio de Janeiro
2153:
2148:
2147:
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2141:
2136:
2131:
2121:
2116:
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2110:
2109:
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2303:PUC-Campinas
2139:Ponta Grossa
2102:Minas Gerais
2056:Southwestern
1950:Minas Gerais
1902:Naval School
1651:Juiz de Fora
1636:Minas Gerais
1533:Universities
1452:. Retrieved
1448:
1439:
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1408:. Retrieved
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1379:. Retrieved
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1354:. Retrieved
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1326:. Retrieved
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1283:. Retrieved
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1257:
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1232:
1223:
1211:. Retrieved
1207:the original
1197:
1173:(1): 43–47.
1170:
1166:
1156:
1144:. Retrieved
1140:the original
1130:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1060:
1051:
1042:
1004:
994:
986:IMPA 50 anos
985:
979:
967:. Retrieved
962:
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941:. Retrieved
937:
909:. Retrieved
905:
896:
887:
878:
866:. Retrieved
862:the original
852:
844:
839:
578:
537:optimization
494:
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422:
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403:
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385:
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332:
311:
280:
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256:Möbius strip
233:
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223:
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206:
201:
200:
198:
31:
26:
2473:UNINOVAFAPI
2224:Private and
2092:Mato Grosso
1945:Mato Grosso
1825:Santa Maria
1619:Mato Grosso
1454:11 December
1381:11 December
1356:4 September
1328:4 September
1263:4 September
1238:4 September
1146:5 September
1066:4 September
1061:www.cnpq.br
943:4 September
911:4 September
762:Jacob Palis
588:Jacob Palis
580:Artur Avila
447:Artur Avila
438:, the 1994
373:Jacob Palis
369:Jacob Palis
215:mathematics
157: /
79:Established
60:Former name
2670:Categories
2226:non-profit
2151:Pernambuco
2051:Santa Cruz
1972:Pernambuco
1911:Institutes
1864:São Carlos
1859:ABC Region
1820:Rio Grande
1771:Fluminense
1744:Pernambuco
1737:Technology
1676:Uberlândia
1661:Ouro Preto
1410:19 October
1405:W3.impa.br
1372:"Pesquisa"
831:References
779:2003–2015
766:1993–2003
753:1989–1993
742:1979–1989
731:1978–1979
720:1971–1978
709:1969–1971
696:1966–1969
685:1952–1966
682:Lélio Gama
145:43°14′17″W
142:22°57′55″S
50:Other name
2488:UNISANTOS
2483:UNIRITTER
2308:PUC-Goiás
2298:MACKENZIE
2183:São Paulo
2166:West Zone
2029:municipal
2011:São Paulo
1876:Tocantins
1854:São Paulo
1565:Recôncavo
1189:0009-6725
582:, a 2014
353:(Capes).
2630:Category
2567:Research
2558:Unileste
2508:UNIVATES
2498:UNISINOS
2463:UniÍtalo
2263:FMP/FASE
2193:Campinas
2161:Northern
2129:Londrina
2080:Maranhão
2036:Amazonas
1987:CEFET-RJ
1955:CEFET-MG
1935:Brasília
1885:Colleges
1832:Rondônia
1614:Maranhão
1582:Brasília
1570:Southern
1555:Amazonas
1476:Archived
1295:cite web
1285:4 August
1002:(2005).
969:27 March
884:"People"
799:See also
671:Director
501:analysis
347:doctoral
343:master's
319:Botafogo
238:and the
123:Location
115:Students
95:Director
2642:Commons
2569:centers
2453:UNIFACS
2448:UNIDERP
2443:UNICRUZ
2438:UNICEUB
2323:PUC-Rio
2248:FEEVALE
2208:Taubaté
2144:Western
2134:Maringá
2119:Paraíba
1871:Sergipe
1837:Roraima
1815:Pelotas
1715:Paraíba
1708:Western
1646:Itajubá
1641:Alfenas
1575:Western
1545:Alagoas
1525:Federal
1449:impa.br
1376:impa.br
1351:impa.br
1323:impa.br
1233:impa.br
1122:impa.br
1086:impa.br
1043:impa.br
938:impa.br
906:impa.br
888:O Globo
674:Period
497:algebra
178:Website
2518:UNOPAR
2513:UNIVEM
2503:UNIVAP
2478:UNIPAR
2468:UNIMEP
2458:UNIFRA
2433:UNICAP
2423:UNIBAN
2418:UNIARA
2398:UNAERP
2333:PUC-SP
2328:PUC-RS
2318:PUC-PR
2313:PUC-MG
2293:INSPER
2124:Paraná
1967:Paraná
1928:Baiano
1727:Paraná
1686:Viçosa
1656:Lavras
1592:Cariri
1213:1 July
1187:
1012:
868:1 July
792:2015-
658:, and
559:, and
547:, and
211:Brazil
170:Campus
133:Brazil
87:Budget
73:Public
2493:UNISC
2428:UNIBH
2413:UNESC
2408:UNESA
2403:UNAMA
2393:UMESP
2383:ULBRA
2373:UCSAL
2363:UCPEL
2278:IBMEC
2273:FUMEC
2243:FACHA
2213:UNESP
2198:FATEC
2188:Assis
2075:Goiás
2063:Ceará
2041:Bahia
2025:State
1940:Ceará
1923:Bahia
1810:Pampa
1776:Rural
1761:Piauí
1749:Rural
1609:Goiás
1587:Ceará
1560:Bahia
1550:Amapá
1401:(PDF)
173:Urban
2654:List
2538:USJT
2353:UCDB
2343:UCAM
2283:IESB
2238:FAAP
2233:ESPM
2114:Pará
1962:Pará
1918:Acre
1693:Pará
1540:Acre
1456:2018
1412:2018
1383:2018
1358:2019
1330:2019
1305:link
1301:link
1287:2020
1265:2019
1240:2019
1215:2019
1185:ISSN
1148:2019
1068:2019
1010:ISBN
971:2022
945:2019
913:2019
870:2019
345:and
335:CNPq
297:and
265:and
229:IMPA
199:The
183:impa
82:1952
69:Type
54:IMPA
2553:UVA
2548:USU
2543:USS
2533:USF
2528:UPF
2388:UMC
2378:UIT
2368:UCS
2358:UCP
2348:UCB
2338:UAM
2288:IMT
2268:FMU
2258:FGV
2253:FEI
2027:and
1175:doi
784:10
189:_US
187:/en
185:.br
2672::
2523:UP
1447:.
1429:.
1403:.
1374:.
1349:.
1338:^
1321:.
1297:}}
1293:{{
1256:.
1231:.
1183:.
1171:70
1169:.
1165:.
1120:.
1102:.
1084:.
1059:.
1041:.
1024:^
961:.
936:.
921:^
904:.
886:.
668:Nº
662:.
654:,
650:,
646:,
642:,
638:,
634:,
630:,
626:,
622:,
618:,
614:,
610:,
606:,
602:,
598:,
594:,
590:,
555:,
543:,
539:,
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