631:
20:
460:, CAMPI), that rejected the right of any court to judge the legitimacy of their ideas, and on the other hand considered the PSS an arbitrary punishment that provided the state with a free and forced workforce, removing employment opportunities to qualified persons for those functions. This group was active in many cities. The majority of
451:
A third group (sometimes known as the "invisibles") also declared insubordination to the courts, and did not go to their own trials, and did not accept orders to report to prison. They survived by hiding, at least until they were located and arrested. Many, however, managed to remain free until the
171:
In subsequent years the number of young people refusing to join the army or, once recognised as conscientious objectors, refused to perform PSS, exponentially increased. If repression of the "insumisos" was difficult, given the broad social support that they had, it was even more difficult when
138:. The previous objectors were then amnestied and freed from military obligations. A few of them, however, considered that the longer duration of the PSS penalised objectors, amounted to forced labour, and deprived ordinary workers of their jobs; they demanded complete abolition of
184:
asked the government to release it from the task of repressing the insubordination movement, which was finally agreed by the government. From then the "insumisos" were tried by ordinary courts. Despite this, in the first years the ordinary courts continued applying
447:
Another group, on the other hand, sought to avoid prison through an elaborate legal defence, as they felt that freedom (interim or final) was a small victory and that imprisonment could discourage young people of military age to join the
2227:
990:. Fifteen nonviolent activists from different countries climb over the closed Spanish gate from Gibraltar into Spain; thirteen of them are taken under heavily armed guard the whole length of Spain to
1791:
against the Day of the Armed Forces: 5000 protesters. Two antimilitarists of the
Tortuga Group remaining 12 hours atop of a palm tree in the promenade where the parade was going to be celebrated.
492:
522:
Insubordination was one of the main causes of the reduction of military service from 12 to 9 months and, later, of its total abolition. The other main cause was the 1996 pact between the
172:
undertaken by the military courts, because the military courts were denounced by antimilitarists as "judge and jury" in the army's own cause, and because the accused were not part of the
480:
to establish an active link with the insubordinate movement, among them prominent intellectuals, politicians, filmmakers, singers, actors and other personalities and celebrities.
268:
and many others. In all the major cities there were assemblies of "insumisos", co-ordinated with each other in different antimilitarist fora. The most important groups were the
108:
472:": based on the legal principle that whoever incites someone to commit an offence is also guilty, they signed statements accusing themselves of promoting insubordination.
2231:
1428:
about the antimilitarist movement was leaked to the press. The secret services have been monitoring it. This puts public opinion even more in favour of the movement.
149:) refused to join either the army or the PSS. By doing so they committed a crime and were tried again, but the existence of a largely unfavourable public opinion to
2347:
2141:
2337:
297:
1216:
to destabilize the democratic state and of being supported by radical and violent elements" and warns them that "all the weight of the law" would fall upon them.
2202:
1340:
The
Progressive Union of Prosecutors publicly criticized the statement of the Attorney General of the State, requesting the imprisonment of the "insumisos".
573:
Hundreds of "Jehovah's
Witnesses" remain in prison, with sentences of more than ten years, for refusing compulsory military service. In the castle of
2342:
1091:
323:
movement. There were also, however, people who joined the insubordination for other reasons, especially, in more recent times, people favouring a
2081:
Mario López (2006); Política sin violencia. La noviolencia como humanización de la política. Bogotá. Corporación
Universitaria Minuto de Dios.
1327:
Military
Service Law amended: the cases of insubordination will now be judged by the civil jurisdiction. Penalties were increased to 28 months.
265:
249:
2009:
Ordás García, Carlos Ángel (May 2022). "The
Antimilitarist Campaign against Compulsory Military Service in Spain during the 1970s and 1980s".
2086:
293:
1425:
946:
1647:
and the PSS, and passes to the reserve to thousands of objectors on hold. The number of outstanding extension exceeds one million people.
2316:
2110:
1518:
950:
153:
made the judicial proceedings, especially when the penalty included imprisonment, a considerable political cost for the government.
503:, failed due to the lack of a social base and popular support. The success of insubordination in Spain has been attributed to an
468:
Those who could not be "insumisos" (for example, men who had already completed military service or women) put up initiatives of "
176:, but remained civilians. Also, the adjudication of civilians by military courts and sending them to prison evoked for many the
160:
was punishable under the military penal code, and was part of the jurisdiction of the army, with a minimum penalty of a year in
979:
453:
362:, who denounced the presence of any military force in their respective territories, and routinely protested against them. The
856:
the "guarantor of territorial integrity of the state" and stipulates that "the law shall determine the military obligations,
257:
1078:
2011:
1112:
1209:
849:
743:
229:
127:
1475:
was adopted. The "insumisos" will now be "disqualified", although jail still remains as a possible punishment for them.
2164:
La insumisión voluntaria. El anarquismo individualista español durante la
Dictadura y la Segunda República (1923-1938)
1778:
1763:
1731:
1713:
1644:
1317:
861:
821:
515:
between 1909 and 1927, and even some have tried to establish a relationship of this movement to the wide diffusion of
313:
269:
245:
150:
135:
964:
795:
507:
sentiment supposedly rooted in the
Spanish society and linked both to the resistance against conscription during the
2028:
1917:
1662:
253:
2206:
1749:
1745:
1514:
836:
523:
385:; who refused to serve in a "Spanish" army. Another reason for insubordination was the popular perception of the
233:
119:
1712:
government announces that the replacement leaving the barracks in
December 2001 will be the last to perform the
630:
2332:
1562:
806:
527:
241:
1205:
164:. Refusal to perform PSS was punished by the ordinary penal code, with two years, four months and one day in
1588:
1550:
1497:
1493:
1397:
1310:
1213:
1158:
1147:
1123:
1116:
1062:
1048:
1009:
897:
857:
832:
825:
814:
799:
781:
729:
692:
651:
610:
548:
433:
374:
123:
2289:
316:
the number of "insumisos" exceeded the tens of thousands, probably more than the number of "no-insumisos".
1973:
1640:
1293:
1168:
589:
582:
574:
560:
437:
406:
96:
1905:
1709:
142:. Those objectors therefore rejected the amnesty and returned to Spain apparently ready to be called up.
1878:
1734:, the government announces. The disqualifications from holding public office are maintained for 4 years.
1289:
1164:
1030:
531:
343:
2126:
Iglesia viva: revista de pensamiento cristiano, ISSN 0210-1114, Nº. 173 (SEP-OCT), 1994, pages 499-517.
1730:
460 "insumisos" partially pardoned by the government, no more people will go to jail for being against
1546:
The MOC starts the "Disobedience in the barracks" campaign: first appearances of "insumisos-deserters".
1435:
report their instrumentalization against the movement and sign a letter of support for the "insumisos".
705:
2177:
1500:. EUDIMA tries to prevent young people from their municipalities from being forcibly recruited by the
1774:
1702:
1630:
1441:
1303:
879:
359:
355:
340:
336:
1929:
1570:
1444:, minister of Justice, publicly recognizes that the growth of insubordination is a "state problem".
957:
655:
614:
436:
favoured the objectives of the movement due to the high political cost to the government of having
332:
221:
189:. Later the ordinary courts judged the "insumisos" by applying a reformed version of the ordinary
2048:
1595:
1432:
1375:
1364:
youth called to the military service or the PSS joins the insubordinate movement, rejecting both.
1220:
1154:
810:
677:
666:
634:
516:
484:
477:
473:
469:
461:
425:
328:
285:
261:
72:
1759:
The last conscripts leave the barracks; only 5000 of 91,000 drawn have actually joined the army.
1407:
Amending of the Prison
Regulations: the "insumisos" will have more favourable prison conditions.
2312:
2106:
2082:
2040:
1978:
1827:
1818:
One of the main ways of propaganda of the Insubordinate movement was music, mainly within the
1566:
1540:
1393:
1234:
968:
324:
301:
52:
277:
2032:
1911:
1866:
1851:
1839:
1354:
1245:
1227:
1189:
1037:
875:
736:
402:
366:
209:
194:
157:
139:
112:
104:
76:
44:
32:
1762:
There are 76,000 professional soldiers instead of the 102,000 expected in the plans of the
1935:
1819:
1802:
1753:
1401:
1174:
Legislative Decree on the incorporation of women into the army. The first women enter the
1130:
351:
1623:: the minimum period of disqualification for the insubordinates is reduced to four years.
519:(a minor phenomenon elsewhere), specially in the first decades of the twentieth century.
103:, a movement seeking legal recognition of the right not to perform the, then, compulsory
1846:
even donated their profits to the movement. Among the most notable songs and hymns are:
107:
on conscience or moral grounds. Conscientious objectors, therefore, refused to join the
1968:
1899:
1835:
1720:
1684:
1670:
1613:
1574:
1532:
921:
883:
638:
504:
347:
320:
305:
289:
225:
213:
205:
68:
2166:. Germinal: revista de estudios libertarios, ISSN 1886-3019, Nº. 1, 2006, págs. 23-58.
452:
total disappearance of conscription. This strategy was advocated and practised by the
397:
institution, a perception renewed by the various coup attempts in the 1980s, like the
2326:
2052:
2024:
1947:
1884:
1620:
1536:
1454:
1299:
488:
363:
2297:
1809:. Amnesty to about 4000 processed and to the 20 "insumisos" that remained in prison.
1438:
PSS Special plan: subsidies are given to private entities that accept objectionists.
1983:
1890:
1843:
1658:
1501:
1321:
1285:
1175:
1146:
The CNOC (National Council of Conscientious Objection) begins to reject collective
925:
853:
659:
508:
413:
386:
378:
370:
186:
181:
173:
84:
487:
movement unparalleled in any other European country, its closest precedent in the
111:, but were nevertheless prosecuted and tried by it, and in many cases ended up in
2286:
En legítima desobediencia: Tres décadas de objeción, insumisión y antimilitarismo
559:
on 18 August 1937 for refusing to join the 17th Regiment. He was a member of the
197:, with an increased penalty to equate it to that applied for refusing to do PSS.
1324:, but some social sectors contrary to the concepts of sacrifice and solidarity".
1133:
and boycotting the entities that collaborate with the implementation of the PSS.
1026:
975:
767:
596:
581:) over 200 conscientious objectors served long sentences, almost all members of
327:. One of the most important components of the insubordination movement were the
273:
2253:
739:, is presented. Receives more than 1,250 signatures of people willing to do it.
2036:
1872:
1806:
1666:
1486:
1472:
763:
432:
Some "insumisos" chose not to avoid prison, considering that the existence of
201:
190:
2228:""La insumisión, el primer gran movimiento de desobediencia civil en España""
2044:
2308:
2020:
1857:
1510:
The Defence Ministry revealed that only one in five objectors makes the PSS.
1344:
1129:
The MOC defines its lines of action against the PSS: disobedience and total
1041:
987:
983:
759:
742:"Self-managed civilian service" projects are launched, including Can Serra (
647:
618:
556:
394:
309:
217:
177:
100:
1554:
755:
718:
Gonzalo Arias and Pepe Beunza promote "Voluntary Service for Development".
346:, not necessarily anti-militarist, although the majority were also strong
19:
1923:
1831:
1823:
1788:
1599:
1558:
1458:
1379:
1281:
1272:
991:
685:
670:
578:
410:
292:
struggle, promoting most of them total disobedience tactics (such as the
281:
1410:
Start of the campaign of disobedience to the new prison conditions: the
2102:
2069:
1636:
Professional recruitment figures fall, below three candidates per seat.
1521:
and announces the full professionalization of the Armed Forces in 2003.
1400:
parliaments approve motions in favor of the total decriminalization of
1361:
1196:
512:
496:
390:
382:
237:
60:
1602:. The Collective of Insubordinate Prisoners denounces poor healthcare.
1188:
First collective presentations of "insumisos", that were both against
534:
in 1996, that included the disappearance of military service in 2001.
2293:
1278:
First sentences of 2 years, 4 months and 1 day (new maximum sentence)
1238:
995:
900:
accused of insulting the army: multitude of support actions all over
751:
747:
735:
Project of "Voluntary Service for Development", as an alternative to
681:
500:
441:
165:
145:
When the army tried to enlist them again, the so-called "Insumisos" (
1587:"Tonto el último" operation: present about 130,000 applications for
1838:
music was very popular among the youth during the campaign against
1350:
42.454 applications for the PSS, a 51% more than the previous year.
83:, the movement lasting from the early 1970s until the abolition of
1941:
1724:
901:
629:
80:
18:
1199:: most objectors go to the reservation in "deferred integration".
95:
The immediate predecessor of insubordination was the movement of
1095:
932:
552:
161:
1122:
The Human Rights Association granted their annual award to the
824:(MOC) is founded, with the goal of co-ordinating the different
495:. Attempts to do something similar in other countries, such as
401:
in 1981 or the 2J conspiracy in 1985. Some people also opposed
1584:. The sentences are 2 years and 4 months in a military prison.
1219:
Manifesto for the abolition of conscription and first wave of
917:
398:
1561:, and the municipalities and administrations governed by the
1357:
declare themselves "insumisos", refusing also to do the PSS.
1302:
of both "insumisos" and deserters in the military prison of
1248:
declare themselves "insumisos", refusing also to do the PSS.
476:
were generally not accepted by the courts. Many people used
126:, which recognised the rights of objectors, establishing an
1094:; broad social mobilisation for NO; despite this, YES to
798:, issues the order of "postponed incorporation" for some
695:
follow the steps of Pepe Beunza and use the same tactics.
2099:
Matxinada: historia del movimiento juvenil radical vasco
1616:
actions, specially for occupying military installations.
312:
and groups appeared. On the eve of the disappearance of
284:, although the dividing lines were never totally clear.
23:
Broken rifle, main symbol of the Insubordinate Movement.
1343:
First sentences absolving "insumisos", the majority in
1015:
The MOC announces that it will not comply with the law.
609:
First attempt, unsuccessful, to legislate the right to
130:
of 18 months, called "Prestación Social Sustitutoria" (
1952:
Tod@s con la insumisión (1997) Síndrome de Abstinencia
1071:
The CNOC accepts about 15,000 collective declarations.
1320:
declares that "there isn't a general feeling against
1244:
This year the 5.49% of the people called to join the
304:
organisations). In the late 1980s and the 1990s many
1261:
2,450 "insumisos" that year; 130 of them are jailed.
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
276:, and a constellation of groups generically called
491:being the disobedience and insubordination to the
963:The Andalusian Assembly of Nonviolence calls for
708:composes "Gaudium et Spes" honouring Pepe Beunza.
882:): first ideological declaration of the Spanish
2124:Insumisión, respuesta coherente al militarismo.
1457:of 46 insubordinate prisoners at the prison of
864:, it may impose an alternative social service".
193:that included the crime of refusing to perform
1447:188 insumisos are serving sentences in prison.
1115:dismisses the constitutional complaint on the
1033:): a collective objection campaign is planned.
920:. This, and other military conspiracies, turn
2136:
2134:
2132:
1687:nonviolent actions at military installations.
1233:The first national congress of "objection to
1167:recognises Joseph M. Fierro, objector, as a "
1074:Final draft of Regulation concerning the PSS.
1061:Petitions of unconstitutionality against the
8:
1910:Insumisión (1992) and Estado Militar (1989)
1719:Last official conscription: festivities and
1353:The 19.87% of the people called to join the
1337:107 trials are held against the "insumisos".
458:Pro-insubordinatio Antimilitarist Collective
377:, and campaigned for full withdrawal of any
288:groups also played an important role in the
2203:"Real Decreto Ley 1/1988, de 12 de febrero"
1683:War councils to civilians for carrying out
1271:Trial of several "insumisos" to the PSS in
1612:Judicial processes opened to more than 40
907:Gira de contactos internacionales del MOC.
2178:"El fantasma del Majestic sobrevuela CiU"
1716:, two years before the previous planning.
1092:Referendum on permanence of Spain in NATO
483:The Spanish insubordinate movement was a
1288:that were to be sent to the war desert.
835:on religious grounds is rejected by the
454:Colectivo Antimilitarista Pro-Insumisión
428:, there were also different viewpoints:
1994:
1889:Mili KK (1991) and Rompan Filas (2001)
134:, PSS), as an alternative to 12 months
2348:Political organisations based in Spain
2142:"Insumisión, 25 años de desobediencia"
1643:Law. The new law equals the length of
1226:Trial of the first two "insumisos" of
1202:43 objectors begin to fulfill the PSS.
1079:Association of Conscientious Objectors
588:Large number of new sentences against
250:Galician Socialist Party-Galician Left
216:character it was supported by several
2338:Conscientious objection organizations
1639:Takes effect, retroactively, the new
1492:The association of pro-insubordinate
7:
1784:The MOC celebrates its III Congress.
1507:There are 348 "insumisos" at prison.
424:Regarding the strategy to follow in
319:Insubordination was mostly a purely
1371:denounces the selective repression.
1230:, sentenced to 13 months in prison.
1068:Campaign of "collective objection".
746:). Later, similar groups appear in
99:initiated in the last years of the
1877:¿El militar? ¿Qué militar? (1996)
1752:the official decriminalization of
1580:First trials and imprisonments of
1284:: several recruits serving in the
1212:accuses the "insumisos" of "using
676:International campaign to support
405:on religious grounds, such as the
14:
2230:. 28 October 2012. Archived from
2067:Enciclopedia de paz y conflictos.
1777:despite the disapparition of the
1773:remain in the military prison of
654:law, after being rejected by the
354:; that especially applied to the
2176:Roger, Maiol (28 January 2012).
1814:Insubordination in popular music
1577:refuse to expel the "insumisos".
822:Conscientious Objection Movement
493:Vietnam War in the United States
270:Conscientious Objection Movement
16:Antimilitarist movement in Spain
1865:Morireis como Imbéciles (1985)
2343:Peace organizations by country
2254:"Rebelion. Ejército y Navarra"
2105:, Editorial Txalaparta, 2004.
1955:Mi amigo Mambrú (1998) Eskorzo
1862:No al ejército (1984) IV Reich
1626:Pardons to jailed "insumisos".
1258:386 objectors fulfill the PSS.
1221:collective self-incriminations
1153:Objectionist groups prepare a
978:march for demilitarisation in
860:and other exemptions from the
258:Unitarian Candidacy of Workers
132:Substitutionary Social Service
1:
2012:Contemporary European History
1918:Kojón Prieto y los Huajolotes
1537:image and recruiting campaign
1531:Defence invests 2 billion of
1424:A confidential report of the
956:FACA program, acquisition of
272:(MOC), close to the ideas of
1883:¿Qué voy a hacer yo? (1990)
1801:All the crimes related with
1748:prevents their votes in the
1723:actions in various parts of
1676:New public presentations of
230:Republican Left of Catalonia
128:alternative civilian service
1779:compulsory military service
1732:compulsory military service
1714:compulsory military service
1645:compulsory military service
1374:Spanish troops are sent to
1101:Second congress of the MOC.
862:compulsory military service
373:an occupation force in the
314:compulsory military service
246:Socialist Party of Mallorca
151:compulsory military service
136:compulsory military service
2364:
2305:La insumisión encarcelada.
2029:Cambridge University Press
1701:in the military prison of
1485:Enters into force the new
1461:. Dispersion of 8 of them.
728:First organised groups of
538:Chronology of the movement
464:also followed this tactic.
254:Valencian Nationalist Bloc
200:The Insubordination was a
2072:, Universidad de Granada.
2037:10.1017/S0960777322000224
1904:Soldadito español (1992)
1850:Cruzar los brazos (1986)
1750:Congreso de los Diputados
1496:EUDIMA is created in the
837:Congreso de los Diputados
744:L'Hospitalet de Llobregat
234:Galician Nationalist Bloc
120:Congreso de los Diputados
1940:Sargento Bolilla (1995)
1563:Basque Nationalist Party
1549:The universities of the
831:A proposed law allowing
796:Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado
528:Basque Nationalist Party
282:extra-parliamentary left
242:Popular Unity Candidates
2307:Virus editorial, 1992.
2298:Authorized PDF version.
2191:– via elpais.com.
1958:Matxinada (1993) Exkixu
1591:, an historical record.
1589:conscientious objection
1450:The "plantes" continue.
1311:conscientious objection
1294:prisoners of conscience
1214:conscientious objection
1159:Conscientious Objection
1148:conscientious objection
1124:conscientious objection
1117:Conscientious Objection
1063:Conscientious Objection
1049:Conscientious Objection
1010:Conscientious objection
874:Congress of the MOC at
858:conscientious objection
833:conscientious objection
652:Conscientious objection
611:conscientious objection
434:prisoners of conscience
375:Southern Basque Country
124:conscientious objection
97:conscientious objectors
1974:Conscientious objector
1641:Conscientious objector
1557:, the municipality of
1169:prisoner of conscience
1143:First year of the PSS.
924:even more against the
794:The defence minister,
642:
549:Antonio Gargallo Mejía
210:decentralised movement
49:Moviment d'insubmissió
29:Insubordinate movement
24:
2303:Carlos M. Beristain;
2290:Traficantes de Sueños
2122:Arturo García Lucio;
1895:Mili KK (1989) Legion
1879:Los Muertos de Cristo
1431:Objectors serving in
1290:Amnesty International
1206:Enrique Múgica Herzog
1165:Amnesty International
633:
532:Convergence and Union
280:, more linked to the
87:on 31 December 2001.
65:Intsumisio mugimendua
22:
1946:Jodido Facha (1996)
1673:backlash of the war.
1661:participates in the
1598:dies in the jail of
1442:Juan Alberto Belloch
1292:recognizes them as "
1113:Constitutional Court
420:Tactics and strategy
369:also considered the
109:Spanish Armed Forces
2065:Mario López (2004)
1930:Soziedad Alkoholika
1928:Mili mierda (1993)
1906:El Último Ke Zierre
1871:Antimilitar (1986)
1842:. Some groups like
1822:scene, but also in
1805:disappear from the
1771:insumisos-deserters
1764:Ministry of Defence
1699:insumisos-deserters
1678:insumisos-deserters
1582:insumisos-deserters
1318:Ministry of Defence
1237:" is celebrated in
1210:Minister of Justice
811:political prisoners
650:withdraws proposed
621:pseudo-parliament).
590:Jehovah's Witnesses
583:Jehovah's Witnesses
561:Jehovah's Witnesses
478:self-incriminations
474:Self-incriminations
407:Jehovah's Witnesses
156:Refusal to perform
57:Movemento insubmiso
37:Movimiento insumiso
1922:Deskontrol (1993)
1916:Insumisión (1993)
1834:and other scenes.
1433:Bosnia-Herzegovina
1376:Bosnia-Herzegovina
1309:Sharp increase in
1155:civil disobedience
1077:Foundation of the
994:, and deported to
706:Cristóbal Halffter
643:
517:anarchism in Spain
485:civil disobedience
470:self-incrimination
426:civil disobedience
262:Communist Movement
220:parties, like the
73:civil disobedience
25:
2284:Several authors;
2144:. 8 December 2013
2087:978-958-8165-28-8
1979:Pacifism in Spain
1787:Demonstration in
1775:Alcalá de Henares
1703:Alcalá de Henares
1631:Alcalá de Henares
1567:Eusko Alkartasuna
1541:professional army
1304:Alcalá de Henares
1235:military spending
1047:28 December: the
969:military spending
951:general elections
852:, designates the
850:1978 Constitution
684:to the prison of
325:professional army
2355:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2258:www.rebelion.org
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2234:on 24 April 2016
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2205:. Archived from
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2173:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2138:
2127:
2120:
2114:
2095:
2089:
2079:
2073:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2006:
1912:Guerrilla Urbana
1898:Insubmís (1991)
1867:La Polla Records
1856:Soldados (1984)
1840:Military Service
1824:pop and pop rock
1710:José María Aznar
1633:military prison.
1355:military service
1286:Spanish frigates
1246:military service
1190:military service
1157:campaign to the
1051:Law is approved.
737:military service
656:Cortes Españolas
615:Cortes Españolas
403:military service
352:antiimperialists
306:antimilitaristic
195:military service
158:military service
140:military service
122:passed a law on
113:military prisons
105:military service
101:Francoist regime
77:military service
2363:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2333:Anti-militarism
2323:
2322:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2212:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2096:
2092:
2080:
2076:
2064:
2060:
2008:
2007:
1996:
1992:
1965:
1934:20 años (1995)
1816:
1803:insubordination
1754:insubordination
1594:The "insumiso"
1402:insubordination
1131:insubordination
1008:Project of the
693:"objectionists"
595:First camps of
540:
511:and during the
422:
348:antimilitarists
93:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2361:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2301:
2280:
2279:
2277:Fool the last.
2270:
2245:
2219:
2194:
2168:
2155:
2128:
2115:
2097:Eoin O'Broin;
2090:
2074:
2058:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Antimilitarism
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1836:Antimilitarist
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1746:People's Party
1736:
1735:
1728:
1721:antimilitarist
1717:
1706:
1689:
1688:
1685:antimilitarist
1681:
1674:
1671:antimilitarist
1649:
1648:
1637:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1619:Reform of the
1617:
1614:antimilitarist
1604:
1603:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1575:Herri Batasuna
1551:Basque Country
1547:
1544:
1535:in an intense
1523:
1522:
1515:People's Party
1511:
1508:
1505:
1498:Basque Country
1494:municipalities
1490:
1477:
1476:
1463:
1462:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1429:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1384:
1383:
1372:
1369:or all or none
1365:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1314:
1307:
1297:
1279:
1276:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1203:
1200:
1193:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1162:
1151:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1034:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1000:
999:
974:International
972:
965:tax resistance
961:
958:F-14 warplanes
954:
937:
936:
929:
922:public opinion
909:
908:
905:
888:
887:
884:antimilitarist
866:
865:
840:
839:
829:
818:
803:
786:
785:
780:There are 285
772:
771:
740:
733:
720:
719:
710:
709:
697:
696:
689:
674:
663:
623:
622:
601:
600:
593:
586:
565:
564:
539:
536:
524:People's Party
505:antimilitarist
466:
465:
449:
445:
421:
418:
367:Abertzale left
321:antimilitarist
290:antimilitarist
226:Herri Batasuna
212:. Despite the
147:insubordinates
92:
89:
75:to compulsory
69:antimilitarist
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2360:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2318:
2317:84-88455-00-3
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2271:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2209:on 2015-05-10
2208:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:Xavier Díez;
2159:
2156:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2111:84-8136-385-5
2108:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1885:Celtas Cortos
1882:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1852:Víctor Manuel
1849:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:March to the
1628:
1625:
1622:
1621:criminal code
1618:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1456:
1455:hunger strike
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1300:Hunger strike
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
970:
966:
962:
959:
955:
952:
948:
944:
943:
942:
941:
934:
930:
927:
923:
919:
916:
915:
914:
913:
906:
903:
899:
895:
894:
893:
892:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:
871:
870:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:
845:
844:
838:
834:
830:
827:
823:
819:
816:
812:
808:
804:
801:
797:
793:
792:
791:
790:
783:
779:
778:
777:
776:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:
734:
731:
727:
726:
725:
724:
717:
716:
715:
714:
707:
704:
703:
702:
701:
694:
690:
687:
683:
680:: march from
679:
675:
672:
669:and trial in
668:
665:Detention of
664:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:
640:
637:in prison at
636:
632:
628:
627:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:
606:
605:
598:
594:
591:
587:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:
570:
569:
562:
558:
554:
550:
547:
546:
545:
544:
537:
535:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:Western world
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
463:
459:
455:
450:
446:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:
429:
427:
419:
417:
415:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
183:
179:
175:
169:
167:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:In 1984, the
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
90:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:) was a mass
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2304:
2285:
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2257:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2232:the original
2222:
2211:. Retrieved
2207:the original
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2181:
2171:
2163:
2158:
2146:. Retrieved
2123:
2118:
2098:
2093:
2077:
2066:
2061:
2016:
2010:
1984:War resister
1891:Reincidentes
1844:Negu Gorriak
1817:
1795:
1794:
1770:
1738:
1737:
1698:
1691:
1690:
1677:
1663:NATO bombing
1659:Spanish army
1651:
1650:
1606:
1605:
1581:
1539:for the new
1525:
1524:
1479:
1478:
1465:
1464:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1386:
1385:
1368:
1331:
1330:
1322:conscription
1265:
1264:
1252:
1251:
1192:and the PSS.
1182:
1181:
1176:Spanish Army
1137:
1136:
1105:
1104:
1085:
1084:
1055:
1054:
1036:Founding of
1025:Assembly of
1019:
1018:
1002:
1001:
939:
938:
931:Spain joins
911:
910:
890:
889:
868:
867:
854:Spanish army
842:
841:
788:
787:
774:
773:
722:
721:
712:
711:
699:
698:
660:Spanish army
625:
624:
603:
602:
575:San Fernando
567:
566:
551:executed at
542:
541:
521:
509:Carlist Wars
482:
467:
457:
423:
387:Spanish army
379:Spanish army
371:Spanish army
344:nationalists
318:
199:
187:military law
180:. Thus, the
170:
155:
146:
144:
131:
117:
94:
85:conscription
71:movement of
64:
56:
48:
40:
36:
28:
26:
1900:Lluís Llach
1596:Enrique Mur
1571:United Left
1360:56% of the
1150:statements.
1027:Vallvidrera
918:Failed coup
896:Arrests of
809:frees both
807:Amnesty Law
678:Pepe Beunza
667:Pepe Beunza
635:Pepe Beunza
597:nonviolence
274:nonviolence
222:United Left
214:nonpartisan
206:nonpartisan
2327:Categories
2213:2015-07-13
1807:penal code
1667:Yugoslavia
1487:penal code
1473:penal code
976:nonviolent
648:government
557:Francoists
462:anarchists
414:Christians
202:grassroots
191:penal code
178:Franco era
41:Insumisión
2309:Barcelona
2296:, 2002. (
2053:249051063
2045:1469-2171
2021:Cambridge
1858:Eskorbuto
1519:elections
1517:wins the
1367:Campaign
1362:Navarrese
1345:Barcelona
1126:movement.
1042:Catalonia
1031:Barcelona
988:Gibraltar
984:Andalusia
949:wins the
898:objectors
886:movement.
815:objectors
800:objectors
782:objectors
760:Tarragona
730:objectors
619:Francoist
568:1960–1970
448:movement.
438:objectors
395:francoist
360:Canarians
356:Galicians
310:magazines
286:Anarchist
218:left-wing
2031:: 1–19.
2025:New York
1963:See also
1936:Saratoga
1924:Piperrak
1789:Alicante
1600:Zaragoza
1559:Donostia
1471:The new
1459:Pamplona
1453:Limited
1380:UNPROFOR
1282:Gulf War
1273:Albacete
992:Port Bou
980:La Linea
967:against
826:objector
768:València
686:Valencia
671:Valencia
658:and the
526:and the
411:pacifist
409:or some
341:Canarian
337:Galician
53:Galician
2182:El País
2103:Tafalla
2070:Granada
1533:Pesetas
1398:Catalan
1197:amnesty
1195:Covert
828:groups.
784:jailed.
613:in the
555:by the
513:Rif War
497:Germany
393:and/or
391:fascist
383:Euskadi
333:Catalan
278:Mili KK
238:Auzolan
91:History
45:Catalan
33:Spanish
2315:
2294:Madrid
2288:, Ed.
2109:
2085:
2051:
2043:
1948:Hamlet
1769:Seven
1669:. New
1555:Aragón
1412:plante
1394:Basque
1239:Madrid
1228:MiliKK
1081:(AOC).
1038:MiliKK
996:France
986:, and
756:Málaga
752:Madrid
748:Bilbao
691:Other
682:Geneva
501:France
442:prison
364:Basque
329:Basque
166:prison
61:Basque
2263:2 May
2238:2 May
2187:2 May
2148:2 May
2049:S2CID
2019:(3).
1990:Notes
1942:Ska-P
1828:Metal
1725:Spain
1426:CESID
1098:wins.
902:Spain
880:Álava
876:Landa
579:Cádiz
389:as a
381:from
81:Spain
2313:ISBN
2265:2018
2240:2018
2189:2018
2150:2018
2107:ISBN
2083:ISBN
2041:ISSN
2023:and
1820:punk
1796:2002
1744:The
1739:2001
1708:The
1692:2000
1657:The
1652:1999
1607:1998
1573:and
1553:and
1526:1997
1513:The
1502:army
1480:1996
1466:1995
1419:1994
1396:and
1392:The
1387:1993
1332:1992
1316:The
1266:1991
1253:1990
1183:1989
1161:Law.
1138:1988
1119:Law.
1111:The
1106:1987
1096:NATO
1086:1986
1065:Law.
1056:1985
1020:1984
1012:Law.
1003:1983
947:PSOE
945:The
940:1982
933:NATO
926:army
912:1981
891:1980
869:1979
848:The
843:1978
820:The
813:and
805:The
789:1977
775:1976
766:and
723:1975
713:1974
700:1972
646:The
639:Jaén
626:1971
604:1970
553:Jaca
543:1937
530:and
499:and
358:and
350:and
302:FIJL
300:and
208:and
182:army
174:army
162:jail
27:The
2033:doi
1873:RIP
1832:Ska
1697:12
1665:on
1040:in
764:Vic
440:in
399:23F
339:or
298:CGT
294:CNT
266:LCR
79:in
39:or
2329::
2311:.
2292:,
2256:.
2180:.
2131:^
2101:.
2047:.
2039:.
2027::
2017:31
2015:.
1997:^
1830:,
1826:,
1569:,
1565:,
1378::
1296:".
1208:,
1171:".
982:,
762:,
758:,
754:,
750:,
416:.
335:,
331:,
308:,
296:,
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