65:
contract. One insurance textbook states that generally "courts consider all prior negotiations or agreements ... every contractual term in the policy at the time of delivery, as well as those written afterward as policy riders and endorsements ... with both parties' consent, are part of the written policy". The textbook also states that the policy must refer to all papers which are part of the policy. Oral agreements are subject to the
218:
state as much, and then there may be additional declarations specific to each coverage form. Traditionally, policy forms have been so rigidly standardized that they have no blank spaces to be filled in. Instead, they always expressly refer to terms or amounts stated in the declarations. If the policy needs to be customized beyond what is possible with the declarations, then the underwriter attaches endorsements or riders.
731:
180 Cal. App. 4th 1319, 103 Cal. Rptr. 3d 565 (2009). This case explains how the modern clause more clearly excludes both the "products" and "completed operations" hazards as separate things (i.e., each hazard is separately excluded), as opposed to the prior version which was held to apply only when
287:
For the vast majority of insurance policies, the only page that is heavily custom-written to the insured's needs is the declarations page. All other pages are standard forms that refer back to terms defined in the declarations as needed. However, certain types of insurance, such as media insurance,
86:
because the insurer draws up the contract and the insured has little or no ability to make material changes to it. This is interpreted to mean that the insurer bears the burden if there is any ambiguity in any terms of the contract. Insurance policies are sold without the policyholder even seeing a
77:
The insurance contract or agreement is a contract whereby the insurer promises to pay benefits to the insured or on their behalf to a third party if certain defined events occur. Subject to the "fortuity principle", the event must be uncertain. The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will
217:
Policy form - The definitions, insuring agreement, exclusions, and conditions are typically combined into a single integrated document called a policy form. Some insurers call it a coverage form or coverage part. When multiple coverage forms are packaged into a single policy, the declarations will
196:
Declarations - Identifies who is an insured, the insured's address, the insuring company, what risks or property are covered, the policy limits (amount of insurance), any applicable deductibles, the policy number, the policy period, and the premium amount. These are usually provided on a form that
169:
narrowed down by subsequent exclusion clauses (e.g., "This insurance does not apply to..."). If the insured desires coverage for a risk taken out by an exclusion on the standard form, the insured can sometimes pay an additional premium for an endorsement to the policy that overrides the exclusion.
151:
Insurance contracts were traditionally written on the basis of every single type of risk (where risks were defined extremely narrowly), and a separate premium was calculated and charged for each. Only those individual risks expressly described or "scheduled" in the policy were covered; hence, those
91:
suggested that many courts were actually applying 'reasonable expectations' rather than interpreting ambiguities, which he called the 'reasonable expectations doctrine'. This doctrine has been controversial, with some courts adopting it and others explicitly rejecting it. In several jurisdictions,
237:
provisions which accompanies all policies at the time of delivery. Some insurers refer to a package of standard documents shared across an entire family of policies as a "jacket." Some insurers extend this to include policy forms, so that the only parts of the policy not part of the jacket are the
225:
Riders - A rider is used to convey the terms of a policy amendment and the amendment thereby becomes part of the policy. Riders are dated and numbered so that both insurer and policyholder can determine provisions and the benefit level. Common riders to group medical plans involve name changes,
221:
Endorsements - Additional forms attached to the policy that modify it in some way, either unconditionally or upon the existence of some condition. Endorsements can make policies difficult to read for nonlawyers; they may revise, expand, or delete clauses located many pages earlier in one or more
64:
The insurance policy is generally an integrated contract, meaning that it includes all forms associated with the agreement between the insured and insurer. In some cases, however, supplementary writings such as letters sent after the final agreement can make the insurance policy a non-integrated
172:
Insurers have been criticized in some quarters for the development of complex policies with layers of interactions between coverage clauses, conditions, exclusions, and exceptions to exclusions. In a case interpreting one ancestor of the modern "products-completed operations hazard" clause, the
292:, which are either custom-drafted from scratch or written from a mix of standard and nonstandard forms. By analogy, policy endorsements that are not written on standard forms or whose language is custom-written to fit the insured's particular circumstances are known as manuscript endorsements.
168:
In 1941, the insurance industry began to shift to the current system where covered risks are initially defined broadly in an "all risk" or "all sums" insuring agreement on a general policy form (e.g., "We will pay all sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages..."), then
181:
The instant case presents yet another illustration of the dangers of the present complex structuring of insurance policies. Unfortunately the insurance industry has become addicted to the practice of building into policies one condition or exception upon another in the shape of a linguistic
99:
in that the amounts exchanged by the insured and insurer are unequal and depend upon uncertain future events. In contrast, ordinary non-insurance contracts are commutative in that the amounts (or values) exchanged are usually intended by the parties to be roughly equal. This distinction is
222:
coverage forms, or even modify each other. Because it is very risky to allow nonlawyer underwriters to directly rewrite policy forms with word processors, insurers usually direct underwriters to modify them by attaching endorsements preapproved by counsel for various common modifications.
213:
Conditions - These are specific provisions, rules of conduct, duties, and obligations that the insured must comply with in order for coverage to incept or must remain in compliance with in order to keep coverage in effect. If policy conditions are not met, the insurer can deny the
126:), which requires both parties of the insurance contract to deal in good faith and in particular, imparts on the insured a duty to disclose all material facts that relate to the risk to be covered. This contrasts with the legal doctrine that covers most other types of contracts,
111:, meaning that only the insurer makes legally enforceable promises in the contract. The insured is not required to pay the premiums, but the insurer is required to pay the benefits under the contract if the insured has paid the premiums and met certain other basic provisions.
186:. We join other courts in decrying a trend which both plunges the insured into a state of uncertainty and burdens the judiciary with the task of resolving it. We reiterate our plea for clarity and simplicity in policies that fulfill so important a public service.
165:, product liability, contractual liability (for a spur track connecting the bakery to a nearby railroad), premises liability (for a retail store), and owners' protective liability (for negligence of contractors hired to make any building modifications).
264:. In addition, as policy forms are reviewed by courts, the interpretations become more predictable as courts elaborate upon the interpretation of the same clauses in the same policy forms, rather than different policies from different insurers.
160:
might have dozens of types of risks to insure against. For example, in 1926, an insurance industry spokesman noted that a bakery would have to buy a separate policy for each of the following risks: manufacturing operations, elevators,
69:, and may not be considered part of the policy if the contract appears to be whole. Advertising materials and circulars are typically not part of a policy. Oral contracts pending the issuance of a written policy can occur.
242:
with pockets in which the policy may be delivered, or a cover sheet to which the policy forms are stapled or which is stapled on top of the policy. The standard boilerplate provisions are then printed on the jacket
78:
happen (e.g. in a life insurance policy, the time of the insured's death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (e.g. in a fire insurance policy, whether or not a fire will occur at all).
252:
In the United States, property and casualty insurers typically use similar or even identical language in their standard insurance policies, which are drafted by advisory organizations such as the
92:
including
California, Wyoming, and Pennsylvania, the insured is bound by clear and conspicuous terms in the contract even if the evidence suggests that the insured did not read or understand them.
57:
Insurance contracts are designed to meet specific needs and thus have many features not found in many other types of contracts. Since insurance policies are standard forms, they feature
267:
In recent years, however, insurers have increasingly modified the standard forms in company-specific ways or declined to adopt changes to standard forms. For example, a review of
260:. This reduces the regulatory burden for insurers as policy forms must be approved by states; it also allows consumers to more readily compare policies, albeit at the expense of
210:
Exclusions - Takes coverage away from the insuring agreement by describing property, perils, hazards or losses arising from specific causes which are not covered by the policy.
152:
policies are now described as "individual" or "schedule" policies. This system of "named perils" or "specific perils" coverage proved to be unsustainable in the context of the
1999:
1095:
203:
Insuring agreement - Describes the covered perils, or risks assumed, or nature of coverage. This is where the insurance company makes one or more express promises to
54:
required to pay. In exchange for an initial payment, known as the premium, the insurer promises to pay for loss caused by perils covered under the policy language.
2014:
1279:
226:
change to eligible classes of employees, change in level of benefits, or the addition of a managed care arrangement such as a Health
Maintenance Organization or
1259:
2009:
1385:
272:
257:
416:(1994). However, what constitutes a conspicuous, plain, and clear exclusion from coverage was later interpreted narrowly in favor of the insured by
238:
declarations, endorsements, and riders. Other insurers use the term "jacket" in a manner closer to its ordinary meaning: a binder, envelope, or
2019:
2004:
562:
389:
197:
is filled out by the insurer based on the insured's application and attached on top of or inserted within the first few pages of the policy.
1274:
1220:
1027:"Pricing Medical Expense Insurance," in Medical Expense Insurance, (Washington: The Health Insurance Association of America, 1997), 89.
1415:
711:
1344:
832:
651:
589:
493:
1410:
1042:
1989:
1380:
1370:
227:
1092:
1994:
1179:
1005:
929:
873:
793:
2152:
1400:
1301:
1107:
153:
1969:
1666:
1612:
1286:
174:
1451:
1075:
1617:
1481:
1375:
1696:
1585:
1395:
1296:
253:
824:
Smith, Currie & Hancock's Common Sense
Construction Law: A Practical Guide for the Construction Professional
2069:
1821:
1691:
1671:
1339:
1291:
233:
Jackets - The term has several distinct and confusing meanings. In general, it refers to some set of standard
1726:
1872:
1661:
1529:
1476:
1334:
1324:
1213:
1964:
1597:
1425:
157:
83:
43:
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1979:
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101:
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309:
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1319:
1152:
746:
674:
417:
239:
139:
66:
727:
630:, 174 Wash. 2d 501, 276 P.3d 300 (2012) (analyzing "named perils" and "specific perils" coverage).
2212:
2190:
2183:
2095:
1974:
1899:
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1549:
1519:
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641:
579:
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386:
276:
234:
58:
1040:
Impact of the
Abolition of McCarran-Ferguson Antitrust Exemption for the “Business of Insurance”
993:
917:
861:
781:
336:
Wollner KS. (1999). How to Draft and
Interpret Insurance Policies. Casualty Risk Publishing LLC.
2044:
1914:
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1501:
1466:
1099:
1046:
393:
261:
61:
language which is similar across a wide variety of different types of insurance policies.
1166:
Mathias, Jr., John H.; Shugrue, John D.; Thomas A., Marrinson; Daniel J., Struck (2006).
1124:
E&O Insights: Directors & Officers
Liability Is Not Your Normal Insurance Product
992:
Mathias, Jr., John H.; Shugrue, John D.; Thomas A., Marrinson; Daniel J., Struck (2006).
916:
Mathias, Jr., John H.; Shugrue, John D.; Thomas A., Marrinson; Daniel J., Struck (2006).
860:
Mathias, Jr., John H.; Shugrue, John D.; Thomas A., Marrinson; Daniel J., Struck (2006).
780:
Mathias, Jr., John H.; Shugrue, John D.; Thomas A., Marrinson; Daniel J., Struck (2006).
2075:
1924:
1607:
1471:
1365:
1311:
268:
183:
121:
1039:
2206:
1878:
1799:
1747:
1686:
1524:
1390:
131:
127:
88:
47:
413:
271:
policies found substantial differences in various provisions. In some areas such as
2127:
1939:
1934:
1894:
1855:
2162:
2117:
1790:
1575:
432:
St. Paul Fire & Marine
Insurance Co. v. Albany County School District No. 1
17:
2061:
2053:
1929:
1850:
1811:
1755:
979:
959:
903:
767:
536:
516:
466:
373:
319:
2103:
1919:
1889:
1860:
1602:
1229:
204:
31:
1827:
827:(6th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 541.
162:
39:
1765:
1701:
640:
Anderson, Eugene R.; Stanzler, Jordan S.; Masters, Lorelie S. (2013).
578:
Anderson, Eugene R.; Stanzler, Jordan S.; Masters, Lorelie S. (2013).
549:
Anderson, Eugene R.; Stanzler, Jordan S.; Masters, Lorelie S. (1999).
1420:
200:
Definitions - Defines important terms used in the rest of the policy.
1059:
2080:
706:(3rd ed.). New York: Aspen Publishers. pp. 2–113–2–116.
692:, 626 A.2d 502, 534 Pa. 29 (1993) (analyzing "all sums" coverage).
100:
particularly important in the context of exotic products such as
46:) between the insurer and the policyholder, which determines the
1775:
616:, 20 So.3d 601 (Miss. 2009) (analyzing "named perils" coverage).
488:(2nd ed.). Chicago: American Bar Association. p. 431.
135:
1202:
422:, 31 Cal.4th 635, 3 Cal.Rptr.3d 228, 73 P.3d 1205, 1216 (2003).
678:, 866 F.2d 71 (3d Cir. 1989) (analyzing "all risks" coverage).
51:
1156:, 28 Cal. 4th 1059, 124 Cal. Rptr. 2d 142, 52 P.3d 79 (2002).
747:
Insurance Co. of North
America v. Electronic Purification Co.
1198:
821:
Mastin, John M.; Nelson, Eric L.; Robey, Ronald G. (2020).
316:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 48, 51, 71.
750:, 67 Cal. 2d 679, 63 Cal. Rptr. 382, 433 P.2d 174 (1967).
1140:
Time To
Standardize Personal Umbrella Insurance Policies
646:(2nd ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer. p. 1–31.
584:(2nd ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer. p. 1–32.
1153:
Dart
Industries, Inc. v. Commercial Union Insurance Co.
1060:
Contra Proferentem: The Allure of Ambiguous Boilerplate
974:
Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States
954:
Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States
898:
Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States
762:
Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States
531:
Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States
511:
Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States
461:
Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States
444:
Standard Venetian Blind Co. v. American Empire Ins. Co.
368:
Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States
314:
Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States
956:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 73–74.
675:
Intermetal Mexicana v. Insurance Co. of North America
557:(2020 supp. ed.). Wolters Kluwer. p. 11-6.
114:
Insurance contracts are governed by the principle of
2030:
1955:
1739:
1568:
1510:
1439:
1358:
1310:
1245:
1236:
976:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 65.
900:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 72.
816:
814:
812:
764:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 73.
533:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 61.
513:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 69.
463:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 53.
370:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 54.
972:Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961).
952:Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961).
896:Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961).
760:Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961).
529:Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961).
509:Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961).
459:Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961).
366:Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961).
689:JH France Refractories Co. v. Allstate Ins. Co.
279:there is little industry-wide standardization.
179:
1214:
1174:. New York: Law Journal Press. p. 1–16.
332:
330:
328:
82:Insurance contracts are generally considered
8:
1093:Reevaluating Standardized Insurance Policies
1000:. New York: Law Journal Press. p. 1–7.
924:. New York: Law Journal Press. p. 1–5.
868:. New York: Law Journal Press. p. 1–6.
855:
853:
851:
788:. New York: Law Journal Press. p. 1–2.
348:
346:
344:
342:
27:Contract between the insurer and the insured
994:"§ 1.01, Components of an Insurance Policy"
918:"§ 1.01, Components of an Insurance Policy"
862:"§ 1.01, Components of an Insurance Policy"
782:"§ 1.01, Components of an Insurance Policy"
454:
452:
119:
1242:
1221:
1207:
1199:
627:Vision One v. Philadelphia Indem. Ins. Co.
414:24 Cal. App. 4th 1578, 30 Cal. Rptr. 2d 88
273:directors and officers liability insurance
258:American Association of Insurance Services
477:
475:
301:
1108:Not All Homeowners’ Policies Are Alike
1035:
1033:
104:that contain "commutation" provisions.
1168:"§ 1.03, Types of Insurance Policies"
728:Baker v. National Interstate Ins. Co.
613:Corban v. United Services Auto. Ass'n
7:
1104:The University of Chicago Law Review
1076:Policy Issues: ISO Program Revisions
410:Hadland v. NN Investors Life Ins. Co
283:Manuscript policies and endorsements
134:, the insured can sue an insurer in
446:, 503 Pa. 300, 469 A.2d 563 (1983).
1260:Accidental death and dismemberment
354:The Legal Environment of Insurance
25:
387:Reasonable Expectations Revisited
1386:Directors and officers liability
419:MacKinnon v. Truck Ins. Exchange
130:(let the buyer beware). In the
228:Preferred Provider Organization
704:Stempel on Insurance Contracts
312:; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961).
191:Parts of an insurance contract
87:copy of the contract. In 1970
1:
643:Insurance Coverage Litigation
581:Insurance Coverage Litigation
555:Insurance Coverage Litigation
2153:Savings and loan association
702:Stempel, Jeffrey W. (2007).
434:, 763 P.2d 1255 (Wyo. 1988).
154:Second Industrial Revolution
1586:Insurance-linked securities
1172:Insurance Coverage Disputes
998:Insurance Coverage Disputes
922:Insurance Coverage Disputes
866:Insurance Coverage Disputes
786:Insurance Coverage Disputes
485:Financial Institution Bonds
277:personal umbrella insurance
175:Supreme Court of California
2234:
1275:Total permanent disability
156:, in that a typical large
2178:
2015:Health insurance coverage
1280:Business overhead expense
482:Clore, Duncan L. (1998).
254:Insurance Services Office
1416:Protection and indemnity
107:Insurance contracts are
95:Insurance contracts are
1873:Explanation of benefits
1345:Variable universal life
551:"§ 11.01, Introduction"
248:Industry standard forms
2010:Health insurance costs
1411:Professional liability
398:Conn. Ins. Law Journal
188:
120:
44:standard form contract
1866:Out-of-pocket expense
1727:Workers' compensation
1381:Collateral protection
1371:Business interruption
736:hazards were present.
102:finite risk insurance
84:contracts of adhesion
50:which the insurer is
2089:Corpus Juris Civilis
1091:Schwarzc D. (2011).
1058:Boardman M. (2006).
385:Rahdert MC. (1998).
2148:Rochdale Principles
2143:Mutual savings bank
2138:Mutual organization
2123:Cooperative banking
2040:Mesopotamian banker
1320:Longevity insurance
1080:PropertyCasualty360
1064:Michigan Law Review
290:manuscript policies
240:presentation folder
67:parol evidence rule
1900:Insurable interest
1401:Payment protection
1302:Payment protection
1098:2016-03-04 at the
1045:2014-07-14 at the
978:Available through
958:Available through
902:Available through
766:Available through
535:Available through
515:Available through
465:Available through
392:2016-10-20 at the
372:Available through
352:Porter K. (2007).
318:Available through
310:Mowbray, Albert H.
2200:
2199:
2045:Code of Hammurabi
2020:Vehicle insurance
1915:Replacement value
1807:Actual cash value
1771:Adverse selection
1761:Actuarial science
1735:
1734:
1667:Kidnap and ransom
1640:Extended warranty
1287:Income protection
1128:Insurance Journal
564:978-0-7355-1173-6
116:utmost good faith
16:(Redirected from
2225:
2158:Social insurance
2113:Friendly society
2005:Health insurance
1833:Short rate table
1581:Catastrophe bond
1482:Lenders mortgage
1243:
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357:
356:, §5.17. AICPCU.
350:
337:
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323:
317:
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125:
73:General features
36:insurance policy
21:
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2201:
2196:
2174:
2170:Insurance cycle
2133:Fraternal order
2026:
1957:
1951:
1910:Proximate cause
1905:Insurance fraud
1885:General average
1844:Claims adjuster
1786:Risk management
1781:Risk assessment
1745:
1742:
1731:
1697:Prize indemnity
1564:
1512:
1506:
1435:
1396:Over-redemption
1354:
1306:
1297:National health
1238:
1232:
1227:
1197:
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1100:Wayback Machine
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1047:Wayback Machine
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308:
307:
303:
298:
288:are written as
285:
262:consumer choice
250:
193:
149:
75:
28:
23:
22:
18:Insurance cover
15:
12:
11:
5:
2231:
2229:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2191:List of topics
2187:
2179:
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2167:
2166:
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2150:
2145:
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2130:
2125:
2120:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2076:Burial society
2066:
2065:
2064:
2058:§235–238; §240
2050:§100–105; §126
2042:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2000:Climate change
1992:
1990:United Kingdom
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1935:Underinsurance
1932:
1927:
1925:Self-insurance
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
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1887:
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1733:
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1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1692:Political risk
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1672:Legal expenses
1669:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1642:
1637:
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1504:
1499:
1494:
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1474:
1469:
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1459:
1454:
1452:Builder's risk
1449:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:Business owner
1373:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1340:Universal life
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1292:Long-term care
1289:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1180:
1158:
1144:
1132:
1116:
1112:New York Times
1084:
1068:
1051:
1029:
1020:
1006:
984:
964:
944:
930:
908:
888:
874:
847:
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808:
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772:
752:
738:
719:
713:978-0735554368
712:
694:
680:
666:
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632:
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604:
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541:
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494:
471:
448:
436:
424:
402:
378:
358:
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324:
300:
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284:
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269:home insurance
249:
246:
245:
244:
231:
223:
219:
215:
211:
208:
201:
198:
192:
189:
184:Tower of Babel
148:
145:
144:
143:
138:for acting in
122:uberrima fides
112:
105:
93:
74:
71:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2230:
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2171:
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2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2098:
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2033:
2029:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1995:United States
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
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1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1879:Force majeure
1876:
1874:
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1867:
1864:
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1800:Value of life
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1662:Interest rate
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1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:Inland marine
1528:
1526:
1525:GAP insurance
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:Communication
1509:
1503:
1500:
1498:
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1364:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:Unitised fund
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1325:Mortgage life
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
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177:complained:
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132:United States
129:
128:caveat emptor
124:
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117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
98:
94:
90:
89:Robert Keeton
85:
81:
80:
79:
72:
70:
68:
62:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
42:(generally a
41:
37:
33:
19:
2218:Contract law
2189:
2182:
2128:Credit union
2094:
2087:
2068:
1940:Underwriting
1895:Insurability
1877:
1856:Co-insurance
1826:
1822:Cancellation
1740:
1613:Catastrophic
1598:Climate risk
1426:Trade credit
1185:. Retrieved
1171:
1161:
1151:
1147:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1106:. See also:
1103:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1054:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
997:
987:
973:
967:
953:
947:
935:. Retrieved
921:
911:
897:
891:
879:. Retrieved
865:
838:. Retrieved
823:
799:. Retrieved
785:
775:
761:
755:
745:
741:
733:
726:
722:
703:
697:
687:
683:
673:
669:
657:. Retrieved
642:
635:
625:
621:
611:
607:
595:. Retrieved
580:
573:
554:
544:
530:
524:
510:
504:
484:
460:
443:
439:
431:
427:
418:
409:
405:
397:
381:
367:
361:
353:
313:
304:
289:
286:
266:
251:
207:the insured.
180:
171:
167:
158:conglomerate
150:
115:
108:
96:
76:
63:
56:
35:
29:
2163:Trade union
2118:Cooperative
1791:Uncertainty
1650:Index-based
1618:Multi-peril
1576:Reinsurance
1535:Public auto
1440:Residential
840:January 15,
235:boilerplate
59:boilerplate
2207:Categories
1958:by country
1956:Insurance
1930:Total loss
1851:Deductible
1812:Cash value
1756:Act of God
1741:Insurance
1655:Parametric
1635:Expatriate
1511:Transport/
1477:Landlords'
1462:Earthquake
1350:Whole life
1270:Disability
1181:1588520757
1007:1588520757
980:HeinOnline
960:HeinOnline
931:1588520757
904:HeinOnline
875:1588520757
795:1588520757
768:HeinOnline
537:HeinOnline
517:HeinOnline
467:HeinOnline
374:HeinOnline
320:HeinOnline
296:References
109:unilateral
2213:Insurance
2104:Syndicate
2070:Collegium
1965:Australia
1920:Risk pool
1890:Indemnity
1861:Copayment
1795:Knightian
1707:Terrorism
1677:Liability
1545:Satellite
1406:Pollution
1330:Term life
1239:insurance
1237:Types of
1230:Insurance
205:indemnify
163:teamsters
147:Structure
140:bad faith
32:insurance
2184:Category
2062:§275–277
1980:Pakistan
1828:Pro rata
1717:War risk
1682:No-fault
1593:Casualty
1550:Shipping
1520:Aviation
1497:Renters'
1492:Property
1487:Mortgage
1457:Contents
1431:Umbrella
1391:Fidelity
1359:Business
1255:Accident
1096:Archived
1043:Archived
659:9 August
597:9 August
390:Archived
256:and the
97:aleatory
40:contract
2109:Benefit
2096:Digesta
2032:History
1766:Actuary
1722:Weather
1712:Tuition
1702:Takaful
1630:Deposit
1560:Vehicle
1187:8 March
1142:. IRMI.
1013:8 March
937:8 March
881:8 March
801:8 March
243:itself.
52:legally
1985:Serbia
1945:Profit
1817:Broker
1743:policy
1555:Travel
1540:Marine
1447:Boiler
1421:Surety
1265:Dental
1247:Health
1178:
1049:. CRS.
1004:
928:
872:
831:
792:
710:
650:
588:
561:
492:
230:(PPO).
214:claim.
48:claims
34:, the
2081:Guild
1975:India
1970:China
1839:Claim
1645:Group
1625:Cyber
1603:Crime
1569:Other
1502:Title
1467:Flood
38:is a
2054:§234
1776:Risk
1746:and
1608:Crop
1472:Home
1366:Bond
1312:Life
1189:2017
1176:ISBN
1015:2017
1002:ISBN
939:2017
926:ISBN
883:2017
870:ISBN
842:2024
829:ISBN
803:2017
790:ISBN
734:both
708:ISBN
661:2022
648:ISBN
599:2022
586:ISBN
559:ISBN
490:ISBN
275:and
136:tort
1748:law
1687:Pet
412:.,
30:In
2209::
2060:;
2056:;
2052:;
1170:.
1126:.
1110:.
1102:.
1078:.
1062:.
1032:^
996:.
920:.
864:.
850:^
811:^
784:.
553:.
474:^
451:^
396:.
341:^
327:^
2111:/
1793:/
1222:e
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1191:.
1130:.
1114:.
1082:.
1066:.
1017:.
982:.
962:.
941:.
906:.
885:.
844:.
805:.
770:.
716:.
663:.
601:.
567:.
539:.
519:.
498:.
469:.
400:.
376:.
322:.
142:.
118:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.